Anayasam\u0131z\u0131n 34. maddesi uyar\u0131nca herkes; \u00f6nceden izin almaks\u0131z\u0131n, silahs\u0131z ve sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131z yani bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc veya toplant\u0131 yapma hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Ancak bu hak, ilgili maddede belirtilen \u00f6zel nedenlerle s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir.<\/p>\n
Konu, 2911 say\u0131l\u0131 yasayla d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yap\u0131lmas\u0131yla ilgili usul ve esaslar, bildirim yap\u0131lmas\u0131, bunlar\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131 ve yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fleri ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Bu yasan\u0131n 32. maddesinde direnme su\u00e7u d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup uygulamada s\u0131kl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, s\u00f6z konusu su\u00e7un unsurlar\u0131n\u0131, ispat\u0131n\u0131 ve ve bu su\u00e7ta tutuklama tedbiri uygulan\u0131p uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
I.\u00a0Su\u00e7un Unsurlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Bilindi\u011fi gibi su\u00e7un unsurlar\u0131; maddi ve manevi unsur ile hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k unsurudur. Hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k unsuru, hukuka uygunluk nedenlerinin yoklu\u011fudur. Bu nedenle bir su\u00e7un as\u0131l incelemesi, maddi ve manevi unsurlar kapsam\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131r. Biz de yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, su\u00e7un maddi ve manevi unsurunu ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
A.\u00a0Maddi Unsur<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un maddi unsuru; yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerine kat\u0131lmak ve ihtara ve zor kullanmaya ra\u011fmen da\u011f\u0131lmamakta \u0131srar etmektir.<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un faili, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lan ki\u015fidir. Buna g\u00f6re; \u00f6ncelikle ortada bir toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olmas\u0131 ve bu toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
Hukuk d\u00fczeninde kavramlar, yasa taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015fsa, art\u0131k t\u00fcm d\u00fczende o tan\u0131mlar esas al\u0131n\u0131r. \u0130lk iki unsur yasada tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tan\u0131mlar \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n
–\u00a0Toplant\u0131: Belirli konular \u00fczerinde halk\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatmak ve bir kamuoyu yaratmak suretiyle o konuyu benimsetmek i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczelki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan yasa \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde d\u00fczenlenen a\u00e7\u0131k ve kapal\u0131 yer toplant\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
– G\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc: Belirli konular \u00fczerinde halk\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatmak ve bir kamuoyu yaratmak suretiyle o konuyu benimsetmek i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan yasa \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde d\u00fczenlenen y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler.<\/p>\n
\u0130kinci unsur, bu toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Hangi toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerin yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131, ayn\u0131 yasan\u0131n 23. maddesinde belirtilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n
– Yasan\u0131n 9 ve 10. maddelerinde, toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f \u00f6ncesi bildirimde bulunma ko\u015fulu ve usulleri d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bildirim verilmeden veya toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f i\u00e7in belirtilen g\u00fcn ve saatten \u00f6nce veya sonra yap\u0131lan eylemler, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak, Anayasa Mahkemesi, spontane geli\u015fen durumlar ve derhal tepki verilmesinin hakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu olaylarla ilgili olarak bildirim verilmeden de bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l g\u00f6steri yap\u0131labilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemektedir (Ali Orak ve \u0130rfan G\u00fcl [1.B.], B. No: 2014\/10626, 18\/4\/2018, \u00a7 46). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bildirimde bulunulmayan ve fakat toplumsal geli\u015fmeler gere\u011fi derhal tepki verilen bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l g\u00f6steri ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerin, su\u00e7 normlar\u0131n\u0131n dar yorumlanmas\u0131 gere\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
– Ate\u015fli silahlar veya havai fi\u015fek, molotof ve benzeri el yap\u0131m\u0131 olanlar d\u00e2hil patlay\u0131c\u0131 maddeler veya her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kesici, delici aletler veya ta\u015f, sopa, demir ve lastik \u00e7ubuklar, bo\u011fma teli veya zincir, demir bilye ve sapan gibi bereleyici ve bo\u011fucu ara\u00e7lar veya yak\u0131c\u0131, a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, yaralay\u0131c\u0131 eczalar veya di\u011fer her t\u00fcrl\u00fc zehirler veya her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sis, gaz ve benzeri maddeler ile yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct ve topluluklara ait amblem ve i\u015faret ta\u015f\u0131narak veya bu i\u015faret ve amblemleri \u00fczerinde bulunduran \u00fcniformay\u0131 and\u0131r\u0131r giysiler giyilerek veya kimliklerini gizlemek amac\u0131yla y\u00fczlerini tamamen veya k\u0131smen bez ve sair unsurlarla \u00f6rterek toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerine kat\u0131lma ve yasalar\u0131n su\u00e7 sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 nitelik ta\u015f\u0131yan afi\u015f, pankart, d\u00f6viz, resim, levha, ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7ler ta\u015f\u0131narak veya bu nitelikte sloganlar s\u00f6ylenerek veya ses cihazlar\u0131 ile yay\u0131nlanarak yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fleri yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak bu ko\u015fulun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsedebilmek i\u00e7in, toplant\u0131n\u0131n veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn bu niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gerekir. Yoksa bir k\u0131s\u0131m ki\u015filer bu madde ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirdi diye bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n
– Toplant\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flere g\u00fcne\u015f do\u011fmadan ba\u015flanamaz. Bunlar, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Parklarda, mabetlerde, kamu hizmeti g\u00f6r\u00fclen bina ve tesislerde, TBBM\u2019ye bir kilometre uzakl\u0131k i\u00e7erisindeki alanlardaki toplant\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Yine toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f, bildirim verilen yer ve g\u00fczergahta oldu\u011fu m\u00fcddet\u00e7e yasaya uygundur.<\/p>\n
