\u00d6z\u00fc<\/p>\n
[Bu makalede, \u201cT\u00fcrk Ceza Yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda Su\u00e7a Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn \u0130ncelenmesi -\u00d6rnekler \u00dczerinden-\u201d hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 inceleme yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.]<\/p>\n
\u00a01.\u00a0Yasal D\u00fczenleme<\/p>\n
\u201cSu\u00e7a Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan TCK madde 35 h\u00fckm\u00fc, ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli kavramlardan biri olan te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00e2lini d\u00fczenler. \u0130lgili madde aynen:<\/p>\n
\u201cMadde 35- (1) Ki\u015fi, i\u015flemeyi kastetti\u011fi bir su\u00e7u elveri\u015fli hareketlerle do\u011frudan do\u011fruya icraya ba\u015flay\u0131p da elinde olmayan nedenlerle tamamlayamaz ise te\u015febb\u00fcsten dolay\u0131 sorumlu tutulur. <\/p>\n
(2) Su\u00e7a te\u015febb\u00fcs halinde fail, meydana gelen zarar veya tehlikenin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f m\u00fcebbet hapis cezas\u0131 yerine on \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ldan yirmi y\u0131la kadar, m\u00fcebbet hapis cezas\u0131 yerine dokuz y\u0131ldan on be\u015f y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Di\u011fer hallerde verilecek cezan\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birinden d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcne kadar\u0131 indirilir.\u201d <\/p>\n
\u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n
2.\u00a0Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn \u015eartlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Al\u0131nt\u0131lanan kanun h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn lafz\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131labildi\u011fi \u00fczere te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00e2linin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in su\u00e7un \u201ckas\u0131tl\u0131 i\u015flenebilen bir su\u00e7\u201d olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Taksirli su\u00e7lara te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Ard\u0131ndan aranan kriter ise hareketin elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Son olarak, fail elveri\u015fli hareketlerle icraya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ancak elinde olmayan nedenlerle fiil tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Say\u0131lan \u015fartlar sa\u011flan\u0131yorsa fail su\u00e7a te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulacakt\u0131r. Netice olarak su\u00e7a te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00e2linde faile, su\u00e7un tamamlanm\u0131\u015f h\u00e2line kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen cezadan indirim yap\u0131lmak suretiyle ceza verilir. Esasen te\u015febb\u00fcs ki\u015finin ceza sorumlulu\u011funu geni\u015fletir.<\/p>\n
3.\u00a0Elveri\u015flilik Kriterinin \u0130ncelenmesi <\/p>\n
Kanun kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen \u201celveri\u015flilik\u201d unsurundan ne anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi izaha muhta\u00e7t\u0131r. Genel manada bir fiil, failin arzu etti\u011fi neticeyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme kudretine sahipse te\u015febb\u00fcs i\u00e7in elveri\u015flidir denilebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin oyuncak bir tabancan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7u bak\u0131m\u0131ndan elveri\u015fli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n
Elveri\u015flilik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011fretide ve istikrarl\u0131 yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131nda zikredilen iki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f vard\u0131r: Objektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve subjektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f. Bu iki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ften hangisi esas al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r? Bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re failin \u015fahsi \u00f6zellikleri de elveri\u015flilik kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmeliyken di\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re elveri\u015flilik incelemesi tamamen failden ayr\u0131lmal\u0131 ve yaln\u0131zca fiile g\u00f6re tespit edilmelidir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek vererek ilerleyecek olursak; su\u00e7 e\u015fyas\u0131 olarak elimizde ate\u015fli bir silah olsun. Bu silah emniyet kilidi kapal\u0131 olarak daha \u00f6nce eline hi\u00e7 silah almam\u0131\u015f bir ki\u015finin elinde bulunsun. Objektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f taraftarlar\u0131na g\u00f6re su\u00e7 e\u015fyas\u0131 olarak ate\u015fli bir silah bir ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015flidir. Objektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re failin \u015fahsi \u00f6zellikleri irdelenmemelidir.<\/p>\n
Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla objektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re bir ki\u015fi istedi\u011fi kadar acemi olsun, hayat\u0131 boyunca eline ate\u015fli bir silah almam\u0131\u015f olsun; icra hareketine kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak ba\u015flad\u0131ysa ve silah\u0131n emniyet kilidi kapal\u0131 olsa da teti\u011fe bast\u0131ysa ancak tecr\u00fcbesizli\u011finden kaynaklanarak emniyet kilidini a\u00e7mad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan silah ate\u015f almad\u0131ysa elinde bulunan silah\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcrme hareketini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek kudrete sahip olmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
Subjektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re kurgulanan \u00f6rnek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan silah\u0131n objektif olarak neticeye uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n failin niyeti (\u015fahsi \u00f6zellikleri) esas al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Hatta subjektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re; her ne kadar su\u00e7 e\u015fyas\u0131 ara\u00e7, objektif olarak failin kastetti\u011fi neticeyi meydana getirmeye elveri\u015fli olmasa da e\u011fer fail somut olayda elindeki arac\u0131n neticeyi meydana getirece\u011fine inan\u0131yorsa yani subjektif olarak fail arac\u0131n elveri\u015fli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsa bu hareket elveri\u015fli kabul edilir.<\/p>\n
A\u00e7\u0131klamalar kapsam\u0131nda ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hangi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finin irdelenmesi \u015fartt\u0131r. Yarg\u0131lama konusu somut olaylar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan salt bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn dayanak edilerek uygulanmas\u0131 uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 yan\u0131lg\u0131ya g\u00f6t\u00fcrecektir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla somut olaylar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir fiilin elveri\u015fli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilirken her iki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ften de karma \u015fekilde faydalanmak gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
Aksi bir kabulde, \u00f6rne\u011fin yaln\u0131zca objektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn kabul edildi\u011fi varsay\u0131mda -yani vas\u0131tan\u0131n elveri\u015flili\u011fi \u00fczerine ilerlendi\u011fi taktirde- \u015fekerin bir kimseyi \u00f6ld\u00fcremeyece\u011fi ve vas\u0131tan\u0131n elveri\u015fsiz oldu\u011fu kabul\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Oysa ileri d\u00fczeyde \u015feker hastalar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015feker \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc olabilmektedir. Bu \u00f6rnekten hareketle, subjektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re \u015feker \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015flidir. O h\u00e2lde her olay bak\u0131m\u0131ndan iki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn de dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 elzemdir.<\/p>\n
Elveri\u015flilik kriteri su\u00e7 tipine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fecektir. \u00d6rne\u011fin kuru s\u0131k\u0131 bir tabanca insan \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7una te\u015febb\u00fcs bak\u0131m\u0131ndan elveri\u015fli de\u011fildir denilebilir. Oysa ayn\u0131 kuru s\u0131k\u0131 tabanca \u201ctehdit\u201d su\u00e7una te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli kabul edilebilir.<\/p>\n
