\u0130tiraz Konusu Kural<\/p>\n
\u0130tiraz konusu kuralda, davada iki taraftan her birinin k\u0131smen hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 durumunda mahkemenin yarg\u0131lama giderlerini taraflar\u0131n hakl\u0131l\u0131k oran\u0131na g\u00f6re payla\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvuru Gerek\u00e7esi<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; manevi tazminat davalar\u0131nda davac\u0131ya hangi tutarda tazminat\u0131n \u00f6denece\u011fini belirleme konusunda h\u00e2kimin takdir yetkisinin bulundu\u011fu, bu nedenle davan\u0131n k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcne karar verilmesi durumunda ki\u015filik hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fi tespit edilen davac\u0131n\u0131n kural uyar\u0131nca yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sorumlu tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015finin maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruma ve geli\u015ftirme hakk\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kural\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ile hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de ihlal etti\u011fi, manevi tazminat\u0131n hesaplanma y\u00f6nteminin mevcut olmamas\u0131 nedeniyle manevi tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131smen reddedilmesinde davac\u0131ya atfedilebilecek bir kusurun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcne karar verilen manevi tazminat davas\u0131nda davac\u0131n\u0131n vek\u00e2let \u00fccreti \u00f6demek zorunda kalmas\u0131n\u0131n hakkaniyet ilkesiyle \u00e7eli\u015fti\u011fi, ayr\u0131ca kuralla hukuk devleti ilkesi ile devletin temel ama\u00e7 ve g\u00f6revlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00f6zel hayata sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmesini isteme hakk\u0131n\u0131n da ihlal edildi\u011fi belirtilerek kural\u0131n \u201cmanevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Mahkemenin De\u011ferlendirmesi<\/p>\n
\u0130ki taraftan her birinin k\u0131smen hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 davalarda yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin taraflar\u0131n hakl\u0131l\u0131k oran\u0131na g\u00f6re payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flayan dava konusu kural uyar\u0131nca, manevi tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131smen reddedilmesi h\u00e2linde davay\u0131 a\u00e7an ki\u015finin yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sorumlu tutulmas\u0131 bu ki\u015fi \u00fczerinde olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bask\u0131 nedeniyle mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesine g\u00f6re temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere s\u0131n\u0131rlama getiren d\u00fczenlemelerin kanunla yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu ba\u011flamda, yap\u0131lacak kanuni d\u00fczenlemelerin \u015feklen var olmas\u0131 yeterli olmay\u0131p kurallar\u0131n keyf\u00eeli\u011fe izin vermeyecek \u015fekilde belirli ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir nitelikte olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
\u0130tiraz konusu kural uyar\u0131nca manevi tazminat davas\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm verildikten sonra taraflar aras\u0131nda hangi giderlerin ne \u015fekilde payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 belirlidir.<\/p>\n
Bununla birlikte Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde s\u0131n\u0131rlama \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc olarak belirtilen kanunilik insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131l\u0131 hukuk devleti ilkesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmden sonra yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lma y\u00f6nteminin belirli olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde davay\u0131 a\u00e7acak ki\u015finin talebinin mahkemece haks\u0131z olarak nitelendirilecek k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilmesinin \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu itibarla mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan manevi tazminat talebinin hangi oranda hakl\u0131 kabul edilece\u011finin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da kanunilik \u015fart\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda incelenmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk hukukunda ilgili yasal d\u00fczenlemelerde manevi tazminat olarak \u00f6denece\u011fi ifade edilen uygun bir miktar ya da bir miktar paran\u0131n belirlenmesine y\u00f6nelik herhangi bir hesaplama y\u00f6ntemi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle manevi tazminat olarak \u00f6denecek tutar\u0131n matematiksel olarak hesaplanmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Bu ba\u011flamda davac\u0131ya \u00f6denecek manevi tazminat\u0131n tutar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi h\u00e2kimin takdir yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda kalmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla manevi tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7acak ki\u015fiden davan\u0131n sonunda tazminat olarak h\u00fckmedilecek tutar\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilmesi beklenemez. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle manevi tazminat davas\u0131nda davac\u0131n\u0131n mahkemeye y\u00f6neltti\u011fi talebin hangi oranda hakl\u0131 bulunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilmesi ilke olarak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Manevi tazminat olarak \u00f6denecek tutar\u0131n belirlenmesinde h\u00e2kimin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir takdir yetkisine sahip olmamas\u0131 ve manevi tazminat davalar\u0131nda sa\u011flanacak i\u00e7tihat istikrar\u0131 da davac\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden s\u00f6z konusu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemez durumu ortadan kald\u0131rmamaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan manevi tazminat tutar\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcresince dosyaya giren bilgi ve belgelerle belirli h\u00e2le gelmesine de imk\u00e2n bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Manevi tazminat davas\u0131nda talebini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck belirlemesi durumunda hak kayb\u0131 ya\u015fayabilecek olan, ayr\u0131ca h\u00e2kimin takdirine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak talebinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilmemesi durumunda kural uyar\u0131nca yarg\u0131lama giderlerinden sorumlu tutulmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan ki\u015filerin temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere ili\u015fkin anayasal g\u00fcvencelere uygun \u015fekilde mahkemeye eri\u015febildi\u011finden s\u00f6z edilemez.<\/p>\n
Bu itibarla miktar belirtmek suretiyle manevi tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7acak ki\u015finin h\u00e2kimin h\u00fckmedece\u011fi tazminat tutar\u0131n\u0131, ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle davan\u0131n sonunda talebinin hangi oranda hakl\u0131 bulunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tazminat miktar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2kimin takdirine g\u00f6re belirlendi\u011fi davalara ili\u015fkin yarg\u0131lama giderleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan herhangi bir \u00f6zel d\u00fczenlemenin de bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde kuralla mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n \u201cmanevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden kanunilik \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Anayasa Mahkemesi a\u00e7\u0131klanan gerek\u00e7elerle kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa ve iptaline karar vermi\u015ftir.\u00a0<\/p>\n
——<\/p>\n
ANAYASA MAHKEMES\u0130 KARARI<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
Esas Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2024\/29<\/p>\n
Karar Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2024\/226<\/p>\n
Karar Tarihi : 25\/12\/2024<\/p>\n
R.G.Tarih-Say\u0131 : 14\/3\/2025-32841<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u0130T\u0130RAZ YOLUNA BA\u015eVURANLAR: <\/p>\n
1. \u0130zmir 2. Asliye Ticaret Mahkemesi (E.2024\/29)<\/p>\n
2. Trabzon B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi 4. Hukuk Dairesi (E.2024\/58)<\/p>\n
