1. Genel Olarak Miras\u00e7\u0131<\/p>\n
Miras\u00e7\u0131, mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n terekesinden pay alan ger\u00e7ek veya t\u00fczel ki\u015filerdir.<\/p>\n
TMK\u2019n\u0131n 577\/1. maddesine g\u00f6re \u201cBu Kanuna g\u00f6re mirasa ehil olmayanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki herkes miras\u00e7\u0131 olabilece\u011fi gibi, vasiyet alacakl\u0131s\u0131 da olabilir.\u201d<\/p>\n
Kanunumuzda iki t\u00fcr miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k \u015fekli d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup, bunlar kanuni miras\u00e7\u0131 ve atanm\u0131\u015f (iradi) miras\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kanuni (yasal) miras\u00e7\u0131lar kanundan do\u011farlar.<\/p>\n
Atanm\u0131\u015f (iradi, mansup) miras\u00e7\u0131lar ise, mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n iradesine dayan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
Kanuni ya da atanm\u0131\u015f bir miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak miras hakk\u0131n\u0131 elde etme i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
-TMK\u2019n\u0131n 580. ve devam\u0131 maddelerinde d\u00fczenlenen anlamda mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc an\u0131nda sa\u011f olmak gerekir. Yasal veya atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131 ve vasiyet alacakl\u0131s\u0131 mirasb\u0131rakandan \u00f6nce \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015fse miras\u00e7\u0131 veya vasiyet alacakl\u0131s\u0131 olamaz.<\/p>\n
-TMK\u2019n\u0131n 578. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen mirastan yoksunluk nedenlerinin bulunmamas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
-Son olarak TMK\u2019n\u0131n 577\/1. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen \u015fekli ile miras\u00e7\u0131 olabilme ehliyeti ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
\u201c\u2026 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu’nun 580. maddesi uyar\u0131nca \u201cmiras\u00e7\u0131 olabilmek i\u00e7in mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc an\u0131nda mirasa ehil olarak sa\u011f olmak \u015fartt\u0131r.\u201d Ba\u015fka bir ko\u015ful s\u00f6z konusu olamaz. Yine ayn\u0131 kanunun 599. maddesinde \u201dmiras\u00e7\u0131lar, mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile miras\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak, kanun gere\u011fince kazan\u0131rlar. Kanunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ayr\u0131k durumlar sakl\u0131 kalmak \u00fczere miras\u00e7\u0131lar, mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n ayni haklar\u0131n\u0131, alacaklar\u0131n\u0131, di\u011fer malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131n\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar \u00fczerindeki zilyetliklerini do\u011frudan do\u011fruya kazan\u0131rlar ve mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n bor\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ki\u015fisel olarak sorumlu olurlar\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fc getirilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu’nun de\u011finilen a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bir miras\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00f6nce de\u011fil, murisin \u00f6l\u00fcm tarihinde (miras\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lma tarihinde) miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ehil ve sa\u011f olmas\u0131 esast\u0131r. \u0130stikrar kazanm\u0131\u015f Yarg\u0131tay \u0130\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda murisin muvazaal\u0131 temliki yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihteki \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ile bundan sonra ana rahmine d\u00fc\u015fen \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda dava hakk\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden hi\u00e7 bir fark g\u00f6zetilmemi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu’nun 500. maddesinin \u201cevlatl\u0131k ve altsoyu, evl\u00e2t edinene kan h\u0131s\u0131m\u0131 gibi miras\u00e7\u0131 olurlar\u201c h\u00fckm\u00fc gere\u011fince f\u00fcruu ve evl\u00e2tl\u0131k aras\u0131nda bir ay\u0131r\u0131m yapmak da olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r\u2026\u201d[1]<\/p>\n
\u201c\u2026Miras, miras b\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. (TMK. md. 575) Miras\u00e7\u0131 olabilmek i\u00e7in miras b\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc an\u0131nda mirasa ehil olarak sa\u011f olmak \u015fartt\u0131r. (TMK. md. 580) T\u00fcrk Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k Kanunu uyar\u0131nca vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaybedenler “yabanc\u0131” stat\u00fcs\u00fcne tabi olduklar\u0131 halde vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lanlar\u0131n mallar\u0131 tasfiyeye tabidir\u2026\u201d (Yarg\u0131tay 2. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2004\/1530 K. 2004\/2410 T. 1.3.2004)<\/p>\n
2. Atanm\u0131\u015f Miras\u00e7\u0131<\/p>\n
Mirasb\u0131rakan taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00fcme ba\u011fl\u0131 bir tasarrufla (vasiyetname veya miras s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile) miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak atad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015filerdir.<\/p>\n
TMK\u2019n\u0131n 516. maddesine g\u00f6re,<\/p>\n
“Mirasb\u0131rakan, miras\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 veya belli bir oran\u0131 i\u00e7in bir veya birden \u00e7ok ki\u015fiyi miras\u00e7\u0131 atayabilir. Bir ki\u015finin, miras\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 veya belli bir oran\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren her tasarruf, miras\u00e7\u0131 atanmas\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r.”<\/p>\n
\u0130vazs\u0131z ise hem vasiyetname ve hem de miras s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile atanabilir. \u0130vazl\u0131 ise yaln\u0131z miras s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile atanabilir.<\/p>\n
Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere belirli mal vasiyetinde, vasiyet\u00e7inin malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bir mal\u0131n\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin evini) ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamas\u0131 veya bir kimseye bir y\u0131ll\u0131k irat b\u0131rakmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. Bu \u015fekildeki belirli bir mal vasiyet olunan ki\u015fiye \u201cmusaleh\u201d denir.<\/p>\n
Ancak e\u011fer bir vasiyetnamede “mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 e\u015fime vasiyet ettim”, “mallar\u0131m\u0131n 1\/4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc o\u011fluma b\u0131rak\u0131yorum” gibi ifadeler varsa, bu bir miras\u00e7\u0131 atanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u015fekli ile miras\u00e7\u0131 atama mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 veya bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 bir ki\u015fiye b\u0131rakmas\u0131 halidir.<\/p>\n
