\u0130mar hukukunda mek\u00e2nsal planlar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmezlik ilkesi esas al\u0131n\u0131r. Planlarda de\u011fi\u015fiklik sadece zorunlu durumlarda yap\u0131lmal\u0131, uzun vadeli planlama ilkelerine ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak kentsel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi, mevcut planlar\u0131n bu ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamamas\u0131na neden olabilir. Kat art\u0131\u015f\u0131, ye\u015fil alanlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 kullan\u0131mlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi gibi durumlar, yo\u011funluk art\u0131\u015f\u0131 yaratarak plan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini gerekli k\u0131labilir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin hukuka uygun olmas\u0131 kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar ve \u00f6zel hukuk s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve yap\u0131la\u015fma ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 nedeniyle eser s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ya da arsa pay\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 eser s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleriyle ilgili uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar artmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde, mevcut ya da ileride olu\u015fabilecek imar engellerine ra\u011fmen taraflar, bu engelleri a\u015fmay\u0131 taahh\u00fct edebilir. Ancak Yarg\u0131tay, imar engeline ayk\u0131r\u0131 durumlarda \u201cimk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ge\u00e7ersiz kabul etmektedir. \u0130mar mevzuat\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, TBK m. 27\/I gere\u011fi kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczd\u00fcr. Ancak imar engelinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yasal giri\u015fimlerin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc veya dava sonucuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak eserin yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 hallerde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler ayakta tutulabilir. Bu t\u00fcr durumlar geciktirici ko\u015ful ya da \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin fiilini \u00fcstlenme y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, imar mevzuat\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k durumlar\u0131nda \u201cimk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d kavram\u0131na dayanmak yerine s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7erli olabilece\u011fi ko\u015fullar\u0131n detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi vurgulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
I. \u0130mar Planlar\u0131n\u0131n Hukuki Niteli\u011fi ve Revizyonu<\/p>\n
\u0130mar plan\u0131, 3194 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130mar Kanunu ve di\u011fer ilgili mevzuatlar do\u011frultusunda belediyeler ve yetkili idari organlar taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek imar uygulamalar\u0131na dair ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgileri i\u00e7eren plan ve haritalar olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130mar planlar\u0131, belirli bir b\u00f6lgenin co\u011frafi konumunu, n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011funu, ekonomik durumunu, ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131, ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli gereksinimlerini, g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak, bu alanda ya\u015fayan bireylerin ya\u015fam kalitesini art\u0131racak \u015fekilde tasarlan\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, plan hem b\u00f6lgenin kendi i\u00e7indeki hem de \u00e7evresiyle olan ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 dikkate alarak, hizmet ve yap\u0131 ili\u015fkilerini d\u00fczenleyen uzun vadeli bir strateji olu\u015fturur.[1] \u0130mar planlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, imar uygulamalar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda parselasyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131larak, ilgili alandaki kentsel geli\u015fim ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcre\u00e7leri somut bir \u015fekilde hayata ge\u00e7irilir.<\/p>\n
\u0130mar planlar\u0131n\u0131n hukuki niteli\u011fi gerek yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131nda gerekse de \u00f6\u011fretide birer d\u00fczenleyici i\u015flem olarak nitelendirilir[2]. \u0130mar planlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenleyici bir idari i\u015flem niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, normlar hiyerar\u015fisine uygun \u015fekilde Anayasa, kanun, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 kararnamesi ve y\u00f6netmeliklerle uyumlu olarak haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 zorunludur. Ayr\u0131ca, hiyerar\u015fi ilkesi[3] gere\u011fi, farkl\u0131 kademelerdeki planlar\u0131n birbiriyle uyum i\u00e7inde uygulanabilmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00fcst d\u00fczey planlara ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k esas al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130mar hukukundaki hiyerar\u015finin temel amac\u0131, en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde al\u0131nan plan kararlar\u0131n\u0131n en alt d\u00fczey planlara kadar aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak, \u00fcst d\u00fczey kararlar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli a\u015famalardan ge\u00e7erek mek\u00e2na uygulanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda plan d\u00fczeyleri aras\u0131nda koordinasyonu temin etmek ve alt d\u00fczey planlar\u0131n, bir \u00fcst d\u00fczey plana uygunlu\u011funu denetleyebilmektir[4]. Bu do\u011frultuda alt \u00f6l\u00e7ekli planlar, \u00fcst \u00f6l\u00e7ekli planlarda al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131rarak uygulamaya aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakta ve bu kararlar\u0131 somut hale getirmektedir. Bu nedenle, alt \u00f6l\u00e7ekli planlar \u00fcst \u00f6l\u00e7ekli planlara k\u0131yasla daha somut bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir[5].<\/p>\n
\u00d6zetle, alt \u00f6l\u00e7ekli planlar\u0131n \u00fcst \u00f6l\u00e7ekli planlara uyumlu olmas\u0131 zorunludur ama ayn\u0131 zamanda da \u00fcst \u00f6l\u00e7ekli plandaki temel kararlar\u0131 da muhafaza etmesini gerektirir.<\/p>\n
\u0130mar hukukunda mek\u00e2nsal planlarda de\u011fi\u015fmezlik ilkesi esas olup, planlarla belirlenen hedeflere ula\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in hem naz\u0131m hem de uygulama imar planlar\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lmas\u0131ndan m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131, zorunlu olmad\u0131k\u00e7a planlar de\u011fi\u015ftirilmemeli ve uzun vadeli planlama ilkelerine sad\u0131k kal\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ancak, planlar\u0131n zamanla kentsel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamamas\u0131, kat art\u0131\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ya da ye\u015fil alan, park ve \u00e7ocuk bah\u00e7esi gibi kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n konut, ticaret veya sanayi gibi farkl\u0131 kullan\u0131mlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi sonucu yo\u011funluk art\u0131\u015f\u0131na neden olunmas\u0131 gibi durumlarda, bu ihtiya\u00e7lara yan\u0131t verebilmek i\u00e7in plan de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz hale gelebilir[6].<\/p>\n
Bu noktada imar planlar\u0131n\u0131n mutlak ve de\u011fi\u015fmez bir nitelikte olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k ve nettir. Hal b\u00f6yle olunca i\u015flemi yapan idari merciler yetki ve usulde paralellik ilkesine riayet ederek yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu i\u015flemi geri alma ya da ortadan kald\u0131rma imkan\u0131na her daim sahiptirler.<\/p>\n
Uygulamada da \u00f6nceki planlar\u0131n hatal\u0131 olmas\u0131 veya art\u0131k ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamamas\u0131 durumunda, planlarda \u201cilave\u201d veya \u201crevizyon imar plan\u0131\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131labilmekte ya da imar planlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lan iptal davalar\u0131 sonucunda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131labilmektedir. Hatta bu imk\u00e2n Mek\u00e2nsal Planlar Yap\u0131m Y\u00f6netmeli\u011finde de \u015fu \u015fekilde yer almaktad\u0131r; \u201c\u0130mar planlar\u0131n\u0131n ihtiyaca cevap vermedi\u011fi veya uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlar ile \u00fcst kademe plan kararlar\u0131na uygunlu\u011funun sa\u011flanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla plan\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n veya plan ana kararlar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyecek bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yenilenmesi i\u00e7in bu Y\u00f6netmelikte belirtilen ilke, esas ve standartlara uygun olarak imar planlar\u0131nda revizyon yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130mar planlar\u0131n\u0131n ihtiyaca cevap vermedi\u011fi durumlarda, mevcut plana biti\u015fik ve mevcut plan\u0131n genel arazi kullan\u0131m kararlar\u0131 ile s\u00fcreklilik, b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck ve uyum sa\u011flayacak bi\u00e7imde, bu Y\u00f6netmelikte belirtilen ilke, esas ve standartlara uygun olarak ilave imar plan\u0131 yap\u0131labilir.\u201d \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n
Peki hukuka uygun olarak yap\u0131lan imar plan\u0131 revizyonlar\u0131n\u0131n; kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklara ve \u00f6zel hukuk s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine etkisi ne \u015fekildedir? S\u00f6z konusu imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri \u00f6zellikle \u00f6zel hukuk s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k te\u015fkil eder mi? \u0130\u015fte bu hukuki niteleme sorunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131n esasl\u0131 noktas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
A. \u0130mar Planlar\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan Revizyonlar\u0131n Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Haklara Etkisi<\/p>\n
\u0130mar planlar\u0131n\u0131n iptali durumunda, bu planlara dayan\u0131larak baz\u0131 haklar elde edilmi\u015fse, iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n bireyler ve bireysel i\u015flemler \u00fczerindeki hukuki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirebilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak kavram\u0131n\u0131n ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6\u011fretide kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak kavram\u0131; farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[7]. <\/p>\n
Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak, ki\u015filerin lehine olu\u015fmu\u015f bir hukuki durumun korunmas\u0131na hizmet ediyorsa, hukuki istikrar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli unsurlardan biri olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Bir hak, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki mevzuata uygun \u015fekilde ve t\u00fcm sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla elde edilmi\u015fse kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan elbette hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 \u015fekilde elde edilen bir durum i\u00e7in kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haktan bahsetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir[8].<\/p>\n
Ki\u015filer i\u00e7in kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar veya korunmas\u0131 gereken ki\u015fisel durumlar yaratan icrai kararlar\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ya da d\u00fczenleyici i\u015flemlerdeki h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin iptal edilip yerine yenilerinin getirilmesinde, d\u00fczenleyici i\u015flemler ile bireysel i\u015flemler aras\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r[9]. Hak kazand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fczenleyici i\u015flemler, maddi ve hukuki ko\u015fullardaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler nedeniyle her zaman de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir veya iptal edilebilir. Ancak, bu i\u015flemler y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece bireyler kazand\u0131klar\u0131 haklar\u0131 korur. Ayr\u0131ca, bu i\u015flemler ki\u015fisel duruma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmedik\u00e7e kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak olu\u015fturmaz[10].<\/p>\n
\u0130mar mevzuat\u0131ndan kaynaklanan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda Dan\u0131\u015ftay 2013 y\u0131l\u0131ndan \u00f6nce genel olarak d\u00fczenlemelerde yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikliklere veya i\u015flemlerin iptaline ra\u011fmen, tamamlanm\u0131\u015f yap\u0131lar\u0131n mevcut hukuki durumlar\u0131n\u0131 kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak olarak koruma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir e\u011filim g\u00f6stermekteydi[11].<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015ftay kararlar\u0131nda kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak kavram\u0131yla \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan hususlar \u015fu \u015fekildedir; \u201cKazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 hukuk devleti ilkesinin gere\u011fidir. Hukuk devletinde b\u00fct\u00fcn devlet faaliyetlerinin hukuk kurallar\u0131na uygun olmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli ve temel bir ilkedir. \u0130dari i\u015flemlerin geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmezli\u011fi ilkesi de kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 amac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcden ve idarenin faaliyetlerini genel planda s\u0131n\u0131rlayan bir ilkedir. Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak, objektif bir hukuk kural\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015filere uygulanmas\u0131yla objektif ve genel hukuki durumun ki\u015fisel bir i\u015flemle \u00f6zel hukuki duruma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesidir. Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131n her olaya g\u00f6re incelenmesi gerekti\u011fi ba\u015fka bir anlat\u0131mla kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak kavram\u0131n\u0131n bir fonksiyonellik i\u00e7erdi\u011fi \u00f6\u011fretide kabul edilmi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131yla Dan\u0131\u015ftay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda da kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak kavram\u0131n\u0131n konu ve kapsam\u0131n\u0131n kesin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izilmedi\u011fi ve her olaya g\u00f6re, de\u011fi\u015fken olmas\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutularak, konunun \u00f6zelli\u011fine g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirme yoluna gidildi\u011fi g\u00f6zlenmektedir.[12]\u201d<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015ftay, kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak iddialar\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f bir yap\u0131ya y\u00f6nelik ruhsat iptali veya y\u0131k\u0131m i\u015flemleriyle ilgili davalarda de\u011ferlendirilebilece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndedir[13]. Dan\u0131\u015ftay, verdi\u011fi bir\u00e7ok kararda, mevcut kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131 koruma e\u011filimindedir[14].<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015ftay baz\u0131 kararlar\u0131nda, imar plan\u0131 iptal edilse dahi tamamlanan yap\u0131larda kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131 korumaktad\u0131r[15].<\/p>\n
