\u0130tiraz Konusu Kural<\/p>\n
\u0130tiraz konusu kural\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinde sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, resm\u00ee sicilde kay\u0131tl\u0131 ilgililer ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ki\u015filerce yap\u0131lan ihalenin feshi talebinin nispi harca tabi oldu\u011fu; itiraz konusu kural\u0131n devam\u0131nda da bu harc\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n talepte bulunulurken pe\u015fin olarak yat\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, talebin kabul\u00fc h\u00e2linde harc\u0131n ba\u015fka kimseye y\u00fcklenmeyece\u011fi ve istem h\u00e2linde iade edilece\u011fi, talebin reddi h\u00e2linde ise al\u0131nan harc\u0131n iade edilmeyece\u011fi ve kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n talepte bulunandan tahsil edilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvuru Gerek\u00e7esi<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; ihaleye kat\u0131larak en y\u00fcksek pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleyi kazanan ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131yla, ihalenin feshi talebinde bulunacak di\u011fer ki\u015filerin ayn\u0131 konumda olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen itiraz konusu kuralla ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 aleyhine farkl\u0131 uygulaman\u0131n meydana getirildi\u011fi, kuralda ihalenin feshini talep etmede ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kategorik bir \u015fekilde haks\u0131z ve k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli olarak kabul edildi\u011fi belirtilerek kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Mahkemenin De\u011ferlendirmesi<\/p>\n
Hacizli bir mal\u0131n cebr\u00ee icra yoluyla sat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra ihaleye haz\u0131rl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131nda veya ihale s\u0131ras\u0131nda birtak\u0131m usuls\u00fczl\u00fckler yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131yla icra mahkemesine yap\u0131lan fesih istemi takip hukukuna \u00f6zg\u00fc bir yoldur.\u00a0Bu itibarla ihalenin feshi talebinin nispi harca tabi oldu\u011funu \u00f6ng\u00f6ren itiraz konusu kuralla mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirilmektedir.<\/p>\n
Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesi uyar\u0131nca temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n kanunla yap\u0131lmas\u0131, Anayasa\u2019da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlama sebebine uygun ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu ba\u011flamda yap\u0131lan incelemede, har\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6ng\u00f6ren kuralda harca esas de\u011fer, harc\u0131n oran\u0131 ve al\u0131nmas\u0131 usul\u00fcn\u00fcn herhangi bir teredd\u00fcde yer vermeyecek \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131k ve net olarak d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde kural\u0131n kanunilik \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan haks\u0131z ve k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli olarak yap\u0131lan ihalenin feshi taleplerinin \u00f6nlenmesi amac\u0131na y\u00f6nelik kural\u0131n mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan anayasal anlamda me\u015fru bir amac\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kural kapsam\u0131nda ihalenin feshi talebinde ola\u011fan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda nispi har\u00e7 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin ihale s\u00fcrecinin gereksiz ba\u015fvurularla uzamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleme amac\u0131na ula\u015fma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan elveri\u015fli oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, para cezas\u0131na ek olarak har\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bi\u00e7imindeki tedbirin de \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin kanun koyucunun takdir yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve gerekli olma ko\u015fulunu sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanaatine var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kural uyar\u0131nca pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleye kat\u0131lanlar taraf\u0131ndan ihalenin feshinin istenmesi durumunda, belirlenen harc\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fil yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n pe\u015fin al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131, ihalenin feshi talebinin kabul\u00fc h\u00e2linde pe\u015fin al\u0131nan k\u0131sm\u0131n iade edilece\u011fi ve ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc olmayanlar\u0131n 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 334. maddesi uyar\u0131nca adli yard\u0131m kurumundan yararlanabilece\u011fi g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda kuralla pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleye kat\u0131lanlara a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir k\u00fclfet y\u00fcklendi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
Bu itibarla kural kapsam\u0131nda sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, resm\u00ee sicilde kay\u0131tl\u0131 ilgililer ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ki\u015filerce yap\u0131lan ihalenin feshi talebi i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen har\u00e7 nedeniyle ki\u015filerin mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n orant\u0131l\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc oldu\u011fu sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Anayasa Mahkemesi a\u00e7\u0131klanan gerek\u00e7elerle kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve itiraz\u0131n reddine karar vermi\u015ftir.\u00a0<\/p>\n
—<\/p>\n
ANAYASA MAHKEMES\u0130 KARARI<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
Esas Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2023\/123<\/p>\n
Karar Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2024\/202<\/p>\n
Karar Tarihi : 4\/12\/2024<\/p>\n
R.G.Tarih-Say\u0131 : 12\/3\/2025-32839<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u0130T\u0130RAZ YOLUNA BA\u015eVURANLAR: <\/p>\n
1. \u0130stanbul Anadolu 16. \u0130cra Hukuk Mahkemesi (E.2023\/123)<\/p>\n
2. Gaziantep 4. \u0130cra Hukuk Mahkemesi (E.2023\/180)<\/p>\n
\u0130T\u0130RAZLARIN KONUSU: A. 9\/6\/1932 tarihli ve 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130cra ve \u0130flas Kanunu\u2019nun 18\/2\/1965 tarihli ve 538 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 63. maddesiyle de\u011fi\u015ftirilen 134. maddesine 24\/11\/2021 tarihli ve 7343 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesiyle eklenen;<\/p>\n
1. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kran\u0131n,<\/p>\n
2. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kran\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinin,<\/p>\n
B. 2\/7\/1964 tarihli ve 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Har\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019na ekli (1) say\u0131l\u0131 Tarife\u2019nin \u201c(A) Mahkeme Har\u00e7lar\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cIII \u2013 Karar ve ilam harc\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u201c1. Nispi har\u00e7\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bendine 7343 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 34. maddesiyle eklenen (g) alt bendinin,<\/p>\n
Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2., 10., 11. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek iptaline karar verilmesi talepleridir.<\/p>\n
OLAY: \u0130hale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131lan ihalenin feshi davas\u0131nda itiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varan Mahkemeler, iptalleri i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
I. \u0130PTAL\u0130 \u0130STENEN VE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 G\u00d6R\u00dcLEN KANUN H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130<\/p>\n
A. \u0130ptali \u0130stenen Kanun H\u00fck\u00fcmleri<\/p>\n
1. 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 134. maddesinin itiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilgili k\u0131sm\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u201c\u0130halenin neticesi ve feshi: <\/p>\n
Madde 134 \u2013 (De\u011fi\u015fik: 18\/2\/1965-538\/63 md.)<\/p>\n
