K\u0131y\u0131 ne deniz ne karad\u0131r; k\u0131y\u0131 araft\u0131r. Denizin karaya yahut karan\u0131n denize boyun e\u011fdi\u011fi veya boyun e\u011fdirdi\u011fi sahad\u0131r. Hukukumuza g\u00f6re bu alan kimseye ait olamaz, burada yap\u0131 yap\u0131lamaz, herkes k\u0131y\u0131y\u0131 e\u015fit ve ortak olarak kullanabilir.<\/p>\n
Ger\u00e7ekten de suyla karan\u0131n birle\u015fmesinden ya da cebelle\u015fmesinden her zaman korunmaya de\u011fer muhtelif do\u011fal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zenginlikler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Ancak k\u0131y\u0131lar turizm, ticaret, seyahat vs. bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kullan\u0131l\u0131p ekonomik de\u011fer ifade etmeye ba\u015flay\u0131ncaya kadar k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 koruyan bir d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim \u00fclkemizde k\u0131y\u0131ya ili\u015fkin yasal d\u00fczenlemelerde ge\u00e7 kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete yasaklanmas\u0131na kadar k\u0131y\u0131lar al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131labiliyordu, k\u0131y\u0131da ruhsatl\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc in\u015faat yap\u0131labiliyordu ve k\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n sahibi k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7itlerle \u00e7evirebiliyordu. Hatta sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan kurulan Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda k\u0131y\u0131lardaki yap\u0131la\u015fma geli\u015fmi\u015flik alameti olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ve te\u015fvik ediliyordu. Aradan ge\u00e7en zamanda k\u0131y\u0131lar de\u011fi\u015fmedi ancak turizm, ticaret, seyahat, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k vb. bir\u00e7ok konuda k\u0131ymet ifade etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan insanlar\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131ya bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
De\u011fi\u015fen k\u0131y\u0131ya bak\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n hukuki stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finin izlerini s\u00fcrmek niyetiyle kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu yaz\u0131da; k\u0131y\u0131 hukukunun buralara nas\u0131l geldi\u011fini anlamak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlemelerin arkas\u0131nda yatan tarihi ve sosyolojik gerek\u00e7eleriyle birlikte k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n hukuki durumu de\u011ferlendirilecektir.\u00a0Ayr\u0131ca k\u0131y\u0131larla ilgili ya\u015fanan hukuki sorunlar ba\u011flam\u0131nda verdi\u011fi zarar da g\u00f6zetilerek ba\u015fta imar bar\u0131\u015f\u0131na ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenleme olmak \u00fczere \u00f6nemli olanlar\u0131ndan bir k\u0131sm\u0131 bu makalede irdelenecektir.<\/p>\n
\u00a0T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE TOPLUMSAL MESELE OLARAK KIYILAR<\/p>\n
\u00dc\u00e7 taraf\u0131 denizlerle \u00e7evrili olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, T\u00fcrk toplumunun karasal bir k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Deniz bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde mesela mutfa\u011f\u0131nda, sanat\u0131nda, t\u00fcrk\u00fcs\u00fcnde, ya\u015fama tarz\u0131nda neredeyse yok denecek kadar az yer kaplar. T\u00fcrkiye de deniz kentleriyle kara kentleri aras\u0131nda denizi g\u00f6rmedi\u011finiz s\u00fcrece anlaml\u0131 bir fark da g\u00f6remezsiniz. Bu durum denizin T\u00fcrk ekonomisindeki pay\u0131n\u0131n Norve\u00e7, Danimarka, \u0130spanya, Yunanistan, Portekiz gibi deniz \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131labilir. Mesela \u0130zlanda bizden 7-8 kat daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc ve neredeyse 250\u2019de 1\u2019imiz kadar n\u00fcfusuyla bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta \u00fclkemizden yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 kat fazla gelir elde etmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u015eimdilerin tatil cenneti say\u0131lan Malta, K\u0131br\u0131s\u00a0gibi adalar ve k\u0131y\u0131 \u015fehirleri\u00a0Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde s\u00fcrg\u00fcn yeriydi. Halikarnas Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ad\u0131 ile tan\u0131nan yazar Cevat \u015eakir Kabaa\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u0130stiklal Mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l kalabentlikle cezaland\u0131r\u0131larak Bodrum\u2019a s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edildi\u011fi bilinir. Bu hik\u00e2yede Halikarnas Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131s\u0131\u2019n\u0131n s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmesinden daha dikkat \u00e7ekici olan \u015fey Bodrum gibi bir do\u011fa harikas\u0131n\u0131n o tarihlerde bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcn yeri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesidir. Bug\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hayli tuhaf olan bu s\u00fcrg\u00fcn hik\u00e2yeleri, asl\u0131nda hem T\u00fcrk toplumunun denizle ili\u015fkisini hem de Osmanl\u0131\u2019da ve Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda devletin k\u0131y\u0131ya bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan dikkate \u015fayand\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan 1980\u2019li y\u0131llara kadar k\u0131y\u0131larda \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin\u00a0yasaklanmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir\u00a0d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 toplumun k\u0131y\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan manidard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Nitekim\u00a0k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u00a0d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc\u00a0Anayasam\u0131z olan 1982 Anayasas\u0131na kadar do\u011frudan anayasal d\u00fczlemde d\u00fczenlenmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 da k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n yeterince fark\u0131na var\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0bir ba\u015fka g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n
T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE HUKUK\u0130 B\u0130R MESELE OLARAK KIYILAR<\/p>\n
Her toplumsal mesele hukuki mesele de\u011fildir. Ama her hukuki mesele toplumsal bir meseledir. B\u00f6yle bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda denizin T\u00fcrk sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayat\u0131nda \u00a0kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0\u00e7ok\u00a0olmamas\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal bir sonucu da k\u0131y\u0131\u00a0hukuk rejiminin\u00a0bunca zaman belirsizli\u011fe mahkum edilmesinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Ekonomik ve sosyal ilgi yo\u011funla\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yak\u0131n zamana kadar devlet, k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 koruyan bir yasa \u00e7\u0131karma ihtiyac\u0131 hissetmemi\u015ftir. K\u0131y\u0131lar uzunca bir s\u00fcre tar\u0131m arazileri ile ayn\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet rejiminde g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdir. K\u0131y\u0131larla birlikte devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufu alt\u0131nda say\u0131lan yerlerin \u00e7o\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131lardan daha \u00f6nce d\u00fczenlemeye konu olmu\u015ftur. Mesela 1956 tarihli Orman Kanunu, ormanlarla ilgili d\u00fczenlemeye k\u0131y\u0131lardan daha \u00f6nce ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 meralar daha da \u00f6nce d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Kanun bir ihtiya\u00e7 meselesidir. K\u0131y\u0131lar tar\u0131ma elveri\u015fli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in vatanda\u015f taraf\u0131ndan da ra\u011fbet g\u00f6rmemi\u015f, mesela miras payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz olanlara b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a01980 d\u00f6nemi sonras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fen ekonomi politikalar\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak\u00a0turizmin geli\u015fmesiyle k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n ekonomik de\u011feri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu geli\u015fmelerin ard\u0131ndan k\u0131y\u0131lar miras\u0131n en de\u011ferli par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n tatile gitmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 ile k\u0131y\u0131 turizminin hareketlenmesi refah d\u00fczeyinin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemlidir. Tatile giden insan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 tatile gidilecek yerlerin de artmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmi\u015ftir. Ekonomik de\u011feri artt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u0131y\u0131larda \u00e7\u0131kan meselelerin mevcut yasalarla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmam\u0131\u015f, herkesin serbest ve e\u015fit kullan\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k olabilmesi i\u00e7in k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6zel yasalarla korunmas\u0131 gerekmi\u015ftir. K\u0131y\u0131lar ilk olarak 1982 Anayasas\u0131nda do\u011frudan ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu olamayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bunun