\u0130tiraz Konusu Kural<\/p>\n
\u0130tiraz konusu kuralda, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin i\u015f\u00e7inin mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 asgari koruma sakl\u0131 kalmak \u015fart\u0131yla taraflar\u0131n se\u00e7tikleri hukuka tabi olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvurular\u0131n Gerek\u00e7esi<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvuru kararlar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; i\u015fverenin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki i\u015fyerlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin alacaklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda kural uyar\u0131nca mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7inin anayasal haklar\u0131ndan mahrum kalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tescil edilmi\u015f \u015firketlerin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki i\u015fyerlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan T\u00fcrk i\u015f\u00e7ilere kural gere\u011fince yabanc\u0131 hukukun uygulanmas\u0131 nedeniyle bu i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ayn\u0131 \u015firketin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerine tan\u0131nan haklar\u0131 elde edemedikleri, bu durumun ise e\u015fitlik ilkesiyle \u00e7eli\u015fti\u011fi, kuralla devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 koruma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn de ihlal edildi\u011fi belirtilerek kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Mahkemenin De\u011ferlendirmesi<\/p>\n
Yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin tabi olaca\u011f\u0131 hukukun, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ba\u011flama h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn belirlenmesi kanun koyucunun takdir yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda kalmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde hukuk se\u00e7imine imk\u00e2n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 da kanun koyucunun takdirindedir. Bununla birlikte yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine uygulanacak hukuka y\u00f6nelik d\u00fczenleme i\u00e7eren kural\u0131n devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleriyle \u00e7eli\u015fmemesi gerekir.\u00a0<\/p>\n
Bu ba\u011flamda i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7inin aleyhine sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek g\u00fcvencelerin mevcut olmamas\u0131 devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleriyle ba\u011fda\u015fmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda h\u00e2lin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili bir hukukun bulunmas\u0131 durumunda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye an\u0131lan maddenin (2) ve (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kralar\u0131nda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen hukukun yerine daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun uygulanabilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Bu itibarla i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin taraflar\u0131nca hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun yerine daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuka tabi k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde taraflar\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imi yapm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 durumunda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun uygulanabilmesine imk\u00e2n tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00a0Hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuka tabi k\u0131l\u0131namamas\u0131 nedeniyle bu se\u00e7im i\u015f\u00e7inin aleyhine sonu\u00e7 do\u011furabilecektir.<\/p>\n
Nitekim s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin zay\u0131f taraf\u0131 olan i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fveren kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hukuk se\u00e7imine ili\u015fkin pazarl\u0131k imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n ilke olarak s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kald\u0131 ki s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin zay\u0131f taraf\u0131 olan i\u015f\u00e7inin, i\u015f hukuku gibi teknik bir alanda h\u00e2kim taraf\u0131ndan dahi tespit edilmesi g\u00fc\u00e7 olan yabanc\u0131 hukukun i\u00e7eri\u011fine ili\u015fkin olarak kendi \u00e7abas\u0131yla yeterli d\u00fczeyde bilgi edinebilmesi ve bu hukukun uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n lehine sonu\u00e7 do\u011furup do\u011furmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilmesi de olduk\u00e7a zordur.<\/p>\n
Bu de\u011ferlendirmeler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle i\u015fverenin daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukta \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerden kurtulabilece\u011fi ve bu durumda i\u015f\u00e7inin s\u00f6z konusu hukukun sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 korumadan mahrum kalabilece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu itibarla hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde i\u015f\u00e7inin sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131n an\u0131lan se\u00e7imle bertaraf edilmesini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan kural\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i-i\u015fveren ili\u015fkilerinde makul bir denge sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleriyle ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Anayasa Mahkemesi a\u00e7\u0131klanan gerek\u00e7elerle kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa ve iptaline karar vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
——-<\/p>\n
ANAYASA MAHKEMES\u0130 KARARI<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
Esas Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2023\/158<\/p>\n
Karar Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2024\/187<\/p>\n
Karar Tarihi : 5\/11\/2024<\/p>\n
R.G.Tarih-Say\u0131 : 10\/3\/2025-32837<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u0130T\u0130RAZ YOLUNA BA\u015eVURANLAR:<\/p>\n
1. \u0130stanbul B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi 27. Hukuk Dairesi (E.2023\/158)<\/p>\n
2. \u0130stanbul 10. \u0130\u015f Mahkemesi (E.2023\/187)<\/p>\n
3. Ankara 11. \u0130\u015f Mahkemesi (E.2024\/100)<\/p>\n
\u0130T\u0130RAZLARIN KONUSU: 27\/11\/2007 tarihli ve 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesinin (1) ve (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kralar\u0131n\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 ile 2., 5., 10., 13., 35., 36., 49., 55. ve 90. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek iptallerine karar verilmesi talebidir.<\/p>\n
OLAY: \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden kaynaklanan alacak davalar\u0131nda itiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varan Mahkemeler, iptalleri i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
I. \u0130PTAL\u0130 \u0130STENEN KANUN H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130<\/p>\n
Kanun\u2019un itiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 27. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u201c\u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri <\/p>\n
MADDE 27 \u2013 (1) \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, i\u015f\u00e7inin mutad i\u015fyeri hukukunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 asgar\u00ee koruma sakl\u0131 kalmak kayd\u0131yla, taraflar\u0131n se\u00e7tikleri hukuka t\u00e2bidir. <\/p>\n
\u00a0(2) Taraflar\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imi yapmam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 h\u00e2linde i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini mutad olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fyeri hukuku uygulan\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini ge\u00e7ici olarak ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede yapmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, bu i\u015fyeri mutad i\u015fyeri say\u0131lmaz. <\/p>\n
\u00a0(3) \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini belirli bir \u00fclkede mutad olarak yapmay\u0131p devaml\u0131 olarak birden fazla \u00fclkede yapmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, i\u015fverenin esas i\u015fyerinin bulundu\u011fu \u00fclke hukukuna t\u00e2bidir. <\/p>\n
\u00a0(4) Ancak h\u00e2lin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili bir hukukun bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ikinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kra h\u00fck\u00fcmleri yerine bu hukuk uygulanabilir.\u201d<\/p>\n
II. \u0130LK \u0130NCELEME<\/p>\n
E. 2023\/158 Say\u0131l\u0131 Ba\u015fvuru Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden <\/p>\n
1. Anayasa Mahkemesi \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca Z\u00fcht\u00fc ARSLAN, Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN, Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA, Engin YILDIRIM, Muammer TOPAL, M. Emin KUZ, R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7, Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ, Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU, Selahaddin MENTE\u015e, Basri BA\u011eCI, \u0130rfan F\u0130DAN, Kenan YA\u015eAR ve Muhterem \u0130NCE\u2019nin kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla 26\/10\/2023 tarihinde yap\u0131lan ilk inceleme toplant\u0131s\u0131nda dosyada eksiklik bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan i\u015fin esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
E. 2023\/187 Say\u0131l\u0131 Ba\u015fvuru Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden <\/p>\n
2. An\u0131lan \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca Z\u00fcht\u00fc ARSLAN, Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN, Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA, Engin YILDIRIM, Muammer TOPAL, M. Emin KUZ, R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7, Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ, Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU, Selahaddin MENTE\u015e, Basri BA\u011eCI, \u0130rfan F\u0130DAN, Kenan YA\u015eAR ve Muhterem \u0130NCE\u2019nin kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla 27\/12\/2023 tarihinde yap\u0131lan ilk inceleme toplant\u0131s\u0131nda dosyada eksiklik bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan i\u015fin esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n
E. 2024\/100 Say\u0131l\u0131 Ba\u015fvuru Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden<\/p>\n
3. \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN, Engin YILDIRIM, R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7, Recai AKYEL, Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ, Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU, Selahaddin MENTE\u015e, \u0130rfan F\u0130DAN, Kenan YA\u015eAR, Muhterem \u0130NCE, Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L ve \u00d6mer \u00c7INAR\u2019\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla 30\/5\/2024 tarihinde yap\u0131lan ilk inceleme toplant\u0131s\u0131nda dosyada eksiklik bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan i\u015fin esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n