Bir kimse isterse ger\u00e7ek, isterse bir t\u00fczel ki\u015fiyi veya hen\u00fcz do\u011fmam\u0131\u015f bir \u00e7ocu\u011fu, hatta hen\u00fcz kurulmam\u0131\u015f bir t\u00fczel ki\u015fiyi miras\u00e7\u0131 atayabilir. Devlet de miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterilebilir. Kanuni miras\u00e7\u0131lar da kanuni miras paylar\u0131na ek olarak vasiyetname ile miras\u00e7\u0131 atanabilir. Birden \u00e7ok ki\u015fi miras\u00e7\u0131 atanabilir. Birden ki\u015fi miras\u00e7\u0131 atanm\u0131\u015fsa ve paylar\u0131 belirtilmemi\u015fse e\u015fit paya sahip olduklar\u0131 kabul edilir.<\/p>\n
Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 veya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z yap\u0131labilir. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131rsa kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 bor\u00e7 ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri i\u00e7erdi\u011finden miras mukavelesi yolu ile yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z ise vasiyetname yolu ile yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Miras\u00e7\u0131 atanan ki\u015finin bizzat vasiyet\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan \u00f6l\u00fcme ba\u011fl\u0131 tasarrufta g\u00f6sterilmesi \u015fartt\u0131r. Bu nedenle atanm\u0131\u015f mirac\u0131n\u0131n mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc an\u0131nda sa\u011f, belli veya belirlenebilir olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
Vasiyet\u00e7i miras\u00e7\u0131 atanan\u0131n bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmesini isteyemez. Vasiyet\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan belirleme yoksa vasiyet ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir. Bu hak m\u00fcnhas\u0131ran vasiyet\u00e7inin olup, temsil veya vek\u00e2let ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
\u201c\u2026TMK\u2019n\u0131n 516\/2. maddesine g\u00f6re, bir kimsenin miras\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 ya da belirli bir oran\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren her tasarruf miras\u00e7\u0131 atamas\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r. Miras\u00e7\u0131 atamas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filer lehine yap\u0131labilece\u011fi gibi yasal miras\u00e7\u0131lar lehine de yap\u0131labilir. Somut uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kta ise muris, terekesinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 belirli oranlarla daval\u0131lara b\u0131rakarak, miras\u00e7\u0131 atamas\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u2026\u201d[2]<\/p>\n
\u201c\u2026Muris; 26.02.2002 tarihli el yaz\u0131l\u0131 vasiyetnamesi ile yasal miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olan e\u015fi \u0130clal’i miras\u00e7\u0131 atam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (e\u015fim \u0130clal \u2026’\u00fc tek varisim olarak tayin ediyorum. Muhtemel mahfuz hisse sahipleri ile ilgili haklar a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayr\u0131kt\u0131r. Yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fim varis tayini, benim T\u00fcrkiye’de bulunan ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallar\u0131m i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir.)\u2026\u201d[3]<\/p>\n
3. Atanm\u0131\u015f Miras\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n Hukuki Niteli\u011fi ve Haklar\u0131<\/p>\n
Miras\u00e7\u0131 atanan (mansup) terekenin k\u00fclli halefi olur. \u00d6l\u00fcmle birlikte miras\u00e7\u0131 atanan tereke \u00fczerinde hak sahibi olur. Tereke aktif ve pasifiyle bir b\u00fct\u00fcn halinde atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131ya intikal eder. Bu nedenle miras\u00e7\u0131 atanan terekenin bor\u00e7lar\u0131ndan da sorumlu olur. \u00dcstelik bu sorumluluk hem tereke mallar\u0131 ve hem de kendi ki\u015fisel malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile sorumluluktur. Tereke \u00fczerinde idari tasarrufta bulunabilir.<\/p>\n
TMK\u2019n\u0131n 598. maddesine g\u00f6re, vasiyetnamede miras\u00e7\u0131 atanm\u0131\u015f olup da haklar\u0131 kanuni miras\u00e7\u0131lar ve di\u011fer ilgililer taraf\u0131ndan itiraza u\u011framam\u0131\u015f olan kimseler, itiraz i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan tebli\u011f g\u00fcn\u00fcnden itibaren bir ay ge\u00e7tikten sonra miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k s\u0131fatlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda kendilerine atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir resmi bir belge verilmesini sulh hukuk mahkemesinden isteyebilirler. Vasiyetnameye itiraz olup da tenkis veya iptal davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ise, bu belge verilmeyip bu davalar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 beklenir. Vasiyetnamenin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra talep halinde kanuni miras\u00e7\u0131lara da miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi verilir. Miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesinde kanuni miras\u00e7\u0131larla beraber vasiyetnameden de s\u00f6z edilerek atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n da g\u00f6sterilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Bu nedenlerle atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n vasiyetnamenin tenfizi istemine ili\u015fkin dava a\u00e7mas\u0131nda hukuki yarar\u0131 yoktur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc TMK\u2019n\u0131n 599. maddesi uyar\u0131nca atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131, herhangi bir kabul beyan\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duymaks\u0131z\u0131n mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile birlikte kendili\u011finden tereke \u00fczerindeki haklar\u0131n\u0131 kazan\u0131r. Atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n vasiyetnamenin tenfizini dava yolu ile istemesi halinde davan\u0131n hukuki yarar yoklu\u011fu nedeniyle reddi gerekir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131 alaca\u011f\u0131 veraset belgesi ile bu hakk\u0131n\u0131 elde edebilir.<\/p>\n
TMK\u2019n\u0131n 603. maddesindeki d\u00fczenlemeye g\u00f6re, “Mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131, vasiyet alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131ndan, vasiyet alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131 da miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce gelir. Miras\u0131 kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z kabul eden miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n alacakl\u0131lar\u0131 ile mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n alacakl\u0131lar\u0131 ayn\u0131 haklara sahiptirler.” Yani, \u00f6ncelik terekeden murisin alacakl\u0131lar\u0131na gerekli \u00f6demelerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 sonra e\u011fer artan bir de\u011fer olursa o da atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131lara \u00f6denir. Ancak atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n haklar\u0131, miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n \u015fahsi alacakl\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce gelir.<\/p>\n