hemen ard\u0131ndan devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufunda kabul edilen \u00a0k\u0131y\u0131larla ilgili ilk m\u00fcstakil K\u0131y\u0131 Kanunu d\u00fczenlemesi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yeni yasal d\u00fczenlemeler ile umumun istifadesine a\u00e7\u0131k tutulabilmesi i\u00e7in k\u0131y\u0131lardaki \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet yasaklanm\u0131\u015f, yap\u0131la\u015fmaya sert k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar getirilerek k\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n hukuki stat\u00fcs\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu geli\u015fmenin ard\u0131ndan k\u0131y\u0131lar ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u201cm\u00fclkiyet\u201d \u00a0\u00f6nemli \u00a0bir hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki durumu ile mevcut hukuki stat\u00fcs\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki fark h\u00e2l\u00e2 uygulamada kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klara neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde k\u0131y\u0131lar \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu olabildi\u011finden Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan Cumhuriyete devreden m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131 \u00a0bulundu\u011fu gibi Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde de; doldurma, kurutma, ihya, kadastro ve kanuni istisnalar yoluyla tesis edilmi\u015f m\u00fclkiyetler s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131larda m\u00fclkiyet meselesinden sonra en \u00f6nemli konu \u201cyap\u0131la\u015fma\u201dd\u0131r. \u201cK\u0131y\u0131 \u00c7izgisi\u201d ile \u201cK\u0131y\u0131 Kenar \u00c7izgisi\u201d aras\u0131ndaki alan \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu olamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sadece k\u0131y\u0131da yap\u0131labilen ve kamu yarar\u0131na kullan\u0131labilen dalgak\u0131ran, liman vs. gibi \u00f6zel nitelikli yap\u0131lara izin verilmi\u015ftir. K\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131 niteli\u011finde olan sahil \u015feritleri de K\u0131y\u0131 Kanunu kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve sahil \u015feritlerinde de yap\u0131la\u015fmaya \u00f6nemli s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar getirilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0<\/p>\n
KAVRAMSAL \u00c7ER\u00c7EVE: KIYI NED\u0130R? KIYI KENAR \u00c7\u0130ZG\u0130S\u0130 NED\u0130R? SAH\u0130L \u015eER\u0130D\u0130 NED\u0130R?<\/p>\n
\u015eekil1- K\u0131y\u0131, K\u0131y\u0131 \u00c7izgisi, K\u0131y\u0131 Kenar \u00c7izgisi, Sahil \u015eeridi Tan\u0131mlar\u0131<\/p>\n
a) K\u0131y\u0131<\/p>\n
Kanuna g\u00f6re k\u0131saca \u201ck\u0131y\u0131\u201d; suyun karaya de\u011fdi\u011fi \u201ck\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7izgisi\u201d ile suyun karayla birle\u015fmesinin etkilerinin sonland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ck\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisi\u201d aras\u0131ndaki aland\u0131r.<\/p>\n
b) K\u0131y\u0131 Kenar \u00c7izgisi<\/p>\n
\u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyetin ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 alan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmesi nedeniyle meselenin temelini te\u015fkil eden \u201ck\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisi\u201d \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nezdinde kurulan bir komisyon taraf\u0131ndan tespit edilir. Bu \u00e7izgi deniz kenar\u0131ndaki orman, mera gibi kamu mallar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n
Komisyon, incelemesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda su hareketlerinden kaynaklanan unsurlar\u0131n sonland\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktay\u0131 tespit eder. Belli bir derinli\u011fe \u00a0\u00a0yap\u0131l\u0131r ve denize dair emarelerin, \u00f6rne\u011fin deniz kabuklular\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bitti\u011fi ve topra\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisi kabul edilir. Has\u0131l\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisi su hareketlerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ta\u015fl\u0131k, kumluk, sazl\u0131k gibi alanlar\u0131n do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
c) Sahil \u015eeridi<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131 mevzuat\u0131 tarihine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda do\u011frudan sahil \u015feridi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmasa da k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisinin devam\u0131ndaki ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131na dair d\u00fczenlemelere rastl\u0131yoruz. Bu ku\u015fak ilk olarak 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda 10 metre olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. Sonras\u0131nda k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisinden sonraki 30 metre ve 100 metrelik alanlara ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lsa da mevzuattaki \u00e7eli\u015fkiler ve k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisi tespit \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi gibi nedenlerle sahil \u015feritleri korunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girip iptal edilen K\u0131y\u0131 Kanununda bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen 1990 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren\u00a0ve halen de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan\u00a0K\u0131y\u0131 Kanunumuzun\u00a0ilk halinde\u00a0sahil \u015feritlerine yer verilmemi\u015ftir. Sahil \u015feritleri, K\u0131y\u0131 Kanunumuza 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir ekleme ile korunmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kanun sahil \u015feritlerini ilk 50 metre ve ikinci 50 metre olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1992\u2019den \u00f6nce yap\u0131lan imar planlar\u0131nda sahil \u015feridi bulunmamas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan belirsizli\u011fi K\u0131y\u0131 Kanununun Uygulanmas\u0131na Dair Y\u00f6netmelik ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re 1992 y\u0131l\u0131ndan \u00f6nce yap\u0131lan ve sahil \u015feridi i\u00e7ermeyen imar planlar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan yap\u0131la\u015fma haklar\u0131, planlanan alanlarda \u201ck\u0131smi yap\u0131la\u015fma\u201d\u00a0bulunmas\u0131 durumunda kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak say\u0131lacak ve ge\u00e7erli kabul edilecektir. 1992\u2019den \u00f6nce yap\u0131l\u0131p da\u00a0halen\u00a0y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunan imar planlar\u0131na dayan\u0131larak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de sahil \u015feritlerinde yeni ruhsatl\u0131 in\u015faat yap\u0131labilmektedir.<\/p>\n
1992\u2019den sonra yap\u0131lan planlarda sahil \u015feridinde yap\u0131la\u015fma \u00e7ok k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lgili idarelerce yap\u0131lacak planlarda sahil \u015feritlerinde park, ye\u015fil alan vs. olu\u015fturmak zorunlu bulundu\u011fundan idareler kamula\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini artt\u0131rmamak i\u00e7in genellikle sahil \u015feritlerini asgari standart olan 100 metreden daha fazla belirlememektedir. \u00dclkemizde neredeyse t\u00fcm sahil \u015feritleri 100 metre olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
– \u0130LK 50 METRE<\/p>\n
Kanunumuza g\u00f6re sahil \u015feritlerinin birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn genel olarak ye\u015fil alana ayr\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, \u00e7ocuk bah\u00e7esi, gezinti alanlar\u0131, dinlenme ve rekreatif alanlar ile yaya yollar\u0131 olarak planlanaca\u011f\u0131, bu alanlarda hi\u00e7bir yap\u0131 yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130lk 50 metreden ta\u015f\u0131t yolu dahi ge\u00e7irilemez. G\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere\u00a0 ilk 50 metrede izin verilen unsurlar yap\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 gerektirmeyen, mevcut alan\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck m\u00fcdahalelerle d\u00fczenlenmesi niteli\u011finde imalatlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– \u0130K\u0130NC\u0130 50 METRE<\/p>\n
Sahil \u015feridinin ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise emsal 0.20\u2019y\u0131, bir kat\u0131, y\u00fckseklik 4.50 metreyi, asma katl\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde y\u00fckseklik 5.50 metreyi ge\u00e7memek \u00fczere, g\u00fcn\u00fcbirlik turizm yap\u0131 ve tesisleri yap\u0131labilece\u011fi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Ancak, \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan k\u0131y\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131 (liman, kruvaziyer liman\u0131, yat liman\u0131, tersane vb.) yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 zaman yerin \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle gerek duyulmas\u0131 halinde \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile di\u011fer ilgili bakanl\u0131k ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131n uygun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra Uygulama \u0130mar Plan\u0131 ile sahil \u015feridi de yap\u0131la\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
Baraj g\u00f6llerinde ve suni g\u00f6llerde sahil \u015feridi\u00a0yoktur.\u00a0Di\u011fer g\u00f6llerde ve kanunda belirtilen akarsularda sahil \u015feridi imar plan\u0131 ile belirlenir.<\/p>\n