\u0130T\u0130RAZLARIN KONUSU: 12\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 326. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u201cmanevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 ile 2., 5., 12., 13., 17., 20., 35. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek iptaline ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn durdurulmas\u0131na karar verilmesi talebidir.<\/p>\n
OLAY: Manevi tazminat talebiyle a\u00e7\u0131lan davalarda itiraz konusu kural\u0131n \u201cmanevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varan Mahkemeler, iptali ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn durdurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
I. \u0130PTAL\u0130 \u0130STENEN KANUN H\u00dcKM\u00dc<\/p>\n
Kanun\u2019un itiraz konusu kural\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 326. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u201cYarg\u0131lama giderlerinden sorumluluk <\/p>\n
MADDE 326- (1) Kanunda yaz\u0131l\u0131 h\u00e2ller d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin, aleyhine h\u00fck\u00fcm verilen taraftan al\u0131nmas\u0131na karar verilir. <\/p>\n
\u00a0(2) Davada iki taraftan her biri k\u0131smen hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karsa, mahkeme, yarg\u0131lama giderlerini taraflar\u0131n hakl\u0131l\u0131k oran\u0131na g\u00f6re payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\u00a0(3) Aleyhine h\u00fck\u00fcm verilenler birden fazla ise mahkeme yarg\u0131lama giderlerini, bunlar aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131rabilece\u011fi gibi, m\u00fcteselsilen sorumlu tutulmalar\u0131na da karar verebilir.\u201d<\/p>\n
II. \u0130LK \u0130NCELEME<\/p>\n
E. 2024\/29 Say\u0131l\u0131 Ba\u015fvuru Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden<\/p>\n
1. Anayasa Mahkemesi \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca Z\u00fcht\u00fc ARSLAN, Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN, Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA, Engin YILDIRIM, M. Emin KUZ, R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7, Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ, Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU, Selahaddin MENTE\u015e, Basri BA\u011eCI, \u0130rfan F\u0130DAN, Kenan YA\u015eAR ve Muhterem \u0130NCE\u2019nin kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla 1\/2\/2024 tarihinde yap\u0131lan ilk inceleme toplant\u0131s\u0131nda dosyada eksiklik bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan i\u015fin esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
E. 2024\/58 Say\u0131l\u0131 Ba\u015fvuru Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden<\/p>\n
2. An\u0131lan \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN, Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA, Engin YILDIRIM, R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7, Recai AKYEL, Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ, Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU, Selahaddin MENTE\u015e, Basri BA\u011eCI, \u0130rfan F\u0130DAN, Kenan YA\u015eAR, Muhterem \u0130NCE ve Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L\u2019in kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla 14\/3\/2024 tarihinde yap\u0131lan ilk inceleme toplant\u0131s\u0131nda dosyada eksiklik bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan i\u015fin esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
III. B\u0130RLE\u015eT\u0130RME KARARI<\/p>\n
3. 12\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 326. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u201cmanevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden iptaline karar verilmesi talebiyle yap\u0131lan itiraz ba\u015fvurusuna ili\u015fkin E.2024\/58 say\u0131l\u0131 davan\u0131n, aralar\u0131ndaki hukuki irtibat nedeniyle E.2024\/29 say\u0131l\u0131 dava ile B\u0130RLE\u015eT\u0130R\u0130LMES\u0130NE, esas\u0131n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131na, esas incelemenin E.2024\/29 say\u0131l\u0131 dosya \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine 14\/3\/2024 tarihinde OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
IV. Y\u00dcR\u00dcRL\u00dc\u011e\u00dcN DURDURULMASI TALEB\u0130<\/p>\n
4. E.2024\/58 say\u0131l\u0131 davaya ili\u015fkin ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda, itiraz konusu kural\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn durdurulmas\u0131na karar verilmesi talep edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
12\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 326. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u201cmanevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn durdurulmas\u0131 talebinin 30\/3\/2011 tarihli ve 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 40. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince y\u00f6ntemine uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan REDD\u0130NE 14\/3\/2024 tarihinde OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
V. ESASIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130<\/p>\n
5. Ba\u015fvuru kararlar\u0131 ve ekleri, Raport\u00f6r Onur MERCAN taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan i\u015fin esas\u0131na ili\u015fkin rapor, itiraz konusu kanun h\u00fckm\u00fc, dayan\u0131lan Anayasa kurallar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n gerek\u00e7eleri ile di\u011fer yasama belgeleri okunup incelendikten sonra gere\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcp d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc:<\/p>\n
A. Genel A\u00e7\u0131klama<\/p>\n
6. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 17. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve geli\u015ftirilmesi hakk\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. An\u0131lan maddeye ili\u015fkin Dan\u0131\u015fma Meclisinin kabul etti\u011fi metnin gerek\u00e7esinde temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin an\u0131lan maddeden itibaren \u00f6nem dereceleri g\u00f6zetilmek suretiyle d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
7. \u00d6te yandan Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 5. maddesinde insan\u0131n manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in gerekli \u015fartlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak devletin temel ama\u00e7 ve g\u00f6revleri aras\u0131nda say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
8. S\u00f6z konusu anayasal h\u00fck\u00fcmlerde anayasa koyucunun manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve geli\u015ftirilmesine verdi\u011fi \u00f6nem a\u00e7\u0131k \u015fekilde ortaya konulmu\u015ftur. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle an\u0131lan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerde ki\u015finin manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na anayasal a\u00e7\u0131dan verilen de\u011fer vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
9. Bu ba\u011flamda ki\u015finin manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n anayasal \u00f6nemi g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmak suretiyle farkl\u0131 nedenlerle u\u011fran\u0131lan manevi zararlar\u0131n giderilmesine y\u00f6nelik yasal d\u00fczenlemeler \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
10. Bu kapsamda 22\/11\/2001 tarihli ve 4721 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 26. maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda ad\u0131 haks\u0131z olarak kullan\u0131lan ki\u015finin buna son verilmesini, haks\u0131z kullanan kusurlu ise ayr\u0131ca maddi zarar\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesini ve u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n niteli\u011fi gerektiriyorsa manevi tazminat \u00f6denmesini talep edebilece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
11. 4721 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 121. maddesinde ise ni\u015fan\u0131n bozulmas\u0131 nedeniyle ki\u015filik hakk\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan taraf\u0131n kusurlu olan di\u011fer taraftan manevi tazminat olarak uygun miktarda bir para \u00f6denmesini talep edebilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
12. An\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 174. maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda da bo\u015fanmaya sebep olan olaylar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ki\u015filik hakk\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan taraf\u0131n kusurlu olan di\u011fer taraftan manevi tazminat olarak uygun miktarda bir para \u00f6denmesini talep edebilece\u011fi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