\u0130cra dairesi taraf\u0131ndan ta\u015f\u0131nmaz kendisine ihale edilen al\u0131c\u0131 o ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetini iktisap etmi\u015f olur. (Ek c\u00fcmle: 17\/7\/2003-4949\/38 md.) \u0130hale kesinle\u015finceye kadar ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ne \u015fekilde muhafaza ve idare edilece\u011fi icra dairesi taraf\u0131ndan kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. (Ek c\u00fcmleler:24\/11\/2021-7343\/27 md.) \u0130hale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n talebi \u00fczerine icra dairesi, sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan ta\u015f\u0131nmazda kira s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak oturan ki\u015fiye kira bedelini, di\u011fer h\u00e2llerde ise ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131 kullanan ki\u015fiye bilirki\u015fi marifetiyle tespit edilen ayl\u0131k kullan\u0131m bedelini icra dairesine yat\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 emreder. \u0130lgili, ihtara ra\u011fmen kiray\u0131 veya belirlenen bedeli icra dairesine yat\u0131rmazsa hakk\u0131nda 356 nc\u0131 madde h\u00fckm\u00fc k\u0131yasen uygulan\u0131r. Bu \u015fekilde depo edilen bedel, ihalenin sonucuna g\u00f6re hak sahibine \u00f6denir.<\/p>\n
\u00a0(De\u011fi\u015fik ikinci f\u0131kra:24\/11\/2021-7343\/27 md.) \u0130halenin feshini, 11\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanununun 281 inci maddesinde yaz\u0131l\u0131 sebepler de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere yaln\u0131z sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, mahcuzun resm\u00ee sicilinde kay\u0131tl\u0131 olan ilgililer ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri ile pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleye i\u015ftirak edenler yurt i\u00e7inde bir adres g\u00f6stermek ko\u015fuluyla icra mahkemesinden \u015fik\u00e2yet yolu ile ihale tarihinden itibaren yedi g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde isteyebilirler. \u0130lgililerin ihale yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ana kadar cereyan eden muamelelerdeki yolsuzluklara en ge\u00e7 ihale g\u00fcn\u00fc \u0131tt\u0131la peyda etti\u011fi kabul edilir. <\/p>\n
\u00a0(Ek f\u0131kra:24\/11\/2021-7343\/27 md.) Sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, resm\u00ee sicilde kay\u0131tl\u0131 ilgililer ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ki\u015filerce yap\u0131lan ihalenin feshi talebi, ihale bedeli \u00fczerinden nispi harca tabidir. Bu harc\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 talepte bulunulurken pe\u015fin olarak yat\u0131r\u0131lmak zorundad\u0131r. Talebin kabul\u00fc h\u00e2linde bu har\u00e7 ba\u015fka bir kimseye y\u00fcklenmez ve istem h\u00e2linde iade edilir. Talebin reddi h\u00e2linde ise al\u0131nan bu har\u00e7 iade edilmez ve harc\u0131n kalan k\u0131sm\u0131 ihalenin feshini isteyenden tahsil edilir. <\/p>\n
\u00a0(Ek f\u0131kra:24\/11\/2021-7343\/27 md.) Sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, resm\u00ee sicilde kay\u0131tl\u0131 ilgililer ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ki\u015filerce yap\u0131lan ihalenin feshi talebinde, talepte bulunulurken, ilgili ki\u015filerin muhtemel zarar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olmak \u00fczere ihale bedelinin y\u00fczde be\u015fi oran\u0131nda teminat g\u00f6sterilmesi \u015fartt\u0131r. Talebin reddine ili\u015fkin karar\u0131n kesinle\u015fmesinden itibaren bir ay i\u00e7inde genel h\u00fck\u00fcmlere g\u00f6re tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde h\u00fckmedilen para cezas\u0131n\u0131n 21\/7\/1953 tarihli ve 6183 say\u0131l\u0131 Amme Alacaklar\u0131n\u0131n Tahsil Usul\u00fc Hakk\u0131nda Kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca tahsili i\u00e7in durum mahkemece tahsil dairesine bildirilir. Tahsil dairesi al\u0131nan teminattan, bildirimin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihten itibaren \u00fc\u00e7 ay i\u00e7inde para cezas\u0131n\u0131 tahsil etmezse talep h\u00e2linde teminat ilgilisine iade edilir.<\/p>\n
\u00a0(Ek f\u0131kra:24\/11\/2021-7343\/27 md.) \u0130halenin feshi talebi \u00fczerine icra mahkemesi talep tarihinden itibaren yirmi g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde duru\u015fma yapar ve taraflar gelmeseler bile icap eden karar\u0131 verir. Ancak ihalenin feshi talebinin usulden reddi gereken h\u00e2llerde duru\u015fma yap\u0131lmadan da karar verilebilir. \u0130cra mahkemesi; <\/p>\n
1. Sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, mahcuzun resm\u00ee sicilinde kay\u0131tl\u0131 olan ilgililer ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri ile pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleye i\u015ftirak edenler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ki\u015filerce talep edilmesi nedeniyle, <\/p>\n
2. Sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, mahcuzun resm\u00ee sicilinde kay\u0131tl\u0131 olan ilgililer ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ki\u015filer bak\u0131m\u0131ndan feragat nedeniyle, <\/p>\n
3. \u0130\u015fin esas\u0131na girerek, <\/p>\n
talebin reddine karar verirse ihalenin feshini talep edeni feshi istenen ihale bedelinin y\u00fczde onuna kadar para cezas\u0131na mahk\u00fbm eder.<\/p>\n
\u2026<\/p>\n
\u00a0(De\u011fi\u015fik f\u0131kra:24\/11\/2021-7343\/27 md.) \u0130hale kesinle\u015fmedik\u00e7e ve ihale konusu mal al\u0131c\u0131ya teslim edilmedik\u00e7e veya teslime haz\u0131r h\u00e2le getirilmedik\u00e7e ihale bedeli alacakl\u0131lara \u00f6denmez. \u0130hale konusu mal\u0131n teslim edilemeyece\u011fi veya teslime haz\u0131r hale getirilemeyece\u011fi durumlarda ihale icra m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan iptal olunarak ihale bedeli al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na \u00f6denir.<\/p>\n
\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n
2. 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunu\u2019na ekli (1) say\u0131l\u0131 Tarife\u2019nin \u201c(A) Mahkeme Har\u00e7lar\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cIII \u2013 Karar ve ilam harc\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u201c1. Nispi har\u00e7\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bendinin itiraz konusu (g) alt bendi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u201cg) (Ek:24\/11\/2021-7343\/34 md.) 9\/6\/1932 tarihli ve 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130cra ve \u0130flas Kanununun 134 \u00fcnc\u00fc maddesi kapsam\u0131nda sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, resm\u00ee sicilde kay\u0131tl\u0131 ilgililer ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ki\u015filerce ihalenin feshinin talep edilmesi h\u00e2linde ihale bedeli \u00fczerinden (Binde 68,31)<\/p>\n
\u00a0(Bu harc\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 talepte bulunurken pe\u015fin olarak yat\u0131r\u0131lmak zorundad\u0131r. Talebin kabul\u00fc h\u00e2linde bu har\u00e7 ba\u015fka bir kimseye y\u00fcklenmez ve istem h\u00e2linde iade edilir. Talebin reddi h\u00e2linde ise al\u0131nan har\u00e7 ihalenin feshini isteyene iade edilmez ve harc\u0131n kalan k\u0131sm\u0131 ihalenin feshini isteyenden tahsil edilir.)\u201d <\/p>\n
B. \u0130lgili G\u00f6r\u00fclen Kanun H\u00fck\u00fcmleri<\/p>\n
2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un;<\/p>\n
1. 111\/b maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u201cHaczolunan mal\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131, Ulusal Yarg\u0131 A\u011f\u0131 Bili\u015fim Sistemine entegre elektronik sat\u0131\u015f portal\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rma suretiyle yap\u0131l\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
2. 118. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u201c\u0130hale bedelinin \u00f6denmesi ve mal\u0131n teslimi: <\/p>\n
Madde 118 \u2013 (Ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Birlikte De\u011fi\u015fik:24\/11\/2021-7343\/18 md.) <\/p>\n
\u0130hale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, ihalenin feshi talep edilmi\u015f olsa dahi art\u0131rma sonu\u00e7 tutana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilan\u0131ndan itibaren yedi g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde sat\u0131\u015f bedelini nakden \u00f6demek zorundad\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Sat\u0131lan mal, ihale kesinle\u015fmeden teslim olunmaz ve resm\u00ee sicilde al\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131na tescil edilmez.\u201d<\/p>\n
3. 130. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u201c\u0130hale bedelinin \u00f6denmesi: <\/p>\n
Madde 130 \u2013 (Ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Birlikte De\u011fi\u015fik:24\/11\/2021-7343\/24 md.) <\/p>\n