KIYILARA H\u00c2K\u0130M OLAN \u0130LKELER<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131lar herkesin genel ve e\u015fit kullan\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. O kadar ki k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 kullanmada vatanda\u015fl\u0131k \u015fart\u0131 dahi aranmaz. E\u015fit ve genel kullan\u0131m\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u0131y\u0131lardan faydalanman\u0131n bedelsiz olmas\u0131 gerekir. Ancak k\u0131y\u0131lar kal\u0131c\u0131 ya da sezonluk olarak i\u015fgal edilmi\u015fse Milli Emlak taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgalcisinden ecrimisil al\u0131nabilir. K\u0131y\u0131lar devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufu alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in y\u00f6netimi Milli Emlak taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131r. K\u0131y\u0131larda kesin yap\u0131la\u015fma yasa\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. K\u0131y\u0131lar devredilemez, haczedilemez, i\u015fgalcisi taraf\u0131ndan zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yoluyla kazan\u0131lamaz. \u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu olamayaca\u011f\u0131ndan ba\u015fkaca yollarla da edinilemez. Kamu kurumlar\u0131 da k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetini talep edemez. K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. K\u0131y\u0131lar \u00f6zel mallardan daha a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131mlarla daha farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde korunur.<\/p>\n
KIYILARDA M\u00dcLK\u0130YET<\/p>\n
Medeni Kanun daha 1926 senesinde k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufunda olan yerler aras\u0131nda kabul etse de ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 dolduranlar veya bir \u015fekilde ihya edenler ad\u0131na bedelsiz tescil edilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren d\u00fczenlemelerde bulunuyordu.\u00a0Ayr\u0131ca yasalarda k\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n ve k\u0131y\u0131 unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n bir tan\u0131m\u0131 yoktu.<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131lara tapu ve hatta in\u015faat izni verilen bu d\u00f6nemde Yarg\u0131tay deniz kenar\u0131nda bulunan kumluk, \u00e7ak\u0131ll\u0131k ve sazl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu olamayaca\u011f\u0131, hazine ad\u0131na dahi tescil edilemeyece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kararlar vererek kendi imkanlar\u0131 dahilinde k\u0131y\u0131 alanlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak y\u00f6n\u00fcnde irade g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ancak bu hususlar mevzuatlarda yer almad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yarg\u0131lamaya konu olmayan durumlarda k\u0131y\u0131larda m\u00fclkiyetler olu\u015fmaya devam etmi\u015ftir. Yine de Yarg\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131larla ilgili yasal d\u00fczenlemelerdeki eksiklikleri ve \u00e7eli\u015fkileri fark ederek do\u011fal miras\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 korumak u\u011fruna sergiledi\u011fi irade k\u0131ymetlidir.\u00a0Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardaki bu tutumundan sonra k\u0131y\u0131larla ilgili g\u00fcndem olu\u015fmu\u015f, mevzuat geli\u015ftirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f \u00a0ve Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n bu tavr\u0131 sonucu k\u0131y\u0131lara olan bak\u0131\u015f de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131 Kanunu\u2019nun y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesiyle birlikte \u2018\u2019k\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7izgisi ile k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisi aras\u0131ndaki alan\u201d \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete net olarak yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Devam\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren K\u0131y\u0131 Kanununun Uygulanmas\u0131na Dair Y\u00f6netmelik tapular\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131ya ili\u015fkin k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n iptalini d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. Bu yasal geli\u015fme \u00fczerine k\u0131y\u0131lardaki tapular\u0131n iptali i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lan davalarda Yarg\u0131tay uzunca bir s\u00fcre tapular\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131lara ili\u015fkin k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0tazminats\u0131z\u00a0olarak iptal edilmesine h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir. \u00a0Gerek\u00e7e olarak k\u0131y\u0131lar devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufunda oldu\u011fundan \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu olamayaca\u011f\u0131 ve bu y\u00fczden de kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak sa\u011flamayaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131lardaki tapular\u0131 iptal edilip de i\u00e7 hukukumuza g\u00f6re\u00a0tazminat alamayanlar davalar\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesine ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u0130HM\u2019in k\u0131y\u0131larda iptal edilen tapularda m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ihlali nedeniyle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi tazminata mahkum etmesinin ard\u0131ndan 2007 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle i\u00e7 hukukumuzda da tapusu iptal edilen k\u0131y\u0131 alanlar\u0131n\u0131n sahiplerine tazminat \u00f6denmesi gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc benimsenmi\u015ftir. Tazminat \u00f6denmesi gerekince k\u0131y\u0131larla ilgili tapu iptali davalar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 durdurulmu\u015ftur. (Yarg\u0131tay 1. Hukuk Dairesi taraf\u0131ndan verilen 23.10.2007 tarihli ve e: 2007\/6214, k:2007\/9985 say\u0131l\u0131 karar) Bu geli\u015fmenin ard\u0131ndan \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete yasaklanm\u0131\u015f ancak tazminat \u00f6denmek istenmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in tapusu iptal edilmeyen, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hala al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131labilen \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u0131y\u0131 alan\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gereken bir muammad\u0131r. K\u0131y\u0131lardaki yap\u0131lar\u0131 da kapsam\u0131na alan \u0130mar Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 gibi kanuni istisnalar bu muammay\u0131 daha da b\u00fcy\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131larda m\u00fclkiyeti yasaklayan d\u00fczenlemelerden \u00f6nce a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sebeplerle k\u0131y\u0131larda m\u00fclkiyetler olu\u015fmu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n
a) Doldurma-Kurutma<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n doldurulmas\u0131 ya da batakl\u0131k halini alm\u0131\u015f k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n kurutulmas\u0131 suretiyle arazi kazan\u0131lmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan itibaren yasal d\u00fczenlemelere konu olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde de bu \u015fekilde kazan\u0131lan arazilerin ilgilisi ad\u0131na tesciline izin verildi\u011fini ve hatta baz\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde bu tescilin bedelsiz olarak yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlendi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. 1972 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6zel hukuk ki\u015filerinin denizden doldurma ve kurutma yoluyla toprak kazanmas\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halen y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki\u00a0K\u0131y\u0131 Kanunumuz da doldurma kurutmaya sadece\u00a0kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi hallerde izin vermi\u015ftir.\u00a0G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde doldurma kurutma alanlar\u0131na izin verilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle k\u0131y\u0131 alan\u0131n\u0131n yetersiz olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Daha sonra kanunda say\u0131lan nitelikteki yap\u0131lardan hangisinin yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 bir imar plan\u0131 ile d\u00fczenlenmelidir. Doldurma uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in\u00a0plan\u0131n kesinle\u015fmesi gerekir. Doldurma kurutma alanlar\u0131 da devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufu alt\u0131nda say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu olamaz.<\/p>\n
b) \u0130hya<\/p>\n
\u0130hya Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde de uygulanan bir m\u00fcesseseydi. (1) Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren bu uygulama (2) 1945 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (3) Bu on iki y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemde eme\u011finden ba\u015fka bir \u015feyi olmayan vatanda\u015flar devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufunda bulunan yerlerden kamu hizmetine ayr\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131 emek harcamak suretiyle \u00fcretime uygun hale getirerek bedel \u00f6demeksizin m\u00fclk edinebilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