III. B\u0130RLE\u015eT\u0130RME KARARLARI <\/p>\n
E. 2023\/187 Say\u0131l\u0131 Ba\u015fvuru Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden<\/p>\n
4. 27\/11\/2007 tarihli ve 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n iptaline karar verilmesi talebiyle yap\u0131lan itiraz ba\u015fvurusuna ili\u015fkin E.2023\/187 say\u0131l\u0131 davan\u0131n, aralar\u0131ndaki hukuki irtibat nedeniyle E.2023\/158 say\u0131l\u0131 dava ile B\u0130RLE\u015eT\u0130R\u0130LMES\u0130NE, esas\u0131n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131na, esas incelemenin E.2023\/158 say\u0131l\u0131 dosya \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine 27\/12\/2023 tarihinde OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
E. 2024\/100 Say\u0131l\u0131 Ba\u015fvuru Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden<\/p>\n
5. 27\/11\/2007 tarihli ve 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesinin (1) ve (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kralar\u0131n\u0131n iptallerine karar verilmesi talebiyle yap\u0131lan itiraz ba\u015fvurusuna ili\u015fkin E.2024\/100 say\u0131l\u0131 davan\u0131n, aralar\u0131ndaki hukuki irtibat nedeniyle E.2023\/158 say\u0131l\u0131 dava ile B\u0130RLE\u015eT\u0130R\u0130LMES\u0130NE, esas\u0131n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131na, esas incelemenin E.2023\/158 say\u0131l\u0131 dosya \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine 30\/5\/2024 tarihinde OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
IV. ESASIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130<\/p>\n
6. Ba\u015fvuru kararlar\u0131 ve ekleri, Raport\u00f6r Onur MERCAN taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan i\u015fin esas\u0131na ili\u015fkin rapor, itiraz konusu kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, dayan\u0131lan Anayasa kurallar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n gerek\u00e7eleri ile di\u011fer yasama belgeleri okunup incelendikten sonra gere\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcp d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc:<\/p>\n
A. Anlam ve Kapsam<\/p>\n
7. 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 1. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00f6zel hukuka ili\u015fkin i\u015flem ve ili\u015fkilerde uygulanacak hukukun, T\u00fcrk mahkemelerinin milletleraras\u0131 yetkisinin ve yabanc\u0131 kararlar\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ile tenfizinin an\u0131lan Kanun\u2019la d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi, (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin taraf oldu\u011fu milletleraras\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin sakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
8. Kanun\u2019un 2. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda h\u00e2kimin, T\u00fcrk kanunlar ihtilaf\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ile bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlere g\u00f6re yetkili olan yabanc\u0131 hukuku resen uygulayaca\u011f\u0131 ve yetkili yabanc\u0131 hukukun i\u00e7eri\u011finin tespitinde taraflar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 isteyebilece\u011fi, (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda yabanc\u0131 hukukun olaya ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin t\u00fcm ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara ra\u011fmen tespit edilememesi h\u00e2linde T\u00fcrk hukukunun uygulanaca\u011f\u0131, (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise uygulanacak yabanc\u0131 hukukun kanunlar ihtilaf\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin ba\u015fka bir hukuku yetkili k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n sadece ki\u015finin hukuku ile aile hukukuna ili\u015fkin uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda dikkate al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 ve bu hukukun maddi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
9. S\u00f6z konusu maddenin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda uygulanacak hukuku se\u00e7me imk\u00e2n\u0131 verilen durumlarda taraflarca aksi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a se\u00e7ilen hukukun maddi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanaca\u011f\u0131, (5) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda hukuku uygulanacak devletin iki veya daha \u00e7ok b\u00f6lgesel birime ve bu birimlerin de de\u011fi\u015fik hukuk d\u00fczenlerine sahip olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde hangi b\u00f6lge hukukunun uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n o devletin hukukuna g\u00f6re belirlenece\u011fi, ilgili devletin hukukunda belirleyici bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn bulunmamas\u0131 durumunda uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kla en s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili b\u00f6lge hukukunun uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
10. 5. maddede yetkili yabanc\u0131 hukukun belirli bir olaya uygulanan h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn T\u00fcrk kamu d\u00fczenine a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 durumunda bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn uygulanmayaca\u011f\u0131 ve gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclen durumlarda T\u00fcrk hukukunun uygulanaca\u011f\u0131, 6. maddede de yetkili yabanc\u0131 hukukun uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2llerde d\u00fczenleme amac\u0131 ve uygulama alan\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk hukukunun do\u011frudan uygulanan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin kapsam\u0131na giren durumlarda bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
11. 40. maddede T\u00fcrk mahkemelerinin milletleraras\u0131 yetkisinin i\u00e7 hukukun yer itibar\u0131yla yetki kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re belirlenece\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015f, 44. maddede ise bireysel i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden veya i\u015f ili\u015fkisinden do\u011fan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini mutat olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fyerinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bulundu\u011fu yer mahkemesinin yetkili oldu\u011fu, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 davalarda i\u015fverenin yerle\u015fim yeri, i\u015f\u00e7inin yerle\u015fim yeri veya mutat meskeninin bulundu\u011fu yer T\u00fcrk mahkemelerinin de yetkili oldu\u011fu d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
12. 27. maddenin itiraz konusu ilk kural olan (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin i\u015f\u00e7inin mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 asgari koruma sakl\u0131 kalmak \u015fart\u0131yla taraflar\u0131n se\u00e7tikleri hukuka tabi olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu itibarla kural uyar\u0131nca i\u015f\u00e7inin mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 asgari koruma sakl\u0131 kalmak \u015fart\u0131yla yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
13. An\u0131lan maddenin itiraz konusu di\u011fer kural\u0131 olu\u015fturan (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin taraflar\u0131nca hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini mutat olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fyeri hukukunun uygulanaca\u011f\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini ge\u00e7ici olarak ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede yapmas\u0131 durumunda bu i\u015fyerinin mutat i\u015fyeri say\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
14. Bununla birlikte maddenin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda h\u00e2lin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili bir hukukun bulunmas\u0131 durumunda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye, (2) ve (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kralarda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen hukukun yerine daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun uygulanabilece\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
15. Bu itibarla kural uyar\u0131nca yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde taraflarca hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmayan h\u00e2llerde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini mutat olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fyeri hukuku uygulanabilecektir. Ayr\u0131ca kurala g\u00f6re i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini ge\u00e7ici olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkedeki i\u015fyeri mutat i\u015fyeri olarak kabul edilmeyecektir.<\/p>\n
B. \u0130tirazlar\u0131n Gerek\u00e7eleri<\/p>\n
16. Ba\u015fvuru kararlar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; i\u015fverenin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki i\u015fyerlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin alacaklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda kurallar uyar\u0131nca mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7inin anayasal haklar\u0131ndan mahrum kalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tescil edilmi\u015f \u015firketlerin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki i\u015fyerlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan T\u00fcrk i\u015f\u00e7ilere kurallar gere\u011fince yabanc\u0131 hukukun uygulanmas\u0131 nedeniyle bu i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ayn\u0131 \u015firketin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerine tan\u0131nan haklar\u0131 elde edemedikleri, bu durumun ise e\u015fitlik ilkesiyle \u00e7eli\u015fti\u011fi, mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun yeterince geli\u015fmemi\u015f olabilece\u011fi g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda an\u0131lan hukukun uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren kurallar\u0131n devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n hayat seviyelerini y\u00fckseltme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00fccretli hafta ve bayram tatili ile \u00fccretli y\u0131ll\u0131k izin haklar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7inin daha s\u0131k\u0131 ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu hukuk yerine kurallar uyar\u0131nca mutat i\u015fyeri hukuku ya da se\u00e7ilen hukuk h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine tabi olmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu haklar\u0131n hayata ge\u00e7irilememesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131, devletin uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru bulunan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 koruyucu \u00f6nlemleri almakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc oldu\u011fu, bu nedenle