2013 y\u0131l\u0131 sonras\u0131ndaki Dan\u0131\u015ftay kararlar\u0131nda ise genel olarak, imar planlar\u0131n\u0131n iptali durumunda, bu planlara dayal\u0131 olarak ki\u015filere hak kazand\u0131ran i\u015flemlerin hukuken ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir[16]. \u00d6rne\u011fin; Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. Dairesinin vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu bir kararda, kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131n yaln\u0131zca d\u00fczenleyici i\u015flemin hukuka uygun oldu\u011fu durumlarda ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir. \u0130mar planlar\u0131n\u0131n iptali halinde, hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu tespit edilen plana dayanan imar plan\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kalkaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, bu plana dayanan yap\u0131 ruhsat\u0131n\u0131n da ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, ruhsats\u0131z yap\u0131n\u0131n iptal edilmesi gerekti\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, idarenin kusurlu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle ruhsats\u0131z duruma d\u00fc\u015fen yap\u0131ya ili\u015fkin, ilgili ki\u015filere ta\u015f\u0131nmaz bedelinin \u00f6denmesi gerekti\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015ftay \u0130dari Dava Daireleri Genel Kurulu\u2019da, 14. Dairenin verdi\u011fi karar\u0131 benimseyerek, ruhsat\u0131n tesis edildi\u011fi tarihteki imar plan\u0131na uygun olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, iptal karar\u0131 sonucunda imar plan\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kalkaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, verilen ruhsat\u0131n da h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz olaca\u011f\u0131na karar vermi\u015ftir[17].<\/p>\n
Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere Dan\u0131\u015ftay, ki\u015filerin hile, hata veya kusurunun bulunmamas\u0131 halinde, belirli bir a\u015famaya gelmi\u015f yap\u0131lar\u0131n durumunu kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak olarak kabul etme g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u0130mar hukuku \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklarla ilgili \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin ve farkl\u0131 kararlar\u0131n giderilmesi i\u00e7in Anayasada yap\u0131lacak bir d\u00fczenlemeyle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 daha g\u00fcvenilir hale getirilecek, ki\u015filerin yat\u0131r\u0131m yaparken korku duymamalar\u0131 sa\u011flanacak; ayn\u0131 zamanda milli servetin korunmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacak ve ki\u015filerin devlete olan g\u00fcvenini de art\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B. \u0130mar Planlar\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan Revizyonlar\u0131n \u00d6zel Hukuk S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine Etkisi<\/p>\n
Uygulamada kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcnde artan etkisiyle s\u0131k\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan eser ve arsa pay\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 in\u015faat s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin hukuki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 Ethem Saba \u00d6zmen \u00e7e\u015fitli olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki olas\u0131l\u0131klar dahilinde konuyu incelemi\u015ftir. Bizde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda s\u00f6z konusu olas\u0131l\u0131klar \u00fczerinden de\u011ferlendirmelerde bulunaca\u011f\u0131z. S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde yer alacak \u00e7e\u015fitli olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 Ethem Saba \u00d6zmen 4 a\u015famal\u0131 olarak ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[18].<\/p>\n
Ethem Saba \u00d6zmen\u2019in yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ay\u0131r\u0131m \u00fczerinden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131za y\u00f6n verece\u011fiz. Ancak s\u00f6z konusu olas\u0131l\u0131klarda yer alan tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 hususlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce baz\u0131 hukuki kurumlar\u0131n anlat\u0131m\u0131na yer verece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n
Taraflar s\u00f6zle\u015fme serbestisi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kural olarak s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye istedikleri h\u00fck\u00fcmleri koymakta serbesttirler. Ancak bu serbestinin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 TBK 27 \u00e7izer[19].<\/p>\n
Taraflar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme kurulurken s\u00f6z konusu parselde imar engeli olmas\u0131 hali veya s\u00f6z konusu parselde mevcut imar plan\u0131n\u0131n iptali davas\u0131 devam ederken in\u015faat yapma edimi i\u00e7eren bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi akdetmelerini hukukumuzda engelleyecek bir h\u00fck\u00fcm yoktur. Taraflar pek\u00e2l\u00e2 in\u015faat yapma edimine s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer verebilirler. Ancak s\u00f6z konusu h\u00fckm\u00fcn hukuki niteli\u011finin ne olaca\u011f\u0131 hususu ve nihayetinde verilecek hukuki niteleme sonucunda var\u0131lacak hukuki sonu\u00e7lar ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya muhta\u00e7 hususlard\u0131r. Bu noktada kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck ve imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k halleri hakk\u0131nda k\u0131sa bir teorik bilgi vermeyi ve akabinde \u00f6\u011freti ve Yarg\u0131tay uygulamas\u0131nda yer alan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere ve gerek\u00e7elerine yer vermek suretiyle kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerimizi de belirtece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n
Hukuki i\u015flemlerde ge\u00e7ersizlik ve ifa edilememe durumlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f nedenleri ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
\u0130fa imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; ba\u015ftaki imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k (s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nceki imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k TBK 27) ve sonraki imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k (bor\u00e7lunun sorumlu oldu\u011fu TBK 112 ve bor\u00e7lunun sorumlu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 TBK 136) olarak temelde ikiye ay\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck hali, hukuki i\u015flemin ba\u015ftan itibaren ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumdur. Bu durum, i\u015flemin kanuna, ahlaka, kamu d\u00fczenine veya emredici hukuk kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. Kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz bir i\u015flemde hukuki sonu\u00e7 do\u011fmaz yani, hukuken ba\u015ftan itibaren ge\u00e7ersizdir ve hi\u00e7bir sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmaz[20]. Kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck hali zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na tabi olmadan her zaman ve herkese kar\u015f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir[21]. Hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n sonradan giderilmesi bile i\u015flemi ge\u00e7erli hale getiremez ve toplumun genel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kamu d\u00fczeni ile ilgilidir[22]. \u00d6rne\u011fin, yap\u0131 ruhsat\u0131 al\u0131nmaks\u0131z\u0131n yap\u0131lan bir in\u015faat s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi g\u00f6sterilebilir. Ruhsats\u0131z in\u015faat yap\u0131m\u0131 kanunen yasak oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme ba\u015ftan itibaren ge\u00e7ersizdir ve herhangi bir hukuki sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmaz[23].<\/p>\n
\u0130mk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k hali ise, borcun ifas\u0131n\u0131n bor\u00e7lunun kusuru olmaks\u0131z\u0131n yerine getirilemez hale gelmesidir. \u0130mk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k halinde borcun ifas\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta m\u00fcmk\u00fcnken, sonradan bir engel ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve bu engel borcun yerine getirilmesini imk\u00e2ns\u0131z hale getirir[24]. Bor\u00e7lu ifa imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle borcundan kurtulur ve bor\u00e7lunun bir kusuru yoksa tazminat sorumlulu\u011fu da do\u011fmaz. \u0130fa imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, objektif ve subjektif olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Objektif imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k halinde, borcun herhangi biri taraf\u0131ndan yerine getirilmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamas\u0131 durumunda s\u00f6z konusudur ve bor\u00e7 sona erer[25]. S\u00f6zle\u015fme daha kurulurken ve ba\u015ftan itibaren ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fundan, burada uygulanacak m\u00fceyyide, fesih de\u011fil, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7ersizli\u011finin tespiti olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Zira, fesih karar\u0131 ancak hukuken kurulmu\u015f, mevcut ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan, h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler i\u00e7in verilebilir. Bu durum \u00f6rne\u011fin, bir sanat\u00e7\u0131ya ait tek bir tablo sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015fken, tablo yang\u0131nda yok olursa, bu tabloyu teslim etmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olan ki\u015fi ifa imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle sorumluluktan kurtulabilir.<\/p>\n
Subjektif imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k halinde ise; borcun ifas\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca bor\u00e7lu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yerine getirilemez hale gelmesini ifade eder. Yani, borcun ifas\u0131 ba\u015fkalar\u0131 i\u00e7in hala m\u00fcmk\u00fcnken, bor\u00e7lunun \u015fahsi durumundan veya kendi ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 ifa edememesi s\u00f6z konusudur[26]. Subjektif imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k durumunda bor\u00e7, genel olarak sona ermez; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc objektif imkans\u0131zl\u0131ktan farkl\u0131 olarak borcun yerine getirilmesi asl\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr, ancak bor\u00e7lunun \u015fahsi sebepleri engel te\u015fkil eder[27]. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir in\u015faat \u015firketinin taahh\u00fct etti\u011fi projeyi gerekli finansman\u0131 sa\u011flayamamas\u0131 nedeniyle tamamlayamamas\u0131 subjektif imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k te\u015fkil eder. Burada in\u015faat\u0131n ba\u015fka bir m\u00fcteahhit taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmas\u0131 hala m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu durum objektif de\u011fil, subjektif imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilir[28].<\/p>\n
Subjektif imkans\u0131zl\u0131kta, borcun ifas\u0131 ba\u015fkalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilece\u011fi i\u00e7in bor\u00e7lunun sorumlulu\u011fu ortadan kalkmaz ve bu durum genellikle s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ihlali olarak de\u011ferlendirilir. Y\u00fcklenicinin kusurunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 halinde, TBK 112 gere\u011fi tazminat sorumlulu\u011fu (olumlu zarar) da do\u011far[29].<\/p>\n
S\u00f6zle\u015fme kurulurken herhangi bir ge\u00e7ersizlik veya imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k hali yokken \u00f6rne\u011fin, in\u015faat yap\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen sonradan meydana gelen bir imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile s\u00f6z konusu in\u015faata devam etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse (ki imar planlar\u0131n\u0131n iptali davalar\u0131 sonucunda uygulamada s\u0131kl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan bir durum), TBK 136 uygulama alan\u0131 bulur.<\/p>\n
1) S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin Kurulmas\u0131 S\u0131ras\u0131nda Mevcut \u0130mar Engelinin Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Ra\u011fmen Bu Engeli A\u015farak Eser Meydana Getirme Edimini \u0130\u00e7eren Bir S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin Yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u0130htimalinde;<\/p>\n
Taraflar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme kurulurken imar engeli bulunan bir parselde bu engeli a\u015farak eser meydana getirme edimi i\u00e7eren bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi akdetmeleri halinde kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck m\u00fc yoksa imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k hali mi olaca\u011f\u0131 hususu ise \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6nemli olan k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Taraflar\u0131n, imar engeli bulunan bir parselde bu engeli a\u015farak eser meydana getirme amac\u0131yla akdettikleri s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck (butlan) ile maluld\u00fcr. Bu t\u00fcr s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, imar mevzuat\u0131na ve kamu d\u00fczenine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k te\u015fkil etti\u011finden yani TBK 27\u2019ye ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fundan ba\u015ftan itibaren ge\u00e7ersiz kabul edilir.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay’\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli kararlar\u0131nda, imar engeli bulunan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan in\u015faat s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[30]. Kararda \u00f6zetle, zeytinlik vasf\u0131ndaki bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaz \u00fczerinde in\u015faat yapman\u0131n hukuken m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu nedenle s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Benzer \u015fekilde, Yarg\u0131tay 15. Hukuk Dairesi’nin 2020\/1989 Esas ve 2021\/96 Karar say\u0131l\u0131 ilam\u0131nda, payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyete konu ta\u015f\u0131nmazlarda t\u00fcm payda\u015flar\u0131n r\u0131zas\u0131 olmadan yap\u0131lan arsa pay\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 in\u015faat s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu ifade edilmi\u015ftir[31].<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n benzer y\u00f6nde bir ba\u015fka karar\u0131nda[32];<\/p>\n
