ANAYASA MAHKEMES\u0130 KARARI<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
Esas Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2024\/6<\/p>\n
Karar Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2024\/204<\/p>\n
Karar Tarihi : 4\/12\/2024<\/p>\n
R.G.Tarih-Say\u0131 : 10\/3\/2025-32837<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u0130T\u0130RAZ YOLUNA BA\u015eVURAN: K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u00e7ekmece 5. Asliye Hukuk Mahkemesi<\/p>\n
\u0130T\u0130RAZIN KONUSU: 2\/7\/1964 tarihli ve 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Har\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun;<\/p>\n
A. 28. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n 23\/7\/2010 tarihli ve 6009 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 18. maddesiyle de\u011fi\u015ftirilen (a) bendinin birinci c\u00fcmlesinin,<\/p>\n
B. 32. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinin,<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u201cdaval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 35. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek iptallerine karar verilmesi talebidir.<\/p>\n
OLAY: Tapu iptali ve tescil davas\u0131nda itiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varan Mahkeme, iptalleri i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
I. \u0130PTAL\u0130 \u0130STENEN KANUN H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130<\/p>\n
Kanun\u2019un itiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131;<\/p>\n
1. 28. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u201cNispi harclarda \u00f6deme zaman\u0131:<\/p>\n
Madde 28 \u2013 (1) say\u0131l\u0131 tarifede yaz\u0131l\u0131 nispi har\u00e7lar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki zamanlarda \u00f6denir.:<\/p>\n
a) \u00a0(De\u011fi\u015fik: 23\/7\/2010-6009\/18 md.) Karar ve ilam harc\u0131, <\/p>\n
Karar ve ilam har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rtte biri pe\u015fin, geri kalan\u0131 karar\u0131n tebli\u011finden itibaren bir ay i\u00e7inde \u00f6denir. \u015eu kadar ki, \u00f6l\u00fcm ve cismani zarar sebebiyle a\u00e7\u0131lan maddi ve manevi tazminat davalar\u0131nda pe\u015fin al\u0131nan harc\u0131n oran\u0131 yirmide bir olarak uygulan\u0131r. Bakiye karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmemi\u015f olmas\u0131, h\u00fckm\u00fcn tebli\u011fe \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na, takibe konulmas\u0131na ve kanun yollar\u0131na ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131na engel te\u015fkil etmez. <\/p>\n
b) \u0130cra Tahsil Harc\u0131, <\/p>\n
\u0130cra takiplerinde Tahsil Harc\u0131 alaca\u011f\u0131n \u00f6denmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u00f6deme yap\u0131lmayan hallerde har\u00e7 alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131 tarihinden itibaren 15 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde \u00f6denir. <\/p>\n
Har\u00e7 alaca\u011f\u0131 icran\u0131n yerine getirilmesiyle do\u011far. <\/p>\n
Konunun de\u011feri \u00fczerinden al\u0131nacak \u0130flas Harclar\u0131nda da bu bent h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulan\u0131r. <\/p>\n
c) Depozito, defter tutma ve miras i\u015flerine ait harclar, <\/p>\n
(1) Say\u0131l\u0131 tarifenin (D) b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde yaz\u0131l\u0131 depozito defter tutma ve miras i\u015flerine ait harclar i\u015fin sonundan itibaren 15 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde \u00f6denir.\u201d<\/p>\n
2. 32. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u201cHarc\u0131 \u00f6denmiyen i\u015flemler: <\/p>\n
Madde 32 \u2013 Yarg\u0131 i\u015flemlerinden al\u0131nacak harclar \u00f6denmedik\u00e7e m\u00fctaak\u0131p i\u015flemler yap\u0131lmaz. Ancak ilgilisi taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6denmiyen harclar\u0131 di\u011fer taraf \u00f6derse i\u015fleme devam olunmakla beraber bu para muhakeme neticesinde ayr\u0131ca bir iste\u011fe hacet kalmaks\u0131z\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmde nazara al\u0131n\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
II. \u0130LK \u0130NCELEME<\/p>\n
1. Anayasa Mahkemesi \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca Z\u00fcht\u00fc ARSLAN, Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN, Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA, Engin YILDIRIM, Muammer TOPAL, M. Emin KUZ, R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7, Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ, Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU, Selahaddin MENTE\u015e, Basri BA\u011eCI, \u0130rfan F\u0130DAN ve Kenan YA\u015eAR\u2019\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla 18\/1\/2024 tarihinde yap\u0131lan ilk inceleme toplant\u0131s\u0131nda dosyada eksiklik bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan i\u015fin esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
III. ESASIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130<\/p>\n
2. Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131 ve ekleri, Raport\u00f6r Onur MERCAN taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan i\u015fin esas\u0131na ili\u015fkin rapor, itiraz konusu kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, dayan\u0131lan ve ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fclen Anayasa kurallar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n gerek\u00e7eleri ile di\u011fer yasama belgeleri okunup incelendikten sonra gere\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcp d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc:<\/p>\n
A. Anlam ve Kapsam<\/p>\n
3. 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 2. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda yarg\u0131 i\u015flemlerinden an\u0131lan Kanun\u2019a ekli (1) say\u0131l\u0131 tarifede yaz\u0131l\u0131 olanlar\u0131n yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131na tabi oldu\u011fu h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu tarifenin \u201c(A) Mahkeme Har\u00e7lar\u0131:\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cIII \u2013 Karar ve ilam harc\u0131:\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda hangi davalarda ne oranda nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
4. Kanun\u2019un 11. maddesinde genel olarak yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 davay\u0131 a\u00e7an veya harca konu olan i\u015flemin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyen ki\u015filerin \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc oldu\u011fu, 31. maddesinde ise pe\u015fin al\u0131nan karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fin bitiminde \u00f6denmesi gerekenden fazla oldu\u011funun anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde fazla al\u0131nan k\u0131sm\u0131n talep \u00fczerine geri verilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