s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun i\u015f\u00e7iyi koruyan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin hukuk se\u00e7imiyle bertaraf edilmesinin engellenmesi gerekti\u011fi, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye uygulanacak hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n taraflarca bilinmesi, ayr\u0131ca i\u015fverenin uygulanacak hukuk konusunda i\u015f\u00e7iyi bilgilendirmesi gerekti\u011fi ancak kurallar\u0131n bu hususta herhangi bir h\u00fck\u00fcm i\u00e7ermedi\u011fi, bu durumun m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra silahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi ilkesini de ihlal etti\u011fi, yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in kurallar uyar\u0131nca uygulanacak olan hukuka ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin bilinmesinin yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ilgili \u00fclkedeki i\u00e7tihad\u0131n da ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, yabanc\u0131 hukukun de\u011fi\u015fmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kurallar\u0131n i\u015f mahkemelerinin farkl\u0131 kararlar vermelerine neden olabilece\u011fi ve bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle belirlilik ilkesiyle ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ayr\u0131ca kurallarla adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131n\u0131n ve devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 koruma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn de ihlal edildi\u011fi belirtilerek kurallar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 ile 2., 5., 10., 13., 35., 36., 49., 55. ve 90. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
C. Anayasa\u2019ya Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k Sorunu<\/p>\n
1. (1) Numaral\u0131 F\u0131kran\u0131n \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
17. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 49. maddesinde \u201c\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma, herkesin hakk\u0131 ve \u00f6devidir.\/ Devlet, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n hayat seviyesini y\u00fckseltmek, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 ve i\u015fsizleri korumak, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 desteklemek, i\u015fsizli\u011fi \u00f6nlemeye elveri\u015fli ekonomik bir ortam yaratmak ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in gerekli tedbirleri al\u0131r.\u201d denilmek suretiyle sosyal devlet ilkesinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc olan devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 koruma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin \u00f6zel bir g\u00fcvence \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
18. Dan\u0131\u015fma Meclisinin an\u0131lan maddeye ili\u015fkin kabul etti\u011fi metnin gerek\u00e7esinde devletin i\u015f\u00e7i-i\u015fveren ili\u015fkilerinin seyircisi de\u011fil dengeleyicisi olmas\u0131 ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 koruyacak tedbirleri almas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ve bu durumun devletin taraf tutmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmedi\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Mill\u00ee G\u00fcvenlik Konseyi Anayasa Komisyonunun de\u011fi\u015fiklik gerek\u00e7esinde ise devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n hayat seviyesini y\u00fckseltmek, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 korumak ve i\u015fsizli\u011fi \u00f6nlemeye elveri\u015fli ekonomik bir ortam yaratmak amac\u0131yla gerekli tedbirleri alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu maddesinde 3\/10\/2001 tarihli ve 4709 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n Baz\u0131 Maddelerinin De\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 19. maddesiyle yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin gerek\u00e7esinde de devlete \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra i\u015fsizleri de koruma g\u00f6revi verildi\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
19. Bu itibarla i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin zay\u0131f taraf\u0131 olan i\u015f\u00e7inin korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik d\u00fczenlemelerin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi suretiyle i\u015f\u00e7i-i\u015fveren ili\u015fkilerinde dengenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hakk\u0131na ili\u015fkin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin bir gere\u011fidir.<\/p>\n
20. Kuralda i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin, i\u015f\u00e7inin mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 asgari koruma sakl\u0131 kalmak \u015fart\u0131yla taraflar\u0131n se\u00e7tikleri hukuka tabi olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
21. Yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin tabi olaca\u011f\u0131 hukukun, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ba\u011flama h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn belirlenmesi kanun koyucunun takdir yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda kalmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde hukuk se\u00e7imine imk\u00e2n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 da kanun koyucunun takdirindedir. Bununla birlikte yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine uygulanacak hukuka y\u00f6nelik d\u00fczenleme i\u00e7eren kural\u0131n devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleriyle \u00e7eli\u015fmemesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
22. Bu ba\u011flamda i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde hukuk se\u00e7imine ili\u015fkin tan\u0131nan imk\u00e2n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7inin aleyhine sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek nitelikte d\u00fczenlemeler bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7inin aleyhine sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek g\u00fcvencelerin mevcut olmamas\u0131 devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleriyle ba\u011fda\u015fmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
23. M\u00fclga 20\/5\/1982 tarihli ve 2675 say\u0131l\u0131 Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 24. maddesinde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan bor\u00e7 ili\u015fkilerinin taraflar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k olarak se\u00e7tikleri hukuka tabi oldu\u011fu, taraflar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k \u015fekilde bir hukuk se\u00e7memi\u015f olmalar\u0131 h\u00e2linde borcun ifa yeri hukukunun, borcun ifa yerinin birden fazla olmas\u0131 durumunda bor\u00e7 ili\u015fkisinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil eden edimin ifa yeri hukukunun, bu yerin de tespit edilemedi\u011fi durumlarda ise s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle en yak\u0131n ili\u015fkili yerin hukukunun uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n m\u00fclga 2675 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019da yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ve i\u015f ili\u015fkilerinde uygulanacak hukuka ili\u015fkin \u00f6zel bir d\u00fczenlemeye yer verilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
24. Kuralda ise yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde hukuk se\u00e7imine ili\u015fkin \u00f6zel bir h\u00fck\u00fcm \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bununla birlikte kuralda taraflar\u0131n se\u00e7ti\u011fi hukukun, i\u015f\u00e7iye mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinden daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyede bir koruma sa\u011flamas\u0131 durumunda uygulanmayaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kural\u0131n mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin i\u015f\u00e7iye sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 korumay\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
25. Nitekim kural\u0131n gerek\u00e7esinde, bor\u00e7 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri alan\u0131ndaki genel yakla\u015f\u0131ma uygun olarak bireysel i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde de hukuk se\u00e7imine imk\u00e2n tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ancak i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin niteli\u011fi gere\u011fi an\u0131lan imk\u00e2n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i lehine ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olarak kabul edildi\u011fi, taraflarca se\u00e7ilen hukukun objektif ba\u011flama h\u00fckm\u00fcne g\u00f6re belirlenen hukukun i\u015f\u00e7iyi koruyan d\u00fczenlemelerinden daha elveri\u015fsiz h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7ermesi durumunda uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun i\u015f\u00e7iyi koruyan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin asgari koruma standard\u0131 olarak kabul edildi\u011fi ve hukuk se\u00e7imi yoluyla bu standard\u0131n alt\u0131na inilmesinin engellendi\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
26. Kuralda mutat i\u015fyeri hukuku asgari koruma \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc olarak belirlenmi\u015f ise de i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ba\u015fka bir hukukla da ili\u015fkisinin bulunabilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
27. 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda h\u00e2lin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili bir hukukun bulunmas\u0131 durumunda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye an\u0131lan maddenin (2) ve (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kralar\u0131nda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen hukukun yerine daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun uygulanabilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
28. Bu itibarla i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin taraflar\u0131nca hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun yerine daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuka tabi k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde taraflar\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imi yapm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 durumunda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun uygulanabilmesine imk\u00e2n tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
29. Maddenin gerek\u00e7esinde i\u015f hukukunun kamu hukuku karakterli y\u00f6nlerinin de bulunmas\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015f g\u00f6rme edimini mutat i\u015fyerinin bulundu\u011fu \u00fclkede yerine getirmesi nedeniyle s\u00f6z konusu \u00fclke hukukunun i\u015f ili\u015fkisinde objektif ba\u011flama h\u00fckm\u00fc olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede bireysel i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde en s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuk olarak mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun kabul edildi\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