– Vali veya kaymakam; milli g\u00fcvenlik, kamu d\u00fczeni, su\u00e7 i\u015flenmesinin \u00f6nlenmesi, genel sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve genel ahl\u00e2k\u0131n veya ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin korunmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla belirli bir toplant\u0131y\u0131 bir ay\u0131 a\u015fmamak \u00fczere erteleyebilir veya su\u00e7 i\u015flenece\u011fine dair a\u00e7\u0131k ve yak\u0131n tehlike mevcut olmas\u0131 halinde yasaklayabilir (m. 17). Vali, bir il veya il\u00e7edeki t\u00fcm toplant\u0131lar\u0131, yine yukar\u0131daki \u00f6zel s\u0131n\u0131rlama sebeplerine dayanarak ve su\u00e7 i\u015flenece\u011fine dair a\u00e7\u0131k ve yak\u0131n tehlike mevcut olmas\u0131 halinde yasaklayabilir (m. 19). Bu karar gerek\u00e7eli olarak verilir ve mutat vas\u0131talarla ilan edilir. Bu karara ra\u011fmen yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ancak burada belirtilmesi gereken bir konu, verilen bu karar\u0131n hukuka uygun olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fidir. Bu karar, idari bir karard\u0131r ve idari yarg\u0131da iptal edilmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece hukuka uygunluk karinesinden yararlan\u0131r. Ancak, bir ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda su\u00e7un unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek anlamda olu\u015fup olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi zorunlulu\u011fu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda (maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fin bulunmas\u0131), verilen bu karar\u0131n hukuka uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da de\u011ferlendirilebilmelidir. S\u0131rf idari yarg\u0131da dava a\u00e7\u0131lmad\u0131 diye asl\u0131nda hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir karara kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f nedeniyle su\u00e7suz bir kimseye ceza verilmesi kabul edilemez.\u00a0<\/p>\n
– Yasan\u0131n 4. maddesinde baz\u0131 konular (\u00f6rne\u011fin spor m\u00fcsabakalar\u0131 nedeniyle toplanmalar), yasa kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lan bu konular\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f s\u00f6z konusu olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Yasalarda su\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131mlanan bir ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Bildirimde belirtilen ama\u00e7lar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi gibi, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler olduk\u00e7a fazla \u015fekilde say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc hukuk d\u00fczeni ile ba\u011fda\u015f\u0131p ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayr\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fma konusudur. Burada belirtilmesi gereken husus, yasada belirtilmeyen hallerin su\u00e7un unsuru olamayaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Yani yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f, ancak yasada belirtilen hallerde s\u00f6z konusu olabilir.<\/p>\n
Burada en \u00f6nemli iki husus, bildirim yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 ve toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerin yasaklanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fimiz hususlar\u0131 \u00f6nemi nedeniyle tekrar ifade etmek gerekir.<\/p>\n
Toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenlemek ve kat\u0131lmak, demokratik bir hukuk devletinin en temel haklar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Bir hakk\u0131n amac\u0131na uygun kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, su\u00e7 olarak kabul edilemez. Haklar geni\u015f, s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar ise dar yorumlan\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re; Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin yukar\u0131da at\u0131f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z karar\u0131nda da dile getirildi\u011fi \u00fczere, bildirim verilmesi, toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015ften idarenin haberinin olmas\u0131 ve bunun g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak ve hakk\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 temin etmek amac\u0131yla yasada yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu amaca ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak her bildirimde bulunulmayan toplant\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 kabul etmemek gerekir. Derhal tepki verilmesi gereken hallerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler, bildirim verilmese de hukuka uygundur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, su\u00e7 olu\u015fmaz. <\/p>\n
Di\u011fer \u00f6nemli husus ise toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn yasaklanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ko\u015fullar\u0131 olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde yasaklama karar\u0131 verilmesi, Anayasal bir hakk\u0131n ihlalidir. Buna ra\u011fmen ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerin yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmek, hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n muhatab\u0131 olan yurtta\u015flara, temel hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edilmesine raz\u0131 gelmesi gerekti\u011fini, aksi halde su\u00e7 i\u015fleyece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemektir. B\u00f6yle bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta mant\u0131\u011fa ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015fma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda, yasaklama karar\u0131n\u0131n hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 denetlenmelidir. Ancak, yasaklama karar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir idare mahkemesi karar\u0131 varsa, ceza mahkemesi bu karar\u0131 dikkate almal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fte fail, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olan bu toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lan ki\u015fidir. Eylem ise, kolluk kuvvetlerinin ihtar\u0131na ve zor kullanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen da\u011f\u0131lmamakta \u0131srar etmektir.<\/p>\n