13. 11\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 56. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda h\u00e2kimin bir kimsenin bedensel b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn zedelenmesi durumunda olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmak suretiyle zarar g\u00f6rene uygun bir miktar paran\u0131n manevi tazminat olarak \u00f6denmesine karar verebilece\u011fi, ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise a\u011f\u0131r bedensel zarar veya \u00f6l\u00fcm h\u00e2linde zarar g\u00f6renin ya da \u00f6lenin yak\u0131nlar\u0131na da manevi tazminat olarak uygun bir miktar paran\u0131n \u00f6denmesine karar verilebilece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
14. 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 58. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda da ki\u015filik hakk\u0131n\u0131n zedelenmesinden zarar g\u00f6renin u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 manevi zarara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k manevi tazminat ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir miktar para \u00f6denmesini talep edebilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
15. An\u0131lan d\u00fczenlemelerde manevi zarara u\u011frayan ki\u015filere bu zarara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k manevi tazminat ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir miktar para talep etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla birlikte belirli manevi zararlar\u0131n tazminat \u00f6denmesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda di\u011fer bir giderim bi\u00e7imiyle giderilmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Nitekim s\u00f6z konusu maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda h\u00e2kimin manevi tazminat\u0131n \u00f6denmesi yerine di\u011fer bir giderim bi\u00e7imi kararla\u015ft\u0131rabilece\u011fi veya bu tazminata ekleyebilece\u011fi, \u00f6zellikle sald\u0131r\u0131y\u0131 k\u0131nayan bir karar verebilece\u011fi ve bu karar\u0131n yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131na h\u00fckmedebilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
16. Bu itibarla manevi tazminat davalar\u0131 esas itibar\u0131yla manevi zarara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bir miktar paran\u0131n \u00f6denmesi suretiyle manevi zarar\u0131n giderilmesine ili\u015fkin davalard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B. Anlam ve Kapsam<\/p>\n
17. 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 323. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda; ba\u015fvurma, karar ve ilam har\u00e7lar\u0131, dava nedeniyle yap\u0131lan tebli\u011f ve posta giderleri, dosya ve sair evrak giderleri, ge\u00e7ici hukuki koruma tedbirleri ile protesto, ihbar, ihtarname ve vek\u00e2letname d\u00fczenlenmesine ili\u015fkin giderler, ke\u015fif giderleri, tan\u0131k ile bilirki\u015fiye \u00f6denen \u00fccret ve giderler, resm\u00ee dairelerden al\u0131nan belgeler i\u00e7in \u00f6denen har\u00e7, vergi, \u00fccret ve sair giderler, vekille takip edilmeyen davalarda taraflar\u0131n haz\u0131r bulunduklar\u0131 g\u00fcnlere ait g\u00fcndelik, seyahat ve konaklama giderlerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k h\u00e2kimin takdir edece\u011fi miktar, vekili bulundu\u011fu h\u00e2lde mahkemece bizzat dinlenilmek, isticvap olunmak veya yemin etmek \u00fczere \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lan taraf i\u00e7in takdir edilecek g\u00fcndelik, yol ve konaklama giderleri, vekille takip edilen davalarda kanun gere\u011fince takdir olunacak vek\u00e2let \u00fccreti ve yarg\u0131lama s\u0131ras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan di\u011fer giderlerin yarg\u0131lama giderlerini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
18. An\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 297. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (\u00e7) bendinde yarg\u0131lama giderleri ile taraflardan al\u0131nan avans\u0131n harcanmayan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n iadesi h\u00fckm\u00fcn kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususlar aras\u0131nda say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
19. Kanun\u2019un 332. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda yarg\u0131lama giderlerine mahkemece resen h\u00fckmedilece\u011fi, (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda yarg\u0131lama gideri, tutar\u0131, hangi tarafa ve hangi oranda y\u00fckletildi\u011fi ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilece\u011fi, (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise h\u00fck\u00fcmden sonraki yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin hangi taraf\u00e7a \u00f6denece\u011fi, miktar\u0131 ve d\u00f6k\u00fcm\u00fc ile bu giderlerin hangi tarafa y\u00fckletilece\u011finin mahkemece ilam\u0131n alt\u0131na yaz\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
20. 326. maddenin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda Kanun\u2019da yaz\u0131l\u0131 h\u00e2ller d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin aleyhine h\u00fck\u00fcm verilen taraftan al\u0131nmas\u0131na karar verilece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu maddenin itiraz konusu (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise davada iki taraftan her birinin k\u0131smen hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 durumunda mahkemenin, yarg\u0131lama giderlerini taraflar\u0131n hakl\u0131l\u0131k oran\u0131na g\u00f6re payla\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kural \u201cmanevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
21. Bu itibarla kural uyar\u0131nca manevi tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcne karar verilen h\u00e2llerde yarg\u0131lama giderleri kabul-ret oran\u0131na g\u00f6re taraflar aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
C. \u0130tirazlar\u0131n Gerek\u00e7eleri<\/p>\n
22. Ba\u015fvuru kararlar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; manevi tazminat davalar\u0131nda davac\u0131ya hangi tutarda tazminat\u0131n \u00f6denece\u011fini belirleme konusunda h\u00e2kimin takdir yetkisinin bulundu\u011fu, bu nedenle davan\u0131n k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcne karar verilmesi durumunda ki\u015filik hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fi tespit edilen davac\u0131n\u0131n kural uyar\u0131nca yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sorumlu tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015finin maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruma ve geli\u015ftirme hakk\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kural\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ile hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de ihlal etti\u011fi, manevi tazminat\u0131n hesaplanma y\u00f6nteminin mevcut olmamas\u0131 nedeniyle manevi tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131smen reddedilmesinde davac\u0131ya atfedilebilecek bir kusurun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcne karar verilen manevi tazminat davas\u0131nda davac\u0131n\u0131n vek\u00e2let \u00fccreti \u00f6demek zorunda kalmas\u0131n\u0131n hakkaniyet ilkesiyle \u00e7eli\u015fti\u011fi, ayr\u0131ca kuralla hukuk devleti ilkesi ile devletin temel ama\u00e7 ve g\u00f6revlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00f6zel hayata sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmesini isteme hakk\u0131n\u0131n da ihlal edildi\u011fi belirtilerek kural\u0131n \u201cmanevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 ile 2., 5., 12., 13., 17., 20., 35. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\u00c7. Anayasa\u2019ya Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k Sorunu<\/p>\n
23. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n \u201cHak arama h\u00fcrriyeti\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 36. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cHerkes, me\u015fru vas\u0131ta ve yollardan faydalanmak suretiyle yarg\u0131 mercileri \u00f6n\u00fcnde davac\u0131 veya daval\u0131 olarak iddia ve savunma ile adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131na sahiptir.\u201d denilmektedir. Maddeyle g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kendisi bir temel hak niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda di\u011fer temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerden gereken \u015fekilde yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan en etkili g\u00fcvencelerden biridir (AYM, E.2021\/9, K.2022\/4, 26\/1\/2022, \u00a7 28).<\/p>\n
24. Hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn temel unsurlar\u0131ndan biri mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131d\u0131r. Mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131, hukuki bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu konuda karar verme yetkisine sahip bir mahkeme \u00f6n\u00fcne g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesi hakk\u0131n\u0131 da kapsar. Ki\u015finin u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa veya zarara kar\u015f\u0131 kendisini savunabilmesinin ya da maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 haks\u0131z bir uygulama veya i\u015fleme kar\u015f\u0131 hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcp kan\u0131tlayabilmesinin, zarar\u0131n\u0131 giderebilmesinin en etkili ve g\u00fcvenceli yolu yarg\u0131 mercileri \u00f6n\u00fcnde dava hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilmesidir (AYM, E.2021\/20, K.2022\/84, 30\/6\/2022, \u00a7 10).<\/p>\n
25. Kuralda iki taraftan her birinin k\u0131smen hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 davalarda yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin taraflar\u0131n hakl\u0131l\u0131k oran\u0131na g\u00f6re payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kural \u201cmanevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
26. Kural uyar\u0131nca manevi tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131smen reddedilmesi h\u00e2linde davay\u0131 a\u00e7an ki\u015finin yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sorumlu tutulmas\u0131 bu ki\u015fi \u00fczerinde olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bask\u0131 nedeniyle mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r (benzer y\u00f6ndeki de\u011ferlendirmeler i\u00e7in bkz. AYM, E.2021\/107, K.2022\/109, 28\/9\/2022, \u00a7 36; Abdullah Karata\u015f, B. No: 2019\/4150, 3\/2\/2022, \u00a7 29).<\/p>\n
27. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde \u201cTemel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetler, \u00f6zlerine dokunulmaks\u0131z\u0131n yaln\u0131zca Anayasan\u0131n ilgili maddelerinde belirtilen sebeplere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ve ancak kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, Anayasan\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne ve ruhuna, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin ve l\u00e2ik Cumhuriyetin gereklerine ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamaz.\u201d denilmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama getiren d\u00fczenlemelerin kanunla yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
28. Bu kapsamda mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamaya y\u00f6nelik bir kanuni d\u00fczenlemenin \u015feklen var olmas\u0131 yeterli olmay\u0131p kurallar\u0131n keyf\u00eeli\u011fe izin vermeyecek \u015fekilde belirli ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir nitelikte olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
29. Esasen temel haklar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan kanunun bu niteliklere sahip olmas\u0131 Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesinde g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nan hukuk devleti ilkesinin de bir gere\u011fidir. Hukuk devletinde, kanuni d\u00fczenlemelerin hem ki\u015filer hem de idare y\u00f6n\u00fcnden herhangi bir duraksamaya ve ku\u015fkuya yer vermeyecek \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131k, net, anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r, uygulanabilir ve nesnel olmas\u0131, ayr\u0131ca kamu otoritelerinin keyf\u00ee uygulamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koruyucu \u00f6nlem i\u00e7ermesi gerekir. Kanunda bulunmas\u0131 gereken bu nitelikler hukuki g\u00fcvenli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da zorunludur. Zira bu ilke hukuk normlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir olmas\u0131n\u0131, bireylerin t\u00fcm eylem ve i\u015flemlerinde devlete g\u00fcven duyabilmesini, devletin de yasal d\u00fczenlemelerinde bu g\u00fcven duygusunu zedeleyici y\u00f6ntemlerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli k\u0131lar (AYM, E.2015\/41, K.2017\/98, 4\/5\/2017, \u00a7\u00a7 153, 154). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde s\u0131n\u0131rlama \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc olarak belirtilen kanunilik, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesinde g\u00fcvenceye ba\u011flanan hukuk devleti ilkesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yorumlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
30. Yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin kapsam\u0131 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 323. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kural uyar\u0131nca taraflar aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacak giderler y\u00f6n\u00fcnden herhangi bir belirsizlik bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
31. \u00d6te yandan kuralda iki taraftan her birinin k\u0131smen hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 davalarda yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin taraflar aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin olarak h\u00e2kime takdir yetkisi tan\u0131nmaks\u0131z\u0131n taraflar\u0131n haks\u0131z \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131klar\u0131 oranda yarg\u0131lama giderlerinden sorumlu tutulmalar\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
32. Nitekim kural\u0131n gerek\u00e7esinde de m\u00fclga 18\/6\/1927 tarihli ve 1086 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Usul\u00fc Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 417. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinde davan\u0131n k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcne k\u0131smen reddine karar verilmesi durumunda yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 hususunda h\u00e2kime takdir yetkisi tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen yeni d\u00fczenlemede ise taraflar\u0131n hakl\u0131l\u0131k oranlar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131narak an\u0131lan giderlerin payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 esas\u0131n\u0131n benimsendi\u011fi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla h\u00e2kimin taraflar\u0131n hakl\u0131l\u0131k oranlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc dikkate almak suretiyle takdir yetkisi kullanamayaca\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
33. Bu ba\u011flamda miktar belirtilmek suretiyle a\u00e7\u0131lan manevi tazminat davas\u0131nda taraflar\u0131n hakl\u0131l\u0131k oranlar\u0131 talep edilen miktar\u0131n kabul ve ret edilen k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00fczerinden belirlenmektedir. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle manevi tazminat davas\u0131nda tazmin edilmesi gereken manevi bir zarar bulunmas\u0131 tek ba\u015f\u0131na davac\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcyle hakl\u0131 kabul edilmesi sonucunu do\u011furmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
34. Nitekim Yarg\u0131tay uygulamas\u0131nda manevi tazminat davalar\u0131nda yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin talep edilen tutara ili\u015fkin kabul-ret oran\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmak suretiyle taraflar aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi kabul edilmektedir (Yarg\u0131tay 4. Hukuk Dairesi, E.2022\/1144, K.2024\/5727, 5\/6\/2024).<\/p>\n
35. Buna g\u00f6re manevi tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcne karar verilmesi durumunda yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin kabul-ret oran\u0131na g\u00f6re taraflar aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de herhangi bir belirsizli\u011fin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle manevi tazminat davas\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcm verildikten sonra taraflar aras\u0131nda hangi giderlerin ne \u015fekilde payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 belirlidir.<\/p>\n
36. Bununla birlikte Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde s\u0131n\u0131rlama \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc olarak belirtilen kanunilik insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131l\u0131 hukuk devleti ilkesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmden sonra yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lma y\u00f6nteminin belirli olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesinde davay\u0131 a\u00e7acak ki\u015finin talebinin mahkemece haks\u0131z olarak nitelendirilecek k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilmesinin \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