\u201c\u2026davac\u0131, muris ile birlikte d\u00fczenledi\u011fi mirastan feragat s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile mirastan feragat etmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile davac\u0131n\u0131n yasal miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k s\u0131fat\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, yasal miras\u00e7\u0131 s\u0131fat\u0131 kalmayan davac\u0131n\u0131n murisle kan ve soy ili\u015fkisini g\u00f6steren miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesinin iptalini isteyemez. Di\u011fer yandan mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n el yaz\u0131l\u0131 vasiyetnamesinde ise davac\u0131ya y\u00f6nelik olarak \u201ce\u015fime de haklar\u0131 verilsin\u201d \u015feklinde bir tasarrufta bulunmu\u015ftur. Davadaki uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k mirastan feragat ederek yasal miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 yitiren davac\u0131n\u0131n, mirasb\u0131rakan taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenen vasiyetnamedeki bu tasarrufuyla atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k s\u0131fat\u0131 kazan\u0131p kazanamayaca\u011f\u0131 noktas\u0131nda toplanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Miras\u00e7\u0131 ataman\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenledi\u011fi TMK 516. maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda terekenin tamam\u0131n\u0131n veya belirli bir oran\u0131n belirlenmesi suretiyle d\u00fczenlenen tasarruflar\u0131n miras\u00e7\u0131 atama say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir. Bu bak\u0131mdan vasiyetnamedeki irade beyan\u0131n\u0131n miras\u00e7\u0131 atama olarak nitelendirilebilmesi i\u00e7in mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n miras\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 veya belirli oran\u0131 belirtmesi suretiyle tasarrufta bulunmas\u0131 gereklidir.<\/p>\n
Somut olaya gelince, dava konusu vasiyetname i\u00e7eri\u011finde mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n yaln\u0131zca \u201ce\u015fime de haklar\u0131 verilsin\u201d \u015feklinde bir tasarrufta bulundu\u011fu, tasarruf i\u00e7eri\u011finin terekenin tamam\u0131n\u0131 veya belirli bir oran\u0131n\u0131 kapsamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu ba\u011flamda vasiyetnamedeki bu irade beyan\u0131n\u0131n, TMK 516. maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen ko\u015fullarla birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, kanunun \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc miras\u00e7\u0131 atamaya y\u00f6nelik bir tasarrufun bulundu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez\u2026\u201d ([4])<\/p>\n
\u201c…4721 Say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanununun 598. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda, ba\u015fvuru \u00fczerine yasal miras\u00e7\u0131 olduklar\u0131 belirlenenlere sulh mahkemesince miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k s\u0131fatlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren bir belge verilece\u011fi, ayn\u0131 maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131 h\u00fckm\u00fcnde de, miras\u00e7\u0131 atamaya veya vasiyete ili\u015fkin \u00f6l\u00fcme ba\u011fl\u0131 tasarrufa, miras\u00e7\u0131lar veya ba\u015fka vasiyet alacakl\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bir ay i\u00e7inde itiraz edilmedi\u011fi takdirde, lehine tasarrufta bulunulan kimseye de atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131 veya vasiyet alacakl\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren bir belge verilmesinin gerekti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Somut olayda; talep eden… vasiyetname ile muris …’in atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fundan talebinin TMK 598\/2. maddesi do\u011frultusunda atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131 oldu\u011funa dair belge verilmesi istemine ili\u015fkin oldu\u011fu de\u011ferlendirilerek bu konuda bir karar verilmesi gerekirken…\u201d[5]<\/p>\n
\u201c\u2026Belirli mal vasiyeti ile miras\u00e7\u0131 atanmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren vasiyetnamelerin s\u00f6z konusu olmas\u0131 halinde tenkis hesab\u0131 birbirinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Davaya konu 26.08.1994 tarihli vasiyetname miras\u00e7\u0131 atamas\u0131na ili\u015fkin oldu\u011fundan ve T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu’nun 564. maddesi ancak belirli mal vasiyeti s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda uygulanabilece\u011finden miras\u00e7\u0131 atamas\u0131 (nasb\u0131) halinde bu maddenin uygulanmas\u0131 olana\u011f\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak atanan ki\u015fi, murisin k\u00fclli halefi oldu\u011fundan, miras a\u00e7\u0131lmakla yasal miras\u00e7\u0131 gibi terekenin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ya da belli bir pay\u0131n\u0131n sahibi olur (TMK 599\/2). Miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak atanan kimseye kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lan tenkis davas\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fc halinde davac\u0131lar\u0131n sakl\u0131 paylar\u0131 oran\u0131nda tenkise karar vermek yeterlidir. (2. HD’nin 18.5.1995 tarihli, 4699-5842 Say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131, 2. HD’nin 13.06.2007 tarihli, 2006\/16512-2007\/10134 Say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131).<\/p>\n
\u00d6yleyse; mahkemece miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak atanan kimseye kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lan tenkis davas\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fc halinde davac\u0131lar\u0131n sakl\u0131 paylar\u0131 oran\u0131nda tenkise karar verilmesi gerekirken\u2026\u201d[6]<\/p>\n
\u201c…Dava, vasiyetname ile miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak atanan davac\u0131n\u0131n TMK\u2019n\u0131n 598. maddesi uyar\u0131nca kendisine miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi verilmesi istemine ili\u015fkindir.<\/p>\n