Hemen belirtelim ki, tek ba\u015f\u0131na yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lmak su\u00e7 de\u011fildir. Yasan\u0131n 28\/1. maddesinde, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenlemek, y\u00f6netmek veya bunlar\u0131n hareketlerine kat\u0131lmak su\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, yaln\u0131zca y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lmak su\u00e7 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay da salt y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lma eyleminin, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak yap\u0131lan g\u00f6steriyi d\u00fczenleme, y\u00f6netme veya d\u00fczenleyen ve y\u00f6neten ki\u015filerin eylemlerine i\u015ftirak etme kapsam\u0131nda olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir (Yarg\u0131tay 3. Ceza Dairesi, T. 13.5.2024, E. 2022\/13692, K. 2024\/6678.).<\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131da da s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi gibi, bu su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in failin, kolluk kuvvetlerinin ihtar\u0131na ve zor kullanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen da\u011f\u0131lmamakta \u0131srar etmesi gerekir. Bu kapsamda;<\/p>\n
– \u00d6ncelikle kolluk, toplulu\u011fu da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ihtar yapmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Bu ihtar, failin duyabilece\u011fi \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– \u0130htar sonras\u0131 da\u011f\u0131lman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyece\u011fini anlamak i\u00e7in makul s\u00fcre ge\u00e7melidir.<\/p>\n
– Makul s\u00fcreye ra\u011fmen topluluk da\u011f\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kolluk, zor kullanma a\u015famas\u0131na ge\u00e7melidir.<\/p>\n
– Zor kullanmaya ra\u011fmen topluluk da\u011f\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Fail, da\u011f\u0131lmama y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u0131srarl\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flarda bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu unsurlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131yla incelersek; \u00f6ncelikle ortada bir ihtar ve zor kullanma bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Polis, toplanan veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lan ki\u015filerin duyabilece\u011fi \u015fekilde, da\u011f\u0131lma ve yoksa zor kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ihtar\u0131nda bulunur. Buna ra\u011fmen topluluk da\u011f\u0131lmazsa zor kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Zor kullanma kavram\u0131; 2559 say\u0131l\u0131 yasada (PVSK m. 16) d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re polis, orant\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde m\u00fcdahale etmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olup toplulu\u011fun da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kademeli g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kapsamda polis; bedeni g\u00fc\u00e7, cop, bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 su ve\/veya biber gaz\u0131 kullanabilir.<\/p>\n
Polisin da\u011f\u0131lma ihtar\u0131 ve zor kullanmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda, toplulu\u011fun da\u011f\u0131l\u0131p da\u011f\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in makul bir s\u00fcre ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay da bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ftedir (Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu T. 20.12.2022, E. 2018\/16-508, K. 2022\/813.).<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in polis ilk \u00f6nce ihtarda bulunmu\u015f, makul s\u00fcreye ra\u011fmen topluluk da\u011f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f ve bunun \u00fczerine zor kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcm bunlara ra\u011fmen fail, da\u011f\u0131lmamakta \u0131srar ederse, su\u00e7 olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
Israr, direnmek anlam\u0131na gelir ki yasa maddesinin ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da budur. Bu kavram, do\u011fas\u0131 itibariyle bir s\u00fcreklilik bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Yani zor kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen fail, da\u011f\u0131lmamakta direnmeli, polisin zor kullanmadaki kademelerini art\u0131rmaya zorlamal\u0131d\u0131r. Zor kullanmayla beraber da\u011f\u0131lma ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fse bu su\u00e7 olu\u015fmaz.<\/p>\n
Ne zaman \u0131srar unsurunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi her somut olaya g\u00f6re belirlenmelidir. Ancak, her zor kullanmaya kar\u015f\u0131 eyleme devam etmeyi, bu madde kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne gelen bir k\u0131s\u0131m olaylardan \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse:<\/p>\n
– Kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmalar\u0131na s\u00fcre tan\u0131nmadan su s\u0131k\u0131lmak suretiyle da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 ve tekrar toplanmamas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda su\u00e7un olu\u015ftu\u011fundan bahsedilemez (Yarg\u0131tay 3. Ceza Dairesi T. 6.5.2024, E. 2023\/15752, K. 2024\/6221.).<\/p>\n
– \u0130htar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131, makul s\u00fcre de tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve daha sonra zor kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda grubun da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131lan grup i\u00e7erisinden san\u0131\u011f\u0131n yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 olayla da\u011f\u0131lmama y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u0131srar ko\u015fulu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f say\u0131lmaz (Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu T. 13.12.2023, E. 2020\/16-3, K. 2023\/655.).<\/p>\n
– \u0130htar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131, makul s\u00fcre verilmesi, zor kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmamas\u0131, su\u00e7un unsurudur. Grubun da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 veya grubun da\u011f\u0131lmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen san\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu grupta yer almamas\u0131 ve bizzat kendisi da\u011f\u0131lmamakta \u0131srar etmemesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda su\u00e7un olu\u015ftu\u011fundan bahsedilemez (Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu T. 20.12.2022, E. 2018\/16-508, K. 2022\/813.).<\/p>\n
B.\u00a0Manevi Unsur<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un manevi unsuru genel kas\u0131tt\u0131r. Bilindi\u011fi gibi kas\u0131t, su\u00e7un yasal tan\u0131m\u0131ndaki unsurlar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 kapsamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Buna g\u00f6re fail; yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak te\u015fekk\u00fcl eden bir toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmelidir. Kural olarak ceza yasalar\u0131n\u0131 bilmemek mazeret say\u0131lmaz. Ancak, su\u00e7un yasal tan\u0131m\u0131nda failde hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k bilinci aranm\u0131\u015fsa, art\u0131k kas\u0131t bunu da kapsamal\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla fail, toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu bilmelidir.<\/p>\n