37. Bu itibarla mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan manevi tazminat talebinin hangi oranda hakl\u0131 kabul edilece\u011finin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da kanunilik \u015fart\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda incelenmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
38. Mal ve hizmetlerin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmesinde, de\u011ferler ile servetlerin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesinde kullan\u0131lan elveri\u015fli bir ara\u00e7 olan paradan manevi zararlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131nda da yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r (bu y\u00f6ndeki de\u011ferlendirmeler i\u00e7in bkz. AYM, E.1968\/33, K.1969\/12, 11\/2\/1969). Bununla birlikte T\u00fcrk hukukunda ilgili yasal d\u00fczenlemelerde manevi tazminat olarak \u00f6denece\u011fi ifade edilen uygun bir miktar ya da bir miktar paran\u0131n belirlenmesine y\u00f6nelik herhangi bir hesaplama y\u00f6ntemi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle manevi tazminat olarak \u00f6denecek tutar\u0131n matematiksel olarak hesaplanmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
39. Bu ba\u011flamda davac\u0131ya \u00f6denecek manevi tazminat\u0131n tutar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi h\u00e2kimin takdir yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda kalmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla manevi tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7acak ki\u015fiden davan\u0131n sonunda tazminat olarak h\u00fckmedilecek tutar\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilmesi beklenemez. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle manevi tazminat davas\u0131nda davac\u0131n\u0131n mahkemeye y\u00f6neltti\u011fi talebin hangi oranda hakl\u0131 bulunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilmesi ilke olarak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
40. Manevi tazminat olarak \u00f6denecek tutar\u0131n belirlenmesinde h\u00e2kimin s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir takdir yetkisine sahip olmamas\u0131 ve manevi tazminat davalar\u0131nda sa\u011flanacak i\u00e7tihat istikrar\u0131 da davac\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden s\u00f6z konusu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemez durumu ortadan kald\u0131rmamaktad\u0131r. Nitekim davac\u0131, h\u00e2kim taraf\u0131ndan h\u00fckmedilen tutar\u0131n az da olsa \u00fczerinde bir tazminat talep etmi\u015f olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde kural uyar\u0131nca yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sorumlu tutulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
41. Di\u011fer yandan manevi tazminat tutar\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcresince dosyaya giren bilgi ve belgelerle belirli h\u00e2le gelmesine de imk\u00e2n bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Nitekim manevi tazminat tutar\u0131n\u0131n belirli olmamas\u0131 bu tutar\u0131n hesaplanma y\u00f6nteminin bulunmamas\u0131ndan, ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle h\u00e2kimin takdir etti\u011fi bir tutar olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
42. Manevi tazminat davas\u0131nda davac\u0131n\u0131n hak kayb\u0131 ya\u015famamak ad\u0131na talep edece\u011fi tazminat miktar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcksek \u015fekilde belirlemeye ili\u015fkin bir bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda kalabilece\u011fi ku\u015fkusuzdur. Di\u011fer yandan davac\u0131n\u0131n talebinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilmemesi durumunda kural gere\u011fince yarg\u0131lama giderlerinden sorumlu tutulmas\u0131 talebin belirlenmesinde davac\u0131 \u00fczerinde bask\u0131 olu\u015fturan bir di\u011fer husustur.<\/p>\n
43. Buna g\u00f6re manevi tazminat davas\u0131nda talebini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck belirlemesi durumunda hak kayb\u0131 ya\u015fayabilecek olan ayr\u0131ca h\u00e2kimin takdirine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak talebinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilmemesi durumunda kural uyar\u0131nca yarg\u0131lama giderlerinden sorumlu tutulmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan ki\u015filerin temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere ili\u015fkin anayasal g\u00fcvencelere uygun \u015fekilde mahkemeye eri\u015febildi\u011finden s\u00f6z edilemez.<\/p>\n
44. \u00d6te yandan manevi tazminat talebiyle a\u00e7\u0131lacak davalarda talep edilenden d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir tazminata h\u00fckmedilse dahi davac\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lama giderlerinden sorumlu tutulmamas\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda mahkemelere temelsiz talepler y\u00f6neltilece\u011fi, ayr\u0131ca gereksiz yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin yap\u0131labilece\u011fi ve bu durumun yarg\u0131laman\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015finin bozulmas\u0131na sebebiyet verebilece\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
45. Nitekim 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un \u201cD\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kural\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k sebebiyle yarg\u0131lama giderlerinden sorumluluk\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 327. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda gereksiz yere davan\u0131n uzamas\u0131na veya gider yap\u0131lmas\u0131na sebebiyet vermi\u015f olan taraf\u0131n davada lehine karar verilmi\u015f olsa dahi karar ve ilam harc\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 veya bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demeye mahk\u00fbm edilebilece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla davac\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcresince gereksiz giderler yap\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek nitelikte bir d\u00fczenlemenin bulundu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
46. Bu itibarla miktar belirtmek suretiyle manevi tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7acak ki\u015finin h\u00e2kimin h\u00fckmedece\u011fi tazminat tutar\u0131n\u0131, ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle davan\u0131n sonunda talebinin hangi oranda hakl\u0131 bulunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve tazminat miktar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2kimin takdirine g\u00f6re belirlendi\u011fi davalara ili\u015fkin yarg\u0131lama giderleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan herhangi bir \u00f6zel d\u00fczenlemenin de bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde kuralla mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n \u201cmanevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden kanunilik \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
47. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenle kural, \u201cmanevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ptali gerekir.<\/p>\n
Basri BA\u011eCI, \u0130rfan F\u0130DAN, Kenan YA\u015eAR, Muhterem \u0130NCE, Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L ve \u00d6mer \u00c7INAR bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kural Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclerek iptal edildi\u011finden ayr\u0131ca Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 ile 2., 5., 12., 17., 20. ve 35. maddeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden incelenmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
VI. \u0130PTAL KARARININ Y\u00dcR\u00dcRL\u00dc\u011eE G\u0130RECE\u011e\u0130 G\u00dcN SORUNU<\/p>\n
48. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 153. maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cKanun, Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararnamesi veya T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ya da bunlar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, iptal kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazetede yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihte y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kalkar. Gereken hallerde Anayasa Mahkemesi iptal h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girece\u011fi tarihi ayr\u0131ca kararla\u015ft\u0131rabilir. Bu tarih, karar\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazetede yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnden ba\u015flayarak bir y\u0131l\u0131 ge\u00e7emez.\u201d denilmekte, 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 66. maddesinin (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda da bu kural tekrarlanmak suretiyle Anayasa Mahkemesinin gerekli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00e2llerde Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnden ba\u015flayarak iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girece\u011fi tarihi bir y\u0131l\u0131 ge\u00e7memek \u00fczere ayr\u0131ca kararla\u015ft\u0131rabilece\u011fi belirtilmektedir.<\/p>\n
49. 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 326. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u201cmanevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden iptal edilmesi nedeniyle do\u011facak hukuksal bo\u015fluk kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 ihlal edecek nitelikte g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 153. maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131yla 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 66. maddesinin (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince iptal h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn karar\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak dokuz ay sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
VII. H\u00dcK\u00dcM<\/p>\n
12\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 326. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u201cmanevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa ve \u0130PTAL\u0130NE, Basri BA\u011eCI, \u0130rfan F\u0130DAN, Kenan YA\u015eAR, Muhterem \u0130NCE, Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L ile \u00d6mer \u00c7INAR\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131oylar\u0131 ve OY\u00c7OKLU\u011eUYLA, iptal h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 153. maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131 ile 30\/3\/2011 tarihli ve 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 66. maddesinin (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince KARARIN RESM\u00ce GAZETE\u2019DE YAYIMLANMASINDAN BA\u015eLAYARAK DOKUZ AY SONRA Y\u00dcR\u00dcRL\u00dc\u011eE G\u0130RMES\u0130NE OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE 25\/12\/2024 tarihinde karar verildi.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkan<\/p>\n
Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Basri BA\u011eCI<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Engin YILDIRIM<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Selahaddin MENTE\u015e<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u0130rfan F\u0130DAN<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Kenan YA\u015eAR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Muhterem \u0130NCE<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u00d6mer \u00c7INAR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Metin KIRATLI<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
KAR\u015eI OY GEREK\u00c7ES\u0130<\/p>\n
1. Mahkememiz 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 326. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u201cmanevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esi ile oy \u00e7oklu\u011fuyla iptaline karar vermi\u015ftir. \u0130ptale ili\u015fkin bu karara a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle kat\u0131lma imk\u00e2n\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2. \u0130tiraz konusu kural; \u201cDavada iki taraftan her biri k\u0131smen hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karsa, mahkeme, yarg\u0131lama giderlerini taraflar\u0131n hakl\u0131l\u0131k oran\u0131na g\u00f6re payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r\u201d \u015feklinde olup, kural gere\u011fince konusu para olan manevi tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcne karar verilen h\u00e2llerde yarg\u0131lama giderleri hakl\u0131l\u0131k oran\u0131na g\u00f6re taraflar aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
3. Mahkememizin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu miktar belirtmek suretiyle manevi tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7acak ki\u015finin h\u00e2kimin h\u00fckmedece\u011fi tazminat\u0131n tutar\u0131n\u0131, ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle davan\u0131n sonunda talebinin hangi oranda hakl\u0131 bulunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tam olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde kuralla mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n \u201ckonusu para olan manevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden kanunilik \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve kural\u0131n iptaline karar vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
4. Manevi tazminat, bir ki\u015finin onuruna, \u015ferefine, ki\u015filik haklar\u0131na veya duygusal durumuna zarar veren bir eylem veya durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, bu zararlar\u0131n tazmin edilmesi amac\u0131yla talep edilen bir bedeldir. Manevi tazminat\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi, \u015fahs\u0131n ki\u015filik haklar\u0131n\u0131n ihlali sonucu u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ac\u0131, \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fc, psikolojik ve duygusal zararlar\u0131n giderilmesidir. Bu zararlar, maddi bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclemeyecek kadar soyut ve manevi olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, yine de bu zararlar\u0131n telafi edilmesi gerekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle manevi tazminat talep edilebilir. \u00d6zetle, manevi tazminat ile maddi olarak kar\u015f\u0131lanamayacak zararlar\u0131n bir nebze de olsa giderilmesi hedeflenir.<\/p>\n
5. Mahkeme \u00e7o\u011funluk karar\u0131nda, kural ile taraflar\u0131n hakl\u0131l\u0131k oranlar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131narak an\u0131lan giderlerin payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 esas\u0131n\u0131n benimsendi\u011fi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla h\u00e2kimin taraflar\u0131n hakl\u0131l\u0131k oranlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc dikkate almak suretiyle takdir yetkisi kullanamayaca\u011f\u0131 ifade edilmi\u015f, (\u00a7 32) ayr\u0131ca davac\u0131ya \u00f6denecek manevi tazminat\u0131n tutar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi h\u00e2kimin takdir yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla manevi tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7acak ki\u015fiden davan\u0131n sonunda tazminat olarak h\u00fckmedilecek tutar\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilmesinin beklenemeyece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir (\u00a7 39).<\/p>\n
6. Ne var ki manevi tazminat\u0131n miktar\u0131 konusunda belirsizlik her iki taraf i\u00e7in de s\u00f6z konusudur. Manevi tazminat talebinde bulunan ki\u015fi (davac\u0131), genellikle kendisine yap\u0131lan haks\u0131zl\u0131k nedeniyle u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 psikolojik, duygusal ve onursal zarar\u0131n tam olarak ne kadar oldu\u011funu \u00f6l\u00e7me veya tahmin etme konusunda kesin bir bilgiye sahip olamaz.<\/p>\n
7. Benzer \u015fekilde, daval\u0131 da tazminat miktar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nceden \u00f6ng\u00f6remez. Daval\u0131, davac\u0131n\u0131n davaya konu haks\u0131z fiilden ne kadar etkilendi\u011fini kestiremeyebilir.<\/p>\n
8. \u00a0Ancak, davac\u0131n\u0131n bu konuda daval\u0131ya k\u0131yasla daha fazla bilgiye sahip olabilece\u011fi bir ger\u00e7eklik de vard\u0131r. Davac\u0131, kendisine yap\u0131lan haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011frudan etkilerini ve ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 duygusal ac\u0131y\u0131 daha iyi hissedebilir. Bu ba\u011flamda, davac\u0131 ne kadar bir manevi tazminat talep etmesi gerekti\u011fini daha iyi de\u011ferlendirebilir \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ac\u0131, stres ve duygusal travma, do\u011frudan kendisini ilgilendirir.<\/p>\n
9. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 36. maddesinde mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131 i\u00e7in herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama nedeni \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f olmakla birlikte \u00f6zel s\u0131n\u0131rlama nedeni belirtilmemi\u015f haklar\u0131n da hakk\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan baz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir. \u00d6te yandan Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fka maddelerinde yer alan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler ile devlete y\u00fcklenen \u00f6devler, \u00f6zel s\u0131n\u0131rlama sebebi g\u00f6sterilmemi\u015f hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere s\u0131n\u0131r te\u015fkil edebilir. (AYM, E.2023\/101, K.2023\/207, 30\/11\/2023, \u00a7 27)<\/p>\n
10. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 142. maddesinde \u201cMahkemelerin kurulu\u015fu, g\u00f6rev ve yetkileri, i\u015fleyi\u015fi ve yarg\u0131lama usulleri kanunla d\u00fczenlenir.\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcne yer verilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re usul kanunlar\u0131n\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya uygun olmak \u015fart\u0131yla d\u00fczenlenmesi hususu kanun koyucunun takdirine b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kanun koyucu takdir yetkisini kullan\u0131rken Anayasa\u2019daki kurallara, \u00f6zellikle de hukuk devleti ilkesine ve adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131na uygun hareket etmelidir (AYM, E.2014\/164, K.2015\/12, 14\/1\/2015).<\/p>\n
11. \u0130tiraz konusu kural, kanun koyucunun takdir yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda olup davalar\u0131n h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi ve sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kamu yarar\u0131 amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
12. Genel olarak gereksiz ba\u015fvurular\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi suretiyle dava say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve mahkemelerin ve icra dairelerinin gereksiz yere me\u015fgul edilmeksizin uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n makul s\u00fcrede bitirilebilmesi amac\u0131yla belirli y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin kapsam\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek kanun koyucunun takdir yetkisi i\u00e7indedir. \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler dava a\u00e7may\u0131 ya da mahkeme h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn icras\u0131n\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z k\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a ya da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede zorla\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131k\u00e7a mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez (Serkan Acar, B. No: 2013\/1613, 2\/10\/2013, \u00a7 39).<\/p>\n
13. Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesinin 36533\/04 ba\u015fvuru numaral\u0131 Mesuto\u011flu\/ T\u00fcrkiye karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131n mutlak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, baz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamalara tabi olabildi\u011fi, bununla birlikte, getirilen k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131n, hakk\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc ortadan kald\u0131racak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde, ki\u015finin mahkemeye eri\u015fimini engellememesi gerekti\u011fi, mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na getirilen bu t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n ancak me\u015fru bir ama\u00e7 g\u00fcd\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc takdirde ve hedeflenen ama\u00e7 ile ba\u015fvurulan ara\u00e7lar aras\u0131nda makul bir orant\u0131 olmas\u0131 halinde S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin 6\/1. maddesi ile ba\u011fda\u015fabilece\u011fi, bu ilkelerden hareketle, dava a\u00e7ma hakk\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal olarak yasayla belirlenen \u015fartlar\u0131 olmakla birlikte, mahkemelerin yarg\u0131lama usullerini uygularken bir yandan davan\u0131n hakkaniyetine halel getirecek kadar abart\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilcilikten, \u00f6te yandan kanunla \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olan usul \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kalkmas\u0131na neden olacak kadar a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir gev\u015feklikten ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtilmektedir.<\/p>\n
14. Kural\u0131n, yarg\u0131lama ve takip masraflar\u0131n\u0131n abart\u0131l\u0131, zorlama veya ciddiyetten yoksun taleplerin disipline edilmesi ve gereksiz ba\u015fvurular\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilerek mahkemeler ve icra dairelerinin me\u015fgul edilmesinin \u00f6nlenmesi amac\u0131na hizmet etti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
15. Manevi tazminat davalar\u0131nda, davac\u0131 taraf\u0131n adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131 ve mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131rken, daval\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131 da ayn\u0131 derecede dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131, davac\u0131ya hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc sa\u011flarken, daval\u0131 taraf\u0131n da haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcrecinin adaletli ve dengeli bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesini sa\u011flar.<\/p>\n
16. Davac\u0131, ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ma\u011fduriyet ve ac\u0131y\u0131 tazminat talebiyle telafi etmek isterken, daval\u0131 taraf\u0131n da haks\u0131z yere y\u00fcksek miktarda tazminat talep edilmesine kar\u015f\u0131 korunmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Daval\u0131, kendisine y\u00f6nelik as\u0131ls\u0131z veya orant\u0131s\u0131z taleplerin, onun haklar\u0131na zarar vermemesi i\u00e7in g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin taraflar aras\u0131nda hakl\u0131l\u0131k durumuna g\u00f6re payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, her iki taraf\u0131n da haklar\u0131n\u0131n dengeli bir bi\u00e7imde korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Kural ile daval\u0131 taraf yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcrecinde gereksiz masraflara veya temelsiz tazminat taleplerine kar\u015f\u0131 korunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
17. Manevi tazminat davalar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden kural\u0131n iptali ile yarg\u0131lama giderleri tamamen daval\u0131 tarafa y\u00fcklenme sonucu do\u011furacakt\u0131r. Bu durum ise davac\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek bir tazminat talebiyle dava a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fvik edebilir. B\u00f6yle bir durumda davac\u0131n\u0131n, tazminat talebinin ger\u00e7e\u011fe dayal\u0131 olmaktan \u00e7ok, daval\u0131ya mali y\u00fck bindirme amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 riskini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karacakt\u0131r. Daval\u0131, daha y\u00fcksek bir tazminat talebiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131rsa, do\u011fal olarak daha y\u00fcksek avukatl\u0131k \u00fccreti ve dava masraflar\u0131 ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalabilir. Bu da \u00f6zellikle daval\u0131n\u0131n maddi durumu zay\u0131fsa, ona ciddi bir ekonomik y\u00fck getirebilir. Daval\u0131, yaln\u0131zca savunmas\u0131n\u0131 yapmak i\u00e7in ciddi masraflar yapmak zorunda kalabilir.<\/p>\n
18. Manevi tazminat davalar\u0131 iki hususun tespitini i\u00e7erir. \u0130lk olarak, daval\u0131n\u0131n davac\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 haks\u0131z bir eyleminin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenir. Bu k\u0131s\u0131m, bir tespit davas\u0131 mahiyeti ta\u015f\u0131r ve mahkeme, daval\u0131n\u0131n davac\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 haks\u0131z bir fiil i\u015fleyip i\u015flemedi\u011fini, yani ki\u015filik haklar\u0131na zarar verilip verilmedi\u011fini belirler. Tespit hususu, davac\u0131n\u0131n zarar\u0131n hukuki dayana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyar.<\/p>\n
19. \u0130kinci husus ise, tazminat miktar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesidir. Bu a\u015fama, eda davas\u0131 mahiyeti ta\u015f\u0131r \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc belirli bir tazminat\u0131n \u00f6denmesi i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcm verilir. Tazminat miktar\u0131, davac\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 zarar\u0131n derecesi ve daval\u0131n\u0131n kusurunun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re belirlenir.<\/p>\n