5. 13. maddede har\u00e7tan m\u00fcstesna i\u015flemler say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. An\u0131lan maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (j) bendinde genel b\u00fct\u00e7eye d\u00e2hil olan idarelerin Kanun\u2019un (1) ve (3) say\u0131l\u0131 tarifelerine giren b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015flemlerinin har\u00e7tan istisna oldu\u011fu, ayr\u0131ca belirtilen i\u015flemlere ili\u015fkin olarak hesaplanacak har\u00e7lar\u0131n genel b\u00fct\u00e7eye d\u00e2hil olan idarelerin hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 oran\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131 taraftan tahsiline ilgili merci taraf\u0131ndan karar verilece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
6. 123. maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise \u00f6zel kanunlarla har\u00e7tan muaf tutulan ki\u015filer ile istisna edilen i\u015flemlerden de har\u00e7 al\u0131nmayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
7. 12\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 120. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda davac\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lama har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 dava a\u00e7arken mahkeme veznesine yat\u0131rmak zorunda oldu\u011fu d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
8. 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 28. maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) bendinin itiraz konusu birinci c\u00fcmlesinde nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birinin pe\u015fin, geri kalan\u0131n\u0131n ise karar\u0131n tebli\u011finden itibaren bir ay i\u00e7inde \u00f6denmesi gerekti\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. An\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 32. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n itiraz konusu birinci c\u00fcmlesinde ise yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6denmedik\u00e7e m\u00fcteakip i\u015flemlerin yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kurallar \u201cdaval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
9. Bu itibarla kurallar uyar\u0131nca daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131na tabi davalarda s\u00f6z konusu harc\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birinin pe\u015fin olarak \u00f6denmesi gerekmekte olup an\u0131lan davalarda yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6denmeden m\u00fcteakip i\u015flemlere devam edilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
B. \u0130tiraz\u0131n Gerek\u00e7esi<\/p>\n
10. Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; kurallarla daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalarda davac\u0131n\u0131n har\u00e7 \u00f6demek zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalarda davan\u0131n kabul\u00fcne karar verilmesi durumunda davac\u0131n\u0131n pe\u015fin olarak \u00f6dedi\u011fi nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n davac\u0131ya iade edildi\u011fi, davan\u0131n reddi h\u00e2linde ise davac\u0131dan maktu karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla davac\u0131n\u0131n her durumda iade edilecek harc\u0131 \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n adil olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalarda davac\u0131dan pe\u015fin olarak nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131 al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n bir faydas\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kamu d\u00fczeniyle ilgili bir y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn de bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, an\u0131lan harc\u0131n davac\u0131ya iade edilene kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcrede de\u011fer kayb\u0131na u\u011frayabilece\u011fi dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kurallarla m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fi belirtilerek kurallar\u0131n \u201cdaval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 35. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
C. Anayasa\u2019ya Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k Sorunu<\/p>\n
1. Kanun\u2019un 28. Maddesinin Birinci F\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) Bendinin Birinci C\u00fcmlesinin \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
11. 30\/3\/2011 tarihli ve 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesi uyar\u0131nca kural, ilgisi nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 36. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
12. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 35. maddesinde \u201cHerkes, m\u00fclkiyet ve miras haklar\u0131na sahiptir.\/ Bu haklar, ancak kamu yarar\u0131 amac\u0131yla, kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir.\/ M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 toplum yarar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamaz.\u201d denilmek suretiyle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 g\u00fcvenceye ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ekonomik de\u011fer ifade eden ve de\u011feri parayla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ki\u015fiye ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n hakk\u0131na zarar vermemek ve kanunlar\u0131n koydu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalara uymak ko\u015fuluyla sahibi oldu\u011fu \u015feyi diledi\u011fi gibi kullanma, semerelerinden yararlanma ve tasarruf etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 veren bir hakt\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda malikin m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fc kullanma, semerelerinden yararlanma ve m\u00fclk\u00fc \u00fczerinde tasarruf etme yetkilerinden herhangi birinin k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 veya m\u00fclk\u00fcnden yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama te\u015fkil eder (AYM, E.2021\/128, K.2022\/68, 1\/6\/2022, \u00a7\u00a7 17, 18).<\/p>\n
13. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 36. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cHerkes, me\u015fru vas\u0131ta ve yollardan faydalanmak suretiyle yarg\u0131 mercileri \u00f6n\u00fcnde davac\u0131 veya daval\u0131 olarak iddia ve savunma ile adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131na sahiptir.\u201d denilmektedir. Maddeyle g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kendisi bir temel hak niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda di\u011fer temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerden gereken \u015fekilde yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan en etkili g\u00fcvencelerden biridir (AYM, E.2021\/9, K.2022\/4, 26\/1\/2022, \u00a7 28).<\/p>\n
14. Hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn temel unsurlar\u0131ndan biri mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131d\u0131r. Mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131, hukuki bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu konuda karar verme yetkisine sahip bir mahkeme \u00f6n\u00fcne g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesi hakk\u0131n\u0131 da kapsar. Ki\u015finin u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa veya zarara kar\u015f\u0131 kendisini savunabilmesinin ya da maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 haks\u0131z bir uygulama veya i\u015fleme kar\u015f\u0131 hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcp kan\u0131tlayabilmesinin, zarar\u0131n\u0131 giderebilmesinin en etkili ve g\u00fcvenceli yolu yarg\u0131 mercileri \u00f6n\u00fcnde dava hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilmesidir (AYM, E.2021\/20, K.2022\/84, 30\/6\/2022, \u00a7 10).<\/p>\n