Kas\u0131t, d\u0131\u015fa yans\u0131yan hareketlerden belirlenir. Buna g\u00f6re, failin toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fteki davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve s\u00f6ylemleri ile somut olay bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak de\u011ferlendirilecek ve failin i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda belirleme yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Di\u011fer yandan fail, polisin ihtar\u0131ndan haberdar olmal\u0131 ve toplulu\u011fun da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in zor kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da bilmelidir.<\/p>\n
II.\u00a0\u0130spat ve Deliller<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un ispat ba\u011flam\u0131nda, mahk\u00fbmiyet karar\u0131 verilebilmesi i\u00e7in su\u00e7un unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n delillendirilmesi gerekir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc bulundu\u011fu, failin bu toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, kollu\u011fun ihtarda bulundu\u011fu, makul s\u00fcre ge\u00e7ti\u011fi, bunun \u00fczerine zor kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131lmamakta \u0131srar edildi\u011fi delillendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n
Bu su\u00e7un yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli deliller; olay tutanaklar\u0131 ve kamera g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleridir. Kamu g\u00f6revlisi olan kollu\u011fun d\u00fczenledi\u011fi tutanaklar, resm\u00ee belge olmas\u0131 itibariyle g\u00fcvenilir olarak alg\u0131lansa da kan\u0131m\u0131zca, iddia makam\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 konumunda olan kollu\u011fun kendi beyan\u0131 niteli\u011findeki bir tutanak, su\u00e7un ispat\u0131nda da nazara al\u0131nabilirse de mahk\u00fbmiyet karar\u0131 verilmesinde belirleyici delil olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi halde, iddia makam\u0131 iddias\u0131n\u0131 dolayl\u0131 olarak kendi beyan\u0131yla ispatlam\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. \u00a0<\/p>\n
Kolluk tutana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n san\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan ink\u00e2r edilmesi halinde, tutanak tutan ki\u015filerin tan\u0131k olarak duru\u015fmada dinlenmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Toplant\u0131lar\u0131n veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerin genelde meydanlarda olmas\u0131 nedeniyle g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler elde edilmektedir. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler incelenmeli, ink\u00e2r halinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerdeki ki\u015finin san\u0131k olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilirki\u015fi raporu haz\u0131rlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
III.\u00a0Bu Su\u00e7ta Tutuklama Karar\u0131 Verilebilir mi?<\/p>\n
Bilindi\u011fi gibi, bir kimsenin tutuklanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, o insan\u0131n su\u00e7u i\u015fledi\u011fine dair kuvvetli \u015f\u00fcphe olmas\u0131, bir tutuklama nedeninin mevcut olmas\u0131 (ka\u00e7ma veya delil karartma \u015f\u00fcphesi), tutuklaman\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131 ve adli kontrol tedbirlerinin yetersiz kalmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
Katalog su\u00e7larda tutuklama nedeni varsay\u0131labilir. 2911 say\u0131l\u0131 yasan\u0131n 33. maddesinde, Toplant\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe silahl\u0131 kat\u0131lma su\u00e7u d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup bu su\u00e7 CMK m. 100 kapsam\u0131nda say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, inceleme konumuz direnme su\u00e7u, katalog su\u00e7lardan de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Bir olayda kuvvetli su\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesi bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u015f\u00fcphelinin ka\u00e7ma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve\/veya delil karartma \u015f\u00fcphesi, olaysal olarak de\u011ferlendirilecektir. Bu nedenle bizim burada ele almak istedi\u011fimiz husus, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Direnme su\u00e7unun cezas\u0131 ise 6 aydan 3 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131d\u0131r. Su\u00e7un \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 2 y\u0131l\u0131 ge\u00e7ti\u011finden tutuklama yasa\u011f\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131lamada, \u00f6zel bir durum olmad\u0131k\u00e7a (te\u015fdit nedeni) cezalar alt s\u0131n\u0131rdan verilmektedir. O halde bu su\u00e7larda, \u00f6zel durumlar olsa yani te\u015fdit nedenleri uygulansa dahi, makul d\u00fczeyin \u00fczerinde bir ceza 2 y\u0131l hapis cezas\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n
2 y\u0131l hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131n infaz\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele al\u0131nmak zorundad\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n kaleme al\u0131nma tarihi itibariyle bu su\u00e7larda ko\u015fullu sal\u0131verilme oran\u0131 1\/2’dir ve ayr\u0131ca ko\u015fullu sal\u0131verilmeye 1 y\u0131l kala, ki\u015fi denetimli serbestlikten yararlan\u0131r. O halde, 2 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir su\u00e7un infaz\u0131nda, kuruma girilmez (yatar\u0131 yoktur).<\/p>\n
O halde soru \u015fudur: Yatar\u0131 olmayan bir su\u00e7tan ki\u015fi tutuklanabilir mi? Tutuklama bir tedbirdir ve gerekirse yatar\u0131 olmayan bir su\u00e7ta da tedbir almak gerekebilir. Ancak bu tedbir, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmayacakt\u0131r. Bu hallerde, normalde \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlanmayacak bir ki\u015finin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ve asl\u0131nda tedbir de\u011fil ceza verilmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u200bAnayasam\u0131z\u0131n 34. maddesi uyar\u0131nca herkes; \u00f6nceden izin almaks\u0131z\u0131n, silahs\u0131z ve sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131z yani bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc veya toplant\u0131 yapma hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Ancak bu hak, ilgili maddede belirtilen \u00f6zel nedenlerle s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir.<\/p>\n
Konu, 2911 say\u0131l\u0131 yasayla d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yap\u0131lmas\u0131yla ilgili usul ve esaslar, bildirim yap\u0131lmas\u0131, bunlar\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131 ve yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fleri ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Bu yasan\u0131n 32. maddesinde direnme su\u00e7u d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup uygulamada s\u0131kl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, s\u00f6z konusu su\u00e7un unsurlar\u0131n\u0131, ispat\u0131n\u0131 ve ve bu su\u00e7ta tutuklama tedbiri uygulan\u0131p uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