\u0130hale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131, ihalenin feshi talep edilmi\u015f olsa dahi art\u0131rma sonu\u00e7 tutana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilan\u0131ndan itibaren yedi g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde sat\u0131\u015f bedelini nakden \u00f6demek zorundad\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
II. \u0130LK \u0130NCELEME<\/p>\n
A. E.2023\/123 Say\u0131l\u0131 Ba\u015fvuru Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden<\/p>\n
1. Anayasa Mahkemesi \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca Z\u00fcht\u00fc ARSLAN, Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN, Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA, Engin YILDIRIM, Muammer TOPAL, M. Emin KUZ, R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7, Recai AKYEL, Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ, Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU, Selahaddin MENTE\u015e, Basri BA\u011eCI, \u0130rfan F\u0130DAN, Kenan YA\u015eAR ve Muhterem \u0130NCE\u2019nin kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla 26\/7\/2023 tarihinde yap\u0131lan ilk inceleme toplant\u0131s\u0131nda dosyada eksiklik bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan i\u015fin esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
B. E.2023\/180 Say\u0131l\u0131 Ba\u015fvuru Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden<\/p>\n
2. An\u0131lan \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca Z\u00fcht\u00fc ARSLAN, Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN, Engin YILDIRIM, Muammer TOPAL, M. Emin KUZ, R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7, Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ, Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU, Selahaddin MENTE\u015e, Basri BA\u011eCI, \u0130rfan F\u0130DAN, Kenan YA\u015eAR ve Muhterem \u0130NCE\u2019nin kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla 30\/11\/2023 tarihinde yap\u0131lan ilk inceleme toplant\u0131s\u0131nda dosyada eksiklik bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan i\u015fin esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
III. B\u0130RLE\u015eT\u0130RME KARARI<\/p>\n
3. A. 9\/6\/1932 tarihli ve 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130cra ve \u0130flas Kanunu\u2019nun 18\/2\/1965 tarihli ve 538 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 63. maddesiyle de\u011fi\u015ftirilen 134. maddesine 24\/11\/2021 tarihli ve 7343 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesiyle eklenen;<\/p>\n
1. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kran\u0131n,<\/p>\n
2. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kran\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinin,<\/p>\n
B. 2\/7\/1964 tarihli ve 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Har\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019na ekli (1) Say\u0131l\u0131 Tarife\u2019nin \u201c(A) Mahkeme Har\u00e7lar\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cIII \u2013 Karar ve ilam harc\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u201c1. Nispi har\u00e7\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bendine 24\/11\/2021 tarihli ve 7343 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 34. maddesiyle eklenen (g) alt bendinin,<\/p>\n
iptallerine karar verilmesi talebiyle yap\u0131lan itiraz ba\u015fvurusuna ili\u015fkin E.2023\/180 say\u0131l\u0131 davan\u0131n aralar\u0131ndaki hukuki irtibat nedeniyle E.2023\/123 say\u0131l\u0131 dava ile B\u0130RLE\u015eT\u0130R\u0130LMES\u0130NE, esas\u0131n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131na, esas incelemenin E.2023\/123 say\u0131l\u0131 dosya \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine 30\/11\/2023 tarihinde OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
IV. ESASIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130<\/p>\n
4. Ba\u015fvuru kararlar\u0131 ve ekleri, Raport\u00f6r Ahmet CANPOLAT taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan i\u015fin esas\u0131na ili\u015fkin rapor, itiraz konusu ve ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fclen kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, dayan\u0131lan ve ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fclen Anayasa kurallar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n gerek\u00e7eleri ile di\u011fer yasama belgeleri okunup incelendikten sonra gere\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcp d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc:<\/p>\n
A. Genel A\u00e7\u0131klama<\/p>\n
5. 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 111\/b maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131 uyar\u0131nca haczolunan mal\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131, Ulusal Yarg\u0131 A\u011f\u0131 Bili\u015fim Sistemi\u2019ne entegre elektronik sat\u0131\u015f portal\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rma suretiyle yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
6. An\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 118. maddesinde ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallar\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131nda en fazla pey s\u00fcrerek ihaleyi kazanan ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ihalenin feshi talep edilmi\u015f olsa dahi art\u0131rma sonu\u00e7 tutana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilan\u0131ndan itibaren yedi g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde sat\u0131\u015f bedelini nakden \u00f6demek zorunda oldu\u011fu, sat\u0131lan mal\u0131n; ihale kesinle\u015fmeden al\u0131c\u0131ya teslim edilmeyece\u011fi ve resm\u00ee sicilde al\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131na tescil edilmeyece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
7. Kanun\u2019un 130. maddesinde de ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mal\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ihaleyi kazanan ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n sat\u0131\u015f bedelini ihalenin feshi talep edilmi\u015f olsa dahi art\u0131rma sonu\u00e7 tutana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilan\u0131ndan itibaren yedi g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde yat\u0131rmak zorunda oldu\u011fu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olup; 134. maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131nmaz kendisine ihale edilen al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n o ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetini iktisap edece\u011fi fakat ihale kesinle\u015finceye kadar ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ne \u015fekilde muhafaza ve idare edilece\u011finin icra dairesi taraf\u0131ndan kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
8. \u0130hale konusu hem ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r hem de ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mal\u0131n zilyetli\u011finin ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na teslimi i\u00e7in gerekli olan ihalenin kesinle\u015fmesi \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi; ihalenin feshinin talep edilmemesine ya da fesih talebinin reddine karar verilmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130halenin feshi, devletin cebr\u00ee icra organ\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ihale i\u015fleminde fesih sebeplerinden birisinin bulundu\u011fu iddias\u0131yla icra mahkemesine yap\u0131lan \u015fik\u00e2yettir.<\/p>\n
9. \u0130halenin feshinin istenebilece\u011fi h\u00e2ller 134. maddede a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a say\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, s\u00f6z konusu h\u00e2llerin 11\/2\/2011 tarihli ve 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 281. maddesinde say\u0131lan sebepleri de kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. An\u0131lan maddede hukuka veya ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131 yollara ba\u015fvurularak ihalenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi h\u00e2linde ihalenin iptalinin talep edilebilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re sat\u0131\u015fa haz\u0131rl\u0131k i\u015flemleri \u00f6ncesinde, haz\u0131rl\u0131k i\u015flemlerinde, art\u0131rman\u0131n ve ihalenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda usuls\u00fczl\u00fck, kanuna ve ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ihaleye fesat kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ve al\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n mal\u0131n esasl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerinde yan\u0131lt\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gibi durumlar ihalenin feshi nedenlerini olu\u015fturabilir.<\/p>\n