15. Kuralda nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birinin pe\u015fin, kalan\u0131n\u0131n ise karar\u0131n tebli\u011finden itibaren bir ay i\u00e7inde \u00f6denece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kural \u201cdaval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
16. 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019a ekli (1) say\u0131l\u0131 tarifenin \u201c(A) Mahkeme Har\u00e7lar\u0131:\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cIII \u2013 Karar ve ilam harc\u0131:\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) bendi uyar\u0131nca davan\u0131n reddine karar verilmesi durumunda maktu karar ve ilam harc\u0131 al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
17. Di\u011fer yandan an\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 11. maddesinde genel olarak yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 davay\u0131 a\u00e7an veya harca konu olan i\u015flemin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyen ki\u015filerin \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olduklar\u0131 belirtilmi\u015f ise de 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un \u201cYarg\u0131lama giderlerinin kapsam\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 323. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) bendinde karar ve ilam har\u00e7lar\u0131 yarg\u0131lama giderleri aras\u0131nda say\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, \u201cYarg\u0131lama giderlerinden sorumluluk\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 326. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise kanunda yaz\u0131l\u0131 h\u00e2ller d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin aleyhine h\u00fck\u00fcm verilen taraftan al\u0131nmas\u0131na karar verilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
18. Buna g\u00f6re davan\u0131n k\u0131smen veya tamamen kabul\u00fcne karar verilmesi durumunda davac\u0131 \u00f6dedi\u011fi nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 geri alabilecektir. Davan\u0131n reddine karar verilmesi durumunda ise an\u0131lan harc\u0131n maktu karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan k\u0131sm\u0131 davac\u0131ya iade edilecektir. Bununla birlikte davac\u0131n\u0131n nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131 olarak pe\u015fin \u00f6dedi\u011fi tutardan dava sonu\u00e7lanana kadar mahrum kalaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda kural\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
19. \u00d6te yandan daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalarda davac\u0131y\u0131 nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birini pe\u015fin olarak \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc tutan kural\u0131n mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131 da s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
20. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde \u201cTemel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetler, \u00f6zlerine dokunulmaks\u0131z\u0131n yaln\u0131zca Anayasan\u0131n ilgili maddelerinde belirtilen sebeplere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ve ancak kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, Anayasan\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne ve ruhuna, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin ve l\u00e2ik Cumhuriyetin gereklerine ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamaz.\u201d denilmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131 ile m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama getiren d\u00fczenlemelerin kanunla yap\u0131lmas\u0131, ayr\u0131ca Anayasa\u2019da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlama sebebine uygun ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
21. Bu kapsamda mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131 ve m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamaya y\u00f6nelik bir kanuni d\u00fczenlemenin \u015feklen var olmas\u0131 yeterli olmay\u0131p yasal kurallar\u0131n keyf\u00eeli\u011fe izin vermeyecek \u015fekilde belirli ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir nitelikte olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
22. Esasen temel haklar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan kanunun bu niteliklere sahip olmas\u0131 Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesinde g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nan hukuk devleti ilkesinin de bir gere\u011fidir. Hukuk devletinde kanuni d\u00fczenlemelerin hem ki\u015filer hem de idare y\u00f6n\u00fcnden herhangi bir duraksamaya ve ku\u015fkuya yer vermeyecek \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131k, net, anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r, uygulanabilir ve nesnel olmas\u0131, ayr\u0131ca kamu otoritelerinin keyf\u00ee uygulamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koruyucu \u00f6nlem i\u00e7ermesi gerekir. Kanunda bulunmas\u0131 gereken bu nitelikler hukuki g\u00fcvenli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da zorunludur. Zira bu ilke hukuk normlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir olmas\u0131n\u0131, bireylerin t\u00fcm eylem ve i\u015flemlerinde devlete g\u00fcven duyabilmesini, devletin de yasal d\u00fczenlemelerinde bu g\u00fcven duygusunu zedeleyici y\u00f6ntemlerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli k\u0131lar (AYM, E.2015\/41, K.2017\/98, 4\/5\/2017, \u00a7\u00a7 153, 154). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde s\u0131n\u0131rlama \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc olarak belirtilen kanunilik, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesinde g\u00fcvenceye ba\u011flanan hukuk devleti ilkesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yorumlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
23. 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019a ekli (1) say\u0131l\u0131 tarifenin \u201c(A) Mahkeme Har\u00e7lar\u0131:\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cIII \u2013 Karar ve ilam harc\u0131:\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda hangi davalarda ne oranda nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131 al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir. Kuralda ise an\u0131lan harc\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birinin pe\u015fin, geri kalan\u0131n\u0131n ise karar\u0131n tebli\u011finden itibaren bir ay i\u00e7inde \u00f6denmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
24. Bu itibarla nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131na tabi davalarda an\u0131lan harc\u0131n hangi oranda ve ne zaman \u00f6denece\u011finin a\u00e7\u0131k, net, anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r, uygulanabilir ve nesnel \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda kural\u0131n kanunilik \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
25. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 35. maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n kamu yarar\u0131 amac\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 36. maddesinde mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131 i\u00e7in herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama nedeni \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f olmakla birlikte \u00f6zel s\u0131n\u0131rlama nedeni \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f haklar\u0131n da hakk\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan baz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir. \u00d6te yandan Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fka maddelerinde yer alan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler ile devlete y\u00fcklenen \u00f6devler, \u00f6zel s\u0131n\u0131rlama sebebi g\u00f6sterilmemi\u015f hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere s\u0131n\u0131r te\u015fkil edebilir.<\/p>\n
26. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 141. maddesinin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cDavalar\u0131n en az giderle ve m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan s\u00fcratle sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, yarg\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6revidir.\u201d denilmektedir. Yarg\u0131 mercilerinin makul olmayan bir i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalmalar\u0131 h\u00e2linde an\u0131lan g\u00f6revi yerine getirmeleri g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015febilecektir. Bu ba\u011flamda kanun koyucu yarg\u0131 mercilerinin gereksiz bir i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek nitelikte d\u00fczenlemeler \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilir (ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ndeki de\u011ferlendirme i\u00e7in bkz. AYM, E.2022\/61, K.2022\/101, 8\/9\/2022, \u00a7 32).<\/p>\n
27. An\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un gerek\u00e7esinde har\u00e7 ki\u015filerin \u00f6zel menfaatlerine ili\u015fkin olarak kamu kurumlar\u0131 ve hizmetlerinden faydalanmalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6demeler \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla birlikte karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131 mercilerine gereksiz talepler y\u00f6neltilmesini engelleme i\u015flevine de sahip oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
28. Bu itibarla an\u0131lan harc\u0131n \u00f6denme zaman\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen kural\u0131n mahkemelere y\u00f6neltilecek gereksiz talepler nedeniyle yarg\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc alt\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ve hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda kamu yarar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik me\u015fru bir amac\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ndeki de\u011ferlendirme i\u00e7in bkz. AYM, E.2022\/61, K.2022\/101, 8\/9\/2022, \u00a7 33). Bununla birlikte kural\u0131n me\u015fru bir amac\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131 da gerekir.<\/p>\n
29. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesi elveri\u015flilik, gereklilik ve orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 alt ilkeden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Elveri\u015flilik \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n amaca ula\u015fmaya elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131n\u0131, gereklilik ama\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n zorunlu olmas\u0131n\u0131, di\u011fer bir ifadeyle ayn\u0131 amaca daha hafif bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama ile ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamas\u0131n\u0131, orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ise hakka getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlama ile ama\u00e7 aras\u0131nda makul bir dengenin g\u00f6zetilmesi gereklili\u011fini ifade etmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re kuralla m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ile mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n elveri\u015flilik, gereklilik ve orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k alt ilkelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmamas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
30. Daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalarda davac\u0131y\u0131 nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birini pe\u015fin olarak \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc tutan kural\u0131n yarg\u0131 mercilerine gereksiz talepler y\u00f6neltilmesini belirli oranda \u00f6nleyebilece\u011fi ku\u015fkusuzdur. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olsa dahi nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131na tabi davalarda an\u0131lan harc\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birinin pe\u015fin, geri kalan\u0131n\u0131n ise karar\u0131n tebli\u011finden itibaren bir ay i\u00e7inde \u00f6denmesini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren kural\u0131n gereksiz davalar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyebilecek nitelikte oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu itibarla kural\u0131n an\u0131lan me\u015fru amaca ula\u015fma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan elveri\u015fli oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
31. Belirli davalarda nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bu harc\u0131n \u00f6denme zaman\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek de kanun koyucunun takdirindedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denme zaman\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen ve kanun koyucunun takdir yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda kalan kural\u0131n an\u0131lan me\u015fru amaca ula\u015fma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gerekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
32. Bununla birlikte orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k alt ilkesi gere\u011fince kural\u0131n daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden davac\u0131ya a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir k\u00fclfet y\u00fcklememesi gerekir. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle an\u0131lan davalar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden kuralda mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131 ve m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlama ile s\u00f6z konusu me\u015fru ama\u00e7 aras\u0131nda makul bir dengenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
33. Kanun\u2019a ekli (1) say\u0131l\u0131 tarifenin \u201c(A) Mahkeme Har\u00e7lar\u0131:\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cIII \u2013 Karar ve ilam harc\u0131:\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n en y\u00fcksek oran\u0131 binde 68,31 olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. Kuralda ise an\u0131lan tarifeye g\u00f6re hesaplanan nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca d\u00f6rtte birinin pe\u015fin, kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ise karar\u0131n tebli\u011finden itibaren bir ay i\u00e7inde \u00f6denmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
34. Nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca d\u00f6rtte birinin pe\u015fin \u00f6denmesini, davan\u0131n reddine karar verilmesi h\u00e2linde ise davac\u0131dan maktu karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren kanun koyucunun takdir yetkisini davac\u0131 \u00fczerinde an\u0131lan harc\u0131n yarataca\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131y\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca azaltacak y\u00f6nde kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (AYM, E.2022\/61, K.2022\/101, 8\/9\/2022, \u00a7 46).<\/p>\n
35. \u00d6te yandan daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalarda davac\u0131 nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131 \u00f6dese de bu harc\u0131 bir s\u00fcre sonra geri alabilmektedir. Davac\u0131n\u0131n sunulan adalet hizmetinden yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131 olarak \u00f6dedi\u011fi tutardan belirli bir s\u00fcre mahrum kalmas\u0131n\u0131n tek ba\u015f\u0131na katlan\u0131lamayacak bir k\u00fclfet olarak nitelendirilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir (AYM, E.2022\/61, K.2022\/101, 8\/9\/2022, \u00a7 46).<\/p>\n
36. Her ne kadar Anayasa Mahkemesinin 8\/9\/2022 tarihli ve E.2022\/61, K.2022\/101 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131yla kural \u201cdaval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atma nedeniyle a\u00e7\u0131lan tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden iptal edilmi\u015f ise de Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 46. maddesinde kamula\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ancak ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6denmesi \u015fart\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilece\u011fine y\u00f6nelik a\u00e7\u0131k bir h\u00fckme yer verildi\u011fi ve an\u0131lan davalar\u0131n temelinde idarenin Anayasa\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir eyleminin bulundu\u011fu dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u00f6z konusu kararda benimsenen yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan t\u00fcm davalar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi savunulamaz.<\/p>\n
37. Di\u011fer yandan 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 334. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda kendisi ve ailesinin ge\u00e7imini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zor duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeksizin, gereken yarg\u0131lama veya takip giderlerini k\u0131smen veya tamamen \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yoksun olan kimselerin, iddia ve savunmalar\u0131nda, ge\u00e7ici hukuki korunma taleplerinde ve icra takibinde, taleplerinin a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dayanaktan yoksun olmamas\u0131 kayd\u0131yla adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanabilecekleri, 335. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) bendinde ise adli yard\u0131m karar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lacak t\u00fcm yarg\u0131lama ve takip giderlerinden ge\u00e7ici olarak muafiyet sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kural\u0131n ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc zay\u0131f ki\u015filere a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir k\u00fclfet y\u00fcklemesini engellemeye y\u00f6nelik bir g\u00fcvencenin de bulundu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
38. Ayr\u0131ca genel itibar\u0131yla yarg\u0131 uygulamas\u0131nda daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalarda davac\u0131ya bakiye karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n tamamlatt\u0131r\u0131lmamas\u0131 ve pe\u015fin \u00f6denen harc\u0131n iade edilmesi davac\u0131n\u0131n har\u00e7 m\u00fckellefi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmemektedir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle yarg\u0131 mercilerinin yasal d\u00fczenlemelerin uygulanmas\u0131nda geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi pratik yakla\u015f\u0131mlar esas al\u0131narak anayasall\u0131k denetimi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ilke olarak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
39. Bu itibarla daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalarda m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ve mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlama ile an\u0131lan me\u015fru ama\u00e7 aras\u0131nda makul bir denge sa\u011flayan kural\u0131n orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k alt ilkesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesini ihlal etmedi\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
40. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle kural, \u201cdaval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13., 35. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130tiraz\u0131n reddi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Kenan YA\u015eAR bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2. Kanun\u2019un 32. Maddesinin Birinci F\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n Birinci C\u00fcmlesinin \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
41. 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesi uyar\u0131nca kural, ilgisi nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 36. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
42. Kuralda yarg\u0131 i\u015flemlerinden al\u0131nacak har\u00e7lar \u00f6denmedik\u00e7e m\u00fcteakip i\u015flemlere devam edilemeyece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kural \u201cdaval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
43. Yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131 al\u0131nmadan m\u00fcteakip i\u015flemlere devam edilmesine imk\u00e2n tan\u0131mayan kuralda mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
44. Kurala g\u00f6re daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalarda an\u0131lan har\u00e7lar \u00f6denmeden m\u00fcteakip yarg\u0131sal i\u015flemlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu itibarla yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131 ve bu har\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmemesi durumunda do\u011facak hukuki sonucun herhangi bir duraksamaya neden olmayacak \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131k ve net olarak d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kural\u0131n kanunilik \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
45. Anayasa\u2019da yarg\u0131 hizmetlerinden har\u00e7 al\u0131nmas\u0131na engel te\u015fkil eden bir h\u00fck\u00fcm bulunmamaktad\u0131r (AYM, E.2011\/13, K.2012\/45, 22\/3\/2012). Ayr\u0131ca yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n sunulan adalet hizmetinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda al\u0131nan bedel olarak nitelendirilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ise de an\u0131lan har\u00e7lar\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu hizmetin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde i\u015flemesine hizmet eden bir y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn de bulundu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