I.\u00a0Su\u00e7un Unsurlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Bilindi\u011fi gibi su\u00e7un unsurlar\u0131; maddi ve manevi unsur ile hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k unsurudur. Hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k unsuru, hukuka uygunluk nedenlerinin yoklu\u011fudur. Bu nedenle bir su\u00e7un as\u0131l incelemesi, maddi ve manevi unsurlar kapsam\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131r. Biz de yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, su\u00e7un maddi ve manevi unsurunu ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele alaca\u011f\u0131z.<\/p>\n
A.\u00a0Maddi Unsur<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un maddi unsuru; yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerine kat\u0131lmak ve ihtara ve zor kullanmaya ra\u011fmen da\u011f\u0131lmamakta \u0131srar etmektir.<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un faili, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lan ki\u015fidir. Buna g\u00f6re; \u00f6ncelikle ortada bir toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olmas\u0131 ve bu toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
Hukuk d\u00fczeninde kavramlar, yasa taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015fsa, art\u0131k t\u00fcm d\u00fczende o tan\u0131mlar esas al\u0131n\u0131r. \u0130lk iki unsur yasada tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tan\u0131mlar \u015fu \u015fekildedir:<\/p>\n
–\u00a0Toplant\u0131: Belirli konular \u00fczerinde halk\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatmak ve bir kamuoyu yaratmak suretiyle o konuyu benimsetmek i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczelki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan yasa \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde d\u00fczenlenen a\u00e7\u0131k ve kapal\u0131 yer toplant\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
– G\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc: Belirli konular \u00fczerinde halk\u0131 ayd\u0131nlatmak ve bir kamuoyu yaratmak suretiyle o konuyu benimsetmek i\u00e7in ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filer taraf\u0131ndan yasa \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde d\u00fczenlenen y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler.<\/p>\n
\u0130kinci unsur, bu toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Hangi toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerin yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131, ayn\u0131 yasan\u0131n 23. maddesinde belirtilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r:<\/p>\n
– Yasan\u0131n 9 ve 10. maddelerinde, toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f \u00f6ncesi bildirimde bulunma ko\u015fulu ve usulleri d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bildirim verilmeden veya toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f i\u00e7in belirtilen g\u00fcn ve saatten \u00f6nce veya sonra yap\u0131lan eylemler, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak, Anayasa Mahkemesi, spontane geli\u015fen durumlar ve derhal tepki verilmesinin hakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu olaylarla ilgili olarak bildirim verilmeden de bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l g\u00f6steri yap\u0131labilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemektedir (Ali Orak ve \u0130rfan G\u00fcl [1.B.], B. No: 2014\/10626, 18\/4\/2018, \u00a7 46). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bildirimde bulunulmayan ve fakat toplumsal geli\u015fmeler gere\u011fi derhal tepki verilen bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l g\u00f6steri ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerin, su\u00e7 normlar\u0131n\u0131n dar yorumlanmas\u0131 gere\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131lmamas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
– Ate\u015fli silahlar veya havai fi\u015fek, molotof ve benzeri el yap\u0131m\u0131 olanlar d\u00e2hil patlay\u0131c\u0131 maddeler veya her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kesici, delici aletler veya ta\u015f, sopa, demir ve lastik \u00e7ubuklar, bo\u011fma teli veya zincir, demir bilye ve sapan gibi bereleyici ve bo\u011fucu ara\u00e7lar veya yak\u0131c\u0131, a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, yaralay\u0131c\u0131 eczalar veya di\u011fer her t\u00fcrl\u00fc zehirler veya her t\u00fcrl\u00fc sis, gaz ve benzeri maddeler ile yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct ve topluluklara ait amblem ve i\u015faret ta\u015f\u0131narak veya bu i\u015faret ve amblemleri \u00fczerinde bulunduran \u00fcniformay\u0131 and\u0131r\u0131r giysiler giyilerek veya kimliklerini gizlemek amac\u0131yla y\u00fczlerini tamamen veya k\u0131smen bez ve sair unsurlarla \u00f6rterek toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerine kat\u0131lma ve yasalar\u0131n su\u00e7 sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131 nitelik ta\u015f\u0131yan afi\u015f, pankart, d\u00f6viz, resim, levha, ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7ler ta\u015f\u0131narak veya bu nitelikte sloganlar s\u00f6ylenerek veya ses cihazlar\u0131 ile yay\u0131nlanarak yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fleri yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak bu ko\u015fulun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsedebilmek i\u00e7in, toplant\u0131n\u0131n veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn bu niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gerekir. Yoksa bir k\u0131s\u0131m ki\u015filer bu madde ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirdi diye bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n
– Toplant\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flere g\u00fcne\u015f do\u011fmadan ba\u015flanamaz. Bunlar, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Parklarda, mabetlerde, kamu hizmeti g\u00f6r\u00fclen bina ve tesislerde, TBBM\u2019ye bir kilometre uzakl\u0131k i\u00e7erisindeki alanlardaki toplant\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Yine toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f, bildirim verilen yer ve g\u00fczergahta oldu\u011fu m\u00fcddet\u00e7e yasaya uygundur.<\/p>\n
– Vali veya kaymakam; milli g\u00fcvenlik, kamu d\u00fczeni, su\u00e7 i\u015flenmesinin \u00f6nlenmesi, genel sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve genel ahl\u00e2k\u0131n veya ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin korunmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla belirli bir toplant\u0131y\u0131 bir ay\u0131 a\u015fmamak \u00fczere erteleyebilir veya su\u00e7 i\u015flenece\u011fine dair a\u00e7\u0131k ve yak\u0131n tehlike mevcut olmas\u0131 halinde yasaklayabilir (m. 17). Vali, bir il veya il\u00e7edeki t\u00fcm toplant\u0131lar\u0131, yine yukar\u0131daki \u00f6zel s\u0131n\u0131rlama sebeplerine dayanarak ve su\u00e7 i\u015flenece\u011fine dair a\u00e7\u0131k ve yak\u0131n tehlike mevcut olmas\u0131 halinde yasaklayabilir (m. 19). Bu karar gerek\u00e7eli olarak verilir ve mutat vas\u0131talarla ilan edilir. Bu karara ra\u011fmen yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ancak burada belirtilmesi gereken bir konu, verilen bu karar\u0131n hukuka uygun olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fidir. Bu karar, idari bir karard\u0131r ve idari yarg\u0131da iptal edilmedi\u011fi s\u00fcrece hukuka uygunluk karinesinden yararlan\u0131r. Ancak, bir ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda su\u00e7un unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ek anlamda olu\u015fup olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesi zorunlulu\u011fu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda (maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fin bulunmas\u0131), verilen bu karar\u0131n hukuka uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da de\u011ferlendirilebilmelidir. S\u0131rf idari yarg\u0131da dava a\u00e7\u0131lmad\u0131 diye asl\u0131nda hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir karara kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f nedeniyle su\u00e7suz bir kimseye ceza verilmesi kabul edilemez.\u00a0<\/p>\n