30. Buna g\u00f6re i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin ilke olarak mutat i\u015fyeri hukukuyla s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde olaca\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmek suretiyle bu hukukun objektif ba\u011flama h\u00fckm\u00fc olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte maddenin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin mutat i\u015fyeri hukukundan ba\u015fka bir hukukla daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili olmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle s\u00f6z konusu f\u0131krada mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun her durumda i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle en s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuk olmayabilece\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
31. Bu ba\u011flamda taraflar\u0131n tabiiyeti, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin dili ve imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer, i\u015f g\u00f6rme ediminin ifa edildi\u011fi i\u015fyeri, i\u015f\u00e7inin tabi oldu\u011fu sosyal g\u00fcvenlik sistemi, taraflar\u0131n yerle\u015fim yerleri ile sosyal ve hukuki ili\u015fkilerinin yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclke gibi unsurlar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin hangi hukukla daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili oldu\u011funun belirlenmesinde dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
32. An\u0131lan hususlar dikkate al\u0131nmak suretiyle tespit edilen daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun i\u015f\u00e7iye mutat i\u015fyeri hukuku veya s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle belirlenen hukuktan daha y\u00fcksek standartta bir koruma sa\u011flayabilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun ayn\u0131 zamanda i\u015f\u00e7iye y\u00fcksek standartta koruma sa\u011flayan bir hukuk olabilece\u011fi ku\u015fkusuzdur.<\/p>\n
33. Yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde hukuk se\u00e7imine imk\u00e2n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ise de i\u015f\u00e7i ile i\u015fveren aras\u0131ndaki menfaatler dengesinin korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik tedbir al\u0131nmas\u0131 devletin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 durumunda i\u015f\u00e7inin sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 haklardan an\u0131lan se\u00e7im nedeniyle mahrum kalmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek nitelikte d\u00fczenlemelerin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi gerekmektedir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun i\u015f\u00e7iye y\u00fcksek standartta koruma sa\u011flamas\u0131 durumunda hukuk se\u00e7imiyle i\u015f\u00e7inin bu korumadan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyecek h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin bulunmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
34. Nitekim an\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un genel gerek\u00e7esinde \u201c\u2026Avrupa Birli\u011fine \u00fcye devletler aras\u0131nda uygulanmak \u00fczere yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler vard\u0131r. Bunlar aras\u0131nda milletleraras\u0131 \u00f6zel hukukta \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir yeri olan \u2018Avrupa Toplulu\u011funda Bor\u00e7 S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine Uygulanacak Hukuk Hakk\u0131nda S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019 ile \u2018Mahkemelerin Yetkisi ve Mahkeme Kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve Tenfizine \u0130li\u015fkin S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019 de bulunmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerden ikincisi Avrupa Toplulu\u011fu T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00e2line getirilmi\u015f, ilkinin de Avrupa T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00e2line getirilmesine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle bor\u00e7 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine uygulanacak hukuka ili\u015fkin Roma S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi (Roma I) diye de an\u0131lan S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc devlet vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n Avrupa Birli\u011fi \u00fcyesi olan devlet vatanda\u015flar\u0131 ile ili\u015fkilerinde de \u00e7o\u011fu kez uygulanma alan\u0131 bulabilmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye Avrupa Birli\u011fine girdi\u011fi takdirde, o zamana kadar t\u00fcz\u00fck h\u00e2line getirilecek olan s\u00f6zle\u015fme zaten m\u00fcktesebata dahil olacakt\u0131r. Bu itibarla an\u0131lan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerle uyumlu bir kanunun kabul\u00fc ile ona ili\u015fkin tatbikat\u0131n geli\u015fmesinin, baz\u0131 zorluklar\u0131 a\u015fmada yard\u0131mc\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 muhakkakt\u0131r\u2026\u201d denilmi\u015ftir. 17\/6\/2008 tarihli ve 593\/2008\/EC say\u0131l\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fme Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerine Uygulanacak Hukuk Hakk\u0131nda Avrupa Parlamentosu ve Konseyi T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (Roma I) 8. maddesinde de bireysel i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun uygulanmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, ayr\u0131ca i\u015f\u00e7inin hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 durumunda sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 korumadan an\u0131lan se\u00e7im nedeniyle mahrum kalmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemeye y\u00f6nelik bir g\u00fcvence \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
35. Bu ba\u011flamda i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde an\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun uygulanabilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn iken hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuka tabi k\u0131l\u0131namamas\u0131 nedeniyle bu se\u00e7imin i\u015f\u00e7inin aleyhine sonu\u00e7 do\u011furabilece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
36. Nitekim s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin zay\u0131f taraf\u0131 olan i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fveren kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hukuk se\u00e7imine ili\u015fkin pazarl\u0131k imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n ilke olarak s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle i\u015f\u00e7inin lehine olan hukukun se\u00e7ilmesi konusunda i\u015fverenle pazarl\u0131k yapabilmesi ilke olarak g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
37. Kald\u0131 ki yabanc\u0131 hukukun i\u00e7eri\u011finin tespitinde ciddi zorluklar\u0131n ya\u015fanabilece\u011fi de\u011ferlendirilmek suretiyle Kanun\u2019un 2. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinde h\u00e2kimin yetkili yabanc\u0131 hukukun i\u00e7eri\u011finin tespitinde taraflar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 isteyebilece\u011fi, (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise yabanc\u0131 hukukun olaya ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin t\u00fcm ara\u015ft\u0131rmalara ra\u011fmen tespit edilememesi h\u00e2linde T\u00fcrk hukukunun uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin zay\u0131f taraf\u0131 olan i\u015f\u00e7inin, i\u015f hukuku gibi teknik bir alanda h\u00e2kim taraf\u0131ndan dahi tespit edilmesi g\u00fc\u00e7 olan yabanc\u0131 hukukun i\u00e7eri\u011fine ili\u015fkin olarak kendi \u00e7abas\u0131yla yeterli d\u00fczeyde bilgi edinebilmesi ve bu hukukun uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n lehine sonu\u00e7 do\u011furup do\u011furmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilmesi de olduk\u00e7a zordur.<\/p>\n
38. Buna g\u00f6re hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle i\u015fverenin daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukta \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerden kurtulabilece\u011fi ve bu durumda i\u015f\u00e7inin s\u00f6z konusu hukukun sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 korumadan mahrum kalabilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin zay\u0131f taraf\u0131 olan i\u015f\u00e7inin hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 durumunda sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 haklardan an\u0131lan se\u00e7im nedeniyle yararlanamayabilece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
39. Bu itibarla hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde i\u015f\u00e7inin sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131n an\u0131lan se\u00e7imle bertaraf edilmesini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lan kural\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i-i\u015fveren ili\u015fkilerinde makul bir denge sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleriyle ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
40. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle kural, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 49. maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ptali gerekir.<\/p>\n
Muhterem \u0130NCE ve \u00d6mer \u00c7INAR bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kural Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 49. maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclerek iptal edildi\u011finden ayr\u0131ca Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 ile 2., 5., 10., 13., 35., 36., 55. ve 90. maddeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden incelenmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
2. (2) Numaral\u0131 F\u0131kran\u0131n \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
41. Kuralda yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde taraflar\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imi yapmam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 durumunda an\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini mutat olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fyeri hukukunun uygulanaca\u011f\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini ge\u00e7ici olarak ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede yapmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde bu i\u015fyerinin mutat i\u015fyeri say\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
42. Yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde taraflar\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imi yapmam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 durumunda bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tabi olaca\u011f\u0131 hukukun, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle ba\u011flama h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn belirlenmesi kanun koyucunun takdir yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda kalmaktad\u0131r. Bu kapsamda an\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini mutat olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fyeri hukukuyla ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde bulunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmek suretiyle ilke olarak s\u00f6z konusu hukuka tabi olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmek de kanun koyucunun takdirindedir.<\/p>\n