46. Bu ba\u011flamda devletin sunmu\u015f oldu\u011fu yarg\u0131 hizmeti kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ilgililerden yarg\u0131 harc\u0131 ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir bedel tahsil etmesinin kamu yarar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir amac\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu ku\u015fkusuzdur (\u00d6mer Tuncer [1.B.], B. No: 2016\/72712, 8\/9\/2020, \u00a7 42). Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle yarg\u0131 i\u015flemlerinin harca tabi olmas\u0131n\u0131n ilgililerin adalet hizmetinin finansman\u0131na kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bu hizmetin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
47. Bu itibarla m\u00fcteakip yarg\u0131sal i\u015flemlere devam edilebilmesini yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmesi \u015fart\u0131na ba\u011flayan kural\u0131n adalet hizmetinin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u015fekilde i\u015flemesini sa\u011flamaya y\u00f6nelik me\u015fru bir amac\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
48. Yarg\u0131 i\u015flemlerinden al\u0131nacak har\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6denmemesi durumunda m\u00fcteakip i\u015flemlere devam edilmemesinin an\u0131lan har\u00e7lar\u0131n i\u015flevinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesine katk\u0131 sunaca\u011f\u0131 ku\u015fkusuzdur.<\/p>\n
49. \u00d6te yandan vergi, resim, har\u00e7 ve benzeri mali y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklere y\u00f6nelik politikan\u0131n belirlenmesi ve uygulanmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kamu makamlar\u0131 geni\u015f bir takdir yetkisine sahiptir (\u00d6mer Tuncer, \u00a7 46). Bu ba\u011flamda yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denme zaman\u0131 ile \u00f6denmemesi durumunda do\u011facak hukuki sonucun belirlenmesi kanun koyucunun takdirindedir.<\/p>\n
50. Bu itibarla yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6denmeden m\u00fcteakip i\u015flemlere devam edilmesine imk\u00e2n tan\u0131mayan ve kanun koyucunun takdir yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda kalan kural\u0131n an\u0131lan me\u015fru amaca ula\u015fma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan elveri\u015fli ve gerekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
51. Kanun koyucunun yarg\u0131 hizmetlerinin sunulmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda har\u00e7 al\u0131nmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik d\u00fczenleme yapma yetkisi bulunmakla birlikte yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkileri dikkate al\u0131nmak suretiyle bu har\u00e7lar\u0131n miktar\u0131n\u0131n makul d\u00fczeyde belirlenmesi ve \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fc bulunmayanlar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden etkili bir adli yard\u0131m sisteminin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi gerekir (AYM, E. 2011\/54, K.2011\/142, 20\/10\/2011).<\/p>\n
52. Bu ba\u011flamda 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019a ekli (1) say\u0131l\u0131 tarifede yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n miktar ve oranlar\u0131n\u0131n makul \u015fekilde belirlenmedi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez. Ayr\u0131ca 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 334 ila 340. maddelerinde yarg\u0131 harc\u0131 \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc ki\u015finin ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn zay\u0131f olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde i\u015fletilebilecek adli yard\u0131m sistemi de \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
53. Di\u011fer yandan davan\u0131n sonucuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak davac\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda \u00f6dedi\u011fi tutar\u0131 geri alabilmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu da a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
54. Kald\u0131 ki yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemek suretiyle adalet hizmetinin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u015fekilde i\u015flemesini sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kuralda daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden herhangi bir istisna \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemesinin makul kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
55. Buna g\u00f6re yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n oran ve miktar\u0131n\u0131n makul d\u00fczeyde belirlendi\u011fi ve \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fc zay\u0131f ki\u015filer y\u00f6n\u00fcnden uygulanabilecek adli yard\u0131m sisteminin bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde adalet hizmetinin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u015fekilde i\u015flemesine hizmet eden kural\u0131n daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalarda an\u0131lan hizmetten yararlanacak ki\u015filere katlanamayacaklar\u0131 bir k\u00fclfet y\u00fckledi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
56. Bu itibarla daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalarda yarg\u0131 i\u015flemlerinden al\u0131nacak har\u00e7lar \u00f6denmedik\u00e7e m\u00fcteakip i\u015flemlere devam edilemeyece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren kural\u0131n mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz bir m\u00fcdahalede bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
57. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle kural \u201cdaval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130tiraz\u0131n reddi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 35. maddesine de ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ise de bu ba\u011flamda belirtilen hususlar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 36. maddeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirmeler kapsam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 35. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ayr\u0131ca bir inceleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
IV. H\u00dcK\u00dcM<\/p>\n
2\/7\/1964 tarihli ve 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Har\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun;<\/p>\n
A. 28. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n 23\/7\/2010 tarihli ve 6009 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 18. maddesiyle de\u011fi\u015ftirilen (a) bendinin birinci c\u00fcmlesinin \u201cdaval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve itiraz\u0131n REDD\u0130NE, Kenan YA\u015eAR\u2019\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131oyu ve OY\u00c7OKLU\u011eUYLA,<\/p>\n
B. 32. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinin \u201cdaval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve itiraz\u0131n REDD\u0130NE OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE,<\/p>\n
4\/12\/2024 tarihinde karar verildi.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkan<\/p>\n
Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Basri BA\u011eCI<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Engin YILDIRIM<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Recai AKYEL<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Selahaddin MENTE\u015e<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u0130rfan F\u0130DAN<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Kenan YA\u015eAR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Muhterem \u0130NCE<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u00d6mer \u00c7INAR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Metin KIRATLI<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
KAR\u015eI OY GErEK\u00c7ES\u0130<\/p>\n
1. Yukar\u0131da ba\u015fvuru numaras\u0131 belirtilen itiraz konusu 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Har\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 28. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n a bendinin birinci c\u00fcmlesi ve 32. maddesinin birinci c\u00fcmlesinin \u201cdaval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkindir.<\/p>\n
2. Mahkememiz \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13., 35. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esi ile iptal talebinin reddine dair karara a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanacak sebeplerle i\u015ftirak edilmemi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n
3. Konusu para ile \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilen davalarda s\u00f6z konusu h\u00fck\u00fcmdeki gibi \u00bc karar ve ilam harc\u0131 pe\u015fin olarak al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
4. Davan\u0131n kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde pe\u015fin olarak davac\u0131 taraftan al\u0131nan bu har\u00e7 yarg\u0131lama giderleri ile birlikte daval\u0131 taraftan karar tarihinden itibaren i\u015fleyecek yasal faiz ile birlikte tahsil edilebilmektedir. Davan\u0131n kaybedilmesi durumunda ise pe\u015fin olarak al\u0131nan bu nispi har\u00e7 davac\u0131 tarafa iade edilmektedir.<\/p>\n
5. Daval\u0131 taraf\u0131n har\u00e7tan muaf oldu\u011fu bu t\u00fcr davalarda ise davan\u0131n kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 veya kaybedilmesi hallerinde pe\u015fin olarak davac\u0131 taraftan al\u0131nan har\u00e7, h\u00fck\u00fcmle birlikte davac\u0131ya iadesine karar verilmekte ve ancak karar kesinle\u015fti\u011finde davac\u0131 tarafa \u00f6denmektedir.<\/p>\n
6. Bu t\u00fcr davalarda sonu\u00e7 ister davac\u0131n\u0131n lehine ister aleyhine sonu\u00e7lans\u0131n nihai olarak \u00f6denecek har\u00e7 maktu har\u00e7t\u0131r. Her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda pe\u015fin olarak al\u0131nan har\u00e7 davac\u0131ya iade edilmektedir. O halde en k\u00f6t\u00fc senaryoda dahi davan\u0131n sonunda maktu bir har\u00e7 \u00f6demek durumunda kalacak olan ki\u015fiden nispi bir har\u00e7 istenmesi gerekli ve orant\u0131l\u0131 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
7. Her ne kadar sonradan farkl\u0131 karar verse de Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulunun 2010 y\u0131l\u0131nda verdi\u011fi bir kararda daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalarda davac\u0131dan nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131 al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ba\u011fda\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131 sonucuna var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karar\u0131n ilgili k\u0131sm\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekildedir \u201c\u2026daval\u0131 harca tabi de\u011filse ya da har\u00e7tan muaf ise aleyhine a\u00e7\u0131lan dava nispi harca tabi bir dava olsa dahi ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta maktu har\u00e7 al\u0131n\u0131p yarg\u0131lamaya devam edilebilmeli; sonu\u00e7ta h\u00fckmedilmesi olana\u011f\u0131 bulunmayan nispi harc\u0131n pe\u015fin miktar\u0131n\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 aranmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksine bir yakla\u015f\u0131m hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir ki, bunun hukuk d\u00fczenimizce korunmayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.\u201d (YHGK, E.2010\/10-55, K.2010\/561, 3\/11\/2010)<\/p>\n
8. Mahkememiz, daha \u00f6nce \u201cdaval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atma nedeniyle a\u00e7\u0131lan tazminat davalar\u0131\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ayn\u0131 kural\u0131 incelemi\u015f ve Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 35. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 bularak iptal etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
9. Nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca d\u00f6rtte birinin pe\u015fin, geri kalan\u0131n\u0131n ise karar\u0131n tebli\u011finden itibaren bir ay i\u00e7inde \u00f6denece\u011fini, ayr\u0131ca yarg\u0131lama giderleri ba\u011flam\u0131nda karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n aleyhine h\u00fck\u00fcm verilen taraftan al\u0131nmas\u0131na karar verilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren kanun koyucunun, takdir yetkisini karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik getirdi\u011fi s\u0131n\u0131rlamay\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca hafifletecek y\u00f6nde kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Di\u011fer yandan davac\u0131n\u0131n sunulan adalet hizmeti yoluyla elde etti\u011fi menfaat g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde karar ve ilam harc\u0131 olarak \u00f6dedi\u011fi tutardan belirli bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine mahrum kalmas\u0131n\u0131n tek ba\u015f\u0131na Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k te\u015fkil etmeyece\u011fi de kabul edilebilir. Ancak dava konusu kurallar\u0131n kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atma nedeniyle a\u00e7\u0131lan tazminat davalar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atman\u0131n Anayasa\u2019da m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nan g\u00fcvenceleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ihlal eden bir y\u00f6ntem oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde malike s\u00f6z konusu ihlallerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra ba\u015fka ek k\u00fclfetler getiren kurallar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k te\u015fkil etmeyece\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez. Kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atma nedeniyle a\u00e7\u0131lan tazminat davas\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131smen veya tamamen kabul\u00fcne karar verilmesi durumunda davac\u0131 \u00f6dedi\u011fi nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 geri alabilmekte ise de dava sonu\u00e7lanana kadar ge\u00e7ecek s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131 olarak \u00f6denen tutarda meydana gelebilecek de\u011fer kayb\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n elde edilememesine de yol a\u00e7abilmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu de\u011fer kayb\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6denmesine y\u00f6nelik anayasal g\u00fcvenceyi i\u015flevsiz h\u00e2le getirmesini engelleyebilecek bir telafi mekanizmas\u0131 da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir (AYM, E.2022\/61, K.2022\/101, 08\/09\/2022, \u00a7 46).<\/p>\n