Elveri\u015flilik kriteri \u00fczerinden inceleme yaparken \u201celveri\u015fsizlik\u201d ile \u201cyetersizlik\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamak gerekir. Bir fiil hem objektif hem subjektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re neticeyi meydana getirme kudretine sahip iken somut olay bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yetersiz kalabilir. Bu kapsamda yetersiz olan bir h\u00e2lin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011frudan elveri\u015fsizlik sonucuna g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin \u201czehir\u201d bir ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015fli midir? Objektif olarak elveri\u015fli oldu\u011funu kabul etmek gerekir. Subjektif olarak ise fail zehri kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ki\u015finin \u00f6lebilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr m\u00fc? Evet, subjektif olarak da elveri\u015flilik kriteri sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Bu noktada bir ki\u015fiyi bir \u00e7ay ka\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 zehir tesiri \u00f6ld\u00fcrebilirken ba\u015fka bir ki\u015fiyi yar\u0131m \u00e7ay ka\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 zehir tesiri dahi \u00f6ld\u00fcrebilir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin fail yar\u0131m \u00e7ay ka\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 zehrin \u00f6ld\u00fcrme fiili i\u00e7in yeterli gelece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek zehri kullanma cihetine gitmi\u015f ancak ma\u011fdur \u00f6lmemi\u015ftir. B\u00f6yle bir olas\u0131l\u0131kta failin fiilinin elveri\u015fli ancak yetersiz oldu\u011funu kabul etmek gerekir. Fiilin yetersiz olmas\u0131 fiili elveri\u015fli olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Fiili i\u015fleme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kast unsuru ve elveri\u015flilik unsuru tamamland\u0131ktan sonra irdelenmesi gereken failin hareketinin \u201cicra hareketi\u201d mahiyetini ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
4.\u00a0\u0130cra Hareketi Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kriterinin \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
Uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan belki de en \u00e7ok teredd\u00fct ya\u015fanan kriter \u201cicra hareketi\u201d kriteridir. Baz\u0131 olaylar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir fiilin haz\u0131rl\u0131k hareketi mi yoksa icra hareketi mi oldu\u011funun tespiti maharet ister. Bu noktada baz\u0131 su\u00e7 tipleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, kanun koyucu taraf\u0131ndan, haz\u0131rl\u0131k hareketinin do\u011frudan su\u00e7u olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Su\u00e7 i\u015flemek amac\u0131yla \u00f6rg\u00fct kurma su\u00e7u b\u00f6yledir, haz\u0131rl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131 dahi cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yaln\u0131zca su\u00e7 i\u015fleme karar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 an icra hareketlerinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r? Bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131 hay\u0131r olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kanun koyucu objektif kriteri \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. Su\u00e7 i\u015fleme kast\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 yeterli de\u011fildir. Bununla birlikte muhakkak suretle i\u015flenmek istenen su\u00e7 ile belirli bir yak\u0131nl\u0131k\/ba\u011flant\u0131 kurmak gerekmektedir. \u00a0<\/p>\n
\u0130ncelenen unsur bak\u0131m\u0131ndan irdelenmesi gereken en \u00f6nemli \u015fey \u015fudur: Su\u00e7la korunan hukuki de\u011fer -araya bir engel girmemesi h\u00e2linde- \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde failin fiiliyle do\u011frudan ihlal edilecekse icra hareketlerine ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zira kanun koyucu h\u00fckm\u00fcn lafz\u0131nda \u201cdo\u011frudan do\u011fruya\u201d demek suretiyle objektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe at\u0131f yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Peki bir su\u00e7 i\u00e7in kanun koyucu birden fazla hareketin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aramaktaysa ne olacakt\u0131r? \u00d6rne\u011fin ya\u011fma su\u00e7u b\u00f6yledir. B\u00f6yle su\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hareketlerden birine ba\u015fland\u0131ysa dahi icra hareketlerinin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n
E\u011fer bir su\u00e7 serbest hareketli su\u00e7lardansa yani kanun koyucu su\u00e7un hangi hareketle i\u015flenece\u011finden bahsetmemi\u015fse korunan hukuki de\u011ferin tehlikeye sokulmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 an (kanun taraf\u0131ndan yasaklanan sonuca failin yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 an) araya herhangi bir m\u00fcdahale girmemesi ihtimalinde su\u00e7un kanuni tan\u0131m\u0131ndaki neticenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi an, icra hareketlerine ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 and\u0131r. Her somut olayda ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130ncelenen kriter bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, di\u011fer bir sorun ise \u201cgarant\u00f6r\u201d vasf\u0131n\u0131 haiz ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flenebilen ihmali su\u00e7larda icra hareketleri ne zaman ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 noktas\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir anne k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015ftaki \u00e7ocu\u011fun gere\u011fi gibi ya\u015fam\u0131 i\u00e7in garant\u00f6rd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Bir anne \u00e7ocu\u011funun karn\u0131n\u0131n ac\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmesine ra\u011fmen \u00e7ocu\u011funun a\u011flamalar\u0131na duyars\u0131z kalarak \u00e7ocu\u011funu beslemiyorsa ne olacakt\u0131r? \u00d6rnek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farz edelim ki bu durum, kom\u015fular\u0131n yo\u011fun bebek a\u011flamas\u0131 neticesinde kolluk kuvvetlerine haber vermesi sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Annenin fiilinin do\u011frudan do\u011fruya icra hareketlerine ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilebilecek midir? Bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 olumlu olarak kabul edersek anne kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulabilecektir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek do\u011frultusunda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gereken ba\u015fka hususlar da bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bebe\u011fin a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7 saat s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn tespiti \u00f6nemlidir. 3-4 saatlik bir a\u00e7l\u0131kla bebe\u011fin hayat\u0131 riske girmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in icra hareketlerine ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f kabul edilmeyecektir.<\/p>\n
Ancak her ne kadar su\u00e7la korunan hukuki de\u011fer korunmaya muhta\u00e7 h\u00e2le gelmese de \u00f6rnek \u00fczerinden konu\u015fursak anne kap\u0131y\u0131 kilitleyip bebe\u011fi uzun saatler boyu kendi kaderine b\u0131rakt\u0131ysa, bebe\u011fi kendi kaderine terk etti\u011fi an icra hareketlerine ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 and\u0131r.<\/p>\n
5.\u00a0Tamamlanm\u0131\u015f Te\u015febb\u00fcs H\u00e2linin \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
Olduk\u00e7a ilgin\u00e7 bir konu olan tamamlanm\u0131\u015f te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00e2linde s\u00fcrecin nas\u0131l olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dair birden fazla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130ncelenen h\u00e2l bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6rnekler \u00fczerinden gitmekte fayda oldu\u011fu kanaatindeyim.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin bir olayda fail, bir ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye te\u015febb\u00fcs etti sonu\u00e7 olarak kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye te\u015febb\u00fcs su\u00e7undan ceza ald\u0131. Ma\u011fdur ise failin fiili neticesinde uzun y\u0131llar boyunca yo\u011fun bak\u0131m servisinde \u201ckoma\u201d denilen vaziyette kald\u0131. Fail aleyhine h\u00fckmedilen hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131 tamamlad\u0131 ve serbest kald\u0131. Ne var ki fail serbest kald\u0131ktan sonra ma\u011fdur daha fazla dayanamayarak \u00f6ld\u00fcyse ne olacakt\u0131r?<\/p>\n
B\u00f6yle bir \u00f6rnek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fail tekrar yarg\u0131lanarak tamamlanm\u0131\u015f te\u015febb\u00fcsten ceza alabilecek midir? CMK madde 223\/7 gere\u011fince fail tekrar yarg\u0131lanamayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Klasik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re fiil; hareket, netice ve nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. Klasik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re \u00f6rne\u011fimiz bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00fcm neticesi meydana geldi\u011finden hala yarg\u0131lanmam\u0131\u015f bir fiil oldu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fimiz bak\u0131m\u0131ndan klasik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re ayn\u0131 fiilden iki kez yarg\u0131lama s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Zira klasik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re fiil netice demektir ve bu nedenle tekrar yarg\u0131lama \u00f6l\u00fcm neticesi kaynakl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Modern g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ise fiili sadece hareket olarak g\u00f6rmektedir. Modern g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re ise \u00f6rne\u011fimiz bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ki\u015finin \u00f6lmesi, fiili yeni h\u00e2le getirmez dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ikinci kez yarg\u0131lama yap\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n
6.\u00a0Nitelikli H\u00e2l ve Te\u015febb\u00fcs \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
Bir su\u00e7un nitelikli h\u00e2lini i\u015flemek i\u00e7in yola \u00e7\u0131kan bir ki\u015fi, su\u00e7u i\u015fleyemedi\u011fi zaman nitelikli h\u00e2li i\u015flemeye te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulacakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin TCK m.102\/2 su\u00e7unu i\u015fleyemeden te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00e2linde kalan ki\u015fi nitelikli h\u00e2le te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulur.<\/p>\n
