\u00d6z\u00fc<\/p>\n
[Bu makalede, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu madde 142 kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen ve h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unun nitelikli h\u00e2llerinden biri olan \u201cBili\u015fim Sistemlerinin Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 Suretiyle H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d h\u00e2li bak\u0131m\u0131ndan (TCK m.142\/2-e) g\u00f6r\u00fclen ceza yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131nda iddian\u0131n ispat\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan inceleme yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.]<\/p>\n
1.\u00a0H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k Su\u00e7unun \u0130rdelenmesi<\/p>\n
H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7u, toplumun geneli bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yo\u011fun bi\u00e7imde k\u0131nanan ve halk aras\u0131nda \u201cy\u00fcz k\u0131zart\u0131c\u0131\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen su\u00e7lardand\u0131r. \u00dcnl\u00fc yazar Khaled Hosseini me\u015fhur \u201cU\u00e7urtma Avc\u0131s\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k fiilini en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcnah olarak tan\u0131mlarken \u015f\u00f6yle der:<\/p>\n
”\u2026Yaln\u0131zca bir g\u00fcnah vard\u0131r, tek bir g\u00fcnah. O da h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131kt\u0131r. Onun d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcnahlar, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir \u00e7e\u015fitlemesidir. Bir insan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn zaman bir ya\u015fam\u0131 \u00e7alm\u0131\u015f olursun; kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n elinden bir kocay\u0131, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131ndan bir babay\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f olursun. Yalan s\u00f6yledi\u011finde ise birinin ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015fma hakk\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7alars\u0131n. Hile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n veya birini aldatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n zaman do\u011frulu\u011fu, hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7alm\u0131\u015f olursun.”<\/p>\n
Ger\u00e7ekten de h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, insanl\u0131k tarihi boyunca kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen bir eylem olmu\u015ftur. H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unun \u00f6nceleri genellikle ferd\u00ee mahiyette say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteyken toplumsal ya\u015fama tam anlam\u0131yla ge\u00e7ilip m\u00fclkiyet d\u00fczeninin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra kamu d\u00fczenini ihl\u00e2l eden bir su\u00e7 say\u0131larak failin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 cihetine gidildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7u bak\u0131m\u0131ndan korunan hukuki de\u011fer m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ve zilyetlikten (fiili h\u00e2kimiyet) do\u011fan haklard\u0131r. Ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait ve ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n zilyetli\u011findeki ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal su\u00e7un konusunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal\u0131 zilyedinin ge\u00e7erli bir r\u0131zas\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerden alan kimse su\u00e7un failidir. Almak ile kastedilen, mal\u0131n ma\u011fdurun h\u00e2kimiyet alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak failin hakimiyet alan\u0131na sokulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal\u0131 r\u0131za olmadan alman\u0131n amac\u0131 ise kendisine yahut ba\u015fkas\u0131na yarar sa\u011flamak olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2.\u00a0H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k Fiiline Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen Yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu kapsam\u0131nda \u201cbasit h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilecek h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unun temel h\u00e2li bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen yapt\u0131r\u0131m 1 y\u0131ldan 3 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. Nitelikli h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k h\u00e2llerinin yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olarak ise kademeli bir ge\u00e7i\u015f \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Baz\u0131 nitelikli h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k h\u00e2lleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan 3 y\u0131ldan 7 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 baz\u0131lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ise 5 y\u0131ldan 10 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. S\u0131v\u0131 yahut gaz h\u00e2lindeki enerji hakk\u0131nda i\u015flenen h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan 12 seneye kadar varan hapis cezalar\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelebilmektedir.<\/p>\n
H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unun baz\u0131 h\u00e2lleri \u015fik\u00e2yete ba\u011fl\u0131 iken baz\u0131 h\u00e2lleri ise kendili\u011finden (re\u2019sen) yani \u015fik\u00e2yet aranmaks\u0131z\u0131n soru\u015fturma ve kovu\u015fturma yap\u0131lacak h\u00e2llerdendir. H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen cezay\u0131 art\u0131rma neticesini do\u011furacak birden fazla fiil oldu\u011fu gibi su\u00e7un daha az cezay\u0131 gerektiren fiillerle i\u015flenmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
3.\u00a0Bili\u015fim Sistemlerinin Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 Suretiyle H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k ve Uygulama<\/p>\n
Yasa koyucu taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu madde 142\/2-e kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen \u201cbili\u015fim sistemlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d h\u00e2li su\u00e7un nitelikli h\u00e2llerindendir. Mezk\u00fbr nitelikli h\u00e2lin s\u00fcbut etti\u011fi durumda fail aleyhine 5 y\u0131ldan 10 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131na h\u00fckmolunur.<\/p>\n
Bili\u015fim sistemlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle i\u015flenen h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7lar\u0131nda yukar\u0131da izah edilen alma fiili, zilyedin tasarrufu alt\u0131ndaki ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal\u0131n bili\u015fim sistemlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle failin yahut \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin zilyetli\u011fine ge\u00e7irilmesi suretiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n