(1) (1858 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren Arazi Kanunnamesi ve 1876 tarihli Mecelle)<\/p>\n
(2) (1933 tarihli 2644 say\u0131l\u0131 Tapu Kanunu ve 1934 tarihli 2613 say\u0131l\u0131 Kadastro ve Tapu Tahriri Kanunu)<\/p>\n
(3) (1945 tarihli 4753 say\u0131l\u0131 \u00c7ift\u00e7iyi Toprakland\u0131rma Kanunu y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girene kadar ihya yoluyla bedelsiz olarak k\u0131y\u0131larda kazan\u0131lan m\u00fclkiyetler de olmu\u015ftur.)<\/p>\n
c) Kadastro<\/p>\n
Cumhuriyet kuruldu\u011funda Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan devreden m\u00fclkiyetlerin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerle de\u011fil co\u011frafi unsurlarla belirlenmi\u015ftir. Sava\u015flardan sonraki m\u00fcbadeleler, g\u00f6\u00e7ler sahipsiz hatta sahipli bir\u00e7ok ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n i\u015fgal edilmesiyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu alanlarda yap\u0131lan kadastro \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar genellikle tutana\u011f\u0131n tutuldu\u011fu tarihteki zilyetlerinin ad\u0131na tescil edilmi\u015ftir. Tabiri caizse kartlar yeniden da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00fclke topraklar\u0131na m\u00fclkiyet resetlemesi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar belirlenirken tutanaklarda s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n \u201cleb-i derya, g\u00f6l, \u00e7ay, dere\u201d olarak tarif edildi\u011fini\u00a0g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. K\u0131y\u0131larda su, s\u0131n\u0131r kabul ediliyor ve 10 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde davaya konu edilmeyen tutanaklar kesinle\u015ferek ilgililerine m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 bah\u015fediyor. Bu suretle k\u0131y\u0131dan ciddi miktarda m\u00fclkiyet kazan\u0131m\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Yukar\u0131da belirtti\u011fimiz gibi art\u0131k k\u0131y\u0131daki tapular\u0131n iptali, tazminat \u00f6denmesini gerektirdi\u011finden, kadastro yoluyla kazan\u0131l\u0131p tapusu iptal edilmeyen ve k\u0131y\u0131 alan\u0131nda bulunan pek \u00e7ok yerin m\u00fclkiyeti ilgili ihtilaflar halen devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u00e7) Kanuni \u0130stisnalar<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131larda doldurma, kurutma, ihya, i\u015fgal, kadastro yoluyla m\u00fclkiyet kazan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren d\u00fczenlemelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra turizm te\u015fvikleri ve imar aflar\u0131 da k\u0131y\u0131larda m\u00fclkiyet olu\u015fumuna yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130mar Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak bilinen 2018 tarihli d\u00fczenleme de k\u0131y\u0131 alanlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetini vermese de k\u0131y\u0131larda ka\u00e7ak olarak yap\u0131lan yap\u0131lara izinli yap\u0131 stat\u00fcs\u00fc kazand\u0131rarak sahiplerine m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
KIYILARDA PLANLAMA<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde neredeyse her \u015feyin yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7izgisi ile k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisi aras\u0131ndaki bu alanda neler yap\u0131labilece\u011fi ve bunlara dair prosed\u00fcrlere de de\u011finmek k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcncel m\u00fclkiyet rejiminin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131lar planlama a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6zel nitelikli alanlar oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in m\u00fclkiyetten sonra en \u00f6nemli konu yap\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131r. K\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7izgisi ile k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisi aras\u0131ndaki alanda sadece K\u0131y\u0131 Kanunu\u2019nda say\u0131lan; iskele, liman, yana\u015fma yeri, k\u00f6pr\u00fc, menfez, tuzla, kay\u0131khane gibi k\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n kamu yarar\u0131na kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve k\u0131y\u0131y\u0131 koruma amac\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131lar imar plan\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilmek suretiyle yap\u0131labilir. K\u0131y\u0131larda bu yap\u0131lar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda herhangi bir yap\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 kanunen m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Kanun, k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisinden sonraki en az 100 metrelik ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 sahil \u015feridi olarak belirlemi\u015ftir. Sahil \u015feridini ilk 50 metre ve ikinci 50 metre olarak belirlemi\u015f ve buralardaki yap\u0131la\u015fmaya da \u00f6nemli s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
SONU\u00c7<\/p>\n
Sava\u015f yorgunu Cumhuriyetin kurulu\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda k\u0131y\u0131 hakk\u0131nda derli toplu bir d\u00fczenlemeye s\u0131ra getirilememi\u015f olmas\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131labilir bir durumdur. Ancak bunca zaman sonra birbiriyle \u00e7eli\u015fen ve yetersiz d\u00fczenlemelere ayn\u0131 ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc g\u00f6sterilemez. Bu tablo yasal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde ve uygulamada k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n ilmine vak\u0131f olanlar\u0131n yetkilendirilmedi\u011fini ve yetki verilenlerin de bilin\u00e7sizce, k\u0131sa vadeli ve\/veya bireysel ekonomik kayg\u0131larla hareket etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.\u00a0K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n ekonomiye kazand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan d\u00fczenlemeler ve uygulamalarla k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131na m\u00fcsaade edilmemelidir.\u00a0Uzun vadeli katma de\u011feri y\u00fcksek ve umumun menfaatine uygun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in uzmanlar\u0131n ve uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n birbirinden haberdar olmalar\u0131 ve birbirleriyle uyumlu hareket etmeleri faydal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Artan tatil, spor, hobi vb. ihtiya\u00e7lar ve k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 koruyan ilkeler bir arada de\u011ferlendirilip g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki kullan\u0131mlara g\u00f6re yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla ele al\u0131narak halin icab\u0131na uygun d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lmas\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131na netlik kazand\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yasak olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyette oldu\u011fundan k\u0131y\u0131lardaki m\u00fclkiyet meselesinin de bir an \u00f6nce \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
Karasal k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip bir toplumda k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n ak\u0131betini bireyinin saf\u0131na b\u0131rakmak makul de\u011fildir. K\u0131y\u0131lardan gere\u011fi gibi istifade edilmesini sa\u011flarken k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131yla koruyan ve istisnalarla s\u00fcrekli delinmeyen yasal d\u00fczenlemelere ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc en m\u00fckemmel yasa bile ancak e\u015fitlik ilkesi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde herkese uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u00fczen sa\u011flayabilir. Elzem olan bu d\u00fczenlemelerin gecikmemesidir; neticede \u201cyar\u0131n art\u0131k bug\u00fcnd\u00fcr.\u201d<\/p>\n
\u200bK\u0131y\u0131 ne deniz ne karad\u0131r; k\u0131y\u0131 araft\u0131r. Denizin karaya yahut karan\u0131n denize boyun e\u011fdi\u011fi veya boyun e\u011fdirdi\u011fi sahad\u0131r. Hukukumuza g\u00f6re bu alan kimseye ait olamaz, burada yap\u0131 yap\u0131lamaz, herkes k\u0131y\u0131y\u0131 e\u015fit ve ortak olarak kullanabilir.<\/p>\n
Ger\u00e7ekten de suyla karan\u0131n birle\u015fmesinden ya da cebelle\u015fmesinden her zaman korunmaya de\u011fer muhtelif do\u011fal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zenginlikler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Ancak k\u0131y\u0131lar turizm, ticaret, seyahat vs. bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kullan\u0131l\u0131p ekonomik de\u011fer ifade etmeye ba\u015flay\u0131ncaya kadar k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 koruyan bir d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim \u00fclkemizde k\u0131y\u0131ya ili\u015fkin yasal d\u00fczenlemelerde ge\u00e7 kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete yasaklanmas\u0131na kadar k\u0131y\u0131lar al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131labiliyordu, k\u0131y\u0131da ruhsatl\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc in\u015faat yap\u0131labiliyordu ve k\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n sahibi k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7itlerle \u00e7evirebiliyordu. Hatta sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan kurulan Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda k\u0131y\u0131lardaki yap\u0131la\u015fma geli\u015fmi\u015flik alameti olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ve te\u015fvik ediliyordu. Aradan ge\u00e7en zamanda k\u0131y\u0131lar de\u011fi\u015fmedi ancak turizm, ticaret, seyahat, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k vb. bir\u00e7ok konuda k\u0131ymet ifade etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan insanlar\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131ya bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