\u201cTaraflar aras\u0131nda 06.11.2010 tarihinde arsa pay\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 in\u015faat s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve an\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n tapu kayd\u0131na daval\u0131 y\u00fcklenici lehine 23.11.2010 tarihinde 10 y\u0131l s\u00fcreli olarak \u015ferh edildi\u011fi, dava d\u0131\u015f\u0131 …’\u0131n, daval\u0131 y\u00fckleniciye g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi 31.03.2011 tarihli ihtarda ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n imar d\u0131\u015f\u0131 tar\u0131msal alan olmas\u0131 nedeniyle s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ifas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahisle s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi feshetti\u011fini bildirdi\u011fi, daval\u0131 y\u00fcklenicinin ise, feshi kabul etmedi\u011fine ili\u015fkin olarak 02.05.2011 tarihinde kar\u015f\u0131 ihtarname g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi, …’\u0131n bu tarihten sonra, ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131 03.06.2011 tarihinde ….\u0131 isimli ki\u015fiye, bu ki\u015finin 19.10.2012 tarihinde davac\u0131 …ye, davac\u0131 ..’nin de 08.02.2013 tarihinde davac\u0131 ….E\u011fitim-Sa\u011fl\u0131k Kurumlar\u0131 A.\u015e.”ye tapuda devretti\u011fi, ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n, incir bah\u00e7esi niteli\u011finde oldu\u011fu belirtilerek tapuya tescil edildi\u011fi ve ilgili belediye ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131 ekindeki 1\/100000 \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00e7evre d\u00fczeni plan\u0131 ile haritas\u0131nda tar\u0131msal arazi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi, bu itibarla s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih itibariyle ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n imara uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu’nun 27. maddesinde (818 say\u0131l\u0131 BK’n\u0131n 20. mad.) objektif imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k hali d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. An\u0131lan madde uyar\u0131nca, s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki edimlerin yerine getirilmesinin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden \u00f6nce ve herkes i\u00e7in imk\u00e2ns\u0131z bulunmas\u0131 halinde, s\u00f6zle\u015fme butlanla sakatt\u0131r. \u0130fa imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n genel olarak ve herkes bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u00f6z konusu olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, s\u00f6zle\u015fme ge\u00e7ersiz olacakt\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fme daha kurulurken ve ba\u015ftan itibaren ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fundan, burada uygulanacak m\u00fceyyide, fesih de\u011fil, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7ersizli\u011finin tespiti olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Zira, fesih karar\u0131 ancak hukuken kurulmu\u015f, mevcut ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan, h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler i\u00e7in verilebilir.<\/p>\n
Somut olayda, mahkemece daval\u0131 y\u00fcklenicinin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden kaynaklanan edimlerini yerine getirmedi\u011fi, yerine getirme ihtimalinin kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, edimini yerine getirmedi\u011finden y\u00fcklenicinin tam kusurlu oldu\u011fu, di\u011fer bir anlat\u0131mla, arsa sahibi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin hakl\u0131 nedenle feshinin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle, davan\u0131n kabul\u00fc ile \u015ferhin terkinine karar verilmi\u015f ise de, az yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, s\u00f6zle\u015fme kuruldu\u011fu tarihi itibariyle, in\u015faat\u0131n yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar tar\u0131msal alan i\u00e7erisinde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, bu parseller \u00fczerinde in\u015faat yap\u0131lmas\u0131na kamu d\u00fczeninden olan imar mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n cevaz vermemesi nedeniyle, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin hukuken bir ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Mahkemece, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ba\u015ftan beri ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle, davan\u0131n kabul\u00fcne ve ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar \u00fczerindeki \u015ferhin terkinine karar verilmesi gerekirken, yaz\u0131l\u0131 gerek\u00e7e ile davan\u0131n kabul\u00fcne karar verilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 do\u011fru olmam\u0131\u015f ise de, h\u00fck\u00fcm sonucu itibariyle do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan HUMK 438\/son maddesi uyar\u0131nca h\u00fckm\u00fcn gerek\u00e7esi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmek suretiyle onanmas\u0131 gerekmi\u015ftir.\u201d<\/p>\n
Bu kararlar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, imar engeli bulunan bir parselde in\u015faat yapma amac\u0131yla akdedilen s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k nedeniyle ba\u015ftan itibaren ge\u00e7ersiz kabul edildi\u011fi ve kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck sonucunu do\u011furdu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ancak Yarg\u0131tay baz\u0131 kararlar\u0131nda kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck hali olan bu durumu \u201cimk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d kavram\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. Bu durum ise \u00f6\u011fretide Ethem Saba \u00d6zmen taraf\u0131ndan[33] hakl\u0131 olarak ele\u015ftirilmektedir. Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n ele\u015ftiri konusu olan bu kararlar\u0131nda yanl\u0131\u015f gerek\u00e7elerle do\u011fru sonuca ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n ele\u015ftiri konusu kararlar\u0131na ve gerek\u00e7elerine ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, \u201cge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d ile \u201cahde vefa ilkesi\u201dnin bir arada de\u011ferlendirilmesi durumunda, T\u00fcrk hukuk uygulamas\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ayakta tutma yolu olarak kabul edilen tahvil m\u00fcessesesinin baz\u0131 ilke ve esaslar\u0131na de\u011finmek gerekirse, bu \u015fartlar \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u0131ralanabilir;\u00a0<\/p>\n
-\u0130mkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ge\u00e7ici\/d\u00fczelebilir olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n
-Davan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihe kadar imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortadan kalk\u0131p kalkmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu,<\/p>\n
-Edimin ifas\u0131na ba\u015flan\u0131l\u0131p ba\u015flan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n
-Akde tahamm\u00fcl s\u00fcresi\/katlan\u0131labilirlik kriteri incelenmelidir.<\/p>\n
\u015eartlar\u0131 varsa tahvil kurumu g\u00fcndeme gelmeli ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme ayakta tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n ele\u015ftiri konusu olan kararlar\u0131da mevcuttur.[34]<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ileride ortadan kalkmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu bu durumlar \u201cge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d hali olarak ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[35].<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n bu tutumu \u00f6\u011fretide ele\u015ftiri konusu olmu\u015ftur[36].<\/p>\n
Kanaatimizce de Yarg\u0131tay hatal\u0131 gerek\u00e7e ile do\u011fru sonuca ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zira sonradan giderilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn bir ifa engeli imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k potas\u0131na at\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r[37]. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda mevcut imar engelinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu engeli a\u015farak eser meydana getirme edimini i\u00e7eren bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na tabi olaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu noktada kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi ayakta tutmak i\u00e7in ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k nitelemesi yapmak hatal\u0131d\u0131r. Yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ayakta tutulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gereken \u015fartlar varsa tahvil kurumuna ba\u015fvurmakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda in\u015faat yap\u0131lacak ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n imara a\u00e7\u0131k alan olmamas\u0131 halinde y\u00fcklenici imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi borcu alt\u0131na girmi\u015fse burada y\u00fcklenicinin imar k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rma taahh\u00fcd\u00fc \u00fcstlendi\u011fi ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin bu \u015fekilde ayakta tutulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi sonucuna var\u0131l\u0131r. Bu nedenle, s\u00f6z konusu duruma \u201cge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d nitelendirmesi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 hukuken uygun de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
2) S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin Kurulmas\u0131 S\u0131ras\u0131nda Mevcut \u0130mar Engelinin Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na Y\u00f6nelik Yasal Giri\u015fimde Bulunulmas\u0131 Y\u00f6n\u00fcnde H\u00fckme Yer Verilmesi<\/p>\n
Bu ihtimalde ise taraflarca esas\u0131nda emredici hukuk kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme akdedilmektedir ve fakat burada taraflar borcun ifas\u0131n\u0131n o an i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmektedir ancak bu durumun yasal yollarla gelecekte ortadan kalkabilece\u011fini, hukuki engelin ortadan kalkmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre boyunca ise borcun ertelendi\u011fini kabul etmektedirler.<\/p>\n
Y\u00fcklenicinin edimin ifas\u0131nda engeli kald\u0131rma y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki taahh\u00fcd\u00fc, \u201cifaya haz\u0131rl\u0131k fiili\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir[38]. B\u00f6ylesi bir ihtimalde imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k veya kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck kavramlar\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelmeyecektir.<\/p>\n
Bu nokta da \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin fiilini \u00fcstlenme ve \u015fart kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131saca a\u00e7\u0131klayaca\u011f\u0131z;<\/p>\n
\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin fiilini \u00fcstlenme, T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu (TBK) m. 128’de d\u00fczenlenen bir hukuki kurumdur. Bu h\u00fckme g\u00f6re, bor\u00e7lu, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015finin belirli bir fiili yerine getirece\u011fini taahh\u00fct eder. Bu t\u00fcr taahh\u00fct, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 garanti alt\u0131na alma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r yani, bor\u00e7lu, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin fiilini yerine getirmemesinden sorumludur. Ancak bor\u00e7lu, bu taahh\u00fcd\u00fcn yerine getirilmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiyi zorlayamaz, sadece edimin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini garanti eder[39]. \u00d6rne\u011fin; \u0130n\u015faat s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde y\u00fcklenici, ruhsat al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015fiye (\u00f6rne\u011fin proje m\u00fcellifine veya dan\u0131\u015fmana) devretmeyi taahh\u00fct ederse, burada \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin fiilini \u00fcstlenme s\u00f6z konusudur. Proje m\u00fcellifinin gerekli evraklar\u0131 haz\u0131rlamamas\u0131 halinde y\u00fcklenici, bor\u00e7lu olarak s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ihlali sonucunda sorumlu tutulacakt\u0131r[40].<\/p>\n
Geciktirici \u015fart ise, bor\u00e7lar hukukunda bir borcun veya s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmas\u0131n\u0131n, ileride ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi kesin olmayan bir olay\u0131n meydana gelmesine ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumdur. T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 170. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup, \u201c\u015earta ba\u011fl\u0131 i\u015flemler\u201d kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilir. Geciktirici \u015fartta, \u015fart\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine kadar bor\u00e7 do\u011fmaz; ancak \u015fart ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi anda bor\u00e7lu, edimini ifa etmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc hale gelir[41]. Geciktirici \u015fart, in\u015faat hukukunda \u00f6zellikle ruhsat, kredi, imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi gibi d\u0131\u015fsal unsurlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin h\u00fck\u00fcm ifade etmesi i\u00e7in uygulamada s\u0131k\u00e7a ba\u015fvurulan bir d\u00fczenlemedir. Bu t\u00fcr \u015fartlar\u0131n belirlenmesiyle taraflar\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmakta ve \u015fart\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine ba\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Bir y\u00fcklenicinin arsa sahibiyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmede, in\u015faat\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 belediyeden yap\u0131 ruhsat\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131na ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015fsa, bu durum geciktirici \u015farta \u00f6rnektir. Ruhsat al\u0131nmadan \u00f6nce s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcm do\u011furmaz; ancak ruhsat al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda s\u00f6zle\u015fme y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girer ve y\u00fcklenicinin in\u015faata ba\u015flama borcu do\u011far[42]. \u0130n\u015faat yap\u0131lacak bir ta\u015f\u0131nmazda, belediyeden imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi i\u00e7in kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa, bu durum geciktirici \u015fartt\u0131r. Plan de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesiyle s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcm do\u011furur[43].<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay 23. Hukuk Dairesi\u2019nin 2016\/464 Esas ve 2018\/5428 Karar say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda; taraflar\u0131n imar i\u015flemlerinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ge\u00e7erli bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapabileceklerine h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
3. \u0130leride Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kabilecek Bir \u0130mar Engelinin Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Yasal Bir Giri\u015fimde Bulunulmas\u0131 Y\u00f6n\u00fcnde H\u00fckme Yer Verilmesi<\/p>\n