– Yasan\u0131n 4. maddesinde baz\u0131 konular (\u00f6rne\u011fin spor m\u00fcsabakalar\u0131 nedeniyle toplanmalar), yasa kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lan bu konular\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f s\u00f6z konusu olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Yasalarda su\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131mlanan bir ama\u00e7 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Bildirimde belirtilen ama\u00e7lar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi gibi, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler olduk\u00e7a fazla \u015fekilde say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc hukuk d\u00fczeni ile ba\u011fda\u015f\u0131p ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayr\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fma konusudur. Burada belirtilmesi gereken husus, yasada belirtilmeyen hallerin su\u00e7un unsuru olamayaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Yani yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f, ancak yasada belirtilen hallerde s\u00f6z konusu olabilir.<\/p>\n
Burada en \u00f6nemli iki husus, bildirim yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 ve toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerin yasaklanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fimiz hususlar\u0131 \u00f6nemi nedeniyle tekrar ifade etmek gerekir.<\/p>\n
Toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenlemek ve kat\u0131lmak, demokratik bir hukuk devletinin en temel haklar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Bir hakk\u0131n amac\u0131na uygun kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, su\u00e7 olarak kabul edilemez. Haklar geni\u015f, s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar ise dar yorumlan\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re; Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin yukar\u0131da at\u0131f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z karar\u0131nda da dile getirildi\u011fi \u00fczere, bildirim verilmesi, toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015ften idarenin haberinin olmas\u0131 ve bunun g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flamak ve hakk\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 temin etmek amac\u0131yla yasada yer almaktad\u0131r. Bu amaca ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak her bildirimde bulunulmayan toplant\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 kabul etmemek gerekir. Derhal tepki verilmesi gereken hallerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fler, bildirim verilmese de hukuka uygundur. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, su\u00e7 olu\u015fmaz. <\/p>\n
Di\u011fer \u00f6nemli husus ise toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn yasaklanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ko\u015fullar\u0131 olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde yasaklama karar\u0131 verilmesi, Anayasal bir hakk\u0131n ihlalidir. Buna ra\u011fmen ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerin yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmek, hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n muhatab\u0131 olan yurtta\u015flara, temel hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edilmesine raz\u0131 gelmesi gerekti\u011fini, aksi halde su\u00e7 i\u015fleyece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemektir. B\u00f6yle bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta mant\u0131\u011fa ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015fma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bir ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda, yasaklama karar\u0131n\u0131n hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 denetlenmelidir. Ancak, yasaklama karar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir idare mahkemesi karar\u0131 varsa, ceza mahkemesi bu karar\u0131 dikkate almal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fte fail, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olan bu toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lan ki\u015fidir. Eylem ise, kolluk kuvvetlerinin ihtar\u0131na ve zor kullanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen da\u011f\u0131lmamakta \u0131srar etmektir.<\/p>\n
Hemen belirtelim ki, tek ba\u015f\u0131na yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lmak su\u00e7 de\u011fildir. Yasan\u0131n 28\/1. maddesinde, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenlemek, y\u00f6netmek veya bunlar\u0131n hareketlerine kat\u0131lmak su\u00e7 olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, yaln\u0131zca y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lmak su\u00e7 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay da salt y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lma eyleminin, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak yap\u0131lan g\u00f6steriyi d\u00fczenleme, y\u00f6netme veya d\u00fczenleyen ve y\u00f6neten ki\u015filerin eylemlerine i\u015ftirak etme kapsam\u0131nda olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir (Yarg\u0131tay 3. Ceza Dairesi, T. 13.5.2024, E. 2022\/13692, K. 2024\/6678.).<\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131da da s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi gibi, bu su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in failin, kolluk kuvvetlerinin ihtar\u0131na ve zor kullanmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen da\u011f\u0131lmamakta \u0131srar etmesi gerekir. Bu kapsamda;<\/p>\n
– \u00d6ncelikle kolluk, toplulu\u011fu da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ihtar yapmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Bu ihtar, failin duyabilece\u011fi \u015fekilde yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– \u0130htar sonras\u0131 da\u011f\u0131lman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyece\u011fini anlamak i\u00e7in makul s\u00fcre ge\u00e7melidir.<\/p>\n
– Makul s\u00fcreye ra\u011fmen topluluk da\u011f\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kolluk, zor kullanma a\u015famas\u0131na ge\u00e7melidir.<\/p>\n