10. \u0130halenin feshine ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenleme her ne kadar ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n paraya \u00e7evrilmesine ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler aras\u0131nda yer almakta ise de bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallara ili\u015fkin ihalenin feshi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu hususunda uygulamada bir teredd\u00fct bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B. Anlam ve Kapsam<\/p>\n
11. 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 134. maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda ihalenin feshinin ancak sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, mahcuzun resm\u00ee sicilinde kay\u0131tl\u0131 olan ilgililer, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri ve pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleye i\u015ftirak edenler taraf\u0131ndan istenebilece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
12. An\u0131lan maddenin itiraz konusu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinde sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, resm\u00ee sicilde kay\u0131tl\u0131 ilgililer ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ki\u015filerce yap\u0131lan ihalenin feshi talebinin nispi harca tabi oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir. \u0130tiraz konusu f\u0131kran\u0131n devam\u0131nda da bu harc\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n talepte bulunulurken pe\u015fin olarak yat\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, talebin kabul\u00fc h\u00e2linde harc\u0131n ba\u015fka kimseye y\u00fcklenmeyece\u011fi ve istem h\u00e2linde iade edilece\u011fi, talebin reddi h\u00e2linde ise al\u0131nan harc\u0131n iade edilmeyece\u011fi ve kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n talepte bulunandan tahsil edilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
13. 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019a ekli (1) say\u0131l\u0131 Tarife\u2019nin \u201c(A) Mahkeme Har\u00e7lar\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cIII \u2013 Karar ve ilam harc\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u201c1. Nispi har\u00e7\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bendinin itiraz konusu (g) alt bendine g\u00f6re bu nispi harc\u0131n oran\u0131 ihale bedelinin binde 68,31\u2019idir.<\/p>\n
14. 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 134. maddesinin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n itiraz konusu birinci c\u00fcmlesinde de sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, resm\u00ee sicilde kay\u0131tl\u0131 ilgililer ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ki\u015filerce yap\u0131lan ihalenin feshi talebinde bulunulurken, ilgili ki\u015filerin muhtemel zararlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olmak \u00fczere ihale bedelinin y\u00fczde be\u015fi oran\u0131nda teminat g\u00f6sterilmesinin \u015fart oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
15. \u0130tiraz konusu kurallar uyar\u0131nca, sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, resm\u00ee sicilde kay\u0131tl\u0131 ilgililer ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ihalenin feshi talepleri maktu harca tabi k\u0131l\u0131narak bu ki\u015filer teminattan ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131k tutulurken ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleye kat\u0131lanlar ve ihalenin feshi davas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7ma yetkisi olmayanlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan fesih taleplerinde ise nispi har\u00e7 ve teminat g\u00f6sterme zorunlulu\u011fu getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
16. \u00d6te yandan an\u0131lan maddenin be\u015finci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc c\u00fcmlesinde icra mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan fesih talebinin bu talepte bulunma yetkisi olmayan ihale d\u0131\u015f\u0131 ki\u015filerce yap\u0131lmas\u0131, pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleye kat\u0131lanlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan talepten feragat edilmesi ve i\u015fin esastan reddedilmesi durumlar\u0131nda feshi talep edenin ihale bedelinin y\u00fczde onuna kadar para cezas\u0131na mahk\u00fbm edilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
C. \u0130tirazlar\u0131n Gerek\u00e7eleri<\/p>\n
17. Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; ihaleye kat\u0131larak en y\u00fcksek pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleyi kazanan ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131yla; ihalenin feshi talebinde bulunacak di\u011fer ki\u015filerin ayn\u0131 konumda olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen itiraz konusu kurallarla ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 aleyhine farkl\u0131 uygulaman\u0131n meydana getirildi\u011fi, kurallarda ihalenin feshini talep etmede ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kategorik olarak haks\u0131z ve k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli olarak kabul edildi\u011fi belirtilerek kurallar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2., 10., 11. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\u00c7. Anayasa\u2019ya Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k Sorunu<\/p>\n
1. 2004 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 134. Maddesinin \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc F\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ve 492 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019a Ekli (1) Say\u0131l\u0131 Tarife\u2019nin \u201c(A) Mahkeme Har\u00e7lar\u0131\u201d Ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cIII \u2013 Karar ve ilam harc\u0131\u201d Ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 F\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u201c1. Nispi har\u00e7\u201d Ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 Bendine Eklenen (g) Alt Bendinin \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
18. 30\/3\/2011 tarihli ve 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesi uyar\u0131nca kurallar, ilgisi nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
19. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n \u201cHak arama h\u00fcrriyeti\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 36. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cHerkes, me\u015fru vas\u0131ta ve yollardan faydalanmak suretiyle yarg\u0131 mercileri \u00f6n\u00fcnde davac\u0131 veya daval\u0131 olarak iddia ve savunma ile adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131na sahiptir.\u201d denilmektedir. An\u0131lan maddeyle g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kendisi bir temel hak niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda di\u011fer temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerden gereken \u015fekilde yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan en etkili g\u00fcvencelerden biridir (AYM, E.2021\/9, K.2022\/4, 26\/1\/2022, \u00a7 28).<\/p>\n
20. Hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn temel unsurlar\u0131ndan biri mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131d\u0131r. Mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131, hukuki bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu konuda karar verme yetkisine sahip bir mahkeme \u00f6n\u00fcne g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesi hakk\u0131n\u0131 da kapsar. Ki\u015finin u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa veya zarara kar\u015f\u0131 kendisini savunabilmesinin ya da maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 haks\u0131z bir uygulama veya i\u015fleme kar\u015f\u0131 hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcp kan\u0131tlayabilmesinin, zarar\u0131n\u0131 giderebilmesinin en etkili ve g\u00fcvenceli yolu yarg\u0131 mercileri \u00f6n\u00fcnde dava hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilmesidir (AYM, E.2021\/20, K.2022\/84, 30\/6\/2022, \u00a7 10).<\/p>\n