10. Kural ayn\u0131 kural olup her iki davada da daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaft\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin s\u00f6z konusu karar\u0131n\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 46. maddesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ger\u00e7ek bedelinin \u00f6denmesi gere\u011fi \u00fczerinden olu\u015fturulmu\u015f olsa da dava konusu kuralda oldu\u011fu gibi nispi har\u00e7 devlete \u00f6denmi\u015f olup belli bir s\u00fcre ge\u00e7tikten sonra iadesi gerekmektedir. \u00d6denen nispi harc\u0131n enflasyondan kaynaklanan de\u011fer kayb\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi i\u00e7in tedbirler al\u0131nmas\u0131 kural olarak devlete y\u00fcklenmi\u015f bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckt\u00fcr. Nitekim Anayasa Mahkemesi (AYM) yerle\u015fik i\u00e7tihad\u0131nda enflasyondan kaynaklanan de\u011fer kayb\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmemesini Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulmaktad\u0131r (bir\u00e7ok karar aras\u0131ndan bkz. AYM, E.2022\/83, K.2023\/69, 5\/4\/2023 ve orada at\u0131f yap\u0131lan kararlar; Ali Tetik, B. No: 2019\/3214, 6\/10\/2022).<\/p>\n
11. AYM 5\/4\/2023 tarihli ve E.2022\/83, K.2023\/69 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda bu konudaki yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde ortaya koymu\u015ftur: Anayasa Mahkemesinin gerek norm denetimi kapsam\u0131nda gerekse de bireysel ba\u015fvuru kapsam\u0131nda verdi\u011fi \u00e7e\u015fitli kararlar\u0131nda alacaklar\u0131n da m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda oldu\u011fu, devlet taraf\u0131ndan alacaklar\u0131n ge\u00e7 \u00f6denmesi h\u00e2linde enflasyon oranlar\u0131 alt\u0131nda olmayan bir faiz \u00f6denmesinin bireyin haklar\u0131 ve kamu d\u00fczeni bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir (AYM, E.1997\/34, K.1998\/79, 15\/12\/1998; Mehmet Akdo\u011fan ve di\u011ferleri, B. No: 2013\/87, 19\/12\/2013, \u00a7 52; Akel G\u0131da San. ve Tic. A.\u015e., B. No: 2013\/28, 25\/2\/2015, \u00a7 46; Abdulhalim Bozbo\u011fa, B. No: 2013\/6880, 23\/3\/2016, \u00a7 58; Ferda Ye\u015filtepe [GK], B. No: 2014\/7621, 25\/7\/2017, \u00a7 29).<\/p>\n
12. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla eldeki kural\u0131n kapsam\u0131na giren harc\u0131n iadesi a\u015famas\u0131nda enflasyon kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki de\u011fer kayb\u0131na dair bir g\u00fcvence de \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
13. Kural\u0131n iptaline ili\u015fkin ba\u015fvuru dilek\u00e7esinde belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 36. maddesinde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan yarg\u0131 mercileri \u00f6n\u00fcnde hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, haklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7 edinen vazge\u00e7ilmez me\u015fru y\u00f6ntemlerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir. Daval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalarda davac\u0131 taraf\u00e7a Har\u00e7lar Kanunu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerince \u00f6denen nispi har\u00e7 karar kesinle\u015fti\u011finde harc\u0131 yat\u0131ran davac\u0131ya iade edilmektedir. Her hal\u00fck\u00e2rda iade edilece\u011fi kesin olan harc\u0131n davac\u0131dan al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7bir yarar\u0131 yoktur. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 36. maddesine a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k te\u015fkil etmektedir.<\/p>\n
14. Ayr\u0131ca davalar\u0131n uzun s\u00fcrmesi nedeniyle davan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6denen pe\u015fin harc\u0131n \u00f6deyene ge\u00e7 iade edilmesi Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 35. maddesindeki m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n da ihlali sonucunu do\u011furmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
15. T\u00fcm bu sebeplerle kural\u0131n \u201cdaval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden\u201d iptal edilmesi gerekti\u011fi kanaati ile \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne i\u015ftirak edilmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Kenan YA\u015eAR<\/p>\n
\u200bAnayasa Mahkemesi’nin 4\/12\/2024 tarihli, 2024\/6 esas – 2024\/204 karar say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
ANAYASA MAHKEMES\u0130 KARARI \u00a0 Esas Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2024\/6 Karar Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2024\/204 Karar Tarihi : 4\/12\/2024 R.G.Tarih-Say\u0131 : 10\/3\/2025-32837 \u00a0 \u0130T\u0130RAZ YOLUNA BA\u015eVURAN: K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u00e7ekmece 5. Asliye Hukuk Mahkemesi \u0130T\u0130RAZIN KONUSU: 2\/7\/1964 tarihli ve 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Har\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun; A. 28. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n 23\/7\/2010 tarihli ve 6009 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 18. maddesiyle de\u011fi\u015ftirilen (a) bendinin birinci c\u00fcmlesinin, B. 32. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinin, \u00a0\u201cdaval\u0131s\u0131 har\u00e7tan muaf olan davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 35. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek iptallerine karar verilmesi talebidir. OLAY: Tapu iptali ve tescil davas\u0131nda itiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varan Mahkeme, iptalleri i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur. I. \u0130PTAL\u0130 \u0130STENEN KANUN H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130 Kanun\u2019un itiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131; 1. 28. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u00a0\u201cNispi harclarda \u00f6deme zaman\u0131: Madde 28 \u2013 (1) say\u0131l\u0131 tarifede yaz\u0131l\u0131 nispi har\u00e7lar a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki zamanlarda \u00f6denir.: a) \u00a0(De\u011fi\u015fik: 23\/7\/2010-6009\/18 md.) Karar ve ilam harc\u0131, Karar ve ilam har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rtte biri pe\u015fin, geri kalan\u0131 karar\u0131n tebli\u011finden itibaren bir ay i\u00e7inde \u00f6denir. \u015eu kadar ki, \u00f6l\u00fcm ve cismani zarar sebebiyle a\u00e7\u0131lan maddi ve manevi tazminat davalar\u0131nda pe\u015fin al\u0131nan harc\u0131n oran\u0131 yirmide bir olarak uygulan\u0131r. Bakiye karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmemi\u015f olmas\u0131, h\u00fckm\u00fcn tebli\u011fe \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na, takibe konulmas\u0131na ve kanun yollar\u0131na ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131na engel te\u015fkil etmez. b) \u0130cra Tahsil Harc\u0131, \u0130cra …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-35213","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n