43. \u00d6te yandan i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015f g\u00f6rme edimini ge\u00e7ici olarak ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede ifa etmesinin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi bu \u00fclkeyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 duruma getirmeyece\u011finin de\u011ferlendirilmesi suretiyle i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini ge\u00e7ici olarak yerine getirdi\u011fi \u00fclkedeki i\u015fyerinin mutat i\u015fyeri say\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
44. Bununla birlikte s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin mutat i\u015fyeri hukuku d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir hukukla da ili\u015fkili olabilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda taraflar\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imi yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine uygulanacak hukuku d\u00fczenleyen kural\u0131n devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleriyle \u00e7eli\u015fmemesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
45. 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda h\u00e2lin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili bir hukukun bulunmas\u0131 durumunda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye, kuralda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen hukuk yerine daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun uygulanabilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re an\u0131lan f\u0131krada taraflar\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imi yapmam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 durumunda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye, daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun uygulan\u0131p uygulanmayaca\u011f\u0131 hususunda h\u00e2kime yetki tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Nitekim f\u0131kran\u0131n gerek\u00e7esinde somut olayda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili bir hukukun bulunmas\u0131 durumunda bu hukukun uygulanmas\u0131 imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n zorunlu olmamak \u015fart\u0131yla kabul edildi\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
46. Bu ba\u011flamda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili bir hukukun bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen kuralla \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131na karar verilmesinin de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda f\u0131krada h\u00e2kime tan\u0131nan yetkinin devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleriyle ba\u011fda\u015fmayan sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na neden olup olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
47. 22\/11\/2001 tarihli ve 4721 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 5. maddesinde an\u0131lan Kanun ile 11\/1\/2011 tarihli 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun genel nitelikli h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygun d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde t\u00fcm \u00f6zel hukuk ili\u015fkilerine uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 4721 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 4. maddesinde ise kanunun takdir yetkisi tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya durumun gereklerini ya da hakl\u0131 sebepleri g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmay\u0131 emretti\u011fi konularda h\u00e2kimin hukuka ve hakkaniyete g\u00f6re karar verece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
48. Buna g\u00f6re 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda tan\u0131nan yetki kapsam\u0131nda h\u00e2kim, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye uygulanacak hukuku hukuka ve hakkaniyete g\u00f6re belirleyecektir. Bu kapsamda s\u00f6z konusu f\u0131kra uyar\u0131nca uygulanacak hukukun belirlenmesinde devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n anayasal bir zorunluluk oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
49. Nitekim f\u0131krada s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuka tabi olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi yerine bu hususta h\u00e2kime yetki tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iyi korumak oldu\u011fu ku\u015fkusuzdur. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle f\u0131krada h\u00e2kimin mutat i\u015fyeri hukuku ile daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuktan hangisinin i\u015f\u00e7iye daha y\u00fcksek standartta bir koruma sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusunda de\u011ferlendirme yapabilmesine imk\u00e2n tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
50. Bu ba\u011flamda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun i\u015f\u00e7iye mutat i\u015fyeri hukukundan daha y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde bir koruma sa\u011flamas\u0131 durumunda h\u00e2kim, mutat i\u015fyeri hukuku yerine daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuku uygulayabilecektir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun uygulanmas\u0131 konusunda h\u00e2kime tan\u0131nan yetkinin i\u015f\u00e7inin aleyhine sonu\u00e7 do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
51. Bu itibarla yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 durumunda bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini mutat olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fyeri hukukuna tabi olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ayr\u0131ca i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini ge\u00e7ici olarak ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede yapmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde bu i\u015fyerinin mutat i\u015fyeri say\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren ve kanun koyucunun takdir yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda kalan kural\u0131n an\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuka tabi k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131na engel te\u015fkil etmedi\u011fi g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleriyle \u00e7eli\u015fmedi\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
52. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle kural, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 49. maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130tirazlar\u0131n reddi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Kenan YA\u015eAR bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 ile 2., 5., 10., 13., 35., 36. ve 55. maddelerine de ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ise de bu ba\u011flamda belirtilen hususlar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 49. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirmeler kapsam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 ile 2., 5., 10., 13., 35., 36. ve 55. maddeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ayr\u0131ca bir inceleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 90. maddesiyle ilgisi g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
V. \u0130PTAL KARARININ Y\u00dcR\u00dcRL\u00dc\u011eE G\u0130RECE\u011e\u0130 G\u00dcN SORUNU<\/p>\n
53. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 153. maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cKanun, Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararnamesi veya T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ya da bunlar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, iptal kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazetede yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihte y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kalkar. Gereken hallerde Anayasa Mahkemesi iptal h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girece\u011fi tarihi ayr\u0131ca kararla\u015ft\u0131rabilir. Bu tarih, karar\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazetede yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnden ba\u015flayarak bir y\u0131l\u0131 ge\u00e7emez.\u201d denilmekte; 30\/3\/2011 tarihli ve 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 66. maddesinin (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda da bu kural tekrarlanmak suretiyle Anayasa Mahkemesinin gerekli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00e2llerde Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnden ba\u015flayarak iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girece\u011fi tarihi bir y\u0131l\u0131 ge\u00e7memek \u00fczere ayr\u0131ca kararla\u015ft\u0131rabilece\u011fi belirtilmektedir.<\/p>\n
54. 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n iptal edilmesi nedeniyle do\u011facak hukuksal bo\u015fluk kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 ihlal edecek nitelikte g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 153. maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131 ile 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 66. maddesinin (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince bu kurala ili\u015fkin iptal h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn karar\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak alt\u0131 ay sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
VI. H\u00dcK\u00dcM<\/p>\n
27\/11\/2007 tarihli ve 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesinin;<\/p>\n
A. (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa ve \u0130PTAL\u0130NE, Muhterem \u0130NCE ile \u00d6mer \u00c7INAR\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131oylar\u0131 ve OY\u00c7OKLU\u011eUYLA, iptal h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 153. maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131 ile 30\/3\/2011 tarihli ve 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 66. maddesinin (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince KARARIN RESM\u00ce GAZETE\u2019DE YAYIMLANMASINDAN BA\u015eLAYARAK ALTI AY SONRA Y\u00dcR\u00dcRL\u00dc\u011eE G\u0130RMES\u0130NE OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE,<\/p>\n
B. (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve itiraz\u0131n REDD\u0130NE, Kenan YA\u015eAR\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131oyu ve OY\u00c7OKLU\u011eUYLA,<\/p>\n
5\/11\/2024 tarihinde karar verildi.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkan<\/p>\n
Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Basri BA\u011eCI<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Engin YILDIRIM<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Recai AKYEL<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Selahaddin MENTE\u015e<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u0130rfan F\u0130DAN<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Kenan YA\u015eAR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Muhterem \u0130NCE<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u00d6mer \u00c7INAR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Metin KIRATLI<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