21. Ki\u015filerin davan\u0131n veya dava s\u00fcrecindeki bir yarg\u0131sal i\u015flemin ba\u015f\u0131nda veya sonunda har\u00e7 veya di\u011fer yarg\u0131lama giderlerini \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden belirli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 bir etkiye sahip olaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu sebeple ki\u015filerin yarg\u0131lama har\u00e7 ve giderleri \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcmlendirilmesi mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na m\u00fcdahale te\u015fkil eder (Abdullah Karata\u015f [1. B.], B. No: 2019\/4150, 3\/2\/2022, \u00a7 29).<\/p>\n
22. Hacizli bir mal\u0131n cebr\u00ee icra yoluyla sat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra ihaleye haz\u0131rl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131nda veya ihale s\u0131ras\u0131nda birtak\u0131m usuls\u00fczl\u00fckler yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131yla icra mahkemesine yap\u0131lan fesih istemi takip hukukuna \u00f6zg\u00fc bir yoldur. Bu itibarla ihalenin feshi talebinin nispi harca tabi oldu\u011funu \u00f6ng\u00f6ren itiraz konusu kurallarla mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirilmektedir.<\/p>\n
23. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde \u201cTemel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetler, \u00f6zlerine dokunulmaks\u0131z\u0131n yaln\u0131zca Anayasan\u0131n ilgili maddelerinde belirtilen sebeplere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ve ancak kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, Anayasan\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne ve ruhuna, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin ve l\u00e2ik Cumhuriyetin gereklerine ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamaz.\u201d denilmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere s\u0131n\u0131rlama getiren d\u00fczenlemelerin kanunla yap\u0131lmas\u0131, Anayasa\u2019da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlama sebebine uygun ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
24. Anayasa Mahkemesinin verdi\u011fi kararlarda s\u0131k\u00e7a vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi temel haklar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan kanunun \u015feklen var olmas\u0131 yeterli olmay\u0131p kurallar\u0131n\u0131n keyf\u00eeli\u011fe izin vermeyecek \u015fekilde belirli, ula\u015f\u0131labilir ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir d\u00fczenlemeler niteli\u011finde olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
25. Esasen temel haklar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan kanunun bu niteliklere sahip olmas\u0131, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesinde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan hukuk devleti ilkesinin de bir gere\u011fidir. Hukuk devletinin temel unsurlar\u0131ndan olan hukuki belirlilik ilkesi uyar\u0131nca kanuni d\u00fczenlemelerin hem ki\u015filer hem de idare y\u00f6n\u00fcnden herhangi bir duraksamaya ve ku\u015fkuya yer vermeyecek \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131k, net, anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r, uygulanabilir ve nesnel olmas\u0131, ayr\u0131ca kamu otoritelerinin keyf\u00ee uygulamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koruyucu \u00f6nlem i\u00e7ermesi gerekir. Kanunda bulunmas\u0131 gereken bu nitelikler hukuki g\u00fcvenli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da zorunludur. Zira bu ilke hukuk normlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir olmas\u0131n\u0131, bireylerin t\u00fcm eylem ve i\u015flemlerinde devlete g\u00fcven duyabilmesini, devletin de yasal d\u00fczenlemelerinde bu g\u00fcven duygusunu zedeleyici y\u00f6ntemlerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli k\u0131lar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde s\u0131n\u0131rlama \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc olarak belirtilen kanunilik, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesinde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan hukuk devleti ilkesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yorumlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
26. Har\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6ng\u00f6ren kurallarda harca esas de\u011fer, harc\u0131n oran\u0131 ve al\u0131nmas\u0131 usul\u00fcn\u00fcn herhangi bir teredd\u00fcde yer vermeyecek \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131k ve net olarak d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde kurallar\u0131n kanunilik \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
27. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 36. maddesinde hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda yer alan mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131 i\u00e7in herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama nedeni \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f olmakla birlikte Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fka maddelerinde yer alan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler ile devlete y\u00fcklenen \u00f6devler \u00f6zel s\u0131n\u0131rlama sebebi g\u00f6sterilmemi\u015f hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere s\u0131n\u0131r te\u015fkil edebilir (AYM, E.2022\/124, K.2023\/135, 26\/7\/2023, \u00a7 16; E.2018\/99, K.2021\/14, 3\/3\/2021, \u00a7 24; E.2016\/150, K.2017\/179, 28\/12\/2017, \u00a7 288).<\/p>\n
28. Ayr\u0131ca adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131, niteli\u011fi gere\u011fi devletin d\u00fczenleme yapmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren bir hakt\u0131r. Zira bu hakk\u0131n Anayasa\u2019da ifade edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 kendi ba\u015f\u0131na bir anlam ifade etmemekte, bireylerin bu haktan yararlanabilmesi i\u00e7in devletin en az\u0131ndan yarg\u0131 te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 kurmas\u0131 ve yarg\u0131lama usullerini belirlemesi gerekmektedir. Devletin d\u00fczenleme yetkisini haiz oldu\u011fu alanlarda belirli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde takdir yetkisi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu sebeple adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar getirilirken kanun koyucuyu ba\u011flayan belirli bir me\u015fru ama\u00e7lar listesi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ancak kanun koyucunun bu takdir yetkisinin Anayasa Mahkemesinin denetimine tabi oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r (Bekir S\u00f6zen [GK], B. No: 2016\/14586, 10\/11\/2022, \u00a7 74).<\/p>\n
29. 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 118. maddesi ve 134. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda ihale konusu ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallar\u0131n ihale kesinle\u015fmedik\u00e7e ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na teslim edilmeyece\u011fi, an\u0131lan maddenin dokuzuncu f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise ihale kesinle\u015fmedik\u00e7e ve ihale konusu mal al\u0131c\u0131ya teslim edilmedik\u00e7e veya teslime haz\u0131r h\u00e2le getirilmedik\u00e7e ihale bedelinin alacakl\u0131lara \u00f6denmeyece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. \u0130halenin feshi talebinde bulunulmamas\u0131n\u0131n ya da bu talebin reddine karar verilmesinin ihalenin kesinle\u015fmesine do\u011frudan etki etti\u011fi g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde ihalenin feshinin talep edilmesinin bor\u00e7 ili\u015fkisinin taraflar\u0131n\u0131n ma\u011fduriyetlerine neden olabilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
30. Bu kapsamda ihaleye pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle kat\u0131lanlara ve ihalenin feshi davas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7ma yetkisi olmayanlara nispi har\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 usul \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesiyle ihalenin hukuki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n bir an \u00f6nce ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinin ve buna engel olu\u015fturabilecek gereksiz ba\u015fvurular\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmesinin ama\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Nitekim kural\u0131n gerek\u00e7esinde de haks\u0131z ve k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli olarak yap\u0131lan ihalenin feshi taleplerinin \u00f6nlenmesi amac\u0131yla d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Bu itibarla kurallar\u0131n mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan anayasal anlamda me\u015fru bir amac\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
31. Mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesi uyar\u0131nca \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131 gerekir. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesi ise elveri\u015flilik, gereklilik ve orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 alt ilkeden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Elveri\u015flilik \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n ula\u015f\u0131lmak istenen amac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131n\u0131, gereklilik ula\u015f\u0131lmak istenen ama\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n zorunlu olmas\u0131n\u0131, di\u011fer bir ifadeyle ayn\u0131 amaca daha hafif bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama ile ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamas\u0131n\u0131, orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ise hakka getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlama ile ula\u015f\u0131lmak istenen ama\u00e7 aras\u0131nda makul bir dengenin g\u00f6zetilmesi gereklili\u011fini ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n
32. Kurallar kapsam\u0131nda ihalenin feshi talebinde ola\u011fan\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda nispi har\u00e7 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin ihale s\u00fcrecinin gereksiz ba\u015fvurularla uzamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleme amac\u0131na ula\u015fma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan elveri\u015fli oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
33. \u00d6te yandan an\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 134. maddesinin be\u015finci f\u0131kras\u0131nda say\u0131lan nedenlerle davas\u0131 reddedilenlerin ihale bedelinin y\u00fczde onuna kadar para cezas\u0131na mahk\u00fbm edilece\u011fi dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ayr\u0131ca har\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 tedbirinin de \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin belirtilen ama\u00e7 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden gerekli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekir. Bu ba\u011flamda ihalenin feshi davas\u0131nda talebin reddi nedeniyle h\u00fckmedilen para cezas\u0131n\u0131n sadece sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, mahcuzun resm\u00ee sicilinde kay\u0131tl\u0131 olan ilgililer ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri ile pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleye i\u015ftirak edenler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ki\u015filer aleyhine de\u011fil bu ki\u015filer de dahil olmak \u00fczere ihalenin feshi talebinde bulunan herkes aleyhine h\u00fckmedilebilece\u011finin alt\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izilmesi gerekir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla para cezas\u0131na h\u00fckmedilmesiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir tedbirin alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, mahcuzun resm\u00ee sicilinde kay\u0131tl\u0131 olan ilgililer ve s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri ile pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleye i\u015ftirak edenler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ki\u015filerin haks\u0131z ve k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli olarak ihalenin feshi davas\u0131 a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131 engellemeye tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli olmayabilece\u011finin de\u011ferlendirilmesinin temelsiz olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu itibarla para cezas\u0131na ek olarak har\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bi\u00e7imindeki tedbirin de \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesinin kanun koyucunun takdir yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve gerekli olma ko\u015fulunu sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanaatine var\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
34. Bor\u00e7 ili\u015fkisinin taraflar\u0131n\u0131n menfaatlerinin korunmas\u0131 ve ihale s\u00fcrecinin gecikmeksizin sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla takip hukukundaki genel h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden ayr\u0131lmak suretiyle farkl\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelerin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu kapsamda yap\u0131lan ihalenin hukuki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n bir an \u00f6nce do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak ve buna engel olu\u015fturabilecek gereksiz ba\u015fvurular\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in ihalenin feshini isteyen tarafa ek bir mali y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn getirilmesinin ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama niteli\u011finde oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez. Ancak \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen bu ek mali k\u00fclfetin ihale s\u00fcrecinde hak ve menfaatlerinin ihlal edildi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcren ki\u015filerin dava a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zorla\u015ft\u0131rmamas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
35. Kurallar uyar\u0131nca pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleye kat\u0131lanlar taraf\u0131ndan ihalenin feshinin istenmesi durumunda ihale bedelinin binde 68,31\u2019i oran\u0131ndaki harc\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fil yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n pe\u015fin al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131, ihalenin feshi talebinin kabul\u00fc h\u00e2linde pe\u015fin al\u0131nan k\u0131sm\u0131n iade edilece\u011fi ve ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc olmayanlar\u0131n 12\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 334. maddesi uyar\u0131nca adli yard\u0131m kurumundan yararlanabilece\u011fi g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kurallarla pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleye kat\u0131lanlara a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir k\u00fclfet y\u00fcklendi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
36. Bu itibarla kurallar kapsam\u0131nda sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, resm\u00ee sicilde kay\u0131tl\u0131 ilgililer ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ki\u015filerce yap\u0131lan ihalenin feshi talebi i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen har\u00e7 nedeniyle ki\u015filerin mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n orant\u0131l\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc oldu\u011fu sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
37. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle kurallar, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130tiraz\u0131n reddi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Selahaddin MENTE\u015e bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kurallar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesine de ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ise de bu ba\u011flamda belirtilen hususlar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 36. maddeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirmeler kapsam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ayr\u0131ca bir inceleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Kurallar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 10. ve 11. maddeleriyle ilgisi g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
2. 2004 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 134. Maddesinin D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc F\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n Birinci C\u00fcmlesinin \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
38. 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesi uyar\u0131nca kural, ilgisi nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
39. Kural, ihalenin feshi talebinde teminat g\u00f6sterme zorunlulu\u011fu \u00f6ng\u00f6rmek suretiyle mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirmektedir.<\/p>\n
40. Teminat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6ng\u00f6ren kuralda teminata esas de\u011fer, teminat\u0131n miktar\u0131 ve al\u0131nmas\u0131 usul\u00fcn\u00fcn herhangi bir teredd\u00fcde yer vermeyecek \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131k ve net olarak d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde kural\u0131n kanunilik \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