De\u011fi\u015fen k\u0131y\u0131ya bak\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n hukuki stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finin izlerini s\u00fcrmek niyetiyle kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu yaz\u0131da; k\u0131y\u0131 hukukunun buralara nas\u0131l geldi\u011fini anlamak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlemelerin arkas\u0131nda yatan tarihi ve sosyolojik gerek\u00e7eleriyle birlikte k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n hukuki durumu de\u011ferlendirilecektir.\u00a0Ayr\u0131ca k\u0131y\u0131larla ilgili ya\u015fanan hukuki sorunlar ba\u011flam\u0131nda verdi\u011fi zarar da g\u00f6zetilerek ba\u015fta imar bar\u0131\u015f\u0131na ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenleme olmak \u00fczere \u00f6nemli olanlar\u0131ndan bir k\u0131sm\u0131 bu makalede irdelenecektir.<\/p>\n
\u00a0T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE TOPLUMSAL MESELE OLARAK KIYILAR<\/p>\n
\u00dc\u00e7 taraf\u0131 denizlerle \u00e7evrili olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, T\u00fcrk toplumunun karasal bir k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Deniz bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde mesela mutfa\u011f\u0131nda, sanat\u0131nda, t\u00fcrk\u00fcs\u00fcnde, ya\u015fama tarz\u0131nda neredeyse yok denecek kadar az yer kaplar. T\u00fcrkiye de deniz kentleriyle kara kentleri aras\u0131nda denizi g\u00f6rmedi\u011finiz s\u00fcrece anlaml\u0131 bir fark da g\u00f6remezsiniz. Bu durum denizin T\u00fcrk ekonomisindeki pay\u0131n\u0131n Norve\u00e7, Danimarka, \u0130spanya, Yunanistan, Portekiz gibi deniz \u00fclkelerine g\u00f6re daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olmas\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131labilir. Mesela \u0130zlanda bizden 7-8 kat daha k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc ve neredeyse 250\u2019de 1\u2019imiz kadar n\u00fcfusuyla bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kta \u00fclkemizden yakla\u015f\u0131k 4 kat fazla gelir elde etmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u015eimdilerin tatil cenneti say\u0131lan Malta, K\u0131br\u0131s\u00a0gibi adalar ve k\u0131y\u0131 \u015fehirleri\u00a0Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde s\u00fcrg\u00fcn yeriydi. Halikarnas Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 ad\u0131 ile tan\u0131nan yazar Cevat \u015eakir Kabaa\u011fa\u00e7l\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u0130stiklal Mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l kalabentlikle cezaland\u0131r\u0131larak Bodrum\u2019a s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edildi\u011fi bilinir. Bu hik\u00e2yede Halikarnas Bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131s\u0131\u2019n\u0131n s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmesinden daha dikkat \u00e7ekici olan \u015fey Bodrum gibi bir do\u011fa harikas\u0131n\u0131n o tarihlerde bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcn yeri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesidir. Bug\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hayli tuhaf olan bu s\u00fcrg\u00fcn hik\u00e2yeleri, asl\u0131nda hem T\u00fcrk toplumunun denizle ili\u015fkisini hem de Osmanl\u0131\u2019da ve Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda devletin k\u0131y\u0131ya bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan dikkate \u015fayand\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan 1980\u2019li y\u0131llara kadar k\u0131y\u0131larda \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetin\u00a0yasaklanmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir\u00a0d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 toplumun k\u0131y\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan manidard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Nitekim\u00a0k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u00a0d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc\u00a0Anayasam\u0131z olan 1982 Anayasas\u0131na kadar do\u011frudan anayasal d\u00fczlemde d\u00fczenlenmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 da k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n yeterince fark\u0131na var\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0bir ba\u015fka g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n
T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE HUKUK\u0130 B\u0130R MESELE OLARAK KIYILAR<\/p>\n
Her toplumsal mesele hukuki mesele de\u011fildir. Ama her hukuki mesele toplumsal bir meseledir. B\u00f6yle bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda denizin T\u00fcrk sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hayat\u0131nda \u00a0kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0\u00e7ok\u00a0olmamas\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal bir sonucu da k\u0131y\u0131\u00a0hukuk rejiminin\u00a0bunca zaman belirsizli\u011fe mahkum edilmesinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Ekonomik ve sosyal ilgi yo\u011funla\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yak\u0131n zamana kadar devlet, k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 koruyan bir yasa \u00e7\u0131karma ihtiyac\u0131 hissetmemi\u015ftir. K\u0131y\u0131lar uzunca bir s\u00fcre tar\u0131m arazileri ile ayn\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet rejiminde g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdir. K\u0131y\u0131larla birlikte devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufu alt\u0131nda say\u0131lan yerlerin \u00e7o\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131lardan daha \u00f6nce d\u00fczenlemeye konu olmu\u015ftur. Mesela 1956 tarihli Orman Kanunu, ormanlarla ilgili d\u00fczenlemeye k\u0131y\u0131lardan daha \u00f6nce ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir. Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 meralar daha da \u00f6nce d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Kanun bir ihtiya\u00e7 meselesidir. K\u0131y\u0131lar tar\u0131ma elveri\u015fli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in vatanda\u015f taraf\u0131ndan da ra\u011fbet g\u00f6rmemi\u015f, mesela miras payla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz olanlara b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a01980 d\u00f6nemi sonras\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fen ekonomi politikalar\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak\u00a0turizmin geli\u015fmesiyle k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n ekonomik de\u011feri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu geli\u015fmelerin ard\u0131ndan k\u0131y\u0131lar miras\u0131n en de\u011ferli par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n tatile gitmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 ile k\u0131y\u0131 turizminin hareketlenmesi refah d\u00fczeyinin artt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemlidir. Tatile giden insan say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131 tatile gidilecek yerlerin de artmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmi\u015ftir. Ekonomik de\u011feri artt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda k\u0131y\u0131larda \u00e7\u0131kan meselelerin mevcut yasalarla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmam\u0131\u015f, herkesin serbest ve e\u015fit kullan\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k olabilmesi i\u00e7in k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6zel yasalarla korunmas\u0131 gerekmi\u015ftir. K\u0131y\u0131lar ilk olarak 1982 Anayasas\u0131nda do\u011frudan ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu olamayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bunun hemen ard\u0131ndan devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufunda kabul edilen \u00a0k\u0131y\u0131larla ilgili ilk m\u00fcstakil K\u0131y\u0131 Kanunu d\u00fczenlemesi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu yeni yasal d\u00fczenlemeler ile umumun istifadesine a\u00e7\u0131k tutulabilmesi i\u00e7in k\u0131y\u0131lardaki \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyet yasaklanm\u0131\u015f, yap\u0131la\u015fmaya sert k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar getirilerek k\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n hukuki stat\u00fcs\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu geli\u015fmenin ard\u0131ndan k\u0131y\u0131lar ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u201cm\u00fclkiyet\u201d \u00a0\u00f6nemli \u00a0bir hale gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki durumu ile mevcut hukuki stat\u00fcs\u00fc aras\u0131ndaki fark h\u00e2l\u00e2 uygulamada kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klara neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde k\u0131y\u0131lar \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu olabildi\u011finden Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan Cumhuriyete devreden m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131 \u00a0bulundu\u011fu gibi Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde de; doldurma, kurutma, ihya, kadastro ve kanuni istisnalar yoluyla tesis edilmi\u015f m\u00fclkiyetler s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131larda m\u00fclkiyet meselesinden sonra en \u00f6nemli konu \u201cyap\u0131la\u015fma\u201dd\u0131r. \u201cK\u0131y\u0131 \u00c7izgisi\u201d ile \u201cK\u0131y\u0131 Kenar \u00c7izgisi\u201d aras\u0131ndaki alan \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu olamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sadece k\u0131y\u0131da yap\u0131labilen ve kamu yarar\u0131na kullan\u0131labilen dalgak\u0131ran, liman vs. gibi \u00f6zel nitelikli yap\u0131lara izin verilmi\u015ftir. K\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131 niteli\u011finde olan sahil \u015feritleri de K\u0131y\u0131 Kanunu kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve sahil \u015feritlerinde de yap\u0131la\u015fmaya \u00f6nemli s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar getirilmi\u015ftir.\u00a0<\/p>\n