– Zor kullanmaya ra\u011fmen topluluk da\u011f\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Fail, da\u011f\u0131lmama y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u0131srarl\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flarda bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu unsurlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131yla incelersek; \u00f6ncelikle ortada bir ihtar ve zor kullanma bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. Polis, toplanan veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lan ki\u015filerin duyabilece\u011fi \u015fekilde, da\u011f\u0131lma ve yoksa zor kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ihtar\u0131nda bulunur. Buna ra\u011fmen topluluk da\u011f\u0131lmazsa zor kullan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Zor kullanma kavram\u0131; 2559 say\u0131l\u0131 yasada (PVSK m. 16) d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re polis, orant\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde m\u00fcdahale etmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olup toplulu\u011fun da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kademeli g\u00fc\u00e7 kullanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kapsamda polis; bedeni g\u00fc\u00e7, cop, bas\u0131n\u00e7l\u0131 su ve\/veya biber gaz\u0131 kullanabilir.<\/p>\n
Polisin da\u011f\u0131lma ihtar\u0131 ve zor kullanmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda, toplulu\u011fun da\u011f\u0131l\u0131p da\u011f\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamak i\u00e7in makul bir s\u00fcre ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay da bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ftedir (Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu T. 20.12.2022, E. 2018\/16-508, K. 2022\/813.).<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in polis ilk \u00f6nce ihtarda bulunmu\u015f, makul s\u00fcreye ra\u011fmen topluluk da\u011f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f ve bunun \u00fczerine zor kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcm bunlara ra\u011fmen fail, da\u011f\u0131lmamakta \u0131srar ederse, su\u00e7 olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
Israr, direnmek anlam\u0131na gelir ki yasa maddesinin ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da budur. Bu kavram, do\u011fas\u0131 itibariyle bir s\u00fcreklilik bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r. Yani zor kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen fail, da\u011f\u0131lmamakta direnmeli, polisin zor kullanmadaki kademelerini art\u0131rmaya zorlamal\u0131d\u0131r. Zor kullanmayla beraber da\u011f\u0131lma ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015fse bu su\u00e7 olu\u015fmaz.<\/p>\n
Ne zaman \u0131srar unsurunun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi her somut olaya g\u00f6re belirlenmelidir. Ancak, her zor kullanmaya kar\u015f\u0131 eyleme devam etmeyi, bu madde kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne gelen bir k\u0131s\u0131m olaylardan \u00f6rnek vermek gerekirse:<\/p>\n
– Kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmalar\u0131na s\u00fcre tan\u0131nmadan su s\u0131k\u0131lmak suretiyle da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 ve tekrar toplanmamas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda su\u00e7un olu\u015ftu\u011fundan bahsedilemez (Yarg\u0131tay 3. Ceza Dairesi T. 6.5.2024, E. 2023\/15752, K. 2024\/6221.).<\/p>\n
– \u0130htar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131, makul s\u00fcre de tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve daha sonra zor kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda grubun da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131lan grup i\u00e7erisinden san\u0131\u011f\u0131n yakaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 olayla da\u011f\u0131lmama y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u0131srar ko\u015fulu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f say\u0131lmaz (Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu T. 13.12.2023, E. 2020\/16-3, K. 2023\/655.).<\/p>\n
– \u0130htar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131, makul s\u00fcre verilmesi, zor kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda kat\u0131lanlar\u0131n da\u011f\u0131lmamas\u0131, su\u00e7un unsurudur. Grubun da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 veya grubun da\u011f\u0131lmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen san\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu grupta yer almamas\u0131 ve bizzat kendisi da\u011f\u0131lmamakta \u0131srar etmemesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda su\u00e7un olu\u015ftu\u011fundan bahsedilemez (Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu T. 20.12.2022, E. 2018\/16-508, K. 2022\/813.).<\/p>\n
B.\u00a0Manevi Unsur<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un manevi unsuru genel kas\u0131tt\u0131r. Bilindi\u011fi gibi kas\u0131t, su\u00e7un yasal tan\u0131m\u0131ndaki unsurlar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 kapsamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Buna g\u00f6re fail; yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak te\u015fekk\u00fcl eden bir toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmelidir. Kural olarak ceza yasalar\u0131n\u0131 bilmemek mazeret say\u0131lmaz. Ancak, su\u00e7un yasal tan\u0131m\u0131nda failde hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k bilinci aranm\u0131\u015fsa, art\u0131k kas\u0131t bunu da kapsamal\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla fail, toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu bilmelidir.<\/p>\n
Kas\u0131t, d\u0131\u015fa yans\u0131yan hareketlerden belirlenir. Buna g\u00f6re, failin toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fteki davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 ve s\u00f6ylemleri ile somut olay bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak de\u011ferlendirilecek ve failin i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda belirleme yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Di\u011fer yandan fail, polisin ihtar\u0131ndan haberdar olmal\u0131 ve toplulu\u011fun da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in zor kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da bilmelidir.<\/p>\n
II.\u00a0\u0130spat ve Deliller<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un ispat ba\u011flam\u0131nda, mahk\u00fbmiyet karar\u0131 verilebilmesi i\u00e7in su\u00e7un unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n delillendirilmesi gerekir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc bulundu\u011fu, failin bu toplant\u0131 veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, kollu\u011fun ihtarda bulundu\u011fu, makul s\u00fcre ge\u00e7ti\u011fi, bunun \u00fczerine zor kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131lmamakta \u0131srar edildi\u011fi delillendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n