Gelinen a\u015famada \u00f6ncelikle “bili\u015fim sistemi” ve “veri” kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. An\u0131lan maddesinin gerek\u00e7esinde, bili\u015fim sisteminin tan\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Madde gerek\u00e7esinde sadece h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unun bili\u015fim sistemlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle i\u015flenmesinin daha a\u011f\u0131r ceza ile cezaland\u0131rmay\u0131 gerektiren nitelikli bir h\u00e2l oldu\u011funun belirtilmesi ile yetinilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Bili\u015fim sistemi kavram\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen ba\u015fka bir su\u00e7 olan \u201cBili\u015fim Sistemine Girme\u201d su\u00e7unun gerek\u00e7e k\u0131sm\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bili\u015fim sistemi kavram\u0131 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK’nin 243. maddesinin gerek\u00e7esinde aynen: “…verileri toplay\u0131p yerle\u015ftirdikten sonra bunlar\u0131 otomatik i\u015flemlere t\u00e2bi tutma olana\u011f\u0131 veren manyetik sistemlerdir.” \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca gerek\u00e7ede sistem i\u00e7indeki b\u00fct\u00fcn soyut unsurlar\u0131n \u201cveri\u201d terimi kapsam\u0131nda oldu\u011fu da belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Veri kavram\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin taraf oldu\u011fu \u00e7e\u015fitli uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde “…bir bilgisayar sisteminin belli bir i\u015flevi yerine getirmesini sa\u011flayan yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, bir bilgisayar sisteminde i\u015flenmeye uygun nitelikteki her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bilgi…” \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131ca veri kavram\u0131 5651 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130nternet Ortam\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan Yay\u0131nlar\u0131n D\u00fczenlenmesi ve Bu Yay\u0131nlar Yoluyla \u0130\u015flenen Su\u00e7larla M\u00fccadele Edilmesi Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 2. maddesinde “Bilgisayar taraf\u0131ndan \u00fczerinde i\u015flem yap\u0131labilen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc de\u011fer…” \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan da kabul edildi\u011fi \u00fczere de\u011fi\u015fen ve s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fen hayat \u015fartlar\u0131 ile teknolojik olarak s\u00fcrekli yenilenen bili\u015fim sistemlerinin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda etkinli\u011fini art\u0131rmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda; ki\u015filer ekonomik de\u011fer ifade eden ve ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal olan para, hisse senedi ve alt\u0131n vb. menkul de\u011ferlerine ili\u015fkin i\u015flemleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla bu sistemler \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedir. Bili\u015fim sistemleri, ekonomik de\u011fer ifade eden para, hisse senedi ve alt\u0131n gibi ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallarla fiziki temas olmaks\u0131z\u0131n i\u015flemler yapmay\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn h\u00e2le getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u201cBili\u015fim Sistemlerinin Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 Suretiyle H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d su\u00e7u bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uygulamada en \u00e7ok kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan eylem, ki\u015filerin internet bankac\u0131l\u0131k \u015fifrelerinin bir \u015fekilde \u00f6\u011frenilip internet \u00fczerinden bahsi ge\u00e7en \u015fifre kullan\u0131lmak suretiyle ilgilinin banka hesab\u0131ndaki paralar\u0131 temsil eden verilerin, failin bizzat kendi hesab\u0131na yahut kontrol\u00fcndeki ba\u015fka bir hesaba aktar\u0131larak veriler \u00fczerinden i\u015flem g\u00f6ren su\u00e7a konu paran\u0131n buradan \u00e7ekilmesi \u015feklindeki eylemlerdir.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulunun 17.11.2009 tarihli ve 193-268 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda da su\u00e7a ili\u015fkin temel prensipler ortaya konulmu\u015f h\u00e2ldedir. Bili\u015fim sistemlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k fiilinde failin hukuki durumunun gere\u011fi gibi tayini ve takdiri olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. Ceza davas\u0131na konu edilen fiilin iddianame kapsam\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a izah edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n hangi fiil ile itham edildi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anlayabilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Fiil ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla itham a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya konulduktan sonra su\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesi alt\u0131nda olan ki\u015fi ve varsa m\u00fcdafii taraf\u0131ndan savunma i\u00e7in irdelenmesi gereken hususlar vard\u0131r. Makalenin devam\u0131nda savunma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan irdelenmesi gereken hususlar ile su\u00e7un ispat\u0131n\u0131n a\u015famalar\u0131 irdelenecektir.<\/p>\n
4.\u00a0Savunma \u0130\u00e7in \u0130rdelenmesi Gereken Hususlar ve Su\u00e7un \u0130spat\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda<\/p>\n
\u201cBili\u015fim Sistemlerinin Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 Suretiyle H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k Su\u00e7u\u201d bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gere\u011fi gibi bir savunma i\u00e7in irdelenmesi gereken \u00f6nemli noktalar bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6ncelikle itham edilen yani yarg\u0131lamaya konu edilen \u201cfiil\u201d a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Zira fiil, su\u00e7 vasf\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015febilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. At\u0131l\u0131 su\u00e7lama bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n ilgili ceza dairelerinin ve hatta Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulunun dahi fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ckar\u015f\u0131 oy\u201d yaz\u0131lan kararlardan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
Bu noktadan hareketle ayn\u0131 zamanda yarg\u0131lamaya konu fiilin -her ne kadar \u00fcst mahkemelerde ihtisas daireleri olu\u015fturulmu\u015f olsa da- B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemeleri ve Yarg\u0131tay ilgili ceza dairelerinde g\u00f6revli h\u00e2kimlerin (ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n) mevzuat gere\u011fi belirli k\u0131dem ve ya\u015fta olma zorunluluklar\u0131 da bulundu\u011fundan anla\u015f\u0131lamama ihtimali g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemelidir. Bu nedenle daha anla\u015f\u0131labilir ve muhatab\u0131na ula\u015fabilecek savunmalar yapmak elzemdir.<\/p>\n
Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere d\u00fcnyada teknolojik geli\u015fmeler h\u0131z\u0131na yeti\u015filmeyecek derecede ilerlemekte ve an\u0131lan geli\u015fmelerin ya\u015f\u0131 ileri ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan her zaman gere\u011fi gibi takibi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamaktad\u0131r. \u0130ncelenen su\u00e7 tipi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a ilgin\u00e7 fiilleri uygulamada m\u00fc\u015fahede etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Hatta baz\u0131 fiiller bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201cSu\u00e7ta ve Cezada Kanunilik\u201d ilkesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda su\u00e7un olu\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde savunma yapma ihtimali bile bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle savunma makam\u0131 olarak fiili dikkatlice irdelemelisiniz. Netice bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yarg\u0131laman\u0131n savunma s\u00fcjesi olarak yarg\u0131lama makam\u0131na gerekli kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130ncelenen su\u00e7 tipi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fiile g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilmekle birlikte \u00e7o\u011fu dosya bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n faydas\u0131 olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 belirtmek isterim. Uygulamada bili\u015fim su\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan soru\u015fturmada \u015fablon m\u00fczekkereler yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kovu\u015fturmada ise yetersiz bilirki\u015fi raporlar\u0131n\u0131n dosya kapsam\u0131na girdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmektedir. An\u0131lan eksiklikleri bertaraf etmenin yollar\u0131ndan biri uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn dosya kapsam\u0131na girmesini sa\u011flamak olabilir.<\/p>\n
Zira yarg\u0131laman\u0131n s\u00fcjelerinin \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u201cbili\u015fim\u201d alan\u0131na yabanc\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve yarg\u0131lamaya konu fiilin \u00e7e\u015fitli a\u00e7\u0131lardan do\u011fru uzmanlar taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi hat\u0131rdan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu a\u015famada dosya kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nacak bilirki\u015fi veya uzman raporlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten do\u011fru alanda uzmanl\u0131\u011fa sahip ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan tanzim edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131na \u00f6zellikle dikkat etmekte fayda vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Fiil gere\u011fi gibi anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra san\u0131k fiili i\u015flemedi\u011fi yolunda savunma yapmaktaysa; bireysel iddia makam\u0131 \u015fik\u00e2yet eden ile kamusal iddia makam\u0131 savc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortaya ne koydu\u011fu, dosya kapsam\u0131nda hangi delillerin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 titizlikle irdelenmelidir.<\/p>\n
Bu a\u015famada IP tespitleri, IP numaras\u0131n\u0131n statik mi yahut dinamik mi oldu\u011fu, modem vas\u0131tas\u0131yla i\u015flendi\u011fi iddia olunan bir fiil varsa modemde kablosuz ba\u011flant\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u201cWi-Fi\u201d sisteminin olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, sisteme d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015finin ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, IP numaras\u0131n\u0131n kopyalanmas\u0131 kablosuz veya kablolu ba\u011flant\u0131 ile internet hatt\u0131na girilerek havale i\u015flemi yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususlar\u0131\u00a0dikkatlice ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Her \u015feyden \u00f6te, bili\u015fim alan\u0131n\u0131n manip\u00fclasyona olduk\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131k bir alan oldu\u011fu ve bu nedenle bahsi ge\u00e7en alandaki su\u00e7 s\u00fcbutu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yap\u0131lacak delil de\u011ferlendirmelerinin \u015f\u00fcpheye yer vermeyecek derecede a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi hat\u0131rdan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Adli bili\u015fim sahas\u0131nda dijital verilerin \u201czaman bak\u0131m\u0131ndan\u201d manip\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 dahi olanakl\u0131d\u0131r. Dijital kan\u0131tlar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn dosya kapsam\u0131nda do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ve verilerin manip\u00fclasyona u\u011fray\u0131p u\u011framad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n gerekirse ilgili cihazlar\u0131n imaj\u0131 al\u0131narak uzman\u0131nca yap\u0131lacak inceleme sonras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilece\u011fi durumlar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bili\u015fim alan\u0131ndaki k\u00f6t\u00fc akt\u00f6rlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Yarg\u0131lamaya konu fiili ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmedi\u011fini iddia eden san\u0131k ger\u00e7ekten de masum olabilir. Dosya kapsam\u0131ndaki \u00e7o\u011fu delil aleyhine olsa da yarg\u0131lamaya konu fiildeki rol\u00fc tamamen \u201csanal ortam\u201d \u00fczerinden ilerlemi\u015f ise her zaman manip\u00fclasyona a\u00e7\u0131k bir durumun oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir. Bu nedenle mahk\u00fbmiyet i\u00e7in ciddi ve ku\u015fkudan uzak deliller aranmal\u0131d\u0131r. San\u0131\u011f\u0131n savunmas\u0131n\u0131n aksini g\u00f6steren verilerin manip\u00fclasyona u\u011framam\u0131\u015f ve k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan san\u0131\u011f\u0131n haberi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ara\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle (hacker faaliyetleri) elde edilmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. San\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu y\u00f6nde bir savunmas\u0131 varsa -baz\u0131 olaylar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan- ciddiye al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u0130ncelenen su\u00e7 tipi \u00f6z\u00fcnde h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7u oldu\u011fundan \u201cyarar sa\u011flama\u201d yahut \u201cmenfaat sa\u011flama\u201d olgusunun deliller ile ispat\u0131 gerekmektedir. San\u0131k, yarg\u0131lamaya konu fiil ile nas\u0131l menfaat sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r? Bu sorunun cevab\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lama sonunda kurulacak h\u00fck\u00fcmde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unun geri kalan b\u00fct\u00fcn yasal unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n (\u00f6rne\u011fin kast gibi) tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 da olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. Her somut olaya g\u00f6re savunma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gere\u011fi gibi irdeleme yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Savunma yaparken su\u00e7 vasf\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fme ihtimalinin olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu ve bu su\u00e7 tipinde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli sorunun \u201cvas\u0131fland\u0131rma\u201d oldu\u011funu ak\u0131ldan \u00e7\u0131karmamak gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131ca incelenen su\u00e7 tipi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ilk derece mahkemeleri taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131kl\u0131kla \u201cyetkisizlik\u201d karar\u0131 verildi\u011fi ancak bahsi ge\u00e7en kararlar\u0131n kanun yolu incelemesinde kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu noktada \u201cyetki\u201d incelemesinin de gere\u011fi gibi ele al\u0131narak yap\u0131lmas\u0131 elzemdir.<\/p>\n
Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere her somut olay\u0131n dinami\u011fi farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Her olayda savunma makam\u0131 kendi i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 irdelemeli ve ona g\u00f6re ilerlemelidir. \u015eayet san\u0131\u011f\u0131n ink\u00e2r y\u00f6n\u00fcnde savunmas\u0131 yoksa ve dosya kapsam\u0131ndaki delillerin irdelenmesi neticesinde su\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesi yenilerek s\u00fcbut olu\u015ftu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kanaat olu\u015facaksa zarar giderme h\u00e2li d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n
Zira zarar giderme h\u00e2linde sonu\u00e7 cezada ciddi bir indirim \u015fans\u0131 elde edilecektir. Hatta zarar\u0131n hangi a\u015famada giderildi\u011fi g\u00f6zetilerek (soru\u015fturma yahut kovu\u015fturma a\u015famas\u0131nda) indirim oran\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015febilecektir. Bu nedenle her ihtimal titizlikle de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Al\u0131nan indirimli sonu\u00e7 ceza neticesinde infaz s\u00fcreleri olduk\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015fmekte ve ki\u015finin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden uzak ge\u00e7irece\u011fi g\u00fcnlerin say\u0131s\u0131 farkl\u0131la\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
5.\u00a0Sonu\u00e7<\/p>\n
Bili\u015fim sistemlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle i\u015flenen h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7u, geli\u015fen teknolojinin ceza hukukuna yans\u0131yan belki de en dikkat \u00e7ekici \u00f6rneklerinden biridir. An\u0131lan su\u00e7 tipi, klasik h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k fiilinin dijitalle\u015fmi\u015f versiyonu olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmakta ve yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcrecinde de \u00f6nemli ispat sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirmektedir. \u00d6zellikle dijital delillerin elde edilmesi, de\u011ferlendirilmesi ve g\u00fcvenilirli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 hususlar\u0131 hem san\u0131\u011f\u0131n adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131n\u0131n temini hem de maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hayati \u00f6nemdedir.<\/p>\n
Bu ba\u011flamda makale kapsam\u0131nda da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere iddianamenin somut ve anla\u015f\u0131labilir bir \u015fekilde fiili ortaya koymas\u0131 h\u00e2li, savunman\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131 belirleyecek ve mahkemenin s\u00fcbut de\u011ferlendirmesini de etkileyecektir. Bilirki\u015fi raporlar\u0131n\u0131n yeterlili\u011fi, uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131 ve teknik verilerin (IP kay\u0131tlar\u0131, eri\u015fim loglar\u0131, a\u011f ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131, veri manip\u00fclasyonu iddialar\u0131, internet korsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddialar\u0131) titizlikle analiz edilmesi hususlar\u0131 gere\u011fi gibi delil de\u011ferlendirmesinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ad\u0131na zorunludur.<\/p>\n
Bu su\u00e7 tipinde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli sorunun \u201cvas\u0131fland\u0131rma\u201d oldu\u011funu da unutmamak gerekir. Bu nedenle sonu\u00e7 cezada b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar yaratabilecek olan fiile uyan su\u00e7 tipinin gere\u011fi gibi belirlenmesinin \u00f6nemi izahtan varestedir.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131ca, fiilin bili\u015fim yoluyla i\u015flenmesinde failin her zaman verilerin nihai yararlan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olmayabilece\u011fi hususu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Varsa elde edilen yarar\u0131n kime ait oldu\u011fu hususu da dikkatle ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Manip\u00fclasyona a\u00e7\u0131k dijital ortamlarda failin ger\u00e7ekten kastla hareket edip etmedi\u011fi, zarar\u0131n fail taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frudan sa\u011flan\u0131p sa\u011flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, failin eylemi i\u015fleyip i\u015flemedi\u011fi hususlar\u0131 \u201c\u015f\u00fcpheden san\u0131k yararlan\u0131r\u201d ilkesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7 olarak, bili\u015fim sistemlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin yarg\u0131lamalarda, teknik bilgi ile hukuki de\u011ferlendirme aras\u0131ndaki denge do\u011fru kurulmal\u0131; uzmanl\u0131k gerektiren bu alanda maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015fmak amac\u0131yla nitelikli ve disiplinler aras\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m benimsenmelidir. Ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 hukukunun temel ilkeleri g\u00f6zetilerek y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecek ispat s\u00fcreci hem san\u0131\u011f\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 hem de toplum nezdinde adaletin tesis edilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hayati \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n
Anahtar Kelimeler<\/p>\n
H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k Su\u00e7u, Bili\u015fim Sistemlerinin Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 Suretiyle H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, Nitelikli H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, TCK madde 142, \u0130spat \u0130ncelemesi<\/p>\n
\u200b\u00d6z\u00fc<\/p>\n
[Bu makalede, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu madde 142 kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen ve h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unun nitelikli h\u00e2llerinden biri olan \u201cBili\u015fim Sistemlerinin Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 Suretiyle H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d h\u00e2li bak\u0131m\u0131ndan (TCK m.142\/2-e) g\u00f6r\u00fclen ceza yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131nda iddian\u0131n ispat\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan inceleme yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.]<\/p>\n
1.\u00a0H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k Su\u00e7unun \u0130rdelenmesi<\/p>\n
H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7u, toplumun geneli bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yo\u011fun bi\u00e7imde k\u0131nanan ve halk aras\u0131nda \u201cy\u00fcz k\u0131zart\u0131c\u0131\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen su\u00e7lardand\u0131r. \u00dcnl\u00fc yazar Khaled Hosseini me\u015fhur \u201cU\u00e7urtma Avc\u0131s\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k fiilini en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcnah olarak tan\u0131mlarken \u015f\u00f6yle der:<\/p>\n
”\u2026Yaln\u0131zca bir g\u00fcnah vard\u0131r, tek bir g\u00fcnah. O da h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131kt\u0131r. Onun d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcnahlar, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir \u00e7e\u015fitlemesidir. Bir insan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn zaman bir ya\u015fam\u0131 \u00e7alm\u0131\u015f olursun; kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n elinden bir kocay\u0131, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131ndan bir babay\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f olursun. Yalan s\u00f6yledi\u011finde ise birinin ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015fma hakk\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7alars\u0131n. Hile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n veya birini aldatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n zaman do\u011frulu\u011fu, hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7alm\u0131\u015f olursun.”<\/p>\n