Bu ihtimalde de s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kuruldu\u011fu s\u0131rada s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7erlilik \u015fartlar\u0131nda herhangi bir sakatl\u0131k bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Taraflar, ileride ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek bir imar engeli ihtimaline kar\u015f\u0131, y\u00fcklenicinin bu engeli kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yasal giri\u015fimde bulunmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir h\u00fckme s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer vermi\u015ftir. Bu ihtimalde de benzer \u015fekilde \u201cimk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d g\u00fcndeme gelmeyecektir. Yukar\u0131da da a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczere esas\u0131nda burada garanti s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin bir t\u00fcr\u00fc olan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin fiilini \u00fcstlenme kurumu g\u00fcndeme gelecektir. Y\u00fcklenici borcunu yerine getiremedi\u011finde ise s\u00f6zle\u015fme ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fundan tazminat sorumlulu\u011fu ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
4. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin Kurulmas\u0131 S\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u0130mar Plan\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ptaline \u0130li\u015fkin Daha \u00d6nce A\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Davada Verilecek \u0130ptal Karar\u0131 Sonras\u0131nda, \u0130mar Engelinin Ortadan Kalkmas\u0131yla Edimin \u0130fa Edilece\u011finin Kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Bu ihtimalde de taraflar, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan imar plan\u0131n\u0131n iptaline ili\u015fkin bir davan\u0131n sonucuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak eser s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin edimlerini kararla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu h\u00fckm\u00fc i\u00e7eren bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme geciktirici ko\u015fula ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak akdedilmi\u015f hukuk aleminde ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini muhafaza eden bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmedir.<\/p>\n
III. Sonu\u00e7 <\/p>\n
\u0130mar planlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklara etkisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Dan\u0131\u015ftay\u2019\u0131n hem kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde hem de ruhsat\u0131n tesis edildi\u011fi tarihteki imar plan\u0131na uygun olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, iptal karar\u0131 sonucunda imar plan\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kalkaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, verilen ruhsat\u0131n da h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz olaca\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle imar planlar\u0131n\u0131n iptali durumunda, bu planlara dayal\u0131 olarak ki\u015filere hak kazand\u0131ran i\u015flemlerin hukuken ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u0130mar hukuku \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklarla ilgili \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin ve farkl\u0131 kararlar\u0131n giderilmesi i\u00e7in Anayasada yap\u0131lacak bir d\u00fczenlemeyle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 daha g\u00fcvenilir hale getirilebilir, b\u00f6ylelikle ki\u015filerin yat\u0131r\u0131m yaparken korku duymamalar\u0131 sa\u011flanacak; ayn\u0131 zamanda milli servetin korunmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacak ve ki\u015filerin devlete olan g\u00fcvenini de art\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130mar planlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin \u00f6zel hukuk s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan etkisinde ise, kimi Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131nda hatal\u0131 gerek\u00e7elerle do\u011fru sonuca ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda da belirtti\u011fimiz \u00fczere \u201cimk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d, \u201ckesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck\u201d, \u201ctahvil\u201d, \u201c\u015fart\u201d, \u201c\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiyi koruyucu etkili s\u00f6zle\u015fme\u201d gibi kavramlar yerli yerinde kullan\u0131lmak suretiyle do\u011fru gerek\u00e7elerle do\u011fru sonu\u00e7lara ula\u015fmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Kaynak\u00e7a <\/p>\n
Ender Erdem, Atay. \u0130dare Hukuku. \u0130stanbul: 10. Bask\u0131, Turhan Kitabevi, 2024.<\/p>\n
Akdemir, B\u00fc\u015fra. \u2018\u0130mar Planlar\u0131nda Hiyerar\u015fi\u2019, Konya Barosu Dergisi, 2021.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zmen, E. Saba. \u00dcrem, M\u00fcge. The Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Law Review, 2023, Vol. 1, No. 2, 177-205.<\/p>\n
Eren, Fikret. Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler. Ankara: 25. Bask\u0131, Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2023.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, Kadir. Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler. \u0130stanbul: 8. Bask\u0131, On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2020.<\/p>\n
Kalabal\u0131k, Halil. \u0130mar Hukuku Dersleri. Ankara: 11. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2022.<\/p>\n
K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, Erol. K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, Erdal. \u0130mar Planlar\u0131. Ankara: 2. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2022.<\/p>\n
Kocayusufpa\u015fao\u011flu, Necip. Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler. \u0130stanbul: 12. Bask\u0131, Beta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2020.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u00c7olak, Nusret. \u0130lker \u0130mar Hukuku. \u0130stanbul: 2. Bask\u0131, On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2014.<\/p>\n
O\u011furlu, Y\u00fccel. \u0130mar Planlar\u0131n\u0131n De\u011fi\u015ftirilmesinin Ruhsat ve Su\u0308ren \u0130n\u015faatlara Etkisi Konusunda ABD Hukukundan \u00c7\u00f6zu\u0308mler: \u201cAyk\u0131r\u0131 Kullan\u0131m Hakk\u0131\u201d ve \u201cKazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Parselleme Hakk\u0131\u201d, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, Cilt: VII Say\u0131: 1-2, 199-216, 2003.<\/p>\n
O\u011furlu, Y\u00fccel. Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Haklara Sayg\u0131 ve Hakl\u0131 Beklentiler Sorunu. Ankara: 1. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Kitabevi, 2003.<\/p>\n
O\u011fuzman, M. Kemal \/\u00d6z Turgut\/ \u00d6zcan Mustafa, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler. \u0130stanbul: 16. Bask\u0131, Filiz Kitabevi, 2022.<\/p>\n
Serozan, Rona. Baysal, Ba\u015fak. Sanl\u0131, Kerem Cem, Serozan. Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel B\u00f6l\u00fcm \u0130stanbul: 8. Bas\u0131, On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,2022.<\/p>\n
\u015eahin, Cenk. Dan\u0131\u015ftay Kararlar\u0131na G\u00f6re \u0130mar Plan\u0131n\u0131n Yarg\u0131 Yerince \u0130ptal Edilmesinin Yap\u0131n\u0131n Hukuki Durumuna Etkisi, \u0130stanbul Hukuk Mecmuas\u0131, Volume: 76 Issue:2, 757-785, 12.04.2018.<\/p>\n
\u015eim\u015fek, Suat. \u0130mar Davalar\u0131 Rehberi. Ankara: 6. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k,2023.<\/p>\n
Tando\u011fan, Haluk. Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler. Ankara: 2. Bask\u0131, Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,1982.<\/p>\n
Tekinay\/Selteki\/Altop, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler. \u0130stanbul: 7. Bask\u0131, Beta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1984.<\/p>\n
—————<\/p>\n
[1] Halil Kalabal\u0131k, \u0130mar Hukuku Dersleri (Ankara: 11. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2022), s.75; Emrah Kulakl\u0131, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc \u00d6zel Hukuk Anabilim Dal\u0131 Doktora Tezi, \u0130mar K\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Arazi ve Arsa D\u00fczenlemesinden Do\u011fan Ta\u015f\u0131nmaz M\u00fclkiyeti K\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2014, s.42.<\/p>\n
[2] Halil Kalabal\u0131k, s.185; Suat \u015eim\u015fek, \u0130mar Davalar\u0131 Rehberi (Ankara: 6. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k,2023), s.45; Dan\u0131\u015ftay 6.D., T. 21.10.1998, E. 197\/4802, K. 1998\/4766\u00a0(e.t. 13.11.2024)<\/p>\n
[3] \u0130mar planlar\u0131na hak\u0131m olan di\u011fer ilkeler i\u00e7in bkz; Halil Kalabal\u0131k, s.184. (Bu ilkeler; hukuk devleti ilkesi, a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ilkesi, genellik ilkesi, \u00fcst dereceye ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi, kamu yarar\u0131, zorunluluk, esneklik, geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131l\u0131k, uzun s\u00fcreli olma, bilimsellik ve kat\u0131l\u0131m ilkeleridir.)<\/p>\n
[4] E. Saba \u00d6zmen, M\u00fcge \u00dcrem, The Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Law Review, 2023, Vol. 1, No. 2, 177-205, \u0130mar plan\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin veya iptalin eser ve arsa pay\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 in\u015faat s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine etkisi, s. 183; Halil Kalabal\u0131k, s. 185 vd.<\/p>\n
[5] B\u00fc\u015fra Akdemir, \u2018\u0130mar Planlar\u0131nda Hiyerar\u015fi\u2019, Konya Barosu Dergisi, 2021, s.133.<\/p>\n
[6] Nusret \u0130lker \u00c7olak, \u0130mar Hukuku (\u0130stanbul: 2. Bask\u0131, On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2014), s. 283.<\/p>\n
[7] Y\u00fccel O\u011furlu, Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Haklara Sayg\u0131 ve Hakl\u0131 Beklentiler Sorunu, (Ankara: 1. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Kitabevi, 2003), s. 28. (\u201cDo\u011fumu an\u0131nda hukuka uygun olarak tamamlanm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece ki\u015fiye \u00f6zg\u00fc\u0308, lehte sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015f, daha sonra mevzuat de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ya da i\u015flemin geri al\u0131nmas\u0131 gibi nedenlere ra\u011fmen, hukuk d\u00fczenince korunmas\u0131 gereken hakt\u0131r.\u201d)<\/p>\n
[8] Ender Erdem Atay, \u0130dare Hukuku (\u0130stanbul: 10. Bask\u0131, Turhan Kitabevi, 2024), s.122.<\/p>\n
[9] Halil Kalabal\u0131k, s.159.<\/p>\n
[10] Halil Kalabal\u0131k, s.160.<\/p>\n
[11]Y\u00fccel O\u011furlu, \u0130mar Planlar\u0131n\u0131n De\u011fi\u015ftirilmesinin Ruhsat ve Su\u0308ren \u0130n\u015faatlara Etkisi Konusunda ABD Hukukundan \u00c7\u00f6zu\u0308mler: \u201cAyk\u0131r\u0131 Kullan\u0131m Hakk\u0131\u201d ve \u201cKazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Parselleme Hakk\u0131\u201d, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, Cilt: VII Say\u0131: 1-2, 199-216, 2003, s. 201.<\/p>\n
[12] Dan\u0131\u015ftay 1. D., T. 04.10.1991, E. 1991\/211, K. 1991\/289,\u00a0(e.t. 01.12.2024)<\/p>\n
[13] Dan\u0131\u015ftay 6. D., T. 21.04.1993, E. 1992\/2971, K. 1993\/1632,\u00a0(e.t. 05.12.2024)<\/p>\n
[14] \u00d6rne\u011fin bir karar\u0131nda; “S\u00f6z konusu ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n bulundu\u011fu alanda kat art\u0131\u015f\u0131 getiren imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin 10.11.1998 tarihli mahkeme karar\u0131 ile iptal edildi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle, yap\u0131 tamamland\u0131ktan sonra in\u015faat ruhsat\u0131n\u0131n iptal edilmesi ve yap\u0131 tatil tutana\u011f\u0131 ile in\u015faat\u0131n m\u00fch\u00fcrlenmesi i\u015flemlerinde hukuka uygunluk bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131” \u015feklinde ifade etmi\u015ftir. Yine benzer y\u00f6nde bir ba\u015fka karar\u0131nda; \u201cBir b\u00f6lgede yap\u0131la\u015fmaya olanak veren imar plan\u0131 mahkemece iptal edildi\u011fi takdirde iptal tarihine kadar ilgilinin hilesi, hatas\u0131 ya da kusuru olmadan yap\u0131ya ruhsat\u0131na uygun olarak devam edilmesi durumunda mahkeme karar\u0131n\u0131n verilmesini takiben daval\u0131 idarece in\u015faat\u0131n m\u00fch\u00fcrlenmesi, yap\u0131n\u0131n bu tarihe kadar tamamlanm\u0131\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ise kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle korunmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. \u00d6te yandan, yap\u0131n\u0131n tamamlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 durumunda ise kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle yap\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fch\u00fcrlenmesine hukuken olanak bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.\u201d ifadelerine yer vermek suretiyle kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
(Dan\u0131\u015ftay \u0130DDGK., T. 23.10.2008, E. 2005\/1721, K. 2008\/1837, (e.t. 05.12.2024)<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015ftay 6. D., T. 08.12.2004, E. 2003\/3435, K. 2004\/6378\u00a0(e.t. 06.12.2024))<\/p>\n
[15] Cenk \u015eahin, Dan\u0131\u015ftay Kararlar\u0131na G\u00f6re \u0130mar Plan\u0131n\u0131n Yarg\u0131 Yerince \u0130ptal Edilmesinin Yap\u0131n\u0131n Hukuki Durumuna Etkisi, \u0130stanbul Hukuk Mecmuas\u0131, Volume: 76 Issue:2, 757-785, 12.04.2018, s. 765.<\/p>\n
[16] Erol K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, Erdal K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, \u0130mar Planlar\u0131 (Ankara: 2. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2022), s. 451.<\/p>\n
[17] Dan\u0131\u015ftay \u0130DDK, T. 12.11.2014, E.2012\/477, K.2014\/3990,\u00a0(e.t. 13.12.2024).<\/p>\n
[18] E. Saba \u00d6zmen, M\u00fcge \u00dcrem, s, 188. (\u201cS\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda mevcut imar engelinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu engeli a\u015farak eser meydana getirme edimini i\u00e7eren bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda mevcut imar engelinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yasal giri\u015fimde bulunulmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde h\u00fckme yer verilmesi, ileride ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek bir imar engelinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yasal bir giri\u015fimde bulunulmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde h\u00fckme yer verilmesi, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, imar plan\u0131n\u0131n iptaline ili\u015fkin daha \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f davada verilecek iptal karar\u0131 sonras\u0131nda, imar engelinin ortadan kalkmas\u0131yla edimin ifa edilece\u011finin kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.)<\/p>\n
[19] \u201cKanunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine, ahlaka, kamu d\u00fczenine, ki\u015filik haklar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 veya konusu imk\u00e2ns\u0131z olan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler kesin olarak h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczd\u00fcr. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz olmas\u0131, di\u011ferlerinin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini etkilemez. Ancak, bu h\u00fck\u00fcmler olmaks\u0131z\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rsa, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tamam\u0131 kesin olarak h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz olur.\u201d<\/p>\n
[20] Fikret Eren, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler (Ankara: 25. Bask\u0131, Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2023), s. 139.<\/p>\n