KAR\u015eI OY GEREK\u00c7ES\u0130<\/p>\n
1. Mahkememiz i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden kaynaklanan alacak davalar\u0131nda uygulanan 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesinin itiraz konusu (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esi ile oy \u00e7oklu\u011fuyla iptaline, ayn\u0131 maddenin itiraz konusu (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131na y\u00f6nelik iptal talebinin ise oy \u00e7oklu\u011fu ile reddine karar vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
2. \u00a0(1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kran\u0131n iptaline kat\u0131lmakla birlikte (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kran\u0131n iptali talebinin reddine y\u00f6nelik karara a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle kat\u0131lma imk\u00e2n\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
3. Mahkememizce Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kran\u0131n iptalinde yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ise kural uyar\u0131nca daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun uygulanamamas\u0131 nedeniyle i\u015f\u00e7inin s\u00f6z konusu hukukta \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen korumadan mahrum kalabilece\u011fi gerek\u00e7esi ile an\u0131lan f\u0131kra Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 49. maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulunarak iptal edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
4. \u0130ptal edilmeyen s\u00f6z konusu kural, yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde, taraflar aras\u0131nda uygulanacak hukukun belirlenmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 veya yap\u0131lan hukuk se\u00e7imi anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini mutat olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fyerinin hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. Ancak i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini ge\u00e7ici olarak ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede yapmas\u0131 durumunda, bu i\u015fyeri mutat i\u015fyeri say\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r (M\u00d6HUK m. 27\/2).<\/p>\n
5. \u00d6te yandan, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili bir hukuk d\u00fczeninin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 halinde, mutat i\u015fyeri hukuku veya i\u015fverenin esas i\u015fyerinin bulundu\u011fu \u00fclke hukuku yerine, bu daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuk uygulanabilir (M\u00d6HUK m. 27\/4).<\/p>\n
6. T\u00fcrk Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131nda yer alan ifadeye g\u00f6re, her T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131, temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerden e\u015fitlik ve sosyal adalet gere\u011fince yararlanarak onurlu bir ya\u015fam s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Anayasa’n\u0131n 2. maddesinde, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin sosyal bir hukuk devleti oldu\u011fu vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu ba\u011flamda, devletin, bireyleri g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda koruyarak toplumsal e\u015fitli\u011fi ve sosyal adaleti sa\u011flamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n
7. Sosyal devlet; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma g\u00fcc\u00fcnden ya da imk\u00e2n\u0131ndan yoksun olan ki\u015fileri koruyucu ekonomik tedbirler alan, sosyal risklerin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 olumsuzluklar\u0131 bertaraf edebilecek sistemler \u00f6ng\u00f6ren, gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n dengesini g\u00f6zeten, kamu yarar\u0131 gere\u011fi sosyal ve ekonomik ili\u015fkilere m\u00fcdahale edebilen, herkesin insan onuruna uygun asgari ya\u015fam \u015fartlar\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, ki\u015filerin hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u015fekilde s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmeleri, sa\u011fl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kaybettiklerinde ise tedavileri i\u00e7in gerekli finansman\u0131 sa\u011flayacak y\u00f6ntemleri geli\u015ftiren, topluma sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve huzurlu bir gelecek vadeden devlettir (AYM, E.2022\/15, K.2022\/73, 1\/6\/2022 \u00a7 3).<\/p>\n
8. Ayr\u0131ca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n \u00fccret ve di\u011fer parasal haklar\u0131n\u0131 zaman\u0131nda ve eksiksiz olarak tahsil edebilmelerine y\u00f6nelik d\u00fczenlemelerin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi de sosyal devlet ilkesinin \u00f6nemli bir boyutunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r (AYM, E.2020\/75, K.2023\/188, 8\/11\/2023, \u00a7 10).<\/p>\n
9. Anayasaya g\u00f6re devlet, sosyal adaleti sa\u011flamakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck, i\u015f\u00e7i-i\u015fveren ili\u015fkilerinde de kendini g\u00f6stermelidir. Kanun’un 27. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 uyar\u0131nca ilk olarak uygulanacak hukuk i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini mutat olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fyerinin hukukudur. \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili bir hukuk d\u00fczeninin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 halinde daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuk uygulanabilecektir. Daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun ne oldu\u011fu kanunda belirtilmemi\u015f bu durumun tespiti h\u00e2kimin takdirine b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131sacas\u0131 bir T\u00fcrk i\u015f\u00e7i T\u00fcrk bir i\u015fverence yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderildi\u011finde hangi hukuka tabi olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilse bile bu hukukun i\u00e7eri\u011fine y\u00f6nelik sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u015fekilde bir bilgi sahibi olmas\u0131 beklenemez. Bu durumda ise T\u00fcrk uyruklu i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki i\u015fyeri hukuklar\u0131ndan do\u011fan alacaklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin davalarda i\u015f\u00e7iler T\u00fcrk hukukunun sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 korumadan mahrum kalabilecektir. Bu durum, sosyal hukuk devleti ilkesiyle ba\u011fda\u015fmamakta ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerin haklar\u0131n\u0131n yeterince korunmamas\u0131 riski do\u011furmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
10. Nitekim \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini mutat olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi buna g\u00f6re Mozambik \u0130\u015f Kanunu gere\u011fi uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn gerekti\u011fi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan \u00fclke hukukunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen 6 ayl\u0131k s\u00fcrenin doldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle davan\u0131n reddine\u201d dair ilk derece mahkemesi karar\u0131 Yarg\u0131tay 9. Hukuk Dairesinin E.2024\/4527, K.2024\/7811 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 ile onanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
11. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n bir ba\u015fka karar\u0131na g\u00f6re; \u201cTaraflar\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imi anla\u015fmas\u0131 yapmad\u0131klar\u0131 veya yap\u0131lan hukuk se\u00e7imi anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine, kural olarak i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini mutat olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fyeri hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 27 nci maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda genel bir kural olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Burada yetkili k\u0131l\u0131nan hukuk, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini fiilen yerine getirdi\u011fi yer \u00fclke hukukudur. Mutat i\u015fyeri hukuku, karakteristik edimin ifa yeri hukuku olarak i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle en s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili olan hukuktur. 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 27 nci maddesinin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuk ise bir istisna h\u00fckm\u00fc olup bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde dar yorumlanmas\u0131 gerekir (Yarg\u0131tay 9. HD. E.2023\/18439, K.2024\/7533).<\/p>\n
12. Yine Yarg\u0131tay\u2019a g\u00f6re; \u201cDavac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan i\u015f g\u00f6rme edimi fiilen s\u00f6z konusu \u00dclkede yerine getirilmi\u015f olup ilgili d\u00f6nemlerde mutat i\u015fyerinin de i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini fiilen yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rusya oldu\u011fu sabittir. Davac\u0131ya belirtilen d\u00f6nemlerde \u00fccreti de USD olarak \u00f6denmi\u015ftir. Daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun tespitinde sadece i\u015f\u00e7i ve i\u015fverenin T\u00fcrk olmas\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na belirleyici kriter kabul edilemez. Buna g\u00f6re hukuk se\u00e7imi anla\u015fmas\u0131 bulunmayan ve daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun T\u00fcrk hukuku olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u00f6nemleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmemesi hatal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d (Yarg\u0131tay 9. HD. E.2023\/18439, K.2024\/7533).<\/p>\n
13. Yine \u00e7o\u011funluk karar\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili bir hukukun bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen kuralda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131na karar verilmesinin de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funa ve bu konuda h\u00e2kime takdir yetkisi verildi\u011fine i\u015faret edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
14. Anayasa’n\u0131n 10. maddesi, kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitlik ilkesini g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ilkeye g\u00f6re, herkes e\u015fit haklara sahip olmal\u0131 ve nesnel ve makul bir neden bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece hukuki d\u00fczenlemelerle ki\u015filere ayr\u0131cal\u0131k tan\u0131nmamal\u0131d\u0131r. 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 27. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131, T\u00fcrk i\u015f\u00e7ilerini e\u015fit olmayan bir konuma sokmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye’de tescil edilmi\u015f bir \u015firketin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan T\u00fcrk i\u015f\u00e7isinin haklar\u0131, ayn\u0131 \u015firketin T\u00fcrkiye’deki i\u015fyerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7isinin haklar\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 olabilmektedir. Bu durum, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin sahip oldu\u011fu temel i\u015f\u00e7ilik haklar\u0131n\u0131n kanun \u00f6n\u00fcnde e\u015fitlik ilkesiyle ba\u011fda\u015fmayan bir \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlenmesine yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r ve bu da Anayasa’n\u0131n 10. maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