Mesela bir h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k fiili bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ki\u015fi y\u00fcksek miktarda \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7almaya gitmekteyken gitti\u011fi mek\u00e2nda umdu\u011fundan az miktarda \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131karsa h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa te\u015febb\u00fcsten de\u011fil h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tamamlanm\u0131\u015f h\u00e2linden cezaland\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
7.\u00a0Zincirleme Su\u00e7 ve Te\u015febb\u00fcs \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
TCK kapsam\u0131nda zincirleme su\u00e7 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle makale kapsam\u0131nda tekrar izah edilmeyecektir. Bu ba\u015fl\u0131kta zincirleme su\u00e7 ile te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda inceleme yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Zincirleme su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6rne\u011fin birinci su\u00e7 tamamlanm\u0131\u015f ikinci su\u00e7 te\u015febb\u00fcs a\u015famas\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015fsa art\u0131r\u0131m te\u015febb\u00fcs \u00fczerinden mi yoksa tamamlanm\u0131\u015f netice \u00fczerinden mi yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r? Bu sorunun cevab\u0131 tamamlanm\u0131\u015f netice \u00fczerinden art\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131 bir \u00f6rnek olarak h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7u bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fail bir eve girer ve \u00f6ncelikle c\u00fczdan \u00e7almaya niyetlenir ancak ses gelmesi neticesinde vazge\u00e7er ikinci kez gider telefon \u00e7almaya niyetlenir ve yine ses gelir vazge\u00e7er; son gidi\u015finde ise de\u011ferli bir saat \u00e7almak \u00fczereyken yakalan\u0131rsa ne olur? Burada zincirleme su\u00e7 h\u00e2linin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadad\u0131r. Bu \u00f6rnek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan art\u0131r\u0131m te\u015febb\u00fcs \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7 olarak su\u00e7lar\u0131n hepsi te\u015febb\u00fcs a\u015famas\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015fsa art\u0131r\u0131m te\u015febb\u00fcs a\u015famas\u0131ndan, tamamlanm\u0131\u015f bir su\u00e7 varsa tamamlanm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 \u00fczerinden art\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
8.\u00a0Kesintisiz Su\u00e7lar, Bile\u015fik Su\u00e7lar ve Te\u015febb\u00fcs \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere kesintisiz su\u00e7larda hareketin yap\u0131lmas\u0131yla netice o an ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip tamamlanmamaktad\u0131r. Kesintisiz su\u00e7larda kesinti failin iradesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyorsa su\u00e7 tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve fail kesintisiz su\u00e7tan sorumludur.<\/p>\n
Kesintisiz su\u00e7lara te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Buna en yayg\u0131n \u00f6rnek olarak bir ki\u015finin h\u00fcrriyetinden yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lmak amac\u0131yla ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde ma\u011fdurun diren\u00e7 g\u00f6stererek kendini kurtarmas\u0131 durumu verilebilir. Bu h\u00e2lde su\u00e7 te\u015febb\u00fcs a\u015famas\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n
Tipik bile\u015fik bir su\u00e7 olan ya\u011fma su\u00e7unu i\u015flemek i\u00e7in kanun koyucu birden \u00e7ok hareket yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylesi durumda fail, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen hareketlerden bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 tamamlay\u0131p di\u011fer k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 tamamlamam\u0131\u015fsa; tamamlanm\u0131\u015f fiillerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z su\u00e7 olarak d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi su\u00e7lardan de\u011fil de kastetti\u011fi su\u00e7a te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ma\u011fdurun paras\u0131n\u0131 almak saikiyle ma\u011fdura yumruk atan fail bak\u0131m\u0131ndan cebir unsuru olu\u015fmu\u015f ancak ya\u011fma hen\u00fcz olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her ne kadar ya\u011fma su\u00e7u tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f olsa ve cebir su\u00e7u ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir su\u00e7 olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olsa da failin kast\u0131 ya\u011fma su\u00e7unu i\u015flemek oldu\u011fundan ya\u011fma su\u00e7una te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
9.\u00a0Olas\u0131 Kast ile \u0130\u015flenen Su\u00e7lar Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Te\u015febb\u00fcs M\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr?<\/p>\n
\u00d6\u011fretide b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tart\u0131\u015fma konusu; \u201colas\u0131 kast\u201d ile i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn kabul edilip edilemeyece\u011fi hususudur. Olas\u0131 kastla i\u015flenen su\u00e7larda sorumluluk bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re neticeye ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re somut olayda netice meydana gelmemi\u015fse failin bundan sorumlu tutulmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Yarg\u0131tay da olas\u0131 kastla i\u015flenen su\u00e7lara te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc kabul etmemektedir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6\u011fretinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ile yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere Yarg\u0131tay; olas\u0131 kastla i\u015flenen su\u00e7larda te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sorumlulu\u011fun neticeye g\u00f6re belirlenmesi gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc benimsemektedir. Aksi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ise te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn kanuni tan\u0131m\u0131nda olas\u0131 kast\/do\u011frudan kast diye bir ayr\u0131ma gidilmedi\u011fini, ispat g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n iddia edilmesinin do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn objektif ve subjektif ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n olas\u0131 kastla i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da uygulanabilece\u011fini belirterek olas\u0131 kastla i\u015flenen su\u00e7larda da te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc kabul eder.<\/p>\n
10.\u00a0Neticesi Sebebiyle A\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f Su\u00e7lar Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Te\u015febb\u00fcs M\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr?<\/p>\n
Neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7larda sadece \u201ckast-taksir\u201d kombinasyonunu kabul eden g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler; neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f neticenin meydana gelmemesi h\u00e2linde failin o neticeye te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u0130kinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re \u201ckast-kast\u201d kombinasyonunda ise te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bir su\u00e7u i\u015fleyen fail \u00f6l\u00fcm neticesini kabullendiyse ikinci neticeye de y\u00f6nelmi\u015f kast\u0131 oldu\u011fu kabul edilir. Ancak ikinci netice olayda meydana gelmezse \u201ckast-kast\u201d kombinasyonunu kabul edenlere g\u00f6re bir fiili i\u015fledi\u011fi zaman failin a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f neticeye y\u00f6nelik kast\u0131 varsa a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f netice meydana gelmese dahi a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f neticeden sorumlu tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer fail ikinci netice bak\u0131m\u0131ndan taksirle hareket ediyor ve netice meydana gelmiyorsa taksire te\u015febb\u00fcs olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in fail te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulmaz.<\/p>\n
Peki neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fan su\u00e7larda temel su\u00e7 i\u015flenmedi\u011fi h\u00e2lde a\u011f\u0131r netice meydana gelirse b\u00f6yle bir durumda failin sorumlulu\u011fu ne \u015fekilde belirlenecektir? \u00d6rne\u011fin fail, ma\u011fduru yaralamak amac\u0131yla kovalamaktad\u0131r. Ma\u011fdur kovalamaca s\u0131ras\u0131nda kendini kurtarmak maksad\u0131yla tehlikeli bir hareket yapar ve \u00f6l\u00fcrse ne olacakt\u0131r? B\u00f6yle bir olas\u0131l\u0131kta \u201cdo\u011frudan do\u011fruyal\u0131k ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 kabul edenlere g\u00f6re; temel su\u00e7 i\u015flenmemesine ra\u011fmen ortada a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fan bir netice varsa fail neticeden sorumlu tutulamaz.<\/p>\n
Peki bu ve benzer \u00f6rneklerde failin sorumlulu\u011fu nas\u0131l belirlenecektir? \u00d6rne\u011fin fail cinsel sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7u i\u00e7in hareketlere ba\u015flarken ma\u011fdur korkudan kaynakl\u0131 kalp krizi ge\u00e7irerek \u00f6l\u00fcrse ne olacakt\u0131r? \u015eart teorisini kabul edenlere g\u00f6re; temel su\u00e7 i\u015flenmeye ba\u015flanmasayd\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fan netice meydana gelmeyecekti bu nedenle fail a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fan neticeden sorumlu tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