Davaya konu vasiyetname, muayyen mal vasiyeti niteli\u011finde olmay\u0131p, miras\u00e7\u0131 atamaya ili\u015fkindir (TMK. 516). Atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131larda miras, miras b\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile kazan\u0131l\u0131r (TMK. 599\/3). Miras\u00e7\u0131 atanan ki\u015fi miras b\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile terek \u00fczerinde do\u011frudan ve kendili\u011finden bir ayni hak kazan\u0131r. Bu durumda, miras b\u0131rakandan intikal eden ayni haklar\u0131n, atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131 ad\u0131na tescil i\u00e7in vasiyetnamenin yerine getirilmesi davas\u0131na dolay\u0131s\u0131yla mahkeme h\u00fckm\u00fcne ihtiya\u00e7 yoktur. Atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131ya, buna ili\u015fkin miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi verilmesi (TMK. 598\/2) yeterli olup, bu nitelikteki belge ile ayni haklar\u0131n bu ki\u015fi ad\u0131na tapuda (resmi senet d\u00fczenlenmeksizin tescili) m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr (Tapu Sicili T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc md. 21\/a). Buna g\u00f6re, davac\u0131 TMK\u2019n\u0131n 598\/2. maddesi uyar\u0131nca Sulh Hukuk Mahkemesinden veraset ilam\u0131 alarak ayn\u0131 sonuca ula\u015fabilecektir\u2026<\/p>\n
Hal b\u00f6yle olunca, mahkemece; s\u00f6z konusu vasiyetnamenin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 dosyas\u0131nda, murisin bilinen t\u00fcm miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na usul\u00fcne uygun \u015fekilde vasiyetname ile ilam\u0131n tebli\u011f edilmesi ve ilam\u0131n usul\u00fcne uygun \u015fekilde kesinle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in davac\u0131ya s\u00fcre verilip, o davan\u0131n sonucu eldeki dava a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bekletici mesele yap\u0131lmal\u0131, akabinde murisin miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 davaya d\u00e2hil edilmeli, miras\u00e7\u0131lardan vasiyetnamenin iptali y\u00f6n\u00fcnde (sakl\u0131 payl\u0131 miras\u00e7\u0131 olmad\u0131klar\u0131 da g\u00f6zetilerek) dava a\u00e7\u0131p a\u00e7mad\u0131klar\u0131 saptanarak, ger\u00e7ek miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n belirlenmesine yarayacak b\u00fct\u00fcn delillerin eksiksiz toplanmas\u0131 suretiyle, h\u00e2s\u0131l olacak sonu\u00e7 dairesinde i\u015fin esas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmas\u0131 gerekirken…\u201d[7]<\/p>\n
\u201c…Dava, yasal miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k yan\u0131nda noterde d\u00fczenlenen vasiyetname gere\u011fince atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi verilmesi istemine ili\u015fkin olup, mahkemece yasal miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi verilmi\u015ftir. 4721 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 598\/1. maddesinde yasal miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi 2. f\u0131krada ise atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131 veya vasiyet alacakl\u0131s\u0131 belgesi verilmesi hususunu d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. An\u0131lan f\u0131kra gere\u011fince vasiyete ili\u015fkin \u00f6l\u00fcme ba\u011fl\u0131 tasarruflara 1 ay i\u00e7inde itiraz edilmedi\u011fi takdirde lehine tasarrufta bulunulan kimseye atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi verilmesi gerekmektedir. O halde davac\u0131n\u0131n yasal miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi ile birlikte vasiyetname ile tasarruf edilen mallar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi verilmesi gerekirken…\u201d[8]<\/p>\n
\u201c…Atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131lar; mirasb\u0131rakanla kan ve soy ili\u015fkisini g\u00f6steren veraset belgesinin iptalini isteyemezler. Ancak, daha \u00f6nce al\u0131nan kan ve soy ili\u015fkisine dayal\u0131 miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesinin iptali istemi, terekeden hak istenemeyece\u011finin tespitini de kapsar. Daval\u0131 \u00dcmit Zehra…\u2019in terekede 3\/8 pay sahibi oldu\u011fu kesinle\u015fen ilamla sabittir. Kesinle\u015fen bu ilam ve vasiyetnamedeki intifa haklar\u0131 da gerek\u00e7eli karar ve h\u00fck\u00fcm f\u0131kras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klanarak “davac\u0131n\u0131n 5\/8 pay i\u00e7in atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131 oldu\u011funun tespitine” karar verilmesi gerekirken…\u201d[9]<\/p>\n
Ayd\u0131n TEKDO\u011eAN<\/p>\n
Avukat<\/p>\n
\u0130stanbul B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi<\/p>\n
2. Hukuk Dairesi Emekli Ba\u015fkan\u0131<\/p>\n
————–<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
TEKDO\u011eAN, A., Miras \u0130\u015f ve \u0130\u015flemleri ile Miras Davalar\u0131, 1. Bask\u0131, Temmuz 2024, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nevi, 1625 Sayfa,<\/p>\n
TEKDO\u011eAN, A., Vasiyetnamenin Tenfizi ve \u0130ptali Davalar\u0131, G\u00fcncellenmi\u015f 6. Bask\u0131, \u015eubat 2025, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nevi, 688 Sayfa;<\/p>\n
[1] Yarg\u0131tay 1. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2016\/6514 K. 2019\/1735 T. 11.3.2019<\/p>\n
[2] Yarg\u0131tay 3. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2020\/12091 K. 2021\/2034 T. 1.3.2021<\/p>\n
[3] Yarg\u0131tay 2. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2005\/4877 K. 2005\/8082 T. 23.5.2005<\/p>\n
[4] Yarg\u0131tay 7. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2021\/2498 K. 2022\/7686 T. 13.12.2022<\/p>\n
[5] Yarg\u0131tay 14. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2020\/820 K. 2020\/2808 T. 9.3.2020<\/p>\n
[6] Yarg\u0131tay 3. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2020\/12091 K. 2021\/2034 T. 1.3.2021<\/p>\n
[7] Yarg\u0131tay 3. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2015\/19804 K. 2017\/5210 T. 13.04.2017<\/p>\n
[8] Yarg\u0131tay 14. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2015\/2029 K. 2015\/4943 T. 30.04.2015<\/p>\n
[9] Yarg\u0131tay 2. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2007\/7698 K. 2007\/11410 T. 17.7.2007<\/p>\n
\u200b1. Genel Olarak Miras\u00e7\u0131<\/p>\n
Miras\u00e7\u0131, mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n terekesinden pay alan ger\u00e7ek veya t\u00fczel ki\u015filerdir.<\/p>\n
TMK\u2019n\u0131n 577\/1. maddesine g\u00f6re \u201cBu Kanuna g\u00f6re mirasa ehil olmayanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki herkes miras\u00e7\u0131 olabilece\u011fi gibi, vasiyet alacakl\u0131s\u0131 da olabilir.\u201d<\/p>\n
Kanunumuzda iki t\u00fcr miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k \u015fekli d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup, bunlar kanuni miras\u00e7\u0131 ve atanm\u0131\u015f (iradi) miras\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kanuni (yasal) miras\u00e7\u0131lar kanundan do\u011farlar.<\/p>\n
Atanm\u0131\u015f (iradi, mansup) miras\u00e7\u0131lar ise, mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n iradesine dayan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
Kanuni ya da atanm\u0131\u015f bir miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak miras hakk\u0131n\u0131 elde etme i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
-TMK\u2019n\u0131n 580. ve devam\u0131 maddelerinde d\u00fczenlenen anlamda mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc an\u0131nda sa\u011f olmak gerekir. Yasal veya atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131 ve vasiyet alacakl\u0131s\u0131 mirasb\u0131rakandan \u00f6nce \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015fse miras\u00e7\u0131 veya vasiyet alacakl\u0131s\u0131 olamaz.<\/p>\n