KAVRAMSAL \u00c7ER\u00c7EVE: KIYI NED\u0130R? KIYI KENAR \u00c7\u0130ZG\u0130S\u0130 NED\u0130R? SAH\u0130L \u015eER\u0130D\u0130 NED\u0130R?<\/p>\n
\u015eekil1- K\u0131y\u0131, K\u0131y\u0131 \u00c7izgisi, K\u0131y\u0131 Kenar \u00c7izgisi, Sahil \u015eeridi Tan\u0131mlar\u0131<\/p>\n
a) K\u0131y\u0131<\/p>\n
Kanuna g\u00f6re k\u0131saca \u201ck\u0131y\u0131\u201d; suyun karaya de\u011fdi\u011fi \u201ck\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7izgisi\u201d ile suyun karayla birle\u015fmesinin etkilerinin sonland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ck\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisi\u201d aras\u0131ndaki aland\u0131r.<\/p>\n
b) K\u0131y\u0131 Kenar \u00c7izgisi<\/p>\n
\u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyetin ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 alan\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmesi nedeniyle meselenin temelini te\u015fkil eden \u201ck\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisi\u201d \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nezdinde kurulan bir komisyon taraf\u0131ndan tespit edilir. Bu \u00e7izgi deniz kenar\u0131ndaki orman, mera gibi kamu mallar\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n
Komisyon, incelemesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda su hareketlerinden kaynaklanan unsurlar\u0131n sonland\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktay\u0131 tespit eder. Belli bir derinli\u011fe \u00a0\u00a0yap\u0131l\u0131r ve denize dair emarelerin, \u00f6rne\u011fin deniz kabuklular\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bitti\u011fi ve topra\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisi kabul edilir. Has\u0131l\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisi su hareketlerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ta\u015fl\u0131k, kumluk, sazl\u0131k gibi alanlar\u0131n do\u011fal s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
c) Sahil \u015eeridi<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131 mevzuat\u0131 tarihine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda do\u011frudan sahil \u015feridi olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmasa da k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisinin devam\u0131ndaki ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131na dair d\u00fczenlemelere rastl\u0131yoruz. Bu ku\u015fak ilk olarak 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda 10 metre olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. Sonras\u0131nda k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisinden sonraki 30 metre ve 100 metrelik alanlara ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lsa da mevzuattaki \u00e7eli\u015fkiler ve k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisi tespit \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yetersizli\u011fi gibi nedenlerle sahil \u015feritleri korunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1984 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girip iptal edilen K\u0131y\u0131 Kanununda bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen 1990 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren\u00a0ve halen de y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan\u00a0K\u0131y\u0131 Kanunumuzun\u00a0ilk halinde\u00a0sahil \u015feritlerine yer verilmemi\u015ftir. Sahil \u015feritleri, K\u0131y\u0131 Kanunumuza 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir ekleme ile korunmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kanun sahil \u015feritlerini ilk 50 metre ve ikinci 50 metre olarak tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
1992\u2019den \u00f6nce yap\u0131lan imar planlar\u0131nda sahil \u015feridi bulunmamas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan belirsizli\u011fi K\u0131y\u0131 Kanununun Uygulanmas\u0131na Dair Y\u00f6netmelik ortadan kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re 1992 y\u0131l\u0131ndan \u00f6nce yap\u0131lan ve sahil \u015feridi i\u00e7ermeyen imar planlar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan yap\u0131la\u015fma haklar\u0131, planlanan alanlarda \u201ck\u0131smi yap\u0131la\u015fma\u201d\u00a0bulunmas\u0131 durumunda kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak say\u0131lacak ve ge\u00e7erli kabul edilecektir. 1992\u2019den \u00f6nce yap\u0131l\u0131p da\u00a0halen\u00a0y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunan imar planlar\u0131na dayan\u0131larak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de sahil \u015feritlerinde yeni ruhsatl\u0131 in\u015faat yap\u0131labilmektedir.<\/p>\n
1992\u2019den sonra yap\u0131lan planlarda sahil \u015feridinde yap\u0131la\u015fma \u00e7ok k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130lgili idarelerce yap\u0131lacak planlarda sahil \u015feritlerinde park, ye\u015fil alan vs. olu\u015fturmak zorunlu bulundu\u011fundan idareler kamula\u015ft\u0131rma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini artt\u0131rmamak i\u00e7in genellikle sahil \u015feritlerini asgari standart olan 100 metreden daha fazla belirlememektedir. \u00dclkemizde neredeyse t\u00fcm sahil \u015feritleri 100 metre olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
– \u0130LK 50 METRE<\/p>\n
Kanunumuza g\u00f6re sahil \u015feritlerinin birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn genel olarak ye\u015fil alana ayr\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, \u00e7ocuk bah\u00e7esi, gezinti alanlar\u0131, dinlenme ve rekreatif alanlar ile yaya yollar\u0131 olarak planlanaca\u011f\u0131, bu alanlarda hi\u00e7bir yap\u0131 yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130lk 50 metreden ta\u015f\u0131t yolu dahi ge\u00e7irilemez. G\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere\u00a0 ilk 50 metrede izin verilen unsurlar yap\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 gerektirmeyen, mevcut alan\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck m\u00fcdahalelerle d\u00fczenlenmesi niteli\u011finde imalatlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– \u0130K\u0130NC\u0130 50 METRE<\/p>\n
Sahil \u015feridinin ikinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde ise emsal 0.20\u2019y\u0131, bir kat\u0131, y\u00fckseklik 4.50 metreyi, asma katl\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde y\u00fckseklik 5.50 metreyi ge\u00e7memek \u00fczere, g\u00fcn\u00fcbirlik turizm yap\u0131 ve tesisleri yap\u0131labilece\u011fi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Ancak, \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan k\u0131y\u0131 yap\u0131s\u0131 (liman, kruvaziyer liman\u0131, yat liman\u0131, tersane vb.) yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 zaman yerin \u00f6zellikleri nedeniyle gerek duyulmas\u0131 halinde \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile di\u011fer ilgili bakanl\u0131k ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131n uygun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc al\u0131nd\u0131ktan sonra Uygulama \u0130mar Plan\u0131 ile sahil \u015feridi de yap\u0131la\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
Baraj g\u00f6llerinde ve suni g\u00f6llerde sahil \u015feridi\u00a0yoktur.\u00a0Di\u011fer g\u00f6llerde ve kanunda belirtilen akarsularda sahil \u015feridi imar plan\u0131 ile belirlenir.<\/p>\n
KIYILARA H\u00c2K\u0130M OLAN \u0130LKELER<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131lar herkesin genel ve e\u015fit kullan\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. O kadar ki k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 kullanmada vatanda\u015fl\u0131k \u015fart\u0131 dahi aranmaz. E\u015fit ve genel kullan\u0131m\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in k\u0131y\u0131lardan faydalanman\u0131n bedelsiz olmas\u0131 gerekir. Ancak k\u0131y\u0131lar kal\u0131c\u0131 ya da sezonluk olarak i\u015fgal edilmi\u015fse Milli Emlak taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgalcisinden ecrimisil al\u0131nabilir. K\u0131y\u0131lar devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufu alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in y\u00f6netimi Milli Emlak taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131l\u0131r. K\u0131y\u0131larda kesin yap\u0131la\u015fma yasa\u011f\u0131 vard\u0131r. K\u0131y\u0131lar devredilemez, haczedilemez, i\u015fgalcisi taraf\u0131ndan zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 yoluyla kazan\u0131lamaz. \u00d6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu olamayaca\u011f\u0131ndan ba\u015fkaca yollarla da edinilemez. Kamu kurumlar\u0131 da k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetini talep edemez. K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. K\u0131y\u0131lar \u00f6zel mallardan daha a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131mlarla daha farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde korunur.<\/p>\n