11.\u00a0\u0130\u015ftirak H\u00e2linde \u0130\u015flenen Su\u00e7lar Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Te\u015febb\u00fcs \u0130ncelemesi<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un birden fazla ki\u015finin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla i\u015flendi\u011fi h\u00e2llerde de te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. Burada \u201ckat\u0131 tek\u00e7i \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u201d ve \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u201d olmak \u00fczere iki ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kat\u0131 tek\u00e7i \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemine g\u00f6re her bir fail kendi pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen ve m\u00fc\u015fterek failli\u011fi do\u011furan fiilini do\u011frudan icraya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda te\u015febb\u00fcs do\u011fmu\u015ftur. B\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda ise su\u00e7 ortaklar\u0131n\u0131n eylemleri bir b\u00fct\u00fcn h\u00e2linde de\u011ferlendirilir. Ortak su\u00e7 plan\u0131 icra a\u015famas\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011fi anda plana dahil olan herkes te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu olur. Yani i\u00e7lerinden birinin icra hareketine ba\u015flamas\u0131, hepsi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r\u200b.<\/p>\n
12.\u00a0Te\u015febb\u00fcs Su\u00e7lar\u0131nda Te\u015febb\u00fcs M\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr?<\/p>\n
Te\u015febb\u00fcs su\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak d\u00fczenlenen \u201cG\u00f6\u00e7men Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d, \u201c\u00c7ocu\u011fun Fuhu\u015f Su\u00e7una Sevki\u201d, \u201cAnayasay\u0131 \u0130hlal Su\u00e7u\u201d gibi su\u00e7lara te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
13.\u00a0Genel Manada Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn M\u00fcmk\u00fcn Olmayaca\u011f\u0131 Su\u00e7lar<\/p>\n
Taksirli su\u00e7lara te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Yukar\u0131daki ba\u015fl\u0131kta belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere te\u015febb\u00fcs su\u00e7lar\u0131na da te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Ayr\u0131ca genel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re olas\u0131 kastla i\u015flenen su\u00e7lara da te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. S\u0131rf hareket\/tehlike su\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hareket k\u0131s\u0131mlara ayr\u0131labiliyorsa te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek gerekir. \u00d6rne\u011fin mektupla tehdit b\u00f6yledir. S\u0131rf ihmali su\u00e7larda da te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
14.\u00a0Sonu\u00e7<\/p>\n
TCK kapsam\u0131nda te\u015febb\u00fcse dair d\u00fczenlemeler esas\u0131nda objektif esaslara dayanan ceza hukuku anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r. Failin kafas\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri belirli bir tehlikelilik arz ettikten sonra cezaland\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n
Cezaland\u0131rman\u0131n nedeni insan fiilinin belirli bir a\u015famaya gelmesidir ve bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ancak objektif tehlikelilik arz edince cezaland\u0131r\u0131labilecektir. Objektif esaslar\u0131 kabul edince de elveri\u015flilik kriteri i\u015fin i\u00e7ine girer.<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un maddi unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 belirlerken temel unsur olarak fiili kabul ederiz. Fiil olmadan bir su\u00e7un varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsedilemez.<\/p>\n
Neticeli su\u00e7larda ise netice ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmese dahi ki\u015finin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan d\u00fczenlemeler te\u015febb\u00fcse dair d\u00fczenlemelerdir. Te\u015febb\u00fcse dair h\u00fck\u00fcmler failin sorumluluk alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fleten h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir.<\/p>\n
Te\u015febb\u00fcsten s\u00f6z edilebilmesi i\u00e7in muhakkak bir fiilin icras\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Te\u015febb\u00fcs i\u00e7in failin elinde olmayan bir sebeple ya icraya devam edilemeyecek ya da fiilin icras\u0131 tamamlanmakla beraber netice ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyecektir. Bir su\u00e7un icras\u0131na ba\u015flanmadan ceza hukuku devreye girmez.<\/p>\n
Bu itibarla te\u015febb\u00fcsle ilgili kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan en \u00f6nemli sorunlardan biri \u201chaz\u0131rl\u0131k hareketi-icra hareketi\u201d ayr\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Haz\u0131rl\u0131k hareketleri ve icra hareketlerinin birbirinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir sorundur. Bu y\u00f6nde farkl\u0131 \u00f6\u011freti g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri mevcuttur. T\u00fcrk Ceza Yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda objektif bir yakla\u015f\u0131m benimsenmi\u015ftir demek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla tipik hareketle bir ba\u011flant\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde olan, tipik harekete yak\u0131n kabul edilebilen fiilleri icra hareketi olarak nitelendirmekteyiz.<\/p>\n
Benimsenen sistemden ziyade somut olaylar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kurallar\u0131 uygulamak as\u0131l meseledir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle objektif teoriye vurgu yap\u0131larak bahsedilen su\u00e7lardan biri h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7udur. Baz\u0131 olaylarda cam k\u0131r\u0131p h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k i\u015fleyemeden oradan ayr\u0131lan ki\u015fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Yarg\u0131tay failin fiilini h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7u bak\u0131m\u0131ndan te\u015febb\u00fcs olarak kabul etmektedir.<\/p>\n
Makale kapsam\u0131nda te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn unsurlar\u0131 detayl\u0131ca incelenmi\u015f ve ili\u015fkili bulundu\u011fu di\u011fer kavramlarla ilgili sair incelemelerde bulunulmu\u015ftur. \u00d6zellikle uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n teredd\u00fct etti\u011fi elveri\u015flilik kriteri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201cex-ante temellendirme y\u00f6ntemini (hen\u00fcz i\u00e7inde bulunulan evreden ileriye bak\u0131\u015f)\u201d kullanmak gerekebilir. Bu y\u00f6ntemde h\u00e2kim veya objektif g\u00f6zlemci olay\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 an\u0131na kendisini g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr ve o anda bilinen hususlara bakar. Elde etti\u011fi sonu\u00e7lar do\u011frultusunda de\u011ferlendirme yapan ki\u015fi, su\u00e7un tamamlanmas\u0131 ola\u011fan hayat tecr\u00fcbelerine g\u00f6re m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr ve elveri\u015flilik vard\u0131r diyebilecektir.<\/p>\n
Netice olarak te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00e2li, su\u00e7 i\u015fleme karar\u0131n\u0131n icraya d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kritik e\u015fiktir. Bu kurum sayesinde su\u00e7 tamamlanmasa bile hukuki de\u011fer ciddi tehlikeye girmi\u015fse fail cezaland\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r. G\u00fcncel Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131ndaki te\u015febb\u00fcs de\u011ferlendirmesinde somut tehlike ve \u201cex-ante\u201d bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 esas al\u0131nmakta; failin eylemini objektif ve subjektif unsurlar\u0131yla birlikte de\u011ferlendirerek adil bir uygulama sa\u011flamaya gayret g\u00f6sterilmektedir. B\u00f6ylece su\u00e7a te\u015febb\u00fcs kurumu, ceza adaletinde hem \u00f6nleyici hem de hakkaniyete uygun bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Anahtar Kelimeler<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7a Te\u015febb\u00fcs, TCK Madde 35, Su\u00e7a Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn \u015eartlar\u0131, Elveri\u015fli Fiil<\/p>\n
\u200b\u00d6z\u00fc<\/p>\n
[Bu makalede, \u201cT\u00fcrk Ceza Yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda Su\u00e7a Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn \u0130ncelenmesi -\u00d6rnekler \u00dczerinden-\u201d hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 inceleme yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.]<\/p>\n
\u00a01.\u00a0Yasal D\u00fczenleme<\/p>\n
\u201cSu\u00e7a Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan TCK madde 35 h\u00fckm\u00fc, ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli kavramlardan biri olan te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00e2lini d\u00fczenler. \u0130lgili madde aynen:<\/p>\n
\u201cMadde 35- (1) Ki\u015fi, i\u015flemeyi kastetti\u011fi bir su\u00e7u elveri\u015fli hareketlerle do\u011frudan do\u011fruya icraya ba\u015flay\u0131p da elinde olmayan nedenlerle tamamlayamaz ise te\u015febb\u00fcsten dolay\u0131 sorumlu tutulur. <\/p>\n
(2) Su\u00e7a te\u015febb\u00fcs halinde fail, meydana gelen zarar veya tehlikenin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f m\u00fcebbet hapis cezas\u0131 yerine on \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ldan yirmi y\u0131la kadar, m\u00fcebbet hapis cezas\u0131 yerine dokuz y\u0131ldan on be\u015f y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Di\u011fer hallerde verilecek cezan\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birinden d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcne kadar\u0131 indirilir.\u201d <\/p>\n
\u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n