-TMK\u2019n\u0131n 578. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen mirastan yoksunluk nedenlerinin bulunmamas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
-Son olarak TMK\u2019n\u0131n 577\/1. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen \u015fekli ile miras\u00e7\u0131 olabilme ehliyeti ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
\u201c\u2026 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu’nun 580. maddesi uyar\u0131nca \u201cmiras\u00e7\u0131 olabilmek i\u00e7in mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc an\u0131nda mirasa ehil olarak sa\u011f olmak \u015fartt\u0131r.\u201d Ba\u015fka bir ko\u015ful s\u00f6z konusu olamaz. Yine ayn\u0131 kanunun 599. maddesinde \u201dmiras\u00e7\u0131lar, mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile miras\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak, kanun gere\u011fince kazan\u0131rlar. Kanunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ayr\u0131k durumlar sakl\u0131 kalmak \u00fczere miras\u00e7\u0131lar, mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n ayni haklar\u0131n\u0131, alacaklar\u0131n\u0131, di\u011fer malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131n\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar \u00fczerindeki zilyetliklerini do\u011frudan do\u011fruya kazan\u0131rlar ve mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n bor\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ki\u015fisel olarak sorumlu olurlar\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fc getirilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu’nun de\u011finilen a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bir miras\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n daha \u00f6nce de\u011fil, murisin \u00f6l\u00fcm tarihinde (miras\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lma tarihinde) miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ehil ve sa\u011f olmas\u0131 esast\u0131r. \u0130stikrar kazanm\u0131\u015f Yarg\u0131tay \u0130\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda murisin muvazaal\u0131 temliki yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihteki \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ile bundan sonra ana rahmine d\u00fc\u015fen \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda dava hakk\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden hi\u00e7 bir fark g\u00f6zetilmemi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu’nun 500. maddesinin \u201cevlatl\u0131k ve altsoyu, evl\u00e2t edinene kan h\u0131s\u0131m\u0131 gibi miras\u00e7\u0131 olurlar\u201c h\u00fckm\u00fc gere\u011fince f\u00fcruu ve evl\u00e2tl\u0131k aras\u0131nda bir ay\u0131r\u0131m yapmak da olanaks\u0131zd\u0131r\u2026\u201d[1]<\/p>\n
\u201c\u2026Miras, miras b\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. (TMK. md. 575) Miras\u00e7\u0131 olabilmek i\u00e7in miras b\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc an\u0131nda mirasa ehil olarak sa\u011f olmak \u015fartt\u0131r. (TMK. md. 580) T\u00fcrk Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k Kanunu uyar\u0131nca vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaybedenler “yabanc\u0131” stat\u00fcs\u00fcne tabi olduklar\u0131 halde vatanda\u015fl\u0131ktan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lanlar\u0131n mallar\u0131 tasfiyeye tabidir\u2026\u201d (Yarg\u0131tay 2. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2004\/1530 K. 2004\/2410 T. 1.3.2004)<\/p>\n
2. Atanm\u0131\u015f Miras\u00e7\u0131<\/p>\n
Mirasb\u0131rakan taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00fcme ba\u011fl\u0131 bir tasarrufla (vasiyetname veya miras s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile) miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak atad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015filerdir.<\/p>\n
TMK\u2019n\u0131n 516. maddesine g\u00f6re,<\/p>\n
“Mirasb\u0131rakan, miras\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131 veya belli bir oran\u0131 i\u00e7in bir veya birden \u00e7ok ki\u015fiyi miras\u00e7\u0131 atayabilir. Bir ki\u015finin, miras\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 veya belli bir oran\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren her tasarruf, miras\u00e7\u0131 atanmas\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r.”<\/p>\n
\u0130vazs\u0131z ise hem vasiyetname ve hem de miras s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile atanabilir. \u0130vazl\u0131 ise yaln\u0131z miras s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile atanabilir.<\/p>\n
Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere belirli mal vasiyetinde, vasiyet\u00e7inin malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bir mal\u0131n\u0131 (\u00f6rne\u011fin evini) ba\u011f\u0131\u015flamas\u0131 veya bir kimseye bir y\u0131ll\u0131k irat b\u0131rakmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. Bu \u015fekildeki belirli bir mal vasiyet olunan ki\u015fiye \u201cmusaleh\u201d denir.<\/p>\n
Ancak e\u011fer bir vasiyetnamede “mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 e\u015fime vasiyet ettim”, “mallar\u0131m\u0131n 1\/4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc o\u011fluma b\u0131rak\u0131yorum” gibi ifadeler varsa, bu bir miras\u00e7\u0131 atanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u015fekli ile miras\u00e7\u0131 atama mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 veya bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 bir ki\u015fiye b\u0131rakmas\u0131 halidir.<\/p>\n
Bir kimse isterse ger\u00e7ek, isterse bir t\u00fczel ki\u015fiyi veya hen\u00fcz do\u011fmam\u0131\u015f bir \u00e7ocu\u011fu, hatta hen\u00fcz kurulmam\u0131\u015f bir t\u00fczel ki\u015fiyi miras\u00e7\u0131 atayabilir. Devlet de miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterilebilir. Kanuni miras\u00e7\u0131lar da kanuni miras paylar\u0131na ek olarak vasiyetname ile miras\u00e7\u0131 atanabilir. Birden \u00e7ok ki\u015fi miras\u00e7\u0131 atanabilir. Birden ki\u015fi miras\u00e7\u0131 atanm\u0131\u015fsa ve paylar\u0131 belirtilmemi\u015fse e\u015fit paya sahip olduklar\u0131 kabul edilir.<\/p>\n
Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 veya kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z yap\u0131labilir. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131rsa kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 bor\u00e7 ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri i\u00e7erdi\u011finden miras mukavelesi yolu ile yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z ise vasiyetname yolu ile yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Miras\u00e7\u0131 atanan ki\u015finin bizzat vasiyet\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan \u00f6l\u00fcme ba\u011fl\u0131 tasarrufta g\u00f6sterilmesi \u015fartt\u0131r. Bu nedenle atanm\u0131\u015f mirac\u0131n\u0131n mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc an\u0131nda sa\u011f, belli veya belirlenebilir olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