20. Bu iki husus birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak sadece daval\u0131n\u0131n kusurunun tespitine odaklanarak, yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin yaln\u0131zca daval\u0131ya y\u00fcklenmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine yol a\u00e7mamal\u0131d\u0131r. Tespit davalar\u0131nda davac\u0131 lehine maktu vekalet \u00fccreti h\u00fckmedilirken, eda davalar\u0131nda vekalet \u00fccreti nispi olarak hesaplan\u0131r. Davan\u0131n k\u0131smi kabul\u00fc halinde daval\u0131 da k\u0131smi hakl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Buna ra\u011fmen, yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin sadece daval\u0131ya y\u00fcklenmesi, taraflar aras\u0131ndaki dengeyi bozacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
21. Hakimler, yarg\u0131lama giderleri konusunda takdir yetkisine sahip olmasalar da manevi tazminat miktar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemedeki takdir yetkileri ile adil olmayan bir sonucun do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek \u00f6nemli bir enstr\u00fcmana sahiptirler. Hakim tazminat miktar\u0131n\u0131 tespitte talebin tamam\u0131na ya da tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131na h\u00fckmederek taraflar aras\u0131nda adil bir denge sa\u011flayabilir.<\/p>\n
22. Mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131n ilk a\u015famas\u0131 davan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin y\u00fcksek olmamas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirir. As\u0131l cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k bu a\u015famada ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Buna ra\u011fmen Anayasa Mahkemesi 4.12.2024 tarihinde 2024\/6 E. Say\u0131l\u0131 itiraz ba\u015fvurusunda \u201cdaval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden davan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda dava de\u011ferine g\u00f6re nispi ba\u015fvuru harc\u0131 al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmi\u015f ve davan\u0131n kabul\u00fc ya da reddinde her iki durumda da iade edilecek olan nispi harc\u0131n davan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lma s\u0131ras\u0131nda al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13., 35. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6rmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
23. Oysa ki o kurala g\u00f6re daha hafif nitelikte olan dava konusu kural yarg\u0131lama sonunda belirlenmekte ve daval\u0131 lehine h\u00fckmedilecek vekalet \u00fccreti, davac\u0131 lehine h\u00fckmedilecek vekalet \u00fccretini a\u015famamaktad\u0131r. Manevi tazminat davalar\u0131nda vekalet \u00fccreti d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yarg\u0131lama giderleri de taraflar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck kalmaktad\u0131r. Kural bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle taraflar aras\u0131nda bir denge kurdu\u011fu i\u00e7in davac\u0131n\u0131n mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131 ihlal etmemekte ve aksine adil bir yarg\u0131lama i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fcvence olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
24. Kural\u0131n iptali, y\u00fcksek talepli davalar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep olacakt\u0131r. Bu durum yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcrecini karma\u015f\u0131kla\u015ft\u0131rabilir ve nihai karar\u0131n daha ge\u00e7 al\u0131nmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilir. Ayr\u0131ca, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 talepler daval\u0131 taraf i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck mali y\u00fckler do\u011furur ve yarg\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc art\u0131rarak, sistemin verimlili\u011fini olumsuz etkileyebilir. Y\u00fcksek taleplerin artmas\u0131, mahkeme i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc yo\u011funla\u015ft\u0131rarak, kararlar\u0131n gecikmesine sebep olabilir.<\/p>\n
25. Kural\u0131n dava a\u00e7may\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z hale getirecek ya da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derece zorla\u015ft\u0131racak bir y\u00f6n\u00fc bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
26. T\u00fcm bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 326. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u201cmanevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019ya herhangi bir ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k s\u00f6z konusu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kural\u0131n iptaline ili\u015fkin \u00e7o\u011funluk karar\u0131na i\u015ftirak edilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Basri BA\u011eCI<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u0130rfan F\u0130DAN<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Kenan YA\u015eAR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Muhterem \u0130NCE<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u00d6mer \u00c7INAR<\/p>\n
\u200bAnayasa Mahkemesi 25\/12\/2024 tarihinde E.2024\/29 numaral\u0131 dosyada, 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 326. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u201cmanevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa ve iptaline, iptal h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn karar\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak dokuz ay sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesine karar vermi\u015ftir.\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0130tiraz Konusu Kural \u0130tiraz konusu kuralda, davada iki taraftan her birinin k\u0131smen hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 durumunda mahkemenin yarg\u0131lama giderlerini taraflar\u0131n hakl\u0131l\u0131k oran\u0131na g\u00f6re payla\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ba\u015fvuru Gerek\u00e7esi Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; manevi tazminat davalar\u0131nda davac\u0131ya hangi tutarda tazminat\u0131n \u00f6denece\u011fini belirleme konusunda h\u00e2kimin takdir yetkisinin bulundu\u011fu, bu nedenle davan\u0131n k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcne karar verilmesi durumunda ki\u015filik hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fi tespit edilen davac\u0131n\u0131n kural uyar\u0131nca yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sorumlu tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015finin maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruma ve geli\u015ftirme hakk\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kural\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ile hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de ihlal etti\u011fi, manevi tazminat\u0131n hesaplanma y\u00f6nteminin mevcut olmamas\u0131 nedeniyle manevi tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131smen reddedilmesinde davac\u0131ya atfedilebilecek bir kusurun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u0131smen kabul\u00fcne karar verilen manevi tazminat davas\u0131nda davac\u0131n\u0131n vek\u00e2let \u00fccreti \u00f6demek zorunda kalmas\u0131n\u0131n hakkaniyet ilkesiyle \u00e7eli\u015fti\u011fi, ayr\u0131ca kuralla hukuk devleti ilkesi ile devletin temel ama\u00e7 ve g\u00f6revlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00f6zel hayata sayg\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmesini isteme hakk\u0131n\u0131n da ihlal edildi\u011fi belirtilerek kural\u0131n \u201cmanevi tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Mahkemenin De\u011ferlendirmesi \u0130ki taraftan her birinin k\u0131smen hakl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 davalarda yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin taraflar\u0131n hakl\u0131l\u0131k oran\u0131na g\u00f6re payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flayan dava konusu kural uyar\u0131nca, manevi tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131smen reddedilmesi h\u00e2linde davay\u0131 a\u00e7an ki\u015finin yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sorumlu tutulmas\u0131 bu ki\u015fi \u00fczerinde olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bask\u0131 nedeniyle mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131 …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35651","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n