2.\u00a0Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn \u015eartlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Al\u0131nt\u0131lanan kanun h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn lafz\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131labildi\u011fi \u00fczere te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00e2linin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in su\u00e7un \u201ckas\u0131tl\u0131 i\u015flenebilen bir su\u00e7\u201d olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Taksirli su\u00e7lara te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Ard\u0131ndan aranan kriter ise hareketin elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Son olarak, fail elveri\u015fli hareketlerle icraya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ancak elinde olmayan nedenlerle fiil tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Say\u0131lan \u015fartlar sa\u011flan\u0131yorsa fail su\u00e7a te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulacakt\u0131r. Netice olarak su\u00e7a te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00e2linde faile, su\u00e7un tamamlanm\u0131\u015f h\u00e2line kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen cezadan indirim yap\u0131lmak suretiyle ceza verilir. Esasen te\u015febb\u00fcs ki\u015finin ceza sorumlulu\u011funu geni\u015fletir.<\/p>\n
3.\u00a0Elveri\u015flilik Kriterinin \u0130ncelenmesi <\/p>\n
Kanun kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen \u201celveri\u015flilik\u201d unsurundan ne anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi izaha muhta\u00e7t\u0131r. Genel manada bir fiil, failin arzu etti\u011fi neticeyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme kudretine sahipse te\u015febb\u00fcs i\u00e7in elveri\u015flidir denilebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin oyuncak bir tabancan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7u bak\u0131m\u0131ndan elveri\u015fli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n
Elveri\u015flilik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011fretide ve istikrarl\u0131 yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131nda zikredilen iki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f vard\u0131r: Objektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve subjektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f. Bu iki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ften hangisi esas al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r? Bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re failin \u015fahsi \u00f6zellikleri de elveri\u015flilik kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmeliyken di\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re elveri\u015flilik incelemesi tamamen failden ayr\u0131lmal\u0131 ve yaln\u0131zca fiile g\u00f6re tespit edilmelidir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek vererek ilerleyecek olursak; su\u00e7 e\u015fyas\u0131 olarak elimizde ate\u015fli bir silah olsun. Bu silah emniyet kilidi kapal\u0131 olarak daha \u00f6nce eline hi\u00e7 silah almam\u0131\u015f bir ki\u015finin elinde bulunsun. Objektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f taraftarlar\u0131na g\u00f6re su\u00e7 e\u015fyas\u0131 olarak ate\u015fli bir silah bir ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015flidir. Objektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re failin \u015fahsi \u00f6zellikleri irdelenmemelidir.<\/p>\n
Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla objektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re bir ki\u015fi istedi\u011fi kadar acemi olsun, hayat\u0131 boyunca eline ate\u015fli bir silah almam\u0131\u015f olsun; icra hareketine kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak ba\u015flad\u0131ysa ve silah\u0131n emniyet kilidi kapal\u0131 olsa da teti\u011fe bast\u0131ysa ancak tecr\u00fcbesizli\u011finden kaynaklanarak emniyet kilidini a\u00e7mad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan silah ate\u015f almad\u0131ysa elinde bulunan silah\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcrme hareketini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek kudrete sahip olmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
Subjektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re kurgulanan \u00f6rnek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan silah\u0131n objektif olarak neticeye uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n failin niyeti (\u015fahsi \u00f6zellikleri) esas al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Hatta subjektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re; her ne kadar su\u00e7 e\u015fyas\u0131 ara\u00e7, objektif olarak failin kastetti\u011fi neticeyi meydana getirmeye elveri\u015fli olmasa da e\u011fer fail somut olayda elindeki arac\u0131n neticeyi meydana getirece\u011fine inan\u0131yorsa yani subjektif olarak fail arac\u0131n elveri\u015fli oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsa bu hareket elveri\u015fli kabul edilir.<\/p>\n
A\u00e7\u0131klamalar kapsam\u0131nda ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hangi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn uygulanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finin irdelenmesi \u015fartt\u0131r. Yarg\u0131lama konusu somut olaylar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan salt bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn dayanak edilerek uygulanmas\u0131 uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 yan\u0131lg\u0131ya g\u00f6t\u00fcrecektir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla somut olaylar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir fiilin elveri\u015fli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilirken her iki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ften de karma \u015fekilde faydalanmak gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
Aksi bir kabulde, \u00f6rne\u011fin yaln\u0131zca objektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn kabul edildi\u011fi varsay\u0131mda -yani vas\u0131tan\u0131n elveri\u015flili\u011fi \u00fczerine ilerlendi\u011fi taktirde- \u015fekerin bir kimseyi \u00f6ld\u00fcremeyece\u011fi ve vas\u0131tan\u0131n elveri\u015fsiz oldu\u011fu kabul\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Oysa ileri d\u00fczeyde \u015feker hastalar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015feker \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc olabilmektedir. Bu \u00f6rnekten hareketle, subjektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re \u015feker \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015flidir. O h\u00e2lde her olay bak\u0131m\u0131ndan iki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn de dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 elzemdir.<\/p>\n
Elveri\u015flilik kriteri su\u00e7 tipine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fecektir. \u00d6rne\u011fin kuru s\u0131k\u0131 bir tabanca insan \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7una te\u015febb\u00fcs bak\u0131m\u0131ndan elveri\u015fli de\u011fildir denilebilir. Oysa ayn\u0131 kuru s\u0131k\u0131 tabanca \u201ctehdit\u201d su\u00e7una te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli kabul edilebilir.<\/p>\n
Elveri\u015flilik kriteri \u00fczerinden inceleme yaparken \u201celveri\u015fsizlik\u201d ile \u201cyetersizlik\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamak gerekir. Bir fiil hem objektif hem subjektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re neticeyi meydana getirme kudretine sahip iken somut olay bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yetersiz kalabilir. Bu kapsamda yetersiz olan bir h\u00e2lin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 do\u011frudan elveri\u015fsizlik sonucuna g\u00f6t\u00fcrmez.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin \u201czehir\u201d bir ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015fli midir? Objektif olarak elveri\u015fli oldu\u011funu kabul etmek gerekir. Subjektif olarak ise fail zehri kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ki\u015finin \u00f6lebilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcr m\u00fc? Evet, subjektif olarak da elveri\u015flilik kriteri sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Bu noktada bir ki\u015fiyi bir \u00e7ay ka\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 zehir tesiri \u00f6ld\u00fcrebilirken ba\u015fka bir ki\u015fiyi yar\u0131m \u00e7ay ka\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 zehir tesiri dahi \u00f6ld\u00fcrebilir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin fail yar\u0131m \u00e7ay ka\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 zehrin \u00f6ld\u00fcrme fiili i\u00e7in yeterli gelece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek zehri kullanma cihetine gitmi\u015f ancak ma\u011fdur \u00f6lmemi\u015ftir. B\u00f6yle bir olas\u0131l\u0131kta failin fiilinin elveri\u015fli ancak yetersiz oldu\u011funu kabul etmek gerekir. Fiilin yetersiz olmas\u0131 fiili elveri\u015fli olmaktan \u00e7\u0131karmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Fiili i\u015fleme y\u00f6n\u00fcnde kast unsuru ve elveri\u015flilik unsuru tamamland\u0131ktan sonra irdelenmesi gereken failin hareketinin \u201cicra hareketi\u201d mahiyetini ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
4.\u00a0\u0130cra Hareketi Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kriterinin \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
Uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan belki de en \u00e7ok teredd\u00fct ya\u015fanan kriter \u201cicra hareketi\u201d kriteridir. Baz\u0131 olaylar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bir fiilin haz\u0131rl\u0131k hareketi mi yoksa icra hareketi mi oldu\u011funun tespiti maharet ister. Bu noktada baz\u0131 su\u00e7 tipleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, kanun koyucu taraf\u0131ndan, haz\u0131rl\u0131k hareketinin do\u011frudan su\u00e7u olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Su\u00e7 i\u015flemek amac\u0131yla \u00f6rg\u00fct kurma su\u00e7u b\u00f6yledir, haz\u0131rl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131 dahi cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yaln\u0131zca su\u00e7 i\u015fleme karar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 an icra hareketlerinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 m\u0131d\u0131r? Bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131 hay\u0131r olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kanun koyucu objektif kriteri \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. Su\u00e7 i\u015fleme kast\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 yeterli de\u011fildir. Bununla birlikte muhakkak suretle i\u015flenmek istenen su\u00e7 ile belirli bir yak\u0131nl\u0131k\/ba\u011flant\u0131 kurmak gerekmektedir. \u00a0<\/p>\n
\u0130ncelenen unsur bak\u0131m\u0131ndan irdelenmesi gereken en \u00f6nemli \u015fey \u015fudur: Su\u00e7la korunan hukuki de\u011fer -araya bir engel girmemesi h\u00e2linde- \u00e7ok k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde failin fiiliyle do\u011frudan ihlal edilecekse icra hareketlerine ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zira kanun koyucu h\u00fckm\u00fcn lafz\u0131nda \u201cdo\u011frudan do\u011fruya\u201d demek suretiyle objektif g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe at\u0131f yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Peki bir su\u00e7 i\u00e7in kanun koyucu birden fazla hareketin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aramaktaysa ne olacakt\u0131r? \u00d6rne\u011fin ya\u011fma su\u00e7u b\u00f6yledir. B\u00f6yle su\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hareketlerden birine ba\u015fland\u0131ysa dahi icra hareketlerinin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n
E\u011fer bir su\u00e7 serbest hareketli su\u00e7lardansa yani kanun koyucu su\u00e7un hangi hareketle i\u015flenece\u011finden bahsetmemi\u015fse korunan hukuki de\u011ferin tehlikeye sokulmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 an (kanun taraf\u0131ndan yasaklanan sonuca failin yakla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 an) araya herhangi bir m\u00fcdahale girmemesi ihtimalinde su\u00e7un kanuni tan\u0131m\u0131ndaki neticenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi an, icra hareketlerine ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 and\u0131r. Her somut olayda ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130ncelenen kriter bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, di\u011fer bir sorun ise \u201cgarant\u00f6r\u201d vasf\u0131n\u0131 haiz ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flenebilen ihmali su\u00e7larda icra hareketleri ne zaman ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 noktas\u0131ndad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir anne k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck ya\u015ftaki \u00e7ocu\u011fun gere\u011fi gibi ya\u015fam\u0131 i\u00e7in garant\u00f6rd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Bir anne \u00e7ocu\u011funun karn\u0131n\u0131n ac\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmesine ra\u011fmen \u00e7ocu\u011funun a\u011flamalar\u0131na duyars\u0131z kalarak \u00e7ocu\u011funu beslemiyorsa ne olacakt\u0131r? \u00d6rnek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farz edelim ki bu durum, kom\u015fular\u0131n yo\u011fun bebek a\u011flamas\u0131 neticesinde kolluk kuvvetlerine haber vermesi sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Annenin fiilinin do\u011frudan do\u011fruya icra hareketlerine ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilebilecek midir? Bu sorunun yan\u0131t\u0131n\u0131 olumlu olarak kabul edersek anne kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulabilecektir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek do\u011frultusunda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gereken ba\u015fka hususlar da bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bebe\u011fin a\u00e7l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7 saat s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn tespiti \u00f6nemlidir. 3-4 saatlik bir a\u00e7l\u0131kla bebe\u011fin hayat\u0131 riske girmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in icra hareketlerine ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f kabul edilmeyecektir.<\/p>\n
Ancak her ne kadar su\u00e7la korunan hukuki de\u011fer korunmaya muhta\u00e7 h\u00e2le gelmese de \u00f6rnek \u00fczerinden konu\u015fursak anne kap\u0131y\u0131 kilitleyip bebe\u011fi uzun saatler boyu kendi kaderine b\u0131rakt\u0131ysa, bebe\u011fi kendi kaderine terk etti\u011fi an icra hareketlerine ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 and\u0131r.<\/p>\n
5.\u00a0Tamamlanm\u0131\u015f Te\u015febb\u00fcs H\u00e2linin \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
Olduk\u00e7a ilgin\u00e7 bir konu olan tamamlanm\u0131\u015f te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00e2linde s\u00fcrecin nas\u0131l olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine dair birden fazla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130ncelenen h\u00e2l bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6rnekler \u00fczerinden gitmekte fayda oldu\u011fu kanaatindeyim.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin bir olayda fail, bir ki\u015fiyi \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye te\u015febb\u00fcs etti sonu\u00e7 olarak kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye te\u015febb\u00fcs su\u00e7undan ceza ald\u0131. Ma\u011fdur ise failin fiili neticesinde uzun y\u0131llar boyunca yo\u011fun bak\u0131m servisinde \u201ckoma\u201d denilen vaziyette kald\u0131. Fail aleyhine h\u00fckmedilen hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131 tamamlad\u0131 ve serbest kald\u0131. Ne var ki fail serbest kald\u0131ktan sonra ma\u011fdur daha fazla dayanamayarak \u00f6ld\u00fcyse ne olacakt\u0131r?<\/p>\n
B\u00f6yle bir \u00f6rnek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fail tekrar yarg\u0131lanarak tamamlanm\u0131\u015f te\u015febb\u00fcsten ceza alabilecek midir? CMK madde 223\/7 gere\u011fince fail tekrar yarg\u0131lanamayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Klasik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re fiil; hareket, netice ve nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131ndan olu\u015fur. Klasik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re \u00f6rne\u011fimiz bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00fcm neticesi meydana geldi\u011finden hala yarg\u0131lanmam\u0131\u015f bir fiil oldu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fimiz bak\u0131m\u0131ndan klasik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re ayn\u0131 fiilden iki kez yarg\u0131lama s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Zira klasik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re fiil netice demektir ve bu nedenle tekrar yarg\u0131lama \u00f6l\u00fcm neticesi kaynakl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Modern g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ise fiili sadece hareket olarak g\u00f6rmektedir. Modern g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re ise \u00f6rne\u011fimiz bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ki\u015finin \u00f6lmesi, fiili yeni h\u00e2le getirmez dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ikinci kez yarg\u0131lama yap\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n
6.\u00a0Nitelikli H\u00e2l ve Te\u015febb\u00fcs \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
Bir su\u00e7un nitelikli h\u00e2lini i\u015flemek i\u00e7in yola \u00e7\u0131kan bir ki\u015fi, su\u00e7u i\u015fleyemedi\u011fi zaman nitelikli h\u00e2li i\u015flemeye te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulacakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin TCK m.102\/2 su\u00e7unu i\u015fleyemeden te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00e2linde kalan ki\u015fi nitelikli h\u00e2le te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulur.<\/p>\n
Mesela bir h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k fiili bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ki\u015fi y\u00fcksek miktarda \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7almaya gitmekteyken gitti\u011fi mek\u00e2nda umdu\u011fundan az miktarda \u00fcr\u00fcn \u00e7\u0131karsa h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa te\u015febb\u00fcsten de\u011fil h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tamamlanm\u0131\u015f h\u00e2linden cezaland\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
7.\u00a0Zincirleme Su\u00e7 ve Te\u015febb\u00fcs \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