Vasiyet\u00e7i miras\u00e7\u0131 atanan\u0131n bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmesini isteyemez. Vasiyet\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan belirleme yoksa vasiyet ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir. Bu hak m\u00fcnhas\u0131ran vasiyet\u00e7inin olup, temsil veya vek\u00e2let ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
\u201c\u2026TMK\u2019n\u0131n 516\/2. maddesine g\u00f6re, bir kimsenin miras\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 ya da belirli bir oran\u0131n\u0131 almas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren her tasarruf miras\u00e7\u0131 atamas\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r. Miras\u00e7\u0131 atamas\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filer lehine yap\u0131labilece\u011fi gibi yasal miras\u00e7\u0131lar lehine de yap\u0131labilir. Somut uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kta ise muris, terekesinin tamam\u0131n\u0131 belirli oranlarla daval\u0131lara b\u0131rakarak, miras\u00e7\u0131 atamas\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u2026\u201d[2]<\/p>\n
\u201c\u2026Muris; 26.02.2002 tarihli el yaz\u0131l\u0131 vasiyetnamesi ile yasal miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olan e\u015fi \u0130clal’i miras\u00e7\u0131 atam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (e\u015fim \u0130clal \u2026’\u00fc tek varisim olarak tayin ediyorum. Muhtemel mahfuz hisse sahipleri ile ilgili haklar a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayr\u0131kt\u0131r. Yukar\u0131da bahsetti\u011fim varis tayini, benim T\u00fcrkiye’de bulunan ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallar\u0131m i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir.)\u2026\u201d[3]<\/p>\n
3. Atanm\u0131\u015f Miras\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n Hukuki Niteli\u011fi ve Haklar\u0131<\/p>\n
Miras\u00e7\u0131 atanan (mansup) terekenin k\u00fclli halefi olur. \u00d6l\u00fcmle birlikte miras\u00e7\u0131 atanan tereke \u00fczerinde hak sahibi olur. Tereke aktif ve pasifiyle bir b\u00fct\u00fcn halinde atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131ya intikal eder. Bu nedenle miras\u00e7\u0131 atanan terekenin bor\u00e7lar\u0131ndan da sorumlu olur. \u00dcstelik bu sorumluluk hem tereke mallar\u0131 ve hem de kendi ki\u015fisel malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile sorumluluktur. Tereke \u00fczerinde idari tasarrufta bulunabilir.<\/p>\n
TMK\u2019n\u0131n 598. maddesine g\u00f6re, vasiyetnamede miras\u00e7\u0131 atanm\u0131\u015f olup da haklar\u0131 kanuni miras\u00e7\u0131lar ve di\u011fer ilgililer taraf\u0131ndan itiraza u\u011framam\u0131\u015f olan kimseler, itiraz i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan tebli\u011f g\u00fcn\u00fcnden itibaren bir ay ge\u00e7tikten sonra miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k s\u0131fatlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda kendilerine atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir resmi bir belge verilmesini sulh hukuk mahkemesinden isteyebilirler. Vasiyetnameye itiraz olup da tenkis veya iptal davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ise, bu belge verilmeyip bu davalar\u0131n sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 beklenir. Vasiyetnamenin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra talep halinde kanuni miras\u00e7\u0131lara da miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi verilir. Miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesinde kanuni miras\u00e7\u0131larla beraber vasiyetnameden de s\u00f6z edilerek atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n da g\u00f6sterilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Bu nedenlerle atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n vasiyetnamenin tenfizi istemine ili\u015fkin dava a\u00e7mas\u0131nda hukuki yarar\u0131 yoktur. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc TMK\u2019n\u0131n 599. maddesi uyar\u0131nca atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131, herhangi bir kabul beyan\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 duymaks\u0131z\u0131n mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile birlikte kendili\u011finden tereke \u00fczerindeki haklar\u0131n\u0131 kazan\u0131r. Atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131n\u0131n vasiyetnamenin tenfizini dava yolu ile istemesi halinde davan\u0131n hukuki yarar yoklu\u011fu nedeniyle reddi gerekir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131 alaca\u011f\u0131 veraset belgesi ile bu hakk\u0131n\u0131 elde edebilir.<\/p>\n
TMK\u2019n\u0131n 603. maddesindeki d\u00fczenlemeye g\u00f6re, “Mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131, vasiyet alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131ndan, vasiyet alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131 da miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n haklar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce gelir. Miras\u0131 kay\u0131ts\u0131z \u015farts\u0131z kabul eden miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n alacakl\u0131lar\u0131 ile mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n alacakl\u0131lar\u0131 ayn\u0131 haklara sahiptirler.” Yani, \u00f6ncelik terekeden murisin alacakl\u0131lar\u0131na gerekli \u00f6demelerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 sonra e\u011fer artan bir de\u011fer olursa o da atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131lara \u00f6denir. Ancak atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n haklar\u0131, miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n \u015fahsi alacakl\u0131lar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce gelir.<\/p>\n
\u201c\u2026davac\u0131, muris ile birlikte d\u00fczenledi\u011fi mirastan feragat s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile mirastan feragat etmi\u015ftir. Bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile davac\u0131n\u0131n yasal miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k s\u0131fat\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, yasal miras\u00e7\u0131 s\u0131fat\u0131 kalmayan davac\u0131n\u0131n murisle kan ve soy ili\u015fkisini g\u00f6steren miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesinin iptalini isteyemez. Di\u011fer yandan mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n el yaz\u0131l\u0131 vasiyetnamesinde ise davac\u0131ya y\u00f6nelik olarak \u201ce\u015fime de haklar\u0131 verilsin\u201d \u015feklinde bir tasarrufta bulunmu\u015ftur. Davadaki uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k mirastan feragat ederek yasal miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 yitiren davac\u0131n\u0131n, mirasb\u0131rakan taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenen vasiyetnamedeki bu tasarrufuyla atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k s\u0131fat\u0131 kazan\u0131p kazanamayaca\u011f\u0131 noktas\u0131nda toplanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Miras\u00e7\u0131 ataman\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenledi\u011fi TMK 516. maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda terekenin tamam\u0131n\u0131n veya belirli bir oran\u0131n belirlenmesi suretiyle d\u00fczenlenen tasarruflar\u0131n miras\u00e7\u0131 atama say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir. Bu bak\u0131mdan vasiyetnamedeki irade beyan\u0131n\u0131n miras\u00e7\u0131 atama olarak nitelendirilebilmesi i\u00e7in mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n miras\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 veya belirli oran\u0131 belirtmesi suretiyle tasarrufta bulunmas\u0131 gereklidir.<\/p>\n