[21] Tekinay\/Selteki\/Altop, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, (\u0130stanbul: 7. Bask\u0131, Beta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1984), s. 286.<\/p>\n
[22]Necip Kocayusufpa\u015fao\u011flu, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler (\u0130stanbul: 12. Bask\u0131, Beta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2020) s. 113.<\/p>\n
[23] Fikret Eren, s. 140.<\/p>\n
[24] Fikret Eren, s.299. <\/p>\n
[25] Kadir G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, (\u0130stanbul: 8. Bask\u0131, On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2020), s. 201.<\/p>\n
[26] Fikret Eren, s.302.<\/p>\n
[27] Tekinay\/Selteki\/Altop, s. 513.<\/p>\n
[28] Fikret Eren, s.303.<\/p>\n
[29] HalukTando\u011fan, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler (Ankara: 2. Bask\u0131, Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,1982), s. 271.<\/p>\n
[30] Yarg\u0131tay 23. HD, 29.12.2015 Tarih 2015\/8327 Esas, 2015\/8562 Karar; benzer y\u00f6nde, Yarg\u0131tay 23. HD. 2015\/8327 E. ve 2015\/8562 K. (e.t. 16.12.2024). (“…taraflar aras\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 20.12.2005 tarihinde ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerin zeytinli tarla vasf\u0131nda oldu\u011fu, imar mevzuat\u0131na g\u00f6re bu nitelikte bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaza gerek yap\u0131la\u015fma oran\u0131, gerekse kapal\u0131 bina alan\u0131 itibariyle imzalanan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye g\u00f6re in\u015faat yapman\u0131n hukuken m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulu\u015fu an\u0131ndaki objektif nitelikli hukuki imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n dava tarihine kadar dahi ortadan kalkmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu ve ge\u00e7ersiz s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin feshi istenemeyece\u011finden s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7ersizli\u011finin tespitine karar verilmesi gerekti\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle, davan\u0131n kabul\u00fc ile … Noterli\u011finin 20\/12\/2005 tarih ve 24864 yevmiye nolu Gayrimenkul Sat\u0131\u015f Vaadi ve Kat Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130n\u015faat S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7ersizli\u011finin tespitine karar verilmi\u015ftir.”)<\/p>\n
[31]Yarg\u0131tay 15. HD. 2020\/1989 E. ve 2021\/96 K. (e.t. 16.12.2024).<\/p>\n
[32]Yarg\u0131tay 23. HD. 2014\/6655 E. ve 2015\/8277 K.\u00a0(e.t. 16.12.2024).<\/p>\n
[33] Bkz. (E. Saba \u00d6zmen, M\u00fcge \u00dcrem, The Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Law Review, 2023, Vol. 1, No. 2, 177-20).<\/p>\n
[34] Yarg\u0131tay 15. HD. 2018\/828 E. ve 2018\/2740 K.\u00a0(e.t. 16.12.2024).<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay 15. Hukuk Dairesi, 2018\/828 Esas ve 2018\/2740 Karar Say\u0131l\u0131 Karar\u0131nda; Yarg\u0131tay, s\u00f6zle\u015fme kurulurken mevcut olan imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k niteli\u011finde olmas\u0131 yani imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortadan kalkabilecek nitelikte olmas\u0131 durumunda, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7ersiz olmayaca\u011f\u0131na karar verilmi\u015ftir. Kararda; (S\u00f6zle\u015fme kurulurken mevcut olan imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k niteli\u011finde olmas\u0131 yani imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortadan kalkabilecek nitelikte olmas\u0131 halinde, taraflar\u0131n bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ne kadar s\u00fcre ba\u011fl\u0131 kalacaklar\u0131 sorunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu konudaki kural “ahde vefa, s\u00f6ze sadakat” ilkesi gere\u011fi taraflar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 tutulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak baz\u0131 \u00f6zel durumlar vard\u0131r ki, taraflar\u0131 o s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 saymak hem onlar\u0131n ekonomik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini engeller hem de bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 ile s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapma f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. Uygulamada, ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k halinde taraflar\u0131n o s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 tutulma s\u00fcresine “akde tahamm\u00fcl s\u00fcresi” denilmektedir. Bu s\u00fcrenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fini de her somut olaya g\u00f6re ve onun \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirmek gerekir. Taraflar aras\u0131nda imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7eki\u015fmesiz olan 02.11.1999 tarihli Kat Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130n\u015faat S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi’ne konu ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n … Koruma ama\u00e7l\u0131 imar plan\u0131nda kalmas\u0131 nedeniyle ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ifa imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. Bu imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ileride ortadan kalkmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fundan ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k niteli\u011findedir. \u0130mk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, tahamm\u00fcl s\u00fcresi ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ortadan kalkmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve taraflara y\u00fcklenebilecek kusur da bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ifas\u0131 i\u00e7in beklenmesi gereken tahamm\u00fcl s\u00fcresi a\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7ersizli\u011finin tespitine karar verilmesi ve davac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6zle\u015fme gere\u011fince daval\u0131 y\u00fckleniciye devri yap\u0131lan 36\/1000 oran\u0131ndaki arsa pay\u0131n\u0131n davac\u0131 ad\u0131na tesciline, zarar talebinin de reddine karar verilmesi gerekirken yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde karar verilmesi do\u011fru olmam\u0131\u015f, karar\u0131n temyiz eden davac\u0131 yarar\u0131na bozulmas\u0131 gerekmi\u015ftir.)<\/p>\n
[35]Yarg\u0131tay HGK 2010\/15-193 E. ve 2010\/235 K.\u00a0(e.t. 16.12.2024).<\/p>\n
“\u015e\u00fcphesiz ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, beraberinde taraflar\u0131n bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ne kadar s\u00fcre ba\u011fl\u0131 kalacaklar\u0131 sorununu getirir. Bu konudaki kural ahde vefa=s\u00f6ze sadakat ilkesi gere\u011fi taraflar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 tutulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak baz\u0131 \u00f6zel durumlar vard\u0131r ki, taraflar\u0131 o s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 saymak hem onlar\u0131n ekonomik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini engeller hem de bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 ile s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapma f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. Uygulamada, ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k halinde taraflar\u0131n o s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 tutulma s\u00fcresine akde tahamm\u00fcl s\u00fcresi denilmektedir. Bu s\u00fcrenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fini de her somut olaya g\u00f6re ve onun \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirmek gerekir. Kadastro parseli olan bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n, imara a\u00e7\u0131k hale getirilmesi i\u015f ve i\u015flemlerinin zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yap\u0131labilece\u011fi bilinen bir ger\u00e7ektir. Zira bu durum sadece taraflar\u0131n arzu etmeleri ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmez. Somut olayda; Ankara B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehir ve Yenimahalle Belediye Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan b\u00f6lgede naz\u0131m imar plan\u0131 ve 1\/5000\u2019lik planlar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belediye meclisince 26.09.2003 tarihinde onand\u0131\u011f\u0131 imar\u0131n uygulama a\u015famas\u0131na getirildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu yaz\u0131lardan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n imarl\u0131 hale getirilmesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, akdin icras\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre bo\u015fa ge\u00e7memi\u015f, yap\u0131lmas\u0131 zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 pek \u00e7ok a\u015fama ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f, davac\u0131 arsa sahipleri imar\u0131n uygulama a\u015famas\u0131na geldi\u011fi bir s\u0131rada fesih bildiriminde bulunmu\u015f, kald\u0131 ki, yukarda belirtildi\u011fi gibi iki tarafa bor\u00e7 y\u00fckleyen bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin feshinde BK. m. 106`da aranan mehil ko\u015fuluna uyulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.”<\/p>\n
[36] Ethem Saba \u00d6zmen; \u201cYarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n \u201cge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d olarak dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7e, yerinde de\u011fildir; zira imar planlar\u0131 ge\u00e7ici olarak yu\u0308ru\u0308rlu\u0308\u011fe konmamakla birlikte y\u00f6netimin yasall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesince idare, gelecekte de\u011fi\u015febilir veya sona erdirilebilir du\u0308s\u0327u\u0308ncesiyle ilkesiz olarak imar planlar\u0131na icrai nitelikle yu\u0308ru\u0308rlu\u0308k kazand\u0131rmaz. S\u00f6zle\u015fmede TBK m. 1 hu\u0308kmu\u0308nce kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ve birbirine uygun irade beyan\u0131 ile imar mevzuat\u0131na ve k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olacak \u015fekilde eser imalat\u0131n\u0131n kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin TBK m. 27\/I h\u00fckm\u00fcnce \u201cemredici hukuk kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k\u201d sebebiyle ba\u015ftan itibaren kesin hu\u0308ku\u0308msu\u0308zlu\u0308k yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na tabi olaca\u011f\u0131 ve fakat an\u0131lan durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yine ayn\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmde say\u0131lan \u201cimk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Eser meydana getirme edimini i\u00e7eren s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde ilerideki muhtemel imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin \u201c\u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerek\u201d buna ili\u015fkin yasal giri\u015fimde bulunulmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda art\u0131k mevcut emredici kurala ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k nedeniyle TBK m. 27\/I h\u00fckm\u00fcnce kesin hu\u0308ku\u0308msu\u0308zlu\u0308k yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu olaca\u011f\u0131 sonucuna var\u0131lmakla birlikte bu y\u00f6nde hatal\u0131 olarak \u201cge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d tan s\u00f6z edilmesi ve ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k olgusu ile s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi ayakta tutan yorum, sonucu itibari ile do\u011fru ve fakat gerek\u00e7esi hatal\u0131d\u0131r.[36]\u201d demek suretiyle s\u00f6z konusu kararlar\u0131 ele\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
[37] Rona Serozan, Ba\u015fak Baysal, Kerem Cem Sanl\u0131, Serozan Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel B\u00f6l\u00fcm (\u0130stanbul: 8. Bas\u0131, On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,2022), N.2.<\/p>\n
[38] Ethem Saba \u00d6zmen, M\u00fcge \u00dcrem, s.196.<\/p>\n
[39] M. Kemal O\u011fuzman\/Turgut \u00d6z\/Mustafa \u00d6zcan, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, (\u0130stanbul: 16. Bask\u0131, Filiz Kitabevi, 2022), s. 345.<\/p>\n
[40] \u00a0Fikret Eren, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, (Ankara: 18. Bask\u0131, Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2023), s. 620.<\/p>\n
[41] M. Kemal O\u011fuzman\/Turgut \u00d6z\/Mustafa \u00d6zcan, s. 451.<\/p>\n
[42] Fikret Eren, s. 614.<\/p>\n
[43] Rona Serozan, Ba\u015fak Baysal, Kerem Cem Sanl\u0131, s.403.<\/p>\n
\u200b\u0130mar hukukunda mek\u00e2nsal planlar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmezlik ilkesi esas al\u0131n\u0131r. Planlarda de\u011fi\u015fiklik sadece zorunlu durumlarda yap\u0131lmal\u0131, uzun vadeli planlama ilkelerine ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak kentsel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi, mevcut planlar\u0131n bu ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamamas\u0131na neden olabilir. Kat art\u0131\u015f\u0131, ye\u015fil alanlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 kullan\u0131mlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi gibi durumlar, yo\u011funluk art\u0131\u015f\u0131 yaratarak plan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini gerekli k\u0131labilir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin hukuka uygun olmas\u0131 kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar ve \u00f6zel hukuk s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve yap\u0131la\u015fma ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 nedeniyle eser s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ya da arsa pay\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 eser s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleriyle ilgili uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar artmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde, mevcut ya da ileride olu\u015fabilecek imar engellerine ra\u011fmen taraflar, bu engelleri a\u015fmay\u0131 taahh\u00fct edebilir. Ancak Yarg\u0131tay, imar engeline ayk\u0131r\u0131 durumlarda \u201cimk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ge\u00e7ersiz kabul etmektedir. \u0130mar mevzuat\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, TBK m. 27\/I gere\u011fi kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczd\u00fcr. Ancak imar engelinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yasal giri\u015fimlerin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc veya dava sonucuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak eserin yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 hallerde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler ayakta tutulabilir. Bu t\u00fcr durumlar geciktirici ko\u015ful ya da \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin fiilini \u00fcstlenme y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, imar mevzuat\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k durumlar\u0131nda \u201cimk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d kavram\u0131na dayanmak yerine s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7erli olabilece\u011fi ko\u015fullar\u0131n detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi vurgulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
I. \u0130mar Planlar\u0131n\u0131n Hukuki Niteli\u011fi ve Revizyonu<\/p>\n