TCK kapsam\u0131nda zincirleme su\u00e7 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle makale kapsam\u0131nda tekrar izah edilmeyecektir. Bu ba\u015fl\u0131kta zincirleme su\u00e7 ile te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda inceleme yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Zincirleme su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6rne\u011fin birinci su\u00e7 tamamlanm\u0131\u015f ikinci su\u00e7 te\u015febb\u00fcs a\u015famas\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015fsa art\u0131r\u0131m te\u015febb\u00fcs \u00fczerinden mi yoksa tamamlanm\u0131\u015f netice \u00fczerinden mi yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r? Bu sorunun cevab\u0131 tamamlanm\u0131\u015f netice \u00fczerinden art\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131 bir \u00f6rnek olarak h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7u bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fail bir eve girer ve \u00f6ncelikle c\u00fczdan \u00e7almaya niyetlenir ancak ses gelmesi neticesinde vazge\u00e7er ikinci kez gider telefon \u00e7almaya niyetlenir ve yine ses gelir vazge\u00e7er; son gidi\u015finde ise de\u011ferli bir saat \u00e7almak \u00fczereyken yakalan\u0131rsa ne olur? Burada zincirleme su\u00e7 h\u00e2linin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadad\u0131r. Bu \u00f6rnek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan art\u0131r\u0131m te\u015febb\u00fcs \u00fczerinden yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7 olarak su\u00e7lar\u0131n hepsi te\u015febb\u00fcs a\u015famas\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015fsa art\u0131r\u0131m te\u015febb\u00fcs a\u015famas\u0131ndan, tamamlanm\u0131\u015f bir su\u00e7 varsa tamamlanm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 \u00fczerinden art\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
8.\u00a0Kesintisiz Su\u00e7lar, Bile\u015fik Su\u00e7lar ve Te\u015febb\u00fcs \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere kesintisiz su\u00e7larda hareketin yap\u0131lmas\u0131yla netice o an ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip tamamlanmamaktad\u0131r. Kesintisiz su\u00e7larda kesinti failin iradesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fiyorsa su\u00e7 tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve fail kesintisiz su\u00e7tan sorumludur.<\/p>\n
Kesintisiz su\u00e7lara te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Buna en yayg\u0131n \u00f6rnek olarak bir ki\u015finin h\u00fcrriyetinden yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lmak amac\u0131yla ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde ma\u011fdurun diren\u00e7 g\u00f6stererek kendini kurtarmas\u0131 durumu verilebilir. Bu h\u00e2lde su\u00e7 te\u015febb\u00fcs a\u015famas\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n
Tipik bile\u015fik bir su\u00e7 olan ya\u011fma su\u00e7unu i\u015flemek i\u00e7in kanun koyucu birden \u00e7ok hareket yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylesi durumda fail, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen hareketlerden bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 tamamlay\u0131p di\u011fer k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 tamamlamam\u0131\u015fsa; tamamlanm\u0131\u015f fiillerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z su\u00e7 olarak d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi su\u00e7lardan de\u011fil de kastetti\u011fi su\u00e7a te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ma\u011fdurun paras\u0131n\u0131 almak saikiyle ma\u011fdura yumruk atan fail bak\u0131m\u0131ndan cebir unsuru olu\u015fmu\u015f ancak ya\u011fma hen\u00fcz olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Her ne kadar ya\u011fma su\u00e7u tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f olsa ve cebir su\u00e7u ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir su\u00e7 olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olsa da failin kast\u0131 ya\u011fma su\u00e7unu i\u015flemek oldu\u011fundan ya\u011fma su\u00e7una te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
9.\u00a0Olas\u0131 Kast ile \u0130\u015flenen Su\u00e7lar Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Te\u015febb\u00fcs M\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr?<\/p>\n
\u00d6\u011fretide b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tart\u0131\u015fma konusu; \u201colas\u0131 kast\u201d ile i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn kabul edilip edilemeyece\u011fi hususudur. Olas\u0131 kastla i\u015flenen su\u00e7larda sorumluluk bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re neticeye ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re somut olayda netice meydana gelmemi\u015fse failin bundan sorumlu tutulmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Yarg\u0131tay da olas\u0131 kastla i\u015flenen su\u00e7lara te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc kabul etmemektedir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6\u011fretinin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu ile yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere Yarg\u0131tay; olas\u0131 kastla i\u015flenen su\u00e7larda te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sorumlulu\u011fun neticeye g\u00f6re belirlenmesi gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc benimsemektedir. Aksi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ise te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn kanuni tan\u0131m\u0131nda olas\u0131 kast\/do\u011frudan kast diye bir ayr\u0131ma gidilmedi\u011fini, ispat g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n iddia edilmesinin do\u011fru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn objektif ve subjektif ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n olas\u0131 kastla i\u015flenen su\u00e7lar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da uygulanabilece\u011fini belirterek olas\u0131 kastla i\u015flenen su\u00e7larda da te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc kabul eder.<\/p>\n
10.\u00a0Neticesi Sebebiyle A\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f Su\u00e7lar Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Te\u015febb\u00fcs M\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr?<\/p>\n
Neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7larda sadece \u201ckast-taksir\u201d kombinasyonunu kabul eden g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler; neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f neticenin meydana gelmemesi h\u00e2linde failin o neticeye te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u0130kinci g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re \u201ckast-kast\u201d kombinasyonunda ise te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bir su\u00e7u i\u015fleyen fail \u00f6l\u00fcm neticesini kabullendiyse ikinci neticeye de y\u00f6nelmi\u015f kast\u0131 oldu\u011fu kabul edilir. Ancak ikinci netice olayda meydana gelmezse \u201ckast-kast\u201d kombinasyonunu kabul edenlere g\u00f6re bir fiili i\u015fledi\u011fi zaman failin a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f neticeye y\u00f6nelik kast\u0131 varsa a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f netice meydana gelmese dahi a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f neticeden sorumlu tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fer fail ikinci netice bak\u0131m\u0131ndan taksirle hareket ediyor ve netice meydana gelmiyorsa taksire te\u015febb\u00fcs olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in fail te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulmaz.<\/p>\n
Peki neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fan su\u00e7larda temel su\u00e7 i\u015flenmedi\u011fi h\u00e2lde a\u011f\u0131r netice meydana gelirse b\u00f6yle bir durumda failin sorumlulu\u011fu ne \u015fekilde belirlenecektir? \u00d6rne\u011fin fail, ma\u011fduru yaralamak amac\u0131yla kovalamaktad\u0131r. Ma\u011fdur kovalamaca s\u0131ras\u0131nda kendini kurtarmak maksad\u0131yla tehlikeli bir hareket yapar ve \u00f6l\u00fcrse ne olacakt\u0131r? B\u00f6yle bir olas\u0131l\u0131kta \u201cdo\u011frudan do\u011fruyal\u0131k ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 kabul edenlere g\u00f6re; temel su\u00e7 i\u015flenmemesine ra\u011fmen ortada a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fan bir netice varsa fail neticeden sorumlu tutulamaz.<\/p>\n
Peki bu ve benzer \u00f6rneklerde failin sorumlulu\u011fu nas\u0131l belirlenecektir? \u00d6rne\u011fin fail cinsel sald\u0131r\u0131 su\u00e7u i\u00e7in hareketlere ba\u015flarken ma\u011fdur korkudan kaynakl\u0131 kalp krizi ge\u00e7irerek \u00f6l\u00fcrse ne olacakt\u0131r? \u015eart teorisini kabul edenlere g\u00f6re; temel su\u00e7 i\u015flenmeye ba\u015flanmasayd\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fan netice meydana gelmeyecekti bu nedenle fail a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fan neticeden sorumlu tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
11.\u00a0\u0130\u015ftirak H\u00e2linde \u0130\u015flenen Su\u00e7lar Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Te\u015febb\u00fcs \u0130ncelemesi<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un birden fazla ki\u015finin kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131yla i\u015flendi\u011fi h\u00e2llerde de te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. Burada \u201ckat\u0131 tek\u00e7i \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u201d ve \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u201d olmak \u00fczere iki ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kat\u0131 tek\u00e7i \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm y\u00f6ntemine g\u00f6re her bir fail kendi pay\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen ve m\u00fc\u015fterek failli\u011fi do\u011furan fiilini do\u011frudan icraya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda te\u015febb\u00fcs do\u011fmu\u015ftur. B\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda ise su\u00e7 ortaklar\u0131n\u0131n eylemleri bir b\u00fct\u00fcn h\u00e2linde de\u011ferlendirilir. Ortak su\u00e7 plan\u0131 icra a\u015famas\u0131na ge\u00e7ti\u011fi anda plana dahil olan herkes te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu olur. Yani i\u00e7lerinden birinin icra hareketine ba\u015flamas\u0131, hepsi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r\u200b.<\/p>\n
12.\u00a0Te\u015febb\u00fcs Su\u00e7lar\u0131nda Te\u015febb\u00fcs M\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fcd\u00fcr?<\/p>\n