Ger\u00e7ekten de h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, insanl\u0131k tarihi boyunca kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen bir eylem olmu\u015ftur. H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unun \u00f6nceleri genellikle ferd\u00ee mahiyette say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteyken toplumsal ya\u015fama tam anlam\u0131yla ge\u00e7ilip m\u00fclkiyet d\u00fczeninin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra kamu d\u00fczenini ihl\u00e2l eden bir su\u00e7 say\u0131larak failin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 cihetine gidildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7u bak\u0131m\u0131ndan korunan hukuki de\u011fer m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ve zilyetlikten (fiili h\u00e2kimiyet) do\u011fan haklard\u0131r. Ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait ve ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n zilyetli\u011findeki ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal su\u00e7un konusunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal\u0131 zilyedinin ge\u00e7erli bir r\u0131zas\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerden alan kimse su\u00e7un failidir. Almak ile kastedilen, mal\u0131n ma\u011fdurun h\u00e2kimiyet alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131larak failin hakimiyet alan\u0131na sokulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal\u0131 r\u0131za olmadan alman\u0131n amac\u0131 ise kendisine yahut ba\u015fkas\u0131na yarar sa\u011flamak olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2.\u00a0H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k Fiiline Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen Yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu kapsam\u0131nda \u201cbasit h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilecek h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unun temel h\u00e2li bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen yapt\u0131r\u0131m 1 y\u0131ldan 3 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. Nitelikli h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k h\u00e2llerinin yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 olarak ise kademeli bir ge\u00e7i\u015f \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Baz\u0131 nitelikli h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k h\u00e2lleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan 3 y\u0131ldan 7 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 baz\u0131lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ise 5 y\u0131ldan 10 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. S\u0131v\u0131 yahut gaz h\u00e2lindeki enerji hakk\u0131nda i\u015flenen h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan 12 seneye kadar varan hapis cezalar\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelebilmektedir.<\/p>\n
H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unun baz\u0131 h\u00e2lleri \u015fik\u00e2yete ba\u011fl\u0131 iken baz\u0131 h\u00e2lleri ise kendili\u011finden (re\u2019sen) yani \u015fik\u00e2yet aranmaks\u0131z\u0131n soru\u015fturma ve kovu\u015fturma yap\u0131lacak h\u00e2llerdendir. H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen cezay\u0131 art\u0131rma neticesini do\u011furacak birden fazla fiil oldu\u011fu gibi su\u00e7un daha az cezay\u0131 gerektiren fiillerle i\u015flenmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
3.\u00a0Bili\u015fim Sistemlerinin Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 Suretiyle H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k ve Uygulama<\/p>\n
Yasa koyucu taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu madde 142\/2-e kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen \u201cbili\u015fim sistemlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d h\u00e2li su\u00e7un nitelikli h\u00e2llerindendir. Mezk\u00fbr nitelikli h\u00e2lin s\u00fcbut etti\u011fi durumda fail aleyhine 5 y\u0131ldan 10 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131na h\u00fckmolunur.<\/p>\n
Bili\u015fim sistemlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle i\u015flenen h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7lar\u0131nda yukar\u0131da izah edilen alma fiili, zilyedin tasarrufu alt\u0131ndaki ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal\u0131n bili\u015fim sistemlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle failin yahut \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin zilyetli\u011fine ge\u00e7irilmesi suretiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n
Gelinen a\u015famada \u00f6ncelikle “bili\u015fim sistemi” ve “veri” kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. An\u0131lan maddesinin gerek\u00e7esinde, bili\u015fim sisteminin tan\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Madde gerek\u00e7esinde sadece h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unun bili\u015fim sistemlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle i\u015flenmesinin daha a\u011f\u0131r ceza ile cezaland\u0131rmay\u0131 gerektiren nitelikli bir h\u00e2l oldu\u011funun belirtilmesi ile yetinilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Bili\u015fim sistemi kavram\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen ba\u015fka bir su\u00e7 olan \u201cBili\u015fim Sistemine Girme\u201d su\u00e7unun gerek\u00e7e k\u0131sm\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bili\u015fim sistemi kavram\u0131 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK’nin 243. maddesinin gerek\u00e7esinde aynen: “…verileri toplay\u0131p yerle\u015ftirdikten sonra bunlar\u0131 otomatik i\u015flemlere t\u00e2bi tutma olana\u011f\u0131 veren manyetik sistemlerdir.” \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca gerek\u00e7ede sistem i\u00e7indeki b\u00fct\u00fcn soyut unsurlar\u0131n \u201cveri\u201d terimi kapsam\u0131nda oldu\u011fu da belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Veri kavram\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin taraf oldu\u011fu \u00e7e\u015fitli uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde “…bir bilgisayar sisteminin belli bir i\u015flevi yerine getirmesini sa\u011flayan yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere, bir bilgisayar sisteminde i\u015flenmeye uygun nitelikteki her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bilgi…” \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131ca veri kavram\u0131 5651 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130nternet Ortam\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan Yay\u0131nlar\u0131n D\u00fczenlenmesi ve Bu Yay\u0131nlar Yoluyla \u0130\u015flenen Su\u00e7larla M\u00fccadele Edilmesi Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 2. maddesinde “Bilgisayar taraf\u0131ndan \u00fczerinde i\u015flem yap\u0131labilen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc de\u011fer…” \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan da kabul edildi\u011fi \u00fczere de\u011fi\u015fen ve s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fen hayat \u015fartlar\u0131 ile teknolojik olarak s\u00fcrekli yenilenen bili\u015fim sistemlerinin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde hayat\u0131n her alan\u0131nda etkinli\u011fini art\u0131rmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda; ki\u015filer ekonomik de\u011fer ifade eden ve ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal olan para, hisse senedi ve alt\u0131n vb. menkul de\u011ferlerine ili\u015fkin i\u015flemleri \u00e7o\u011funlukla bu sistemler \u00fczerinden ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedir. Bili\u015fim sistemleri, ekonomik de\u011fer ifade eden para, hisse senedi ve alt\u0131n gibi ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallarla fiziki temas olmaks\u0131z\u0131n i\u015flemler yapmay\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn h\u00e2le getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u201cBili\u015fim Sistemlerinin Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 Suretiyle H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d su\u00e7u bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uygulamada en \u00e7ok kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan eylem, ki\u015filerin internet bankac\u0131l\u0131k \u015fifrelerinin bir \u015fekilde \u00f6\u011frenilip internet \u00fczerinden bahsi ge\u00e7en \u015fifre kullan\u0131lmak suretiyle ilgilinin banka hesab\u0131ndaki paralar\u0131 temsil eden verilerin, failin bizzat kendi hesab\u0131na yahut kontrol\u00fcndeki ba\u015fka bir hesaba aktar\u0131larak veriler \u00fczerinden i\u015flem g\u00f6ren su\u00e7a konu paran\u0131n buradan \u00e7ekilmesi \u015feklindeki eylemlerdir.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulunun 17.11.2009 tarihli ve 193-268 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda da su\u00e7a ili\u015fkin temel prensipler ortaya konulmu\u015f h\u00e2ldedir. Bili\u015fim sistemlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k fiilinde failin hukuki durumunun gere\u011fi gibi tayini ve takdiri olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. Ceza davas\u0131na konu edilen fiilin iddianame kapsam\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a izah edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n hangi fiil ile itham edildi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anlayabilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Fiil ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla itham a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya konulduktan sonra su\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesi alt\u0131nda olan ki\u015fi ve varsa m\u00fcdafii taraf\u0131ndan savunma i\u00e7in irdelenmesi gereken hususlar vard\u0131r. Makalenin devam\u0131nda savunma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan irdelenmesi gereken hususlar ile su\u00e7un ispat\u0131n\u0131n a\u015famalar\u0131 irdelenecektir.<\/p>\n
4.\u00a0Savunma \u0130\u00e7in \u0130rdelenmesi Gereken Hususlar ve Su\u00e7un \u0130spat\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda<\/p>\n
\u201cBili\u015fim Sistemlerinin Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 Suretiyle H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k Su\u00e7u\u201d bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gere\u011fi gibi bir savunma i\u00e7in irdelenmesi gereken \u00f6nemli noktalar bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6ncelikle itham edilen yani yarg\u0131lamaya konu edilen \u201cfiil\u201d a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Zira fiil, su\u00e7 vasf\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015febilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. At\u0131l\u0131 su\u00e7lama bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n ilgili ceza dairelerinin ve hatta Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulunun dahi fikir ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ckar\u015f\u0131 oy\u201d yaz\u0131lan kararlardan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
Bu noktadan hareketle ayn\u0131 zamanda yarg\u0131lamaya konu fiilin -her ne kadar \u00fcst mahkemelerde ihtisas daireleri olu\u015fturulmu\u015f olsa da- B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemeleri ve Yarg\u0131tay ilgili ceza dairelerinde g\u00f6revli h\u00e2kimlerin (ve savc\u0131lar\u0131n) mevzuat gere\u011fi belirli k\u0131dem ve ya\u015fta olma zorunluluklar\u0131 da bulundu\u011fundan anla\u015f\u0131lamama ihtimali g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemelidir. Bu nedenle daha anla\u015f\u0131labilir ve muhatab\u0131na ula\u015fabilecek savunmalar yapmak elzemdir.<\/p>\n
Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere d\u00fcnyada teknolojik geli\u015fmeler h\u0131z\u0131na yeti\u015filmeyecek derecede ilerlemekte ve an\u0131lan geli\u015fmelerin ya\u015f\u0131 ileri ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan her zaman gere\u011fi gibi takibi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamaktad\u0131r. \u0130ncelenen su\u00e7 tipi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a ilgin\u00e7 fiilleri uygulamada m\u00fc\u015fahede etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Hatta baz\u0131 fiiller bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201cSu\u00e7ta ve Cezada Kanunilik\u201d ilkesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda su\u00e7un olu\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde savunma yapma ihtimali bile bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle savunma makam\u0131 olarak fiili dikkatlice irdelemelisiniz. Netice bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yarg\u0131laman\u0131n savunma s\u00fcjesi olarak yarg\u0131lama makam\u0131na gerekli kolayl\u0131k sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130ncelenen su\u00e7 tipi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fiile g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilmekle birlikte \u00e7o\u011fu dosya bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n faydas\u0131 olabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131 belirtmek isterim. Uygulamada bili\u015fim su\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan soru\u015fturmada \u015fablon m\u00fczekkereler yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kovu\u015fturmada ise yetersiz bilirki\u015fi raporlar\u0131n\u0131n dosya kapsam\u0131na girdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclebilmektedir. An\u0131lan eksiklikleri bertaraf etmenin yollar\u0131ndan biri uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn dosya kapsam\u0131na girmesini sa\u011flamak olabilir.<\/p>\n
Zira yarg\u0131laman\u0131n s\u00fcjelerinin \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u201cbili\u015fim\u201d alan\u0131na yabanc\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve yarg\u0131lamaya konu fiilin \u00e7e\u015fitli a\u00e7\u0131lardan do\u011fru uzmanlar taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi hat\u0131rdan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu a\u015famada dosya kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nacak bilirki\u015fi veya uzman raporlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten do\u011fru alanda uzmanl\u0131\u011fa sahip ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan tanzim edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131na \u00f6zellikle dikkat etmekte fayda vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Fiil gere\u011fi gibi anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra san\u0131k fiili i\u015flemedi\u011fi yolunda savunma yapmaktaysa; bireysel iddia makam\u0131 \u015fik\u00e2yet eden ile kamusal iddia makam\u0131 savc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortaya ne koydu\u011fu, dosya kapsam\u0131nda hangi delillerin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 titizlikle irdelenmelidir.<\/p>\n