KIYILARDA M\u00dcLK\u0130YET<\/p>\n
Medeni Kanun daha 1926 senesinde k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufunda olan yerler aras\u0131nda kabul etse de ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 dolduranlar veya bir \u015fekilde ihya edenler ad\u0131na bedelsiz tescil edilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren d\u00fczenlemelerde bulunuyordu.\u00a0Ayr\u0131ca yasalarda k\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n ve k\u0131y\u0131 unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n bir tan\u0131m\u0131 yoktu.<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131lara tapu ve hatta in\u015faat izni verilen bu d\u00f6nemde Yarg\u0131tay deniz kenar\u0131nda bulunan kumluk, \u00e7ak\u0131ll\u0131k ve sazl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu olamayaca\u011f\u0131, hazine ad\u0131na dahi tescil edilemeyece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kararlar vererek kendi imkanlar\u0131 dahilinde k\u0131y\u0131 alanlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak y\u00f6n\u00fcnde irade g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ancak bu hususlar mevzuatlarda yer almad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yarg\u0131lamaya konu olmayan durumlarda k\u0131y\u0131larda m\u00fclkiyetler olu\u015fmaya devam etmi\u015ftir. Yine de Yarg\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131larla ilgili yasal d\u00fczenlemelerdeki eksiklikleri ve \u00e7eli\u015fkileri fark ederek do\u011fal miras\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 korumak u\u011fruna sergiledi\u011fi irade k\u0131ymetlidir.\u00a0Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardaki bu tutumundan sonra k\u0131y\u0131larla ilgili g\u00fcndem olu\u015fmu\u015f, mevzuat geli\u015ftirme \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yo\u011funla\u015fm\u0131\u015f \u00a0ve Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n bu tavr\u0131 sonucu k\u0131y\u0131lara olan bak\u0131\u015f de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131 Kanunu\u2019nun y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesiyle birlikte \u2018\u2019k\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7izgisi ile k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisi aras\u0131ndaki alan\u201d \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete net olarak yasaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Devam\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren K\u0131y\u0131 Kanununun Uygulanmas\u0131na Dair Y\u00f6netmelik tapular\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131ya ili\u015fkin k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n iptalini d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. Bu yasal geli\u015fme \u00fczerine k\u0131y\u0131lardaki tapular\u0131n iptali i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lan davalarda Yarg\u0131tay uzunca bir s\u00fcre tapular\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131lara ili\u015fkin k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0tazminats\u0131z\u00a0olarak iptal edilmesine h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir. \u00a0Gerek\u00e7e olarak k\u0131y\u0131lar devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufunda oldu\u011fundan \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu olamayaca\u011f\u0131 ve bu y\u00fczden de kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak sa\u011flamayaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131lardaki tapular\u0131 iptal edilip de i\u00e7 hukukumuza g\u00f6re\u00a0tazminat alamayanlar davalar\u0131n\u0131 Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesine ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u0130HM\u2019in k\u0131y\u0131larda iptal edilen tapularda m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ihlali nedeniyle T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi tazminata mahkum etmesinin ard\u0131ndan 2007 y\u0131l\u0131 itibariyle i\u00e7 hukukumuzda da tapusu iptal edilen k\u0131y\u0131 alanlar\u0131n\u0131n sahiplerine tazminat \u00f6denmesi gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc benimsenmi\u015ftir. Tazminat \u00f6denmesi gerekince k\u0131y\u0131larla ilgili tapu iptali davalar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 durdurulmu\u015ftur. (Yarg\u0131tay 1. Hukuk Dairesi taraf\u0131ndan verilen 23.10.2007 tarihli ve e: 2007\/6214, k:2007\/9985 say\u0131l\u0131 karar) Bu geli\u015fmenin ard\u0131ndan \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete yasaklanm\u0131\u015f ancak tazminat \u00f6denmek istenmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in tapusu iptal edilmeyen, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla hala al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131labilen \u00e7ok say\u0131da k\u0131y\u0131 alan\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gereken bir muammad\u0131r. K\u0131y\u0131lardaki yap\u0131lar\u0131 da kapsam\u0131na alan \u0130mar Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 gibi kanuni istisnalar bu muammay\u0131 daha da b\u00fcy\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131larda m\u00fclkiyeti yasaklayan d\u00fczenlemelerden \u00f6nce a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki sebeplerle k\u0131y\u0131larda m\u00fclkiyetler olu\u015fmu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n
a) Doldurma-Kurutma<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n doldurulmas\u0131 ya da batakl\u0131k halini alm\u0131\u015f k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n kurutulmas\u0131 suretiyle arazi kazan\u0131lmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan itibaren yasal d\u00fczenlemelere konu olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde de bu \u015fekilde kazan\u0131lan arazilerin ilgilisi ad\u0131na tesciline izin verildi\u011fini ve hatta baz\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde bu tescilin bedelsiz olarak yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlendi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. 1972 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6zel hukuk ki\u015filerinin denizden doldurma ve kurutma yoluyla toprak kazanmas\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halen y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki\u00a0K\u0131y\u0131 Kanunumuz da doldurma kurutmaya sadece\u00a0kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi hallerde izin vermi\u015ftir.\u00a0G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde doldurma kurutma alanlar\u0131na izin verilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle k\u0131y\u0131 alan\u0131n\u0131n yetersiz olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Daha sonra kanunda say\u0131lan nitelikteki yap\u0131lardan hangisinin yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 bir imar plan\u0131 ile d\u00fczenlenmelidir. Doldurma uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in\u00a0plan\u0131n kesinle\u015fmesi gerekir. Doldurma kurutma alanlar\u0131 da devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufu alt\u0131nda say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu olamaz.<\/p>\n
b) \u0130hya<\/p>\n
\u0130hya Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde de uygulanan bir m\u00fcesseseydi. (1) Cumhuriyet d\u00f6neminde 1933 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren bu uygulama (2) 1945 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (3) Bu on iki y\u0131ll\u0131k d\u00f6nemde eme\u011finden ba\u015fka bir \u015feyi olmayan vatanda\u015flar devletin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve tasarrufunda bulunan yerlerden kamu hizmetine ayr\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131 emek harcamak suretiyle \u00fcretime uygun hale getirerek bedel \u00f6demeksizin m\u00fclk edinebilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
(1) (1858 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren Arazi Kanunnamesi ve 1876 tarihli Mecelle)<\/p>\n
(2) (1933 tarihli 2644 say\u0131l\u0131 Tapu Kanunu ve 1934 tarihli 2613 say\u0131l\u0131 Kadastro ve Tapu Tahriri Kanunu)<\/p>\n
(3) (1945 tarihli 4753 say\u0131l\u0131 \u00c7ift\u00e7iyi Toprakland\u0131rma Kanunu y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girene kadar ihya yoluyla bedelsiz olarak k\u0131y\u0131larda kazan\u0131lan m\u00fclkiyetler de olmu\u015ftur.)<\/p>\n
c) Kadastro<\/p>\n