15. Anayasa’n\u0131n 49. maddesinde, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hakk\u0131 ve devletin bu haklar\u0131 koruma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmi\u015ftir. Devlet, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n hayat seviyesini y\u00fckseltmek, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hayat\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek, i\u015fsizli\u011fi \u00f6nlemek ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in gerekli tedbirleri almak zorundad\u0131r. 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 27. Maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131, \u00f6zellikle geli\u015fmemi\u015f bir \u00fclkenin i\u015fyeri hukukunun T\u00fcrk i\u015f\u00e7isini koruma konusunda yetersiz kalabilece\u011fi bir durumu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir T\u00fcrk i\u015f\u00e7isinin, yurt i\u00e7indeki i\u015f\u00e7i ile ayn\u0131 haklara sahip olmamas\u0131, Anayasa’n\u0131n 49. maddesindeki devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 koruma konusundaki pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun i\u015f\u00e7iye sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye’deki hukuk sistemine g\u00f6re daha zay\u0131f olmas\u0131 durumunda, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin hak kay\u0131plar\u0131na sebep olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
16. T\u00fcrk hukukunun uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda, vatanda\u015flar\u0131n T\u00fcrk hukukunun h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini bildi\u011fi varsay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak i\u015f\u00e7iden, uygulanacak ba\u015fka bir hukuk d\u00fczenini \u00f6\u011frenmesi beklenemez. Bu sorumluluk, i\u015fverene aittir. 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasa’n\u0131n 27. Maddesinin do\u011frudan sonucu, i\u015f\u00e7inin hangi ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve hangi haklara sahip oldu\u011funu bilmemesi, hakk\u0131n\u0131 arayamamas\u0131 gibi sorunlara yol a\u00e7ar. Mutat i\u015f yeri hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131 halinde zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 ve hak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u00fcrelerin T\u00fcrk hukukundan farkl\u0131 olmas\u0131 sebebiyle i\u015f\u00e7ilerin hak kay\u0131plar\u0131 meydana gelecektir.<\/p>\n
17. 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesi, i\u015f\u00e7inin mutat i\u015fyeri hukukuna t\u00e2bi olmas\u0131 durumunda, i\u015f\u00e7i alacaklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin davalar i\u015fverenin zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 itirazlar\u0131 veya hak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u00fcreler nedeniyle reddedilebilecektir. Bu, i\u015f\u00e7inin m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131, yani \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma hakk\u0131ndan do\u011fan alacaklar\u0131 ve di\u011fer haklar\u0131n\u0131 tehdit alt\u0131na sokar. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, kendi i\u015fyerinde uygulanan hukuk d\u00fczenlemelerinin fark\u0131nda olamayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7i yabanc\u0131 hukukun i\u00e7eri\u011fine ili\u015fkin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u015fekilde bilgi sahibi olamayaca\u011f\u0131ndan, haklar\u0131n\u0131n ne zaman sona erece\u011fini veya hangi s\u00fcreler i\u00e7inde dava a\u00e7mas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini bilemeyecektir. Bu durum ise i\u015f\u00e7inin Anayasan\u0131n g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131n\u0131n ihlali anlam\u0131na gelir.<\/p>\n
18. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 27. Maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 T\u00fcrk i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin haklar\u0131n\u0131 yeterince korumamakta, e\u015fitlik ilkesini ihlal etmekte ve sosyal devletin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleriyle ba\u011fda\u015fmamaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ulusal hukukun sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 korunmadan mahrum kalmalar\u0131na neden olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
19. T\u00fcm bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesinin itiraz konusu (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 10. maddesinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra 49. maddesinde yer alan Devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 koruma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne de ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve iptali gerekti\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle \u00e7o\u011funluk karar\u0131na i\u015ftirak edilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
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\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Kenan YA\u015eAR<\/p>\n
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KAR\u015eI OY<\/p>\n
Say\u0131n Mahkemece \u00e7o\u011funluk taraf\u0131ndan benimsenen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f uyar\u0131nca 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa ve iptaline karar verilmi\u015ftir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da belirtti\u011fimiz gerek\u00e7eler ile s\u00f6z konusu maddenin Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanaatinde oldu\u011fumuzdan Say\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lm\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n
\u0130ptal davas\u0131na konu 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesinin ilk f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u201c\u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, i\u015f\u00e7inin mutad i\u015fyeri hukukunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 asgar\u00ee koruma sakl\u0131 kalmak kayd\u0131yla, taraflar\u0131n se\u00e7tikleri hukuka t\u00e2bidir\u201d. \u0130ptal gerek\u00e7esinde yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmakla birlikte, i\u015f\u00e7inin daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun korumas\u0131ndan yararlanamas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli tedbirlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fveren kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda pazarl\u0131k imkan\u0131n\u0131n ilke olarak s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011fu, hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde i\u015f\u00e7inin daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun korunmas\u0131ndan yararland\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik devletin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ba\u011fda\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131, bu nedenlerle s\u00f6z konusu f\u0131kran\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 49. maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6ncelikle belirtmek gerekir ki, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde taraflar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde hukuk se\u00e7imi yapabilmeleri bir \u00e7ok \u00fclke taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilen bir ilkedir. Nitekim \u201cAkdi Bor\u00e7 \u0130li\u015fkilerine Uygulanacak Hukuk Hakk\u0131ndaki AT T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (Roma I)\u201d, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin taraflar\u0131na hukuk se\u00e7imi yapma imkan\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Bu t\u00fcz\u00fck 592\/2008 EC numaras\u0131n\u0131 alarak 4.7.2008 (L.177, s.6) tarihli Resmi Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r). Roma I T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn 8\/1 maddesinde, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin taraflar\u0131n 3.madde uyar\u0131nca se\u00e7tikleri hukuka tabi oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015f, ancak yap\u0131lacak hukuk se\u00e7iminin, hi\u00e7 hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmasayd\u0131 8. maddenin 2., 3. ve 4. f\u0131kralar\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilen hukuklar\u0131n emredici d\u00fczenlemeleri uyar\u0131nca i\u015f\u00e7inin sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 korumadan mahrum b\u0131rakamayaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun 27. maddesinin ilk f\u0131kras\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7inin mutad i\u015fyeri hukukunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 asgar\u00ee koruma sakl\u0131 kalmak kayd\u0131yla, taraflar\u0131n se\u00e7tikleri hukuka t\u00e2bi oldu\u011fu, ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda taraflar\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imi yapmam\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131 h\u00e2linde i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini mutad olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fyeri hukuku uygulanaca\u011f\u0131,i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini ge\u00e7ici olarak ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkede yapmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, bu i\u015fyeri mutad i\u015fyeri say\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131, ayn\u0131 maddenin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fini belirli bir \u00fclkede mutad olarak yapmay\u0131p devaml\u0131 olarak birden fazla \u00fclkede yapmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin, i\u015fverenin esas i\u015fyerinin bulundu\u011fu \u00fclke hukukuna t\u00e2bi oldu\u011fu, son f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise, ancak h\u00e2lin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili bir hukukun bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ikinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kra h\u00fck\u00fcmleri yerine bu hukukun uygulanabilece\u011fi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, Roma T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun 27. maddesinin ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 nokta, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde taraflarca hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde T\u00fcz\u00fck, daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun uygulanmas\u0131na imkan tan\u0131rken, 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun buna imkan tan\u0131mamas\u0131d\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, Kanunun 27. maddesinin