Bu a\u015famada IP tespitleri, IP numaras\u0131n\u0131n statik mi yahut dinamik mi oldu\u011fu, modem vas\u0131tas\u0131yla i\u015flendi\u011fi iddia olunan bir fiil varsa modemde kablosuz ba\u011flant\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u201cWi-Fi\u201d sisteminin olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, sisteme d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015finin ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, IP numaras\u0131n\u0131n kopyalanmas\u0131 kablosuz veya kablolu ba\u011flant\u0131 ile internet hatt\u0131na girilerek havale i\u015flemi yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususlar\u0131\u00a0dikkatlice ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Her \u015feyden \u00f6te, bili\u015fim alan\u0131n\u0131n manip\u00fclasyona olduk\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131k bir alan oldu\u011fu ve bu nedenle bahsi ge\u00e7en alandaki su\u00e7 s\u00fcbutu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde yap\u0131lacak delil de\u011ferlendirmelerinin \u015f\u00fcpheye yer vermeyecek derecede a\u00e7\u0131k olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi hat\u0131rdan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Adli bili\u015fim sahas\u0131nda dijital verilerin \u201czaman bak\u0131m\u0131ndan\u201d manip\u00fclasyonlar\u0131 dahi olanakl\u0131d\u0131r. Dijital kan\u0131tlar\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn dosya kapsam\u0131nda do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ve verilerin manip\u00fclasyona u\u011fray\u0131p u\u011framad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n gerekirse ilgili cihazlar\u0131n imaj\u0131 al\u0131narak uzman\u0131nca yap\u0131lacak inceleme sonras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilece\u011fi durumlar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bili\u015fim alan\u0131ndaki k\u00f6t\u00fc akt\u00f6rlerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Yarg\u0131lamaya konu fiili ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmedi\u011fini iddia eden san\u0131k ger\u00e7ekten de masum olabilir. Dosya kapsam\u0131ndaki \u00e7o\u011fu delil aleyhine olsa da yarg\u0131lamaya konu fiildeki rol\u00fc tamamen \u201csanal ortam\u201d \u00fczerinden ilerlemi\u015f ise her zaman manip\u00fclasyona a\u00e7\u0131k bir durumun oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir. Bu nedenle mahk\u00fbmiyet i\u00e7in ciddi ve ku\u015fkudan uzak deliller aranmal\u0131d\u0131r. San\u0131\u011f\u0131n savunmas\u0131n\u0131n aksini g\u00f6steren verilerin manip\u00fclasyona u\u011framam\u0131\u015f ve k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan san\u0131\u011f\u0131n haberi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ara\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle (hacker faaliyetleri) elde edilmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. San\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu y\u00f6nde bir savunmas\u0131 varsa -baz\u0131 olaylar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan- ciddiye al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u0130ncelenen su\u00e7 tipi \u00f6z\u00fcnde h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7u oldu\u011fundan \u201cyarar sa\u011flama\u201d yahut \u201cmenfaat sa\u011flama\u201d olgusunun deliller ile ispat\u0131 gerekmektedir. San\u0131k, yarg\u0131lamaya konu fiil ile nas\u0131l menfaat sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r? Bu sorunun cevab\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lama sonunda kurulacak h\u00fck\u00fcmde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unun geri kalan b\u00fct\u00fcn yasal unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n (\u00f6rne\u011fin kast gibi) tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 da olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemlidir. Her somut olaya g\u00f6re savunma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gere\u011fi gibi irdeleme yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Savunma yaparken su\u00e7 vasf\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fme ihtimalinin olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek oldu\u011funu ve bu su\u00e7 tipinde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli sorunun \u201cvas\u0131fland\u0131rma\u201d oldu\u011funu ak\u0131ldan \u00e7\u0131karmamak gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131ca incelenen su\u00e7 tipi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ilk derece mahkemeleri taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131kl\u0131kla \u201cyetkisizlik\u201d karar\u0131 verildi\u011fi ancak bahsi ge\u00e7en kararlar\u0131n kanun yolu incelemesinde kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu noktada \u201cyetki\u201d incelemesinin de gere\u011fi gibi ele al\u0131narak yap\u0131lmas\u0131 elzemdir.<\/p>\n
Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere her somut olay\u0131n dinami\u011fi farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Her olayda savunma makam\u0131 kendi i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 irdelemeli ve ona g\u00f6re ilerlemelidir. \u015eayet san\u0131\u011f\u0131n ink\u00e2r y\u00f6n\u00fcnde savunmas\u0131 yoksa ve dosya kapsam\u0131ndaki delillerin irdelenmesi neticesinde su\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesi yenilerek s\u00fcbut olu\u015ftu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kanaat olu\u015facaksa zarar giderme h\u00e2li d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir.<\/p>\n
Zira zarar giderme h\u00e2linde sonu\u00e7 cezada ciddi bir indirim \u015fans\u0131 elde edilecektir. Hatta zarar\u0131n hangi a\u015famada giderildi\u011fi g\u00f6zetilerek (soru\u015fturma yahut kovu\u015fturma a\u015famas\u0131nda) indirim oran\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015febilecektir. Bu nedenle her ihtimal titizlikle de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Al\u0131nan indirimli sonu\u00e7 ceza neticesinde infaz s\u00fcreleri olduk\u00e7a de\u011fi\u015fmekte ve ki\u015finin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden uzak ge\u00e7irece\u011fi g\u00fcnlerin say\u0131s\u0131 farkl\u0131la\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
5.\u00a0Sonu\u00e7<\/p>\n
Bili\u015fim sistemlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle i\u015flenen h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7u, geli\u015fen teknolojinin ceza hukukuna yans\u0131yan belki de en dikkat \u00e7ekici \u00f6rneklerinden biridir. An\u0131lan su\u00e7 tipi, klasik h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k fiilinin dijitalle\u015fmi\u015f versiyonu olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmakta ve yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcrecinde de \u00f6nemli ispat sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 beraberinde getirmektedir. \u00d6zellikle dijital delillerin elde edilmesi, de\u011ferlendirilmesi ve g\u00fcvenilirli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 hususlar\u0131 hem san\u0131\u011f\u0131n adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131n\u0131n temini hem de maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hayati \u00f6nemdedir.<\/p>\n