\u0130mar plan\u0131, 3194 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130mar Kanunu ve di\u011fer ilgili mevzuatlar do\u011frultusunda belediyeler ve yetkili idari organlar taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek imar uygulamalar\u0131na dair ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgileri i\u00e7eren plan ve haritalar olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130mar planlar\u0131, belirli bir b\u00f6lgenin co\u011frafi konumunu, n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011funu, ekonomik durumunu, ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131, ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli gereksinimlerini, g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak, bu alanda ya\u015fayan bireylerin ya\u015fam kalitesini art\u0131racak \u015fekilde tasarlan\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, plan hem b\u00f6lgenin kendi i\u00e7indeki hem de \u00e7evresiyle olan ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 dikkate alarak, hizmet ve yap\u0131 ili\u015fkilerini d\u00fczenleyen uzun vadeli bir strateji olu\u015fturur.[1] \u0130mar planlar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, imar uygulamalar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda parselasyon \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yap\u0131larak, ilgili alandaki kentsel geli\u015fim ve d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm s\u00fcre\u00e7leri somut bir \u015fekilde hayata ge\u00e7irilir.<\/p>\n
\u0130mar planlar\u0131n\u0131n hukuki niteli\u011fi gerek yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131nda gerekse de \u00f6\u011fretide birer d\u00fczenleyici i\u015flem olarak nitelendirilir[2]. \u0130mar planlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenleyici bir idari i\u015flem niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, normlar hiyerar\u015fisine uygun \u015fekilde Anayasa, kanun, Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 kararnamesi ve y\u00f6netmeliklerle uyumlu olarak haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131 zorunludur. Ayr\u0131ca, hiyerar\u015fi ilkesi[3] gere\u011fi, farkl\u0131 kademelerdeki planlar\u0131n birbiriyle uyum i\u00e7inde uygulanabilmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00fcst d\u00fczey planlara ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k esas al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130mar hukukundaki hiyerar\u015finin temel amac\u0131, en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde al\u0131nan plan kararlar\u0131n\u0131n en alt d\u00fczey planlara kadar aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak, \u00fcst d\u00fczey kararlar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli a\u015famalardan ge\u00e7erek mek\u00e2na uygulanmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda plan d\u00fczeyleri aras\u0131nda koordinasyonu temin etmek ve alt d\u00fczey planlar\u0131n, bir \u00fcst d\u00fczey plana uygunlu\u011funu denetleyebilmektir[4]. Bu do\u011frultuda alt \u00f6l\u00e7ekli planlar, \u00fcst \u00f6l\u00e7ekli planlarda al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131rarak uygulamaya aktar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakta ve bu kararlar\u0131 somut hale getirmektedir. Bu nedenle, alt \u00f6l\u00e7ekli planlar \u00fcst \u00f6l\u00e7ekli planlara k\u0131yasla daha somut bir yap\u0131ya sahiptir[5].<\/p>\n
\u00d6zetle, alt \u00f6l\u00e7ekli planlar\u0131n \u00fcst \u00f6l\u00e7ekli planlara uyumlu olmas\u0131 zorunludur ama ayn\u0131 zamanda da \u00fcst \u00f6l\u00e7ekli plandaki temel kararlar\u0131 da muhafaza etmesini gerektirir.<\/p>\n
\u0130mar hukukunda mek\u00e2nsal planlarda de\u011fi\u015fmezlik ilkesi esas olup, planlarla belirlenen hedeflere ula\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in hem naz\u0131m hem de uygulama imar planlar\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lmas\u0131ndan m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131, zorunlu olmad\u0131k\u00e7a planlar de\u011fi\u015ftirilmemeli ve uzun vadeli planlama ilkelerine sad\u0131k kal\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ancak, planlar\u0131n zamanla kentsel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamamas\u0131, kat art\u0131\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ya da ye\u015fil alan, park ve \u00e7ocuk bah\u00e7esi gibi kullan\u0131mlar\u0131n konut, ticaret veya sanayi gibi farkl\u0131 kullan\u0131mlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi sonucu yo\u011funluk art\u0131\u015f\u0131na neden olunmas\u0131 gibi durumlarda, bu ihtiya\u00e7lara yan\u0131t verebilmek i\u00e7in plan de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz hale gelebilir[6].<\/p>\n
Bu noktada imar planlar\u0131n\u0131n mutlak ve de\u011fi\u015fmez bir nitelikte olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k ve nettir. Hal b\u00f6yle olunca i\u015flemi yapan idari merciler yetki ve usulde paralellik ilkesine riayet ederek yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu i\u015flemi geri alma ya da ortadan kald\u0131rma imkan\u0131na her daim sahiptirler.<\/p>\n
Uygulamada da \u00f6nceki planlar\u0131n hatal\u0131 olmas\u0131 veya art\u0131k ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamamas\u0131 durumunda, planlarda \u201cilave\u201d veya \u201crevizyon imar plan\u0131\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklikler yap\u0131labilmekte ya da imar planlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lan iptal davalar\u0131 sonucunda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kald\u0131r\u0131labilmektedir. Hatta bu imk\u00e2n Mek\u00e2nsal Planlar Yap\u0131m Y\u00f6netmeli\u011finde de \u015fu \u015fekilde yer almaktad\u0131r; \u201c\u0130mar planlar\u0131n\u0131n ihtiyaca cevap vermedi\u011fi veya uygulamas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlar ile \u00fcst kademe plan kararlar\u0131na uygunlu\u011funun sa\u011flanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla plan\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n veya plan ana kararlar\u0131n\u0131 etkileyecek bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n yenilenmesi i\u00e7in bu Y\u00f6netmelikte belirtilen ilke, esas ve standartlara uygun olarak imar planlar\u0131nda revizyon yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130mar planlar\u0131n\u0131n ihtiyaca cevap vermedi\u011fi durumlarda, mevcut plana biti\u015fik ve mevcut plan\u0131n genel arazi kullan\u0131m kararlar\u0131 ile s\u00fcreklilik, b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck ve uyum sa\u011flayacak bi\u00e7imde, bu Y\u00f6netmelikte belirtilen ilke, esas ve standartlara uygun olarak ilave imar plan\u0131 yap\u0131labilir.\u201d \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n
Peki hukuka uygun olarak yap\u0131lan imar plan\u0131 revizyonlar\u0131n\u0131n; kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklara ve \u00f6zel hukuk s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine etkisi ne \u015fekildedir? S\u00f6z konusu imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri \u00f6zellikle \u00f6zel hukuk s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k te\u015fkil eder mi? \u0130\u015fte bu hukuki niteleme sorunu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131n esasl\u0131 noktas\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
A. \u0130mar Planlar\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan Revizyonlar\u0131n Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Haklara Etkisi<\/p>\n
\u0130mar planlar\u0131n\u0131n iptali durumunda, bu planlara dayan\u0131larak baz\u0131 haklar elde edilmi\u015fse, iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n bireyler ve bireysel i\u015flemler \u00fczerindeki hukuki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirebilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak kavram\u0131n\u0131n ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6\u011fretide kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak kavram\u0131; farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[7]. <\/p>\n
Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak, ki\u015filerin lehine olu\u015fmu\u015f bir hukuki durumun korunmas\u0131na hizmet ediyorsa, hukuki istikrar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli unsurlardan biri olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Bir hak, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki mevzuata uygun \u015fekilde ve t\u00fcm sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla elde edilmi\u015fse kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan elbette hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 \u015fekilde elde edilen bir durum i\u00e7in kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haktan bahsetmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir[8].<\/p>\n
Ki\u015filer i\u00e7in kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar veya korunmas\u0131 gereken ki\u015fisel durumlar yaratan icrai kararlar\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ya da d\u00fczenleyici i\u015flemlerdeki h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin iptal edilip yerine yenilerinin getirilmesinde, d\u00fczenleyici i\u015flemler ile bireysel i\u015flemler aras\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r[9]. Hak kazand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fczenleyici i\u015flemler, maddi ve hukuki ko\u015fullardaki de\u011fi\u015fiklikler nedeniyle her zaman de\u011fi\u015ftirilebilir veya iptal edilebilir. Ancak, bu i\u015flemler y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece bireyler kazand\u0131klar\u0131 haklar\u0131 korur. Ayr\u0131ca, bu i\u015flemler ki\u015fisel duruma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmedik\u00e7e kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak olu\u015fturmaz[10].<\/p>\n
\u0130mar mevzuat\u0131ndan kaynaklanan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda Dan\u0131\u015ftay 2013 y\u0131l\u0131ndan \u00f6nce genel olarak d\u00fczenlemelerde yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikliklere veya i\u015flemlerin iptaline ra\u011fmen, tamamlanm\u0131\u015f yap\u0131lar\u0131n mevcut hukuki durumlar\u0131n\u0131 kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak olarak koruma y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir e\u011filim g\u00f6stermekteydi[11].<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015ftay kararlar\u0131nda kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak kavram\u0131yla \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan hususlar \u015fu \u015fekildedir; \u201cKazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 hukuk devleti ilkesinin gere\u011fidir. Hukuk devletinde b\u00fct\u00fcn devlet faaliyetlerinin hukuk kurallar\u0131na uygun olmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli ve temel bir ilkedir. \u0130dari i\u015flemlerin geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmezli\u011fi ilkesi de kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 amac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcden ve idarenin faaliyetlerini genel planda s\u0131n\u0131rlayan bir ilkedir. Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak, objektif bir hukuk kural\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015filere uygulanmas\u0131yla objektif ve genel hukuki durumun ki\u015fisel bir i\u015flemle \u00f6zel hukuki duruma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmesidir. Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131n her olaya g\u00f6re incelenmesi gerekti\u011fi ba\u015fka bir anlat\u0131mla kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak kavram\u0131n\u0131n bir fonksiyonellik i\u00e7erdi\u011fi \u00f6\u011fretide kabul edilmi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131yla Dan\u0131\u015ftay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda da kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak kavram\u0131n\u0131n konu ve kapsam\u0131n\u0131n kesin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7izilmedi\u011fi ve her olaya g\u00f6re, de\u011fi\u015fken olmas\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutularak, konunun \u00f6zelli\u011fine g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirme yoluna gidildi\u011fi g\u00f6zlenmektedir.[12]\u201d<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015ftay, kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak iddialar\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f bir yap\u0131ya y\u00f6nelik ruhsat iptali veya y\u0131k\u0131m i\u015flemleriyle ilgili davalarda de\u011ferlendirilebilece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndedir[13]. Dan\u0131\u015ftay, verdi\u011fi bir\u00e7ok kararda, mevcut kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131 koruma e\u011filimindedir[14].<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015ftay baz\u0131 kararlar\u0131nda, imar plan\u0131 iptal edilse dahi tamamlanan yap\u0131larda kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131 korumaktad\u0131r[15].<\/p>\n
2013 y\u0131l\u0131 sonras\u0131ndaki Dan\u0131\u015ftay kararlar\u0131nda ise genel olarak, imar planlar\u0131n\u0131n iptali durumunda, bu planlara dayal\u0131 olarak ki\u015filere hak kazand\u0131ran i\u015flemlerin hukuken ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir[16]. \u00d6rne\u011fin; Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. Dairesinin vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu bir kararda, kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131n yaln\u0131zca d\u00fczenleyici i\u015flemin hukuka uygun oldu\u011fu durumlarda ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir. \u0130mar planlar\u0131n\u0131n iptali halinde, hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu tespit edilen plana dayanan imar plan\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kalkaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, bu plana dayanan yap\u0131 ruhsat\u0131n\u0131n da ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, ruhsats\u0131z yap\u0131n\u0131n iptal edilmesi gerekti\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, idarenin kusurlu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131 nedeniyle ruhsats\u0131z duruma d\u00fc\u015fen yap\u0131ya ili\u015fkin, ilgili ki\u015filere ta\u015f\u0131nmaz bedelinin \u00f6denmesi gerekti\u011fini vurgulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015ftay \u0130dari Dava Daireleri Genel Kurulu\u2019da, 14. Dairenin verdi\u011fi karar\u0131 benimseyerek, ruhsat\u0131n tesis edildi\u011fi tarihteki imar plan\u0131na uygun olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, iptal karar\u0131 sonucunda imar plan\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kalkaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, verilen ruhsat\u0131n da h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz olaca\u011f\u0131na karar vermi\u015ftir[17].<\/p>\n
Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere Dan\u0131\u015ftay, ki\u015filerin hile, hata veya kusurunun bulunmamas\u0131 halinde, belirli bir a\u015famaya gelmi\u015f yap\u0131lar\u0131n durumunu kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak olarak kabul etme g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u0130mar hukuku \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklarla ilgili \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin ve farkl\u0131 kararlar\u0131n giderilmesi i\u00e7in Anayasada yap\u0131lacak bir d\u00fczenlemeyle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 daha g\u00fcvenilir hale getirilecek, ki\u015filerin yat\u0131r\u0131m yaparken korku duymamalar\u0131 sa\u011flanacak; ayn\u0131 zamanda milli servetin korunmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacak ve ki\u015filerin devlete olan g\u00fcvenini de art\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B. \u0130mar Planlar\u0131nda Yap\u0131lan Revizyonlar\u0131n \u00d6zel Hukuk S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine Etkisi<\/p>\n