Te\u015febb\u00fcs su\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak d\u00fczenlenen \u201cG\u00f6\u00e7men Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d, \u201c\u00c7ocu\u011fun Fuhu\u015f Su\u00e7una Sevki\u201d, \u201cAnayasay\u0131 \u0130hlal Su\u00e7u\u201d gibi su\u00e7lara te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
13.\u00a0Genel Manada Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn M\u00fcmk\u00fcn Olmayaca\u011f\u0131 Su\u00e7lar<\/p>\n
Taksirli su\u00e7lara te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Yukar\u0131daki ba\u015fl\u0131kta belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere te\u015febb\u00fcs su\u00e7lar\u0131na da te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Ayr\u0131ca genel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re olas\u0131 kastla i\u015flenen su\u00e7lara da te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. S\u0131rf hareket\/tehlike su\u00e7lar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hareket k\u0131s\u0131mlara ayr\u0131labiliyorsa te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek gerekir. \u00d6rne\u011fin mektupla tehdit b\u00f6yledir. S\u0131rf ihmali su\u00e7larda da te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
14.\u00a0Sonu\u00e7<\/p>\n
TCK kapsam\u0131nda te\u015febb\u00fcse dair d\u00fczenlemeler esas\u0131nda objektif esaslara dayanan ceza hukuku anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yans\u0131t\u0131r. Failin kafas\u0131ndaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri belirli bir tehlikelilik arz ettikten sonra cezaland\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n
Cezaland\u0131rman\u0131n nedeni insan fiilinin belirli bir a\u015famaya gelmesidir ve bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler ancak objektif tehlikelilik arz edince cezaland\u0131r\u0131labilecektir. Objektif esaslar\u0131 kabul edince de elveri\u015flilik kriteri i\u015fin i\u00e7ine girer.<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un maddi unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 belirlerken temel unsur olarak fiili kabul ederiz. Fiil olmadan bir su\u00e7un varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsedilemez.<\/p>\n
Neticeli su\u00e7larda ise netice ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmese dahi ki\u015finin cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan d\u00fczenlemeler te\u015febb\u00fcse dair d\u00fczenlemelerdir. Te\u015febb\u00fcse dair h\u00fck\u00fcmler failin sorumluluk alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fleten h\u00fck\u00fcmlerdir.<\/p>\n
Te\u015febb\u00fcsten s\u00f6z edilebilmesi i\u00e7in muhakkak bir fiilin icras\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Te\u015febb\u00fcs i\u00e7in failin elinde olmayan bir sebeple ya icraya devam edilemeyecek ya da fiilin icras\u0131 tamamlanmakla beraber netice ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyecektir. Bir su\u00e7un icras\u0131na ba\u015flanmadan ceza hukuku devreye girmez.<\/p>\n
Bu itibarla te\u015febb\u00fcsle ilgili kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan en \u00f6nemli sorunlardan biri \u201chaz\u0131rl\u0131k hareketi-icra hareketi\u201d ayr\u0131m\u0131d\u0131r. Haz\u0131rl\u0131k hareketleri ve icra hareketlerinin birbirinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir sorundur. Bu y\u00f6nde farkl\u0131 \u00f6\u011freti g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri mevcuttur. T\u00fcrk Ceza Yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda objektif bir yakla\u015f\u0131m benimsenmi\u015ftir demek yanl\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla tipik hareketle bir ba\u011flant\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde olan, tipik harekete yak\u0131n kabul edilebilen fiilleri icra hareketi olarak nitelendirmekteyiz.<\/p>\n
Benimsenen sistemden ziyade somut olaylar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kurallar\u0131 uygulamak as\u0131l meseledir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle objektif teoriye vurgu yap\u0131larak bahsedilen su\u00e7lardan biri h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7udur. Baz\u0131 olaylarda cam k\u0131r\u0131p h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k i\u015fleyemeden oradan ayr\u0131lan ki\u015fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Yarg\u0131tay failin fiilini h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k su\u00e7u bak\u0131m\u0131ndan te\u015febb\u00fcs olarak kabul etmektedir.<\/p>\n
Makale kapsam\u0131nda te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn unsurlar\u0131 detayl\u0131ca incelenmi\u015f ve ili\u015fkili bulundu\u011fu di\u011fer kavramlarla ilgili sair incelemelerde bulunulmu\u015ftur. \u00d6zellikle uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n teredd\u00fct etti\u011fi elveri\u015flilik kriteri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201cex-ante temellendirme y\u00f6ntemini (hen\u00fcz i\u00e7inde bulunulan evreden ileriye bak\u0131\u015f)\u201d kullanmak gerekebilir. Bu y\u00f6ntemde h\u00e2kim veya objektif g\u00f6zlemci olay\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 an\u0131na kendisini g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr ve o anda bilinen hususlara bakar. Elde etti\u011fi sonu\u00e7lar do\u011frultusunda de\u011ferlendirme yapan ki\u015fi, su\u00e7un tamamlanmas\u0131 ola\u011fan hayat tecr\u00fcbelerine g\u00f6re m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr ve elveri\u015flilik vard\u0131r diyebilecektir.<\/p>\n
Netice olarak te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00e2li, su\u00e7 i\u015fleme karar\u0131n\u0131n icraya d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kritik e\u015fiktir. Bu kurum sayesinde su\u00e7 tamamlanmasa bile hukuki de\u011fer ciddi tehlikeye girmi\u015fse fail cezaland\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r. G\u00fcncel Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131ndaki te\u015febb\u00fcs de\u011ferlendirmesinde somut tehlike ve \u201cex-ante\u201d bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 esas al\u0131nmakta; failin eylemini objektif ve subjektif unsurlar\u0131yla birlikte de\u011ferlendirerek adil bir uygulama sa\u011flamaya gayret g\u00f6sterilmektedir. B\u00f6ylece su\u00e7a te\u015febb\u00fcs kurumu, ceza adaletinde hem \u00f6nleyici hem de hakkaniyete uygun bir rol oynamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Anahtar Kelimeler<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7a Te\u015febb\u00fcs, TCK Madde 35, Su\u00e7a Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn \u015eartlar\u0131, Elveri\u015fli Fiil\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u00d6z\u00fc [Bu makalede, \u201cT\u00fcrk Ceza Yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda Su\u00e7a Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn \u0130ncelenmesi -\u00d6rnekler \u00dczerinden-\u201d hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 inceleme yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.] \u00a01.\u00a0Yasal D\u00fczenleme \u201cSu\u00e7a Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan TCK madde 35 h\u00fckm\u00fc, ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli kavramlardan biri olan te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00e2lini d\u00fczenler. \u0130lgili madde aynen: \u201cMadde 35- (1) Ki\u015fi, i\u015flemeyi kastetti\u011fi bir su\u00e7u elveri\u015fli hareketlerle do\u011frudan do\u011fruya icraya ba\u015flay\u0131p da elinde olmayan nedenlerle tamamlayamaz ise te\u015febb\u00fcsten dolay\u0131 sorumlu tutulur. (2) Su\u00e7a te\u015febb\u00fcs halinde fail, meydana gelen zarar veya tehlikenin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f m\u00fcebbet hapis cezas\u0131 yerine on \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ldan yirmi y\u0131la kadar, m\u00fcebbet hapis cezas\u0131 yerine dokuz y\u0131ldan on be\u015f y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Di\u011fer hallerde verilecek cezan\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birinden d\u00f6rtte \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcne kadar\u0131 indirilir.\u201d \u015feklindedir. 2.\u00a0Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcn \u015eartlar\u0131 Al\u0131nt\u0131lanan kanun h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn lafz\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131labildi\u011fi \u00fczere te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00e2linin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in su\u00e7un \u201ckas\u0131tl\u0131 i\u015flenebilen bir su\u00e7\u201d olmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Taksirli su\u00e7lara te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Ard\u0131ndan aranan kriter ise hareketin elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Son olarak, fail elveri\u015fli hareketlerle icraya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ancak elinde olmayan nedenlerle fiil tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Say\u0131lan \u015fartlar sa\u011flan\u0131yorsa fail su\u00e7a te\u015febb\u00fcsten sorumlu tutulacakt\u0131r. Netice olarak su\u00e7a te\u015febb\u00fcs h\u00e2linde faile, su\u00e7un tamamlanm\u0131\u015f h\u00e2line kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen cezadan indirim yap\u0131lmak suretiyle ceza verilir. Esasen te\u015febb\u00fcs ki\u015finin ceza sorumlulu\u011funu geni\u015fletir. 3.\u00a0Elveri\u015flilik Kriterinin \u0130ncelenmesi Kanun kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen \u201celveri\u015flilik\u201d unsurundan ne anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi izaha muhta\u00e7t\u0131r. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-57565","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n