41. Kural kapsam\u0131nda ihaleye pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle kat\u0131lanlar ve ihalenin feshi davas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7ma yetkisi olmayanlar taraf\u0131ndan haks\u0131z ve k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli olarak yap\u0131lan ihalenin feshi taleplerinde teminat bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ek y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn getirilmesiyle ilgililerin olu\u015fmas\u0131 muhtemel zararlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Nitekim kural\u0131n gerek\u00e7esinde de haks\u0131z ve k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli olarak yap\u0131lan ihalenin feshi talebi nedeniyle ilgililerin olu\u015fmas\u0131 muhtemel zararlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanabilmesi amac\u0131yla d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Bu itibarla kural\u0131n anayasal anlamda me\u015fru bir amac\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
42. Mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama getiren kural\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc de olmas\u0131 gerekir. \u0130halenin feshi talebini teminat \u015fart\u0131na ba\u011flayan kural\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu me\u015fru amaca ula\u015fma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan elveri\u015fli oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
43. Teminat \u015fart\u0131 haks\u0131z ve k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetle yap\u0131lan fesih talepleri nedeniyle ilgililerin olu\u015fmas\u0131 muhtemel zararlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Kanun koyucunun bu konuda alaca\u011f\u0131 tedbirleri belirlemede takdir yetkisinin bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde ilgililerin muhtemel zararlar\u0131n\u0131n daha hafif bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama arac\u0131yla giderilebilece\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez. Bu itibarla kural\u0131n haks\u0131z ve k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli olarak yap\u0131lan fesih talebi nedeniyle ilgililerin olu\u015fmas\u0131 muhtemel zararlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 amac\u0131na ula\u015fmak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gerekli oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
44. Kural uyar\u0131nca pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleye kat\u0131lanlar taraf\u0131ndan ihalenin feshinin talep edilmesi h\u00e2linde ihale bedelinin y\u00fczde be\u015fi oran\u0131nda al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen teminat\u0131n nakit d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda teminat mektubu gibi farkl\u0131 y\u00f6ntemlerle de kar\u015f\u0131lanabilece\u011fi, ihalenin feshi talebinin kabul\u00fc h\u00e2linde pe\u015fin al\u0131nan teminat\u0131n iadesine karar verilece\u011fi, ayr\u0131ca ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc olmayanlar\u0131n 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 334. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen adli yard\u0131m kapsam\u0131nda teminattan ge\u00e7ici veya s\u00fcrekli muaf tutulabilecekleri g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kuralla pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleye kat\u0131lanlar i\u00e7in getirilen teminat \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015filere a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir k\u00fclfet y\u00fckledi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
45. Bu itibarla kural kapsam\u0131nda sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, resm\u00ee sicilde kay\u0131tl\u0131 ilgililer ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ki\u015filerce yap\u0131lan ihalenin feshi talebi i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen teminat \u015fart\u0131 nedeniyle ki\u015filerin mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n orant\u0131l\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc oldu\u011fu sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
46. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle kural, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130tiraz\u0131n reddi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Selahaddin MENTE\u015e bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesine de ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ise de bu ba\u011flamda belirtilen hususlar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 36. maddeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirmeler kapsam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ayr\u0131ca bir inceleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 10. ve 11. maddeleriyle ilgisi g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
V. H\u00dcK\u00dcM<\/p>\n
A. 9\/6\/1932 tarihli ve 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130cra ve \u0130flas Kanunu\u2019nun 18\/2\/1965 tarihli ve 538 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 63. maddesiyle de\u011fi\u015ftirilen 134. maddesine 24\/11\/2021 tarihli ve 7343 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesiyle eklenen;<\/p>\n
1. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kran\u0131n,<\/p>\n
2. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kran\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinin,<\/p>\n
B. 2\/7\/1964 tarihli ve 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Har\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019na ekli (1) Say\u0131l\u0131 Tarife\u2019nin \u201c(A) Mahkeme Har\u00e7lar\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cIII \u2013 Karar ve ilam harc\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u201c1. Nispi har\u00e7\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 bendine 7343 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 34. maddesiyle eklenen (g) alt bendinin,<\/p>\n
Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131klar\u0131na ve itiraz\u0131n REDD\u0130NE, Selahaddin MENTE\u015e\u2019in kar\u015f\u0131oyu ve OY\u00c7OKLU\u011eUYLA 4\/12\/2024 tarihinde karar verildi.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkan<\/p>\n
Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Basri BA\u011eCI<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Engin YILDIRIM<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Recai AKYEL<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Selahaddin MENTE\u015e<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u0130rfan F\u0130DAN<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Kenan YA\u015eAR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Muhterem \u0130NCE<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u00d6mer \u00c7INAR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Metin KIRATLI<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
KAR\u015eIOY GEREK\u00c7ES\u0130<\/p>\n
1. Mahkememiz say\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan, sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, resm\u00ee sicilde kay\u0131tl\u0131 ilgililer ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ki\u015filerce yap\u0131lan fesih taleplerinin nispi harca ve teminat g\u00f6sterme zorunlulu\u011funa tabi oldu\u011funu \u00f6ng\u00f6ren kurallar\u0131n, ki\u015filere a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir k\u00fclfet y\u00fcklemedi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve itiraz\u0131n reddine karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
2. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da belirtilen gerek\u00e7elerle say\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lmad\u0131m.<\/p>\n
3. Kurallar\u0131n esas\u0131na ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamalardan \u00f6nce s\u0131n\u0131rlama sorununun a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011fa kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 zaruridir. 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 134. maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda ihalenin feshinin yaln\u0131z sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, mahcuzun resm\u00ee sicilinde kay\u0131tl\u0131 olan ilgililer, s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri ve pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleye kat\u0131lanlar taraf\u0131ndan istenebilece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130tiraz konusu kurallar ise ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131lan bak\u0131lmakta olan davalar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleye kat\u0131lanlar ve ihalenin feshi davas\u0131 a\u00e7ma yetkisi olmayanlar taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131lan ihalenin feshi davalar\u0131nda uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 olan genel, ortak kural niteli\u011findedir. Bak\u0131lmakta olan davalar\u0131n konusu ise pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleye kat\u0131lan ihale al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen ihalenin feshi talebine ili\u015fkindir. Bu itibarla bak\u0131lmakta olan davan\u0131n konusu g\u00f6zetilerek kurallar\u0131n esas\u0131na ili\u015fkin incelemenin \u201cihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