Uygulamada kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcnde artan etkisiyle s\u0131k\u00e7a kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan eser ve arsa pay\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 in\u015faat s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin hukuki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 Ethem Saba \u00d6zmen \u00e7e\u015fitli olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurarak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki olas\u0131l\u0131klar dahilinde konuyu incelemi\u015ftir. Bizde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda s\u00f6z konusu olas\u0131l\u0131klar \u00fczerinden de\u011ferlendirmelerde bulunaca\u011f\u0131z. S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde yer alacak \u00e7e\u015fitli olas\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 Ethem Saba \u00d6zmen 4 a\u015famal\u0131 olarak ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[18].<\/p>\n
Ethem Saba \u00d6zmen\u2019in yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ay\u0131r\u0131m \u00fczerinden \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131za y\u00f6n verece\u011fiz. Ancak s\u00f6z konusu olas\u0131l\u0131klarda yer alan tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 hususlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce baz\u0131 hukuki kurumlar\u0131n anlat\u0131m\u0131na yer verece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n
Taraflar s\u00f6zle\u015fme serbestisi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kural olarak s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye istedikleri h\u00fck\u00fcmleri koymakta serbesttirler. Ancak bu serbestinin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 TBK 27 \u00e7izer[19].<\/p>\n
Taraflar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme kurulurken s\u00f6z konusu parselde imar engeli olmas\u0131 hali veya s\u00f6z konusu parselde mevcut imar plan\u0131n\u0131n iptali davas\u0131 devam ederken in\u015faat yapma edimi i\u00e7eren bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi akdetmelerini hukukumuzda engelleyecek bir h\u00fck\u00fcm yoktur. Taraflar pek\u00e2l\u00e2 in\u015faat yapma edimine s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer verebilirler. Ancak s\u00f6z konusu h\u00fckm\u00fcn hukuki niteli\u011finin ne olaca\u011f\u0131 hususu ve nihayetinde verilecek hukuki niteleme sonucunda var\u0131lacak hukuki sonu\u00e7lar ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya muhta\u00e7 hususlard\u0131r. Bu noktada kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck ve imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k halleri hakk\u0131nda k\u0131sa bir teorik bilgi vermeyi ve akabinde \u00f6\u011freti ve Yarg\u0131tay uygulamas\u0131nda yer alan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere ve gerek\u00e7elerine yer vermek suretiyle kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerimizi de belirtece\u011fiz.<\/p>\n
Hukuki i\u015flemlerde ge\u00e7ersizlik ve ifa edilememe durumlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f nedenleri ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
\u0130fa imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; ba\u015ftaki imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k (s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nceki imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k TBK 27) ve sonraki imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k (bor\u00e7lunun sorumlu oldu\u011fu TBK 112 ve bor\u00e7lunun sorumlu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 TBK 136) olarak temelde ikiye ay\u0131rmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck hali, hukuki i\u015flemin ba\u015ftan itibaren ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumdur. Bu durum, i\u015flemin kanuna, ahlaka, kamu d\u00fczenine veya emredici hukuk kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. Kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz bir i\u015flemde hukuki sonu\u00e7 do\u011fmaz yani, hukuken ba\u015ftan itibaren ge\u00e7ersizdir ve hi\u00e7bir sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmaz[20]. Kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck hali zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131na tabi olmadan her zaman ve herkese kar\u015f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir[21]. Hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n sonradan giderilmesi bile i\u015flemi ge\u00e7erli hale getiremez ve toplumun genel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kamu d\u00fczeni ile ilgilidir[22]. \u00d6rne\u011fin, yap\u0131 ruhsat\u0131 al\u0131nmaks\u0131z\u0131n yap\u0131lan bir in\u015faat s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi g\u00f6sterilebilir. Ruhsats\u0131z in\u015faat yap\u0131m\u0131 kanunen yasak oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme ba\u015ftan itibaren ge\u00e7ersizdir ve herhangi bir hukuki sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmaz[23].<\/p>\n
\u0130mk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k hali ise, borcun ifas\u0131n\u0131n bor\u00e7lunun kusuru olmaks\u0131z\u0131n yerine getirilemez hale gelmesidir. \u0130mk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k halinde borcun ifas\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta m\u00fcmk\u00fcnken, sonradan bir engel ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar ve bu engel borcun yerine getirilmesini imk\u00e2ns\u0131z hale getirir[24]. Bor\u00e7lu ifa imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle borcundan kurtulur ve bor\u00e7lunun bir kusuru yoksa tazminat sorumlulu\u011fu da do\u011fmaz. \u0130fa imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131, objektif ve subjektif olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Objektif imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k halinde, borcun herhangi biri taraf\u0131ndan yerine getirilmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamas\u0131 durumunda s\u00f6z konusudur ve bor\u00e7 sona erer[25]. S\u00f6zle\u015fme daha kurulurken ve ba\u015ftan itibaren ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fundan, burada uygulanacak m\u00fceyyide, fesih de\u011fil, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7ersizli\u011finin tespiti olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Zira, fesih karar\u0131 ancak hukuken kurulmu\u015f, mevcut ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan, h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler i\u00e7in verilebilir. Bu durum \u00f6rne\u011fin, bir sanat\u00e7\u0131ya ait tek bir tablo sat\u0131lm\u0131\u015fken, tablo yang\u0131nda yok olursa, bu tabloyu teslim etmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olan ki\u015fi ifa imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle sorumluluktan kurtulabilir.<\/p>\n
Subjektif imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k halinde ise; borcun ifas\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca bor\u00e7lu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yerine getirilemez hale gelmesini ifade eder. Yani, borcun ifas\u0131 ba\u015fkalar\u0131 i\u00e7in hala m\u00fcmk\u00fcnken, bor\u00e7lunun \u015fahsi durumundan veya kendi ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 ifa edememesi s\u00f6z konusudur[26]. Subjektif imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k durumunda bor\u00e7, genel olarak sona ermez; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc objektif imkans\u0131zl\u0131ktan farkl\u0131 olarak borcun yerine getirilmesi asl\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr, ancak bor\u00e7lunun \u015fahsi sebepleri engel te\u015fkil eder[27]. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir in\u015faat \u015firketinin taahh\u00fct etti\u011fi projeyi gerekli finansman\u0131 sa\u011flayamamas\u0131 nedeniyle tamamlayamamas\u0131 subjektif imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k te\u015fkil eder. Burada in\u015faat\u0131n ba\u015fka bir m\u00fcteahhit taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmas\u0131 hala m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu durum objektif de\u011fil, subjektif imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilir[28].<\/p>\n
Subjektif imkans\u0131zl\u0131kta, borcun ifas\u0131 ba\u015fkalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilece\u011fi i\u00e7in bor\u00e7lunun sorumlulu\u011fu ortadan kalkmaz ve bu durum genellikle s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ihlali olarak de\u011ferlendirilir. Y\u00fcklenicinin kusurunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 halinde, TBK 112 gere\u011fi tazminat sorumlulu\u011fu (olumlu zarar) da do\u011far[29].<\/p>\n
S\u00f6zle\u015fme kurulurken herhangi bir ge\u00e7ersizlik veya imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k hali yokken \u00f6rne\u011fin, in\u015faat yap\u0131m\u0131na ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen sonradan meydana gelen bir imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile s\u00f6z konusu in\u015faata devam etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse (ki imar planlar\u0131n\u0131n iptali davalar\u0131 sonucunda uygulamada s\u0131kl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan bir durum), TBK 136 uygulama alan\u0131 bulur.<\/p>\n
1) S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin Kurulmas\u0131 S\u0131ras\u0131nda Mevcut \u0130mar Engelinin Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na Ra\u011fmen Bu Engeli A\u015farak Eser Meydana Getirme Edimini \u0130\u00e7eren Bir S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin Yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u0130htimalinde;<\/p>\n
Taraflar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme kurulurken imar engeli bulunan bir parselde bu engeli a\u015farak eser meydana getirme edimi i\u00e7eren bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi akdetmeleri halinde kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck m\u00fc yoksa imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k hali mi olaca\u011f\u0131 hususu ise \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6nemli olan k\u0131sm\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Taraflar\u0131n, imar engeli bulunan bir parselde bu engeli a\u015farak eser meydana getirme amac\u0131yla akdettikleri s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck (butlan) ile maluld\u00fcr. Bu t\u00fcr s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, imar mevzuat\u0131na ve kamu d\u00fczenine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k te\u015fkil etti\u011finden yani TBK 27\u2019ye ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fundan ba\u015ftan itibaren ge\u00e7ersiz kabul edilir.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay’\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli kararlar\u0131nda, imar engeli bulunan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan in\u015faat s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[30]. Kararda \u00f6zetle, zeytinlik vasf\u0131ndaki bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaz \u00fczerinde in\u015faat yapman\u0131n hukuken m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu nedenle s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Benzer \u015fekilde, Yarg\u0131tay 15. Hukuk Dairesi’nin 2020\/1989 Esas ve 2021\/96 Karar say\u0131l\u0131 ilam\u0131nda, payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyete konu ta\u015f\u0131nmazlarda t\u00fcm payda\u015flar\u0131n r\u0131zas\u0131 olmadan yap\u0131lan arsa pay\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 in\u015faat s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu ifade edilmi\u015ftir[31].<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n benzer y\u00f6nde bir ba\u015fka karar\u0131nda[32];<\/p>\n
\u201cTaraflar aras\u0131nda 06.11.2010 tarihinde arsa pay\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 in\u015faat s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve an\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n tapu kayd\u0131na daval\u0131 y\u00fcklenici lehine 23.11.2010 tarihinde 10 y\u0131l s\u00fcreli olarak \u015ferh edildi\u011fi, dava d\u0131\u015f\u0131 …’\u0131n, daval\u0131 y\u00fckleniciye g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi 31.03.2011 tarihli ihtarda ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n imar d\u0131\u015f\u0131 tar\u0131msal alan olmas\u0131 nedeniyle s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ifas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahisle s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi feshetti\u011fini bildirdi\u011fi, daval\u0131 y\u00fcklenicinin ise, feshi kabul etmedi\u011fine ili\u015fkin olarak 02.05.2011 tarihinde kar\u015f\u0131 ihtarname g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi, …’\u0131n bu tarihten sonra, ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131 03.06.2011 tarihinde ….\u0131 isimli ki\u015fiye, bu ki\u015finin 19.10.2012 tarihinde davac\u0131 …ye, davac\u0131 ..’nin de 08.02.2013 tarihinde davac\u0131 ….E\u011fitim-Sa\u011fl\u0131k Kurumlar\u0131 A.\u015e.”ye tapuda devretti\u011fi, ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n, incir bah\u00e7esi niteli\u011finde oldu\u011fu belirtilerek tapuya tescil edildi\u011fi ve ilgili belediye ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131 ekindeki 1\/100000 \u00f6l\u00e7ekli \u00e7evre d\u00fczeni plan\u0131 ile haritas\u0131nda tar\u0131msal arazi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde g\u00f6sterildi\u011fi, bu itibarla s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih itibariyle ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n imara uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu’nun 27. maddesinde (818 say\u0131l\u0131 BK’n\u0131n 20. mad.) objektif imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k hali d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. An\u0131lan madde uyar\u0131nca, s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki edimlerin yerine getirilmesinin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden \u00f6nce ve herkes i\u00e7in imk\u00e2ns\u0131z bulunmas\u0131 halinde, s\u00f6zle\u015fme butlanla sakatt\u0131r. \u0130fa imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n genel olarak ve herkes bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u00f6z konusu olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, s\u00f6zle\u015fme ge\u00e7ersiz olacakt\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fme daha kurulurken ve ba\u015ftan itibaren ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fundan, burada uygulanacak m\u00fceyyide, fesih de\u011fil, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7ersizli\u011finin tespiti olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Zira, fesih karar\u0131 ancak hukuken kurulmu\u015f, mevcut ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan, h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler i\u00e7in verilebilir.<\/p>\n