Somut olaya gelince, dava konusu vasiyetname i\u00e7eri\u011finde mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n yaln\u0131zca \u201ce\u015fime de haklar\u0131 verilsin\u201d \u015feklinde bir tasarrufta bulundu\u011fu, tasarruf i\u00e7eri\u011finin terekenin tamam\u0131n\u0131 veya belirli bir oran\u0131n\u0131 kapsamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu ba\u011flamda vasiyetnamedeki bu irade beyan\u0131n\u0131n, TMK 516. maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen ko\u015fullarla birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, kanunun \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc miras\u00e7\u0131 atamaya y\u00f6nelik bir tasarrufun bulundu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez\u2026\u201d ([4])<\/p>\n
\u201c…4721 Say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanununun 598. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda, ba\u015fvuru \u00fczerine yasal miras\u00e7\u0131 olduklar\u0131 belirlenenlere sulh mahkemesince miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k s\u0131fatlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6steren bir belge verilece\u011fi, ayn\u0131 maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131 h\u00fckm\u00fcnde de, miras\u00e7\u0131 atamaya veya vasiyete ili\u015fkin \u00f6l\u00fcme ba\u011fl\u0131 tasarrufa, miras\u00e7\u0131lar veya ba\u015fka vasiyet alacakl\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bir ay i\u00e7inde itiraz edilmedi\u011fi takdirde, lehine tasarrufta bulunulan kimseye de atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131 veya vasiyet alacakl\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren bir belge verilmesinin gerekti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Somut olayda; talep eden… vasiyetname ile muris …’in atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fundan talebinin TMK 598\/2. maddesi do\u011frultusunda atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131 oldu\u011funa dair belge verilmesi istemine ili\u015fkin oldu\u011fu de\u011ferlendirilerek bu konuda bir karar verilmesi gerekirken…\u201d[5]<\/p>\n
\u201c\u2026Belirli mal vasiyeti ile miras\u00e7\u0131 atanmas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren vasiyetnamelerin s\u00f6z konusu olmas\u0131 halinde tenkis hesab\u0131 birbirinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r. Davaya konu 26.08.1994 tarihli vasiyetname miras\u00e7\u0131 atamas\u0131na ili\u015fkin oldu\u011fundan ve T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu’nun 564. maddesi ancak belirli mal vasiyeti s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda uygulanabilece\u011finden miras\u00e7\u0131 atamas\u0131 (nasb\u0131) halinde bu maddenin uygulanmas\u0131 olana\u011f\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak atanan ki\u015fi, murisin k\u00fclli halefi oldu\u011fundan, miras a\u00e7\u0131lmakla yasal miras\u00e7\u0131 gibi terekenin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ya da belli bir pay\u0131n\u0131n sahibi olur (TMK 599\/2). Miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak atanan kimseye kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lan tenkis davas\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fc halinde davac\u0131lar\u0131n sakl\u0131 paylar\u0131 oran\u0131nda tenkise karar vermek yeterlidir. (2. HD’nin 18.5.1995 tarihli, 4699-5842 Say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131, 2. HD’nin 13.06.2007 tarihli, 2006\/16512-2007\/10134 Say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131).<\/p>\n
\u00d6yleyse; mahkemece miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak atanan kimseye kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lan tenkis davas\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fc halinde davac\u0131lar\u0131n sakl\u0131 paylar\u0131 oran\u0131nda tenkise karar verilmesi gerekirken\u2026\u201d[6]<\/p>\n
\u201c…Dava, vasiyetname ile miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak atanan davac\u0131n\u0131n TMK\u2019n\u0131n 598. maddesi uyar\u0131nca kendisine miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi verilmesi istemine ili\u015fkindir.<\/p>\n
Davaya konu vasiyetname, muayyen mal vasiyeti niteli\u011finde olmay\u0131p, miras\u00e7\u0131 atamaya ili\u015fkindir (TMK. 516). Atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131larda miras, miras b\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile kazan\u0131l\u0131r (TMK. 599\/3). Miras\u00e7\u0131 atanan ki\u015fi miras b\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile terek \u00fczerinde do\u011frudan ve kendili\u011finden bir ayni hak kazan\u0131r. Bu durumda, miras b\u0131rakandan intikal eden ayni haklar\u0131n, atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131 ad\u0131na tescil i\u00e7in vasiyetnamenin yerine getirilmesi davas\u0131na dolay\u0131s\u0131yla mahkeme h\u00fckm\u00fcne ihtiya\u00e7 yoktur. Atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131ya, buna ili\u015fkin miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi verilmesi (TMK. 598\/2) yeterli olup, bu nitelikteki belge ile ayni haklar\u0131n bu ki\u015fi ad\u0131na tapuda (resmi senet d\u00fczenlenmeksizin tescili) m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr (Tapu Sicili T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc md. 21\/a). Buna g\u00f6re, davac\u0131 TMK\u2019n\u0131n 598\/2. maddesi uyar\u0131nca Sulh Hukuk Mahkemesinden veraset ilam\u0131 alarak ayn\u0131 sonuca ula\u015fabilecektir\u2026<\/p>\n
Hal b\u00f6yle olunca, mahkemece; s\u00f6z konusu vasiyetnamenin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 dosyas\u0131nda, murisin bilinen t\u00fcm miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na usul\u00fcne uygun \u015fekilde vasiyetname ile ilam\u0131n tebli\u011f edilmesi ve ilam\u0131n usul\u00fcne uygun \u015fekilde kesinle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in davac\u0131ya s\u00fcre verilip, o davan\u0131n sonucu eldeki dava a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bekletici mesele yap\u0131lmal\u0131, akabinde murisin miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 davaya d\u00e2hil edilmeli, miras\u00e7\u0131lardan vasiyetnamenin iptali y\u00f6n\u00fcnde (sakl\u0131 payl\u0131 miras\u00e7\u0131 olmad\u0131klar\u0131 da g\u00f6zetilerek) dava a\u00e7\u0131p a\u00e7mad\u0131klar\u0131 saptanarak, ger\u00e7ek miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n belirlenmesine yarayacak b\u00fct\u00fcn delillerin eksiksiz toplanmas\u0131 suretiyle, h\u00e2s\u0131l olacak sonu\u00e7 dairesinde i\u015fin esas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmas\u0131 gerekirken…\u201d[7]<\/p>\n