Bu ba\u011flamda makale kapsam\u0131nda da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere iddianamenin somut ve anla\u015f\u0131labilir bir \u015fekilde fiili ortaya koymas\u0131 h\u00e2li, savunman\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131 belirleyecek ve mahkemenin s\u00fcbut de\u011ferlendirmesini de etkileyecektir. Bilirki\u015fi raporlar\u0131n\u0131n yeterlili\u011fi, uzman g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131 ve teknik verilerin (IP kay\u0131tlar\u0131, eri\u015fim loglar\u0131, a\u011f ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131, veri manip\u00fclasyonu iddialar\u0131, internet korsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddialar\u0131) titizlikle analiz edilmesi hususlar\u0131 gere\u011fi gibi delil de\u011ferlendirmesinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ad\u0131na zorunludur.<\/p>\n
Bu su\u00e7 tipinde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli sorunun \u201cvas\u0131fland\u0131rma\u201d oldu\u011funu da unutmamak gerekir. Bu nedenle sonu\u00e7 cezada b\u00fcy\u00fck farkl\u0131l\u0131klar yaratabilecek olan fiile uyan su\u00e7 tipinin gere\u011fi gibi belirlenmesinin \u00f6nemi izahtan varestedir.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131ca, fiilin bili\u015fim yoluyla i\u015flenmesinde failin her zaman verilerin nihai yararlan\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 olmayabilece\u011fi hususu unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Varsa elde edilen yarar\u0131n kime ait oldu\u011fu hususu da dikkatle ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Manip\u00fclasyona a\u00e7\u0131k dijital ortamlarda failin ger\u00e7ekten kastla hareket edip etmedi\u011fi, zarar\u0131n fail taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frudan sa\u011flan\u0131p sa\u011flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, failin eylemi i\u015fleyip i\u015flemedi\u011fi hususlar\u0131 \u201c\u015f\u00fcpheden san\u0131k yararlan\u0131r\u201d ilkesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7 olarak, bili\u015fim sistemlerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7una ili\u015fkin yarg\u0131lamalarda, teknik bilgi ile hukuki de\u011ferlendirme aras\u0131ndaki denge do\u011fru kurulmal\u0131; uzmanl\u0131k gerektiren bu alanda maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015fmak amac\u0131yla nitelikli ve disiplinler aras\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m benimsenmelidir. Ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 hukukunun temel ilkeleri g\u00f6zetilerek y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecek ispat s\u00fcreci hem san\u0131\u011f\u0131n haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 hem de toplum nezdinde adaletin tesis edilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hayati \u00f6neme sahiptir.<\/p>\n
Anahtar Kelimeler<\/p>\n
H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k Su\u00e7u, Bili\u015fim Sistemlerinin Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 Suretiyle H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, Nitelikli H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, TCK madde 142, \u0130spat \u0130ncelemesi\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u00d6z\u00fc [Bu makalede, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu madde 142 kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen ve h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unun nitelikli h\u00e2llerinden biri olan \u201cBili\u015fim Sistemlerinin Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 Suretiyle H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d h\u00e2li bak\u0131m\u0131ndan (TCK m.142\/2-e) g\u00f6r\u00fclen ceza yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131nda iddian\u0131n ispat\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan inceleme yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.] 1.\u00a0H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k Su\u00e7unun \u0130rdelenmesi H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7u, toplumun geneli bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yo\u011fun bi\u00e7imde k\u0131nanan ve halk aras\u0131nda \u201cy\u00fcz k\u0131zart\u0131c\u0131\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen su\u00e7lardand\u0131r. \u00dcnl\u00fc yazar Khaled Hosseini me\u015fhur \u201cU\u00e7urtma Avc\u0131s\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 eserinde h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k fiilini en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcnah olarak tan\u0131mlarken \u015f\u00f6yle der: ”\u2026Yaln\u0131zca bir g\u00fcnah vard\u0131r, tek bir g\u00fcnah. O da h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131kt\u0131r. Onun d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fcnahlar, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir \u00e7e\u015fitlemesidir. Bir insan\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn zaman bir ya\u015fam\u0131 \u00e7alm\u0131\u015f olursun; kar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n elinden bir kocay\u0131, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131ndan bir babay\u0131 alm\u0131\u015f olursun. Yalan s\u00f6yledi\u011finde ise birinin ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015fma hakk\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7alars\u0131n. Hile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n veya birini aldatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n zaman do\u011frulu\u011fu, hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7alm\u0131\u015f olursun.” Ger\u00e7ekten de h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k, insanl\u0131k tarihi boyunca kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen bir eylem olmu\u015ftur. H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7unun \u00f6nceleri genellikle ferd\u00ee mahiyette say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteyken toplumsal ya\u015fama tam anlam\u0131yla ge\u00e7ilip m\u00fclkiyet d\u00fczeninin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra kamu d\u00fczenini ihl\u00e2l eden bir su\u00e7 say\u0131larak failin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 cihetine gidildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7u bak\u0131m\u0131ndan korunan hukuki de\u011fer m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ve zilyetlikten (fiili h\u00e2kimiyet) do\u011fan haklard\u0131r. Ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait ve ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n zilyetli\u011findeki ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal su\u00e7un konusunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015fkas\u0131na ait ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mal\u0131 zilyedinin ge\u00e7erli bir r\u0131zas\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n bulundu\u011fu …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50171","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n