ilk f\u0131kras\u0131nda taraflar\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imi yapmalar\u0131 halinde mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun i\u015f\u00e7iyi koruyan asgari d\u00fczenlemelerinin sakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtilerek hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lsa dahi i\u015f\u00e7iye asgari bir koruma sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun kamu d\u00fczenine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 5. maddesi uyar\u0131nca se\u00e7ilen hukukun yerine T\u00fcrk Hukukunun da uygulanmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r. Kanunun 5. maddesine g\u00f6re, \u201cYetkili yabanc\u0131 hukukun belirli bir olaya uygulanan h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn T\u00fcrk kamu d\u00fczenine a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, bu h\u00fck\u00fcm uygulanmaz; gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclen h\u00e2llerde, T\u00fcrk hukuku uygulan\u0131r\u201d. Buna g\u00f6re, taraflar\u0131n se\u00e7ti\u011fi hukukun ve mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun korumas\u0131n\u0131n yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hallerde kamu d\u00fczeninine ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir durum varsa T\u00fcrk Hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131 her zaman m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olup, hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun 27. maddesinin 4. f\u0131kras\u0131nda belirtilen daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuk korumas\u0131ndan i\u015f\u00e7inin yararland\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez. Kald\u0131 ki daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyen d\u00fczenleme, 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun 27. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 maddenin 4. (son) f\u0131kras\u0131d\u0131r. 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun 27. maddesinin son f\u0131kras\u0131 2. ve 3. f\u0131kralara at\u0131f yapmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imine imkan tan\u0131yan ilk f\u0131kraya at\u0131f yapmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hal b\u00f6yle olunca bir an i\u00e7in \u00e7o\u011funluk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn yerinde oldu\u011fu kabul edilse dahi, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde taraflara hukuk se\u00e7imi imkan\u0131 tan\u0131yan 27. maddenin ilk f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fil, daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun uygulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu f\u0131kraya at\u0131f yapmayarak h\u00fckm\u00fc kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakan, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc (son) f\u0131kran\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olabilir.<\/p>\n
Bunun yan\u0131nda daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuk her zaman T\u00fcrk Hukuku olmayabilir. S\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun nas\u0131l belirlenece\u011fi 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun 24. maddesinin 4. (son) f\u0131kras\u0131nda belirtilmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fverenin i\u015fyerinin veya meskeninin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de olmamas\u0131, i\u015fin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 veya i\u015f\u00e7inin T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 olmamas\u0131 hallerinde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ili\u015fkili hukuk T\u00fcrk hukuku olmayabilir. Ancak daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukukun yabanc\u0131 bir hukuk oldu\u011fu hallerde dahi kamu d\u00fczenine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k varsa, T\u00fcrk Hukuku uygulanabilecektir. 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru i\u00e7eren olaylarda hangi hukukun uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen kurallar olup, yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru i\u00e7eren i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde i\u015f\u00e7i T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 olmayabilece\u011fi gibi i\u015fveren de T\u00fcrk \u015firketi olmayabilir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya gelen yabanc\u0131 uyruklu ki\u015finin mutat i\u015fyerinden (T\u00fcrk i\u015f mevzuat\u0131ndan) daha fazla koruma sa\u011flayan (\u00dc) \u00fclkesinin hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 hususunda i\u015fveren ile s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmas\u0131 ve uygulanacak hukuku belirlemesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn iken, 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun 27. maddesinin ilk f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n iptali ile i\u015f\u00e7i lehine hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir \u00fclkenin hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131 imkan\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7inin elinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Say\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun iptal gerek\u00e7esi daha \u00e7ok T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 olan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin, hukuki korumas\u0131 zay\u0131f olan yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelere \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya gitmesi ve hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131larak i\u015f\u00e7inin T\u00fcrk Hukukunun korumas\u0131ndan yararland\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine dayanmakta olup, 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru i\u00e7eren t\u00fcm olaylara uygulanan genel kanun oldu\u011fu nazara al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin isabetli oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez. 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun sadece i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde de\u011fil, t\u00fcketici s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, fikri m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan bor\u00e7 ili\u015fkileri, e\u015fya ta\u015f\u0131ma s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri gibi pek \u00e7ok yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru i\u00e7eren s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde taraflar\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imine imkan tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun kendi i\u00e7inde bir b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck ve tutarl\u0131k i\u00e7ermektedir. Yukar\u0131da belirtti\u011fimiz \u00fczere, Kanunda i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde taraflar\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imi yapmalar\u0131 halinde i\u015f\u00e7inin korunmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun asgari korumas\u0131 sakl\u0131 tutulmu\u015f olup, yine Kanunun 5. maddesi uyar\u0131nca T\u00fcrk kamu d\u00fczenine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k halinde T\u00fcrk Hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131 her zaman m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu nedenlerle, 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun 27. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131 Anayasan\u0131n 49. maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan iptal y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki \u00e7o\u011funluk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lm\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Muhterem \u0130NCE<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u00d6mer \u00c7INAR<\/p>\n
\u200bAnayasa Mahkemesi 5\/11\/2024 tarihinde E.2023\/158 numaral\u0131 dosyada, 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa ve iptaline, iptal h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn karar\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak alt\u0131 ay sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesine karar vermi\u015ftir.\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0130tiraz Konusu Kural \u0130tiraz konusu kuralda, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin i\u015f\u00e7inin mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 asgari koruma sakl\u0131 kalmak \u015fart\u0131yla taraflar\u0131n se\u00e7tikleri hukuka tabi olaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ba\u015fvurular\u0131n Gerek\u00e7esi Ba\u015fvuru kararlar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; i\u015fverenin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki i\u015fyerlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin alacaklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda kural uyar\u0131nca mutat i\u015fyeri hukukunun uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7inin anayasal haklar\u0131ndan mahrum kalmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de tescil edilmi\u015f \u015firketlerin yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki i\u015fyerlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan T\u00fcrk i\u015f\u00e7ilere kural gere\u011fince yabanc\u0131 hukukun uygulanmas\u0131 nedeniyle bu i\u015f\u00e7ilerin ayn\u0131 \u015firketin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerine tan\u0131nan haklar\u0131 elde edemedikleri, bu durumun ise e\u015fitlik ilkesiyle \u00e7eli\u015fti\u011fi, kuralla devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131 koruma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn de ihlal edildi\u011fi belirtilerek kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Mahkemenin De\u011ferlendirmesi Yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin tabi olaca\u011f\u0131 hukukun, ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ba\u011flama h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn belirlenmesi kanun koyucunun takdir yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda kalmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde hukuk se\u00e7imine imk\u00e2n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 da kanun koyucunun takdirindedir. Bununla birlikte yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ta\u015f\u0131yan i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine uygulanacak hukuka y\u00f6nelik d\u00fczenleme i\u00e7eren kural\u0131n devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleriyle \u00e7eli\u015fmemesi gerekir.\u00a0 Bu ba\u011flamda i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde hukuk se\u00e7imi yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7inin aleyhine sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek g\u00fcvencelerin mevcut olmamas\u0131 devletin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleriyle ba\u011fda\u015fmayacakt\u0131r. 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda h\u00e2lin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fartlar\u0131na …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n