\u201c…Dava, yasal miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k yan\u0131nda noterde d\u00fczenlenen vasiyetname gere\u011fince atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi verilmesi istemine ili\u015fkin olup, mahkemece yasal miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi verilmi\u015ftir. 4721 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 598\/1. maddesinde yasal miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi 2. f\u0131krada ise atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131 veya vasiyet alacakl\u0131s\u0131 belgesi verilmesi hususunu d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. An\u0131lan f\u0131kra gere\u011fince vasiyete ili\u015fkin \u00f6l\u00fcme ba\u011fl\u0131 tasarruflara 1 ay i\u00e7inde itiraz edilmedi\u011fi takdirde lehine tasarrufta bulunulan kimseye atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi verilmesi gerekmektedir. O halde davac\u0131n\u0131n yasal miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi ile birlikte vasiyetname ile tasarruf edilen mallar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesi verilmesi gerekirken…\u201d[8]<\/p>\n
\u201c…Atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131lar; mirasb\u0131rakanla kan ve soy ili\u015fkisini g\u00f6steren veraset belgesinin iptalini isteyemezler. Ancak, daha \u00f6nce al\u0131nan kan ve soy ili\u015fkisine dayal\u0131 miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k belgesinin iptali istemi, terekeden hak istenemeyece\u011finin tespitini de kapsar. Daval\u0131 \u00dcmit Zehra…\u2019in terekede 3\/8 pay sahibi oldu\u011fu kesinle\u015fen ilamla sabittir. Kesinle\u015fen bu ilam ve vasiyetnamedeki intifa haklar\u0131 da gerek\u00e7eli karar ve h\u00fck\u00fcm f\u0131kras\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klanarak “davac\u0131n\u0131n 5\/8 pay i\u00e7in atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131 oldu\u011funun tespitine” karar verilmesi gerekirken…\u201d[9]<\/p>\n
Ayd\u0131n TEKDO\u011eAN<\/p>\n
Avukat<\/p>\n
\u0130stanbul B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi<\/p>\n
2. Hukuk Dairesi Emekli Ba\u015fkan\u0131<\/p>\n
————–<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in:<\/p>\n
TEKDO\u011eAN, A., Miras \u0130\u015f ve \u0130\u015flemleri ile Miras Davalar\u0131, 1. Bask\u0131, Temmuz 2024, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nevi, 1625 Sayfa,<\/p>\n
TEKDO\u011eAN, A., Vasiyetnamenin Tenfizi ve \u0130ptali Davalar\u0131, G\u00fcncellenmi\u015f 6. Bask\u0131, \u015eubat 2025, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nevi, 688 Sayfa;<\/p>\n
[1] Yarg\u0131tay 1. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2016\/6514 K. 2019\/1735 T. 11.3.2019<\/p>\n
[2] Yarg\u0131tay 3. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2020\/12091 K. 2021\/2034 T. 1.3.2021<\/p>\n
[3] Yarg\u0131tay 2. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2005\/4877 K. 2005\/8082 T. 23.5.2005<\/p>\n
[4] Yarg\u0131tay 7. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2021\/2498 K. 2022\/7686 T. 13.12.2022<\/p>\n
[5] Yarg\u0131tay 14. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2020\/820 K. 2020\/2808 T. 9.3.2020<\/p>\n
[6] Yarg\u0131tay 3. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2020\/12091 K. 2021\/2034 T. 1.3.2021<\/p>\n
[7] Yarg\u0131tay 3. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2015\/19804 K. 2017\/5210 T. 13.04.2017<\/p>\n
[8] Yarg\u0131tay 14. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2015\/2029 K. 2015\/4943 T. 30.04.2015<\/p>\n
[9] Yarg\u0131tay 2. Hukuk Dairesi E. 2007\/7698 K. 2007\/11410 T. 17.7.2007\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
1. Genel Olarak Miras\u00e7\u0131 Miras\u00e7\u0131, mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n terekesinden pay alan ger\u00e7ek veya t\u00fczel ki\u015filerdir. TMK\u2019n\u0131n 577\/1. maddesine g\u00f6re \u201cBu Kanuna g\u00f6re mirasa ehil olmayanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki herkes miras\u00e7\u0131 olabilece\u011fi gibi, vasiyet alacakl\u0131s\u0131 da olabilir.\u201d Kanunumuzda iki t\u00fcr miras\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k \u015fekli d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup, bunlar kanuni miras\u00e7\u0131 ve atanm\u0131\u015f (iradi) miras\u00e7\u0131d\u0131r. Kanuni (yasal) miras\u00e7\u0131lar kanundan do\u011farlar. Atanm\u0131\u015f (iradi, mansup) miras\u00e7\u0131lar ise, mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n iradesine dayan\u0131rlar. Kanuni ya da atanm\u0131\u015f bir miras\u00e7\u0131 olarak miras hakk\u0131n\u0131 elde etme i\u00e7in: -TMK\u2019n\u0131n 580. ve devam\u0131 maddelerinde d\u00fczenlenen anlamda mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc an\u0131nda sa\u011f olmak gerekir. Yasal veya atanm\u0131\u015f miras\u00e7\u0131 ve vasiyet alacakl\u0131s\u0131 mirasb\u0131rakandan \u00f6nce \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015fse miras\u00e7\u0131 veya vasiyet alacakl\u0131s\u0131 olamaz. -TMK\u2019n\u0131n 578. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen mirastan yoksunluk nedenlerinin bulunmamas\u0131 gerekir. -Son olarak TMK\u2019n\u0131n 577\/1. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen \u015fekli ile miras\u00e7\u0131 olabilme ehliyeti ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gerekir. \u201c\u2026 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu’nun 580. maddesi uyar\u0131nca \u201cmiras\u00e7\u0131 olabilmek i\u00e7in mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc an\u0131nda mirasa ehil olarak sa\u011f olmak \u015fartt\u0131r.\u201d Ba\u015fka bir ko\u015ful s\u00f6z konusu olamaz. Yine ayn\u0131 kanunun 599. maddesinde \u201dmiras\u00e7\u0131lar, mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ile miras\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak, kanun gere\u011fince kazan\u0131rlar. Kanunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ayr\u0131k durumlar sakl\u0131 kalmak \u00fczere miras\u00e7\u0131lar, mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n ayni haklar\u0131n\u0131, alacaklar\u0131n\u0131, di\u011fer malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131n\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar \u00fczerindeki zilyetliklerini do\u011frudan do\u011fruya kazan\u0131rlar ve mirasb\u0131rakan\u0131n bor\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ki\u015fisel olarak sorumlu olurlar\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fc getirilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu’nun de\u011finilen a\u00e7\u0131k h\u00fck\u00fcmleri …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-99549","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n