4. \u0130tiraz konusu kurallar uyar\u0131nca, sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, resm\u00ee sicilde kay\u0131tl\u0131 ilgililer ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ihalenin feshi talepleri maktu harca tabi ve teminattan ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131k iken bunlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 da dahil olmak \u00fczere pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleye kat\u0131lanlar ve ihalenin feshi davas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7ma yetkisi olmayanlar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan fesih taleplerinin nispi harca ve teminat g\u00f6sterme zorunlulu\u011funa tabi oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
5. 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 118. maddesinde ihale konusu ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallar\u0131n, 134. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda ihale konusu ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallar\u0131n ihale kesinle\u015fmedik\u00e7e ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na teslim edilmeyece\u011fi, 134. maddesinin dokuzuncu f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise ihale kesinle\u015fmedik\u00e7e ve ihale konusu mal al\u0131c\u0131ya teslim edilmedik\u00e7e veya teslime haz\u0131r h\u00e2le getirilmedik\u00e7e ihale bedelinin alacakl\u0131lara \u00f6denmeyece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. \u0130halenin kesinle\u015fmesinin ihalenin feshi talebinde bulunulmamas\u0131na ya da fesih talebinin reddine karar verilmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde ihalenin feshinin talep edilmesi hem bor\u00e7 ili\u015fkisinin taraflar\u0131n\u0131n hem de ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ma\u011fduriyetlerine neden olabilir.<\/p>\n
6. Hacizli bir mal\u0131n cebri icra yoluyla sat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra ihaleye haz\u0131rl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131 veya ihalenin birtak\u0131m usuls\u00fczl\u00fckler i\u00e7erdi\u011fi iddias\u0131yla icra mahkemesine yap\u0131lan sat\u0131\u015f i\u015fleminin iptali talebini i\u00e7eren ihalenin feshi istemi takip hukukuna \u00f6zg\u00fc bir yoldur. Bu itibarla ihalenin feshi talebinin nispi harca ve teminata tabi oldu\u011funu \u00f6ng\u00f6ren itiraz konusu kurallarla mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirilmektedir.<\/p>\n
7. \u0130tiraz konusu kurallar uyar\u0131nca haks\u0131z ve k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli olarak yap\u0131lan ihalenin feshi talepleri \u00f6nlenerek, ihalenin hukuki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n bir an \u00f6nce do\u011fmas\u0131n\u0131n ve buna engel olu\u015fturabilecek gereksiz ba\u015fvurular\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilmesinin ama\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
8. \u0130halenin feshi talebini ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden nispi harca ba\u011flayan kurallar\u0131n, ihale s\u00fcrecinin gereksiz ba\u015fvurularla uzamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleme \u015feklindeki me\u015fru amaca ula\u015fma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan elveri\u015fli ve gerekli oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun gerek\u00e7esine kat\u0131lmaktay\u0131m. Bununla beraber ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ihalenin feshi taleplerinin kategorik olarak haks\u0131z ve k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli oldu\u011funun kabul\u00fc ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden a\u011f\u0131r neticeler do\u011furabilir. Nitekim ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen fesih talebinin hakl\u0131 bir nedene dayanmas\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu itibarla ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n hakl\u0131 nedenlerle yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu fesih talepleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ihale bedeli \u00fczerinden nispi har\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn devam ediyor olmas\u0131 ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131na a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir k\u00fclfet y\u00fcklemektedir.<\/p>\n
9. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle kurallar\u0131n, \u201cihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde oldu\u011fumdan say\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lmad\u0131m.<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Selahaddin MENTE\u015e<\/p>\n
\u200bAnayasa Mahkemesi 4\/12\/2024 tarihinde E.2023\/123 numaral\u0131 dosyada, 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130cra ve \u0130flas Kanunu\u2019nun 538 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 63. maddesiyle de\u011fi\u015ftirilen 134. maddesine 7343 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 27. maddesiyle eklenen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kran\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve itiraz\u0131n reddine karar vermi\u015ftir.\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0130tiraz Konusu Kural \u0130tiraz konusu kural\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinde sat\u0131\u015f isteyen alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lu, resm\u00ee sicilde kay\u0131tl\u0131 ilgililer ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 ayni hak sahipleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ki\u015filerce yap\u0131lan ihalenin feshi talebinin nispi harca tabi oldu\u011fu; itiraz konusu kural\u0131n devam\u0131nda da bu harc\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n talepte bulunulurken pe\u015fin olarak yat\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, talebin kabul\u00fc h\u00e2linde harc\u0131n ba\u015fka kimseye y\u00fcklenmeyece\u011fi ve istem h\u00e2linde iade edilece\u011fi, talebin reddi h\u00e2linde ise al\u0131nan harc\u0131n iade edilmeyece\u011fi ve kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n talepte bulunandan tahsil edilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ba\u015fvuru Gerek\u00e7esi Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; ihaleye kat\u0131larak en y\u00fcksek pey s\u00fcrmek suretiyle ihaleyi kazanan ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131yla, ihalenin feshi talebinde bulunacak di\u011fer ki\u015filerin ayn\u0131 konumda olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen itiraz konusu kuralla ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131 aleyhine farkl\u0131 uygulaman\u0131n meydana getirildi\u011fi, kuralda ihalenin feshini talep etmede ihale al\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kategorik bir \u015fekilde haks\u0131z ve k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli olarak kabul edildi\u011fi belirtilerek kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Mahkemenin De\u011ferlendirmesi Hacizli bir mal\u0131n cebr\u00ee icra yoluyla sat\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra ihaleye haz\u0131rl\u0131k a\u015famas\u0131nda veya ihale s\u0131ras\u0131nda birtak\u0131m usuls\u00fczl\u00fckler yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131yla icra mahkemesine yap\u0131lan fesih istemi takip hukukuna \u00f6zg\u00fc bir yoldur.\u00a0Bu itibarla ihalenin feshi talebinin nispi harca tabi oldu\u011funu \u00f6ng\u00f6ren itiraz konusu kuralla mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirilmektedir. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesi uyar\u0131nca temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n kanunla yap\u0131lmas\u0131, Anayasa\u2019da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlama sebebine uygun ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131 …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35475","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n