Bu su\u00e7un yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli deliller; olay tutanaklar\u0131 ve kamera g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleridir. Kamu g\u00f6revlisi olan kollu\u011fun d\u00fczenledi\u011fi tutanaklar, resm\u00ee belge olmas\u0131 itibariyle g\u00fcvenilir olarak alg\u0131lansa da kan\u0131m\u0131zca, iddia makam\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 konumunda olan kollu\u011fun kendi beyan\u0131 niteli\u011findeki bir tutanak, su\u00e7un ispat\u0131nda da nazara al\u0131nabilirse de mahk\u00fbmiyet karar\u0131 verilmesinde belirleyici delil olmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi halde, iddia makam\u0131 iddias\u0131n\u0131 dolayl\u0131 olarak kendi beyan\u0131yla ispatlam\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. \u00a0<\/p>\n
Kolluk tutana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n san\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan ink\u00e2r edilmesi halinde, tutanak tutan ki\u015filerin tan\u0131k olarak duru\u015fmada dinlenmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Toplant\u0131lar\u0131n veya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerin genelde meydanlarda olmas\u0131 nedeniyle g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler elde edilmektedir. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler incelenmeli, ink\u00e2r halinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerdeki ki\u015finin san\u0131k olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilirki\u015fi raporu haz\u0131rlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
III.\u00a0Bu Su\u00e7ta Tutuklama Karar\u0131 Verilebilir mi?<\/p>\n
Bilindi\u011fi gibi, bir kimsenin tutuklanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, o insan\u0131n su\u00e7u i\u015fledi\u011fine dair kuvvetli \u015f\u00fcphe olmas\u0131, bir tutuklama nedeninin mevcut olmas\u0131 (ka\u00e7ma veya delil karartma \u015f\u00fcphesi), tutuklaman\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131 ve adli kontrol tedbirlerinin yetersiz kalmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
Katalog su\u00e7larda tutuklama nedeni varsay\u0131labilir. 2911 say\u0131l\u0131 yasan\u0131n 33. maddesinde, Toplant\u0131 ve y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe silahl\u0131 kat\u0131lma su\u00e7u d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup bu su\u00e7 CMK m. 100 kapsam\u0131nda say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, inceleme konumuz direnme su\u00e7u, katalog su\u00e7lardan de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Bir olayda kuvvetli su\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesi bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u015f\u00fcphelinin ka\u00e7ma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve\/veya delil karartma \u015f\u00fcphesi, olaysal olarak de\u011ferlendirilecektir. Bu nedenle bizim burada ele almak istedi\u011fimiz husus, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fckt\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Direnme su\u00e7unun cezas\u0131 ise 6 aydan 3 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131d\u0131r. Su\u00e7un \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 2 y\u0131l\u0131 ge\u00e7ti\u011finden tutuklama yasa\u011f\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131lamada, \u00f6zel bir durum olmad\u0131k\u00e7a (te\u015fdit nedeni) cezalar alt s\u0131n\u0131rdan verilmektedir. O halde bu su\u00e7larda, \u00f6zel durumlar olsa yani te\u015fdit nedenleri uygulansa dahi, makul d\u00fczeyin \u00fczerinde bir ceza 2 y\u0131l hapis cezas\u0131 olabilir.<\/p>\n
2 y\u0131l hapis cezas\u0131n\u0131n infaz\u0131, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele al\u0131nmak zorundad\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131n\u0131n kaleme al\u0131nma tarihi itibariyle bu su\u00e7larda ko\u015fullu sal\u0131verilme oran\u0131 1\/2’dir ve ayr\u0131ca ko\u015fullu sal\u0131verilmeye 1 y\u0131l kala, ki\u015fi denetimli serbestlikten yararlan\u0131r. O halde, 2 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir su\u00e7un infaz\u0131nda, kuruma girilmez (yatar\u0131 yoktur).<\/p>\n
O halde soru \u015fudur: Yatar\u0131 olmayan bir su\u00e7tan ki\u015fi tutuklanabilir mi? Tutuklama bir tedbirdir ve gerekirse yatar\u0131 olmayan bir su\u00e7ta da tedbir almak gerekebilir. Ancak bu tedbir, \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmayacakt\u0131r. Bu hallerde, normalde \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlanmayacak bir ki\u015finin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f ve asl\u0131nda tedbir de\u011fil ceza verilmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r.\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Anayasam\u0131z\u0131n 34. maddesi uyar\u0131nca herkes; \u00f6nceden izin almaks\u0131z\u0131n, silahs\u0131z ve sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131z yani bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc veya toplant\u0131 yapma hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Ancak bu hak, ilgili maddede belirtilen \u00f6zel nedenlerle s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir. Konu, 2911 say\u0131l\u0131 yasayla d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yap\u0131lmas\u0131yla ilgili usul ve esaslar, bildirim yap\u0131lmas\u0131, bunlar\u0131n yasaklanmas\u0131 ve yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fleri ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu yasan\u0131n 32. maddesinde direnme su\u00e7u d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup uygulamada s\u0131kl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, s\u00f6z konusu su\u00e7un unsurlar\u0131n\u0131, ispat\u0131n\u0131 ve ve bu su\u00e7ta tutuklama tedbiri uygulan\u0131p uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tart\u0131\u015faca\u011f\u0131z. I.\u00a0Su\u00e7un Unsurlar\u0131 Bilindi\u011fi gibi su\u00e7un unsurlar\u0131; maddi ve manevi unsur ile hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k unsurudur. Hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k unsuru, hukuka uygunluk nedenlerinin yoklu\u011fudur. Bu nedenle bir su\u00e7un as\u0131l incelemesi, maddi ve manevi unsurlar kapsam\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131r. Biz de yaz\u0131m\u0131zda, su\u00e7un maddi ve manevi unsurunu ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele alaca\u011f\u0131z. A.\u00a0Maddi Unsur Su\u00e7un maddi unsuru; yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerine kat\u0131lmak ve ihtara ve zor kullanmaya ra\u011fmen da\u011f\u0131lmamakta \u0131srar etmektir. Su\u00e7un faili, yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lan ki\u015fidir. Buna g\u00f6re; \u00f6ncelikle ortada bir toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olmas\u0131 ve bu toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekir. Hukuk d\u00fczeninde kavramlar, yasa taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015fsa, art\u0131k t\u00fcm d\u00fczende o tan\u0131mlar esas al\u0131n\u0131r. \u0130lk iki unsur yasada tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-39113","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n