Cumhuriyet kuruldu\u011funda Osmanl\u0131\u2019dan devreden m\u00fclkiyetlerin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcmlerle de\u011fil co\u011frafi unsurlarla belirlenmi\u015ftir. Sava\u015flardan sonraki m\u00fcbadeleler, g\u00f6\u00e7ler sahipsiz hatta sahipli bir\u00e7ok ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n i\u015fgal edilmesiyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu alanlarda yap\u0131lan kadastro \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar genellikle tutana\u011f\u0131n tutuldu\u011fu tarihteki zilyetlerinin ad\u0131na tescil edilmi\u015ftir. Tabiri caizse kartlar yeniden da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve \u00fclke topraklar\u0131na m\u00fclkiyet resetlemesi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar belirlenirken tutanaklarda s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n \u201cleb-i derya, g\u00f6l, \u00e7ay, dere\u201d olarak tarif edildi\u011fini\u00a0g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. K\u0131y\u0131larda su, s\u0131n\u0131r kabul ediliyor ve 10 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde davaya konu edilmeyen tutanaklar kesinle\u015ferek ilgililerine m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 bah\u015fediyor. Bu suretle k\u0131y\u0131dan ciddi miktarda m\u00fclkiyet kazan\u0131m\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Yukar\u0131da belirtti\u011fimiz gibi art\u0131k k\u0131y\u0131daki tapular\u0131n iptali, tazminat \u00f6denmesini gerektirdi\u011finden, kadastro yoluyla kazan\u0131l\u0131p tapusu iptal edilmeyen ve k\u0131y\u0131 alan\u0131nda bulunan pek \u00e7ok yerin m\u00fclkiyeti ilgili ihtilaflar halen devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u00e7) Kanuni \u0130stisnalar<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131larda doldurma, kurutma, ihya, i\u015fgal, kadastro yoluyla m\u00fclkiyet kazan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren d\u00fczenlemelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra turizm te\u015fvikleri ve imar aflar\u0131 da k\u0131y\u0131larda m\u00fclkiyet olu\u015fumuna yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130mar Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 olarak bilinen 2018 tarihli d\u00fczenleme de k\u0131y\u0131 alanlar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetini vermese de k\u0131y\u0131larda ka\u00e7ak olarak yap\u0131lan yap\u0131lara izinli yap\u0131 stat\u00fcs\u00fc kazand\u0131rarak sahiplerine m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
KIYILARDA PLANLAMA<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde neredeyse her \u015feyin yasakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7izgisi ile k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisi aras\u0131ndaki bu alanda neler yap\u0131labilece\u011fi ve bunlara dair prosed\u00fcrlere de de\u011finmek k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fcncel m\u00fclkiyet rejiminin anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n
K\u0131y\u0131lar planlama a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6zel nitelikli alanlar oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in m\u00fclkiyetten sonra en \u00f6nemli konu yap\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131r. K\u0131y\u0131 \u00e7izgisi ile k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisi aras\u0131ndaki alanda sadece K\u0131y\u0131 Kanunu\u2019nda say\u0131lan; iskele, liman, yana\u015fma yeri, k\u00f6pr\u00fc, menfez, tuzla, kay\u0131khane gibi k\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n kamu yarar\u0131na kullan\u0131m\u0131 ve k\u0131y\u0131y\u0131 koruma amac\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131lar imar plan\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilmek suretiyle yap\u0131labilir. K\u0131y\u0131larda bu yap\u0131lar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda herhangi bir yap\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 kanunen m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Kanun, k\u0131y\u0131 kenar \u00e7izgisinden sonraki en az 100 metrelik ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 sahil \u015feridi olarak belirlemi\u015ftir. Sahil \u015feridini ilk 50 metre ve ikinci 50 metre olarak belirlemi\u015f ve buralardaki yap\u0131la\u015fmaya da \u00f6nemli s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar getirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
SONU\u00c7<\/p>\n
Sava\u015f yorgunu Cumhuriyetin kurulu\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda k\u0131y\u0131 hakk\u0131nda derli toplu bir d\u00fczenlemeye s\u0131ra getirilememi\u015f olmas\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131labilir bir durumdur. Ancak bunca zaman sonra birbiriyle \u00e7eli\u015fen ve yetersiz d\u00fczenlemelere ayn\u0131 ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc g\u00f6sterilemez. Bu tablo yasal s\u00fcre\u00e7lerde ve uygulamada k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n ilmine vak\u0131f olanlar\u0131n yetkilendirilmedi\u011fini ve yetki verilenlerin de bilin\u00e7sizce, k\u0131sa vadeli ve\/veya bireysel ekonomik kayg\u0131larla hareket etti\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.\u00a0K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n ekonomiye kazand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla yap\u0131lan d\u00fczenlemeler ve uygulamalarla k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n ya\u011fmalanmas\u0131na m\u00fcsaade edilmemelidir.\u00a0Uzun vadeli katma de\u011feri y\u00fcksek ve umumun menfaatine uygun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretmek i\u00e7in uzmanlar\u0131n ve uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n birbirinden haberdar olmalar\u0131 ve birbirleriyle uyumlu hareket etmeleri faydal\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Artan tatil, spor, hobi vb. ihtiya\u00e7lar ve k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 koruyan ilkeler bir arada de\u011ferlendirilip g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki kullan\u0131mlara g\u00f6re yeni bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla ele al\u0131narak halin icab\u0131na uygun d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lmas\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131 kullan\u0131m\u0131na netlik kazand\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yasak olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131 h\u00e2l\u00e2 \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyette oldu\u011fundan k\u0131y\u0131lardaki m\u00fclkiyet meselesinin de bir an \u00f6nce \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
Karasal k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip bir toplumda k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n ak\u0131betini bireyinin saf\u0131na b\u0131rakmak makul de\u011fildir. K\u0131y\u0131lardan gere\u011fi gibi istifade edilmesini sa\u011flarken k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131yla koruyan ve istisnalarla s\u00fcrekli delinmeyen yasal d\u00fczenlemelere ihtiya\u00e7 vard\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc en m\u00fckemmel yasa bile ancak e\u015fitlik ilkesi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde herkese uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda d\u00fczen sa\u011flayabilir. Elzem olan bu d\u00fczenlemelerin gecikmemesidir; neticede \u201cyar\u0131n art\u0131k bug\u00fcnd\u00fcr.\u201d\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
K\u0131y\u0131 ne deniz ne karad\u0131r; k\u0131y\u0131 araft\u0131r. Denizin karaya yahut karan\u0131n denize boyun e\u011fdi\u011fi veya boyun e\u011fdirdi\u011fi sahad\u0131r. Hukukumuza g\u00f6re bu alan kimseye ait olamaz, burada yap\u0131 yap\u0131lamaz, herkes k\u0131y\u0131y\u0131 e\u015fit ve ortak olarak kullanabilir. Ger\u00e7ekten de suyla karan\u0131n birle\u015fmesinden ya da cebelle\u015fmesinden her zaman korunmaya de\u011fer muhtelif do\u011fal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zenginlikler ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Ancak k\u0131y\u0131lar turizm, ticaret, seyahat vs. bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kullan\u0131l\u0131p ekonomik de\u011fer ifade etmeye ba\u015flay\u0131ncaya kadar k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 koruyan bir d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim \u00fclkemizde k\u0131y\u0131ya ili\u015fkin yasal d\u00fczenlemelerde ge\u00e7 kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete yasaklanmas\u0131na kadar k\u0131y\u0131lar al\u0131n\u0131p sat\u0131labiliyordu, k\u0131y\u0131da ruhsatl\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc in\u015faat yap\u0131labiliyordu ve k\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n sahibi k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7itlerle \u00e7evirebiliyordu. Hatta sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan kurulan Cumhuriyetin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda k\u0131y\u0131lardaki yap\u0131la\u015fma geli\u015fmi\u015flik alameti olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor ve te\u015fvik ediliyordu. Aradan ge\u00e7en zamanda k\u0131y\u0131lar de\u011fi\u015fmedi ancak turizm, ticaret, seyahat, bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k vb. bir\u00e7ok konuda k\u0131ymet ifade etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan insanlar\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131ya bak\u0131\u015f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fti. De\u011fi\u015fen k\u0131y\u0131ya bak\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131n\u0131n hukuki stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc nas\u0131l de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011finin izlerini s\u00fcrmek niyetiyle kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bu yaz\u0131da; k\u0131y\u0131 hukukunun buralara nas\u0131l geldi\u011fini anlamak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlemelerin arkas\u0131nda yatan tarihi ve sosyolojik gerek\u00e7eleriyle birlikte k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n hukuki durumu de\u011ferlendirilecektir.\u00a0Ayr\u0131ca k\u0131y\u0131larla ilgili ya\u015fanan hukuki sorunlar ba\u011flam\u0131nda verdi\u011fi zarar da g\u00f6zetilerek ba\u015fta imar bar\u0131\u015f\u0131na ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenleme olmak \u00fczere \u00f6nemli olanlar\u0131ndan bir k\u0131sm\u0131 bu makalede irdelenecektir. \u00a0T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE TOPLUMSAL MESELE …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-49202","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n