Somut olayda, mahkemece daval\u0131 y\u00fcklenicinin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden kaynaklanan edimlerini yerine getirmedi\u011fi, yerine getirme ihtimalinin kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, edimini yerine getirmedi\u011finden y\u00fcklenicinin tam kusurlu oldu\u011fu, di\u011fer bir anlat\u0131mla, arsa sahibi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin hakl\u0131 nedenle feshinin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle, davan\u0131n kabul\u00fc ile \u015ferhin terkinine karar verilmi\u015f ise de, az yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, s\u00f6zle\u015fme kuruldu\u011fu tarihi itibariyle, in\u015faat\u0131n yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar tar\u0131msal alan i\u00e7erisinde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, bu parseller \u00fczerinde in\u015faat yap\u0131lmas\u0131na kamu d\u00fczeninden olan imar mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n cevaz vermemesi nedeniyle, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin hukuken bir ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Mahkemece, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ba\u015ftan beri ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle, davan\u0131n kabul\u00fcne ve ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar \u00fczerindeki \u015ferhin terkinine karar verilmesi gerekirken, yaz\u0131l\u0131 gerek\u00e7e ile davan\u0131n kabul\u00fcne karar verilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 do\u011fru olmam\u0131\u015f ise de, h\u00fck\u00fcm sonucu itibariyle do\u011fru oldu\u011fundan HUMK 438\/son maddesi uyar\u0131nca h\u00fckm\u00fcn gerek\u00e7esi de\u011fi\u015ftirilmek suretiyle onanmas\u0131 gerekmi\u015ftir.\u201d<\/p>\n
Bu kararlar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, imar engeli bulunan bir parselde in\u015faat yapma amac\u0131yla akdedilen s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k nedeniyle ba\u015ftan itibaren ge\u00e7ersiz kabul edildi\u011fi ve kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck sonucunu do\u011furdu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ancak Yarg\u0131tay baz\u0131 kararlar\u0131nda kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck hali olan bu durumu \u201cimk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d kavram\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. Bu durum ise \u00f6\u011fretide Ethem Saba \u00d6zmen taraf\u0131ndan[33] hakl\u0131 olarak ele\u015ftirilmektedir. Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n ele\u015ftiri konusu olan bu kararlar\u0131nda yanl\u0131\u015f gerek\u00e7elerle do\u011fru sonuca ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n ele\u015ftiri konusu kararlar\u0131na ve gerek\u00e7elerine ge\u00e7meden \u00f6nce, \u201cge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d ile \u201cahde vefa ilkesi\u201dnin bir arada de\u011ferlendirilmesi durumunda, T\u00fcrk hukuk uygulamas\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ayakta tutma yolu olarak kabul edilen tahvil m\u00fcessesesinin baz\u0131 ilke ve esaslar\u0131na de\u011finmek gerekirse, bu \u015fartlar \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u0131ralanabilir;\u00a0<\/p>\n
-\u0130mkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ge\u00e7ici\/d\u00fczelebilir olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n
-Davan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihe kadar imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortadan kalk\u0131p kalkmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu,<\/p>\n
-Edimin ifas\u0131na ba\u015flan\u0131l\u0131p ba\u015flan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n
-Akde tahamm\u00fcl s\u00fcresi\/katlan\u0131labilirlik kriteri incelenmelidir.<\/p>\n
\u015eartlar\u0131 varsa tahvil kurumu g\u00fcndeme gelmeli ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme ayakta tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n ele\u015ftiri konusu olan kararlar\u0131da mevcuttur.[34]<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ileride ortadan kalkmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu bu durumlar \u201cge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d hali olarak ele alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[35].<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n bu tutumu \u00f6\u011fretide ele\u015ftiri konusu olmu\u015ftur[36].<\/p>\n
Kanaatimizce de Yarg\u0131tay hatal\u0131 gerek\u00e7e ile do\u011fru sonuca ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zira sonradan giderilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn bir ifa engeli imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k potas\u0131na at\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r[37]. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda mevcut imar engelinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu engeli a\u015farak eser meydana getirme edimini i\u00e7eren bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na tabi olaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu noktada kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi ayakta tutmak i\u00e7in ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k nitelemesi yapmak hatal\u0131d\u0131r. Yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ayakta tutulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gereken \u015fartlar varsa tahvil kurumuna ba\u015fvurmakt\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda in\u015faat yap\u0131lacak ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n imara a\u00e7\u0131k alan olmamas\u0131 halinde y\u00fcklenici imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi borcu alt\u0131na girmi\u015fse burada y\u00fcklenicinin imar k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rma taahh\u00fcd\u00fc \u00fcstlendi\u011fi ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin bu \u015fekilde ayakta tutulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi sonucuna var\u0131l\u0131r. Bu nedenle, s\u00f6z konusu duruma \u201cge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d nitelendirmesi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 hukuken uygun de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
2) S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin Kurulmas\u0131 S\u0131ras\u0131nda Mevcut \u0130mar Engelinin Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na Y\u00f6nelik Yasal Giri\u015fimde Bulunulmas\u0131 Y\u00f6n\u00fcnde H\u00fckme Yer Verilmesi<\/p>\n
Bu ihtimalde ise taraflarca esas\u0131nda emredici hukuk kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme akdedilmektedir ve fakat burada taraflar borcun ifas\u0131n\u0131n o an i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmektedir ancak bu durumun yasal yollarla gelecekte ortadan kalkabilece\u011fini, hukuki engelin ortadan kalkmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre boyunca ise borcun ertelendi\u011fini kabul etmektedirler.<\/p>\n
Y\u00fcklenicinin edimin ifas\u0131nda engeli kald\u0131rma y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki taahh\u00fcd\u00fc, \u201cifaya haz\u0131rl\u0131k fiili\u201d olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir[38]. B\u00f6ylesi bir ihtimalde imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k veya kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck kavramlar\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelmeyecektir.<\/p>\n
Bu nokta da \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin fiilini \u00fcstlenme ve \u015fart kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131saca a\u00e7\u0131klayaca\u011f\u0131z;<\/p>\n
\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin fiilini \u00fcstlenme, T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu (TBK) m. 128’de d\u00fczenlenen bir hukuki kurumdur. Bu h\u00fckme g\u00f6re, bor\u00e7lu, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015finin belirli bir fiili yerine getirece\u011fini taahh\u00fct eder. Bu t\u00fcr taahh\u00fct, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 garanti alt\u0131na alma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r yani, bor\u00e7lu, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin fiilini yerine getirmemesinden sorumludur. Ancak bor\u00e7lu, bu taahh\u00fcd\u00fcn yerine getirilmesini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiyi zorlayamaz, sadece edimin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini garanti eder[39]. \u00d6rne\u011fin; \u0130n\u015faat s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde y\u00fcklenici, ruhsat al\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015fiye (\u00f6rne\u011fin proje m\u00fcellifine veya dan\u0131\u015fmana) devretmeyi taahh\u00fct ederse, burada \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin fiilini \u00fcstlenme s\u00f6z konusudur. Proje m\u00fcellifinin gerekli evraklar\u0131 haz\u0131rlamamas\u0131 halinde y\u00fcklenici, bor\u00e7lu olarak s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ihlali sonucunda sorumlu tutulacakt\u0131r[40].<\/p>\n
Geciktirici \u015fart ise, bor\u00e7lar hukukunda bir borcun veya s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin h\u00fck\u00fcm ve sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmas\u0131n\u0131n, ileride ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi kesin olmayan bir olay\u0131n meydana gelmesine ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumdur. T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 170. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup, \u201c\u015earta ba\u011fl\u0131 i\u015flemler\u201d kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilir. Geciktirici \u015fartta, \u015fart\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine kadar bor\u00e7 do\u011fmaz; ancak \u015fart ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi anda bor\u00e7lu, edimini ifa etmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc hale gelir[41]. Geciktirici \u015fart, in\u015faat hukukunda \u00f6zellikle ruhsat, kredi, imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi gibi d\u0131\u015fsal unsurlara ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin h\u00fck\u00fcm ifade etmesi i\u00e7in uygulamada s\u0131k\u00e7a ba\u015fvurulan bir d\u00fczenlemedir. Bu t\u00fcr \u015fartlar\u0131n belirlenmesiyle taraflar\u0131n y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ask\u0131ya al\u0131nmakta ve \u015fart\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine ba\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. Bir y\u00fcklenicinin arsa sahibiyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmede, in\u015faat\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131 belediyeden yap\u0131 ruhsat\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131na ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015fsa, bu durum geciktirici \u015farta \u00f6rnektir. Ruhsat al\u0131nmadan \u00f6nce s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcm do\u011furmaz; ancak ruhsat al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda s\u00f6zle\u015fme y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girer ve y\u00fcklenicinin in\u015faata ba\u015flama borcu do\u011far[42]. \u0130n\u015faat yap\u0131lacak bir ta\u015f\u0131nmazda, belediyeden imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi i\u00e7in kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa, bu durum geciktirici \u015fartt\u0131r. Plan de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesiyle s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcm do\u011furur[43].<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay 23. Hukuk Dairesi\u2019nin 2016\/464 Esas ve 2018\/5428 Karar say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda; taraflar\u0131n imar i\u015flemlerinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ge\u00e7erli bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapabileceklerine h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
3. \u0130leride Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kabilecek Bir \u0130mar Engelinin Kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in Yasal Bir Giri\u015fimde Bulunulmas\u0131 Y\u00f6n\u00fcnde H\u00fckme Yer Verilmesi<\/p>\n
Bu ihtimalde de s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kuruldu\u011fu s\u0131rada s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7erlilik \u015fartlar\u0131nda herhangi bir sakatl\u0131k bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Taraflar, ileride ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek bir imar engeli ihtimaline kar\u015f\u0131, y\u00fcklenicinin bu engeli kald\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yasal giri\u015fimde bulunmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir h\u00fckme s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer vermi\u015ftir. Bu ihtimalde de benzer \u015fekilde \u201cimk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d g\u00fcndeme gelmeyecektir. Yukar\u0131da da a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczere esas\u0131nda burada garanti s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin bir t\u00fcr\u00fc olan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin fiilini \u00fcstlenme kurumu g\u00fcndeme gelecektir. Y\u00fcklenici borcunu yerine getiremedi\u011finde ise s\u00f6zle\u015fme ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fundan tazminat sorumlulu\u011fu ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
4. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin Kurulmas\u0131 S\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u0130mar Plan\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ptaline \u0130li\u015fkin Daha \u00d6nce A\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Davada Verilecek \u0130ptal Karar\u0131 Sonras\u0131nda, \u0130mar Engelinin Ortadan Kalkmas\u0131yla Edimin \u0130fa Edilece\u011finin Kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Bu ihtimalde de taraflar, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan imar plan\u0131n\u0131n iptaline ili\u015fkin bir davan\u0131n sonucuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak eser s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin edimlerini kararla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu h\u00fckm\u00fc i\u00e7eren bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme geciktirici ko\u015fula ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak akdedilmi\u015f hukuk aleminde ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini muhafaza eden bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmedir.<\/p>\n
III. Sonu\u00e7 <\/p>\n
\u0130mar planlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklara etkisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Dan\u0131\u015ftay\u2019\u0131n hem kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde hem de ruhsat\u0131n tesis edildi\u011fi tarihteki imar plan\u0131na uygun olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, iptal karar\u0131 sonucunda imar plan\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kalkaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, verilen ruhsat\u0131n da h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz olaca\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle imar planlar\u0131n\u0131n iptali durumunda, bu planlara dayal\u0131 olarak ki\u015filere hak kazand\u0131ran i\u015flemlerin hukuken ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u0130mar hukuku \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklarla ilgili \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin ve farkl\u0131 kararlar\u0131n giderilmesi i\u00e7in Anayasada yap\u0131lacak bir d\u00fczenlemeyle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 daha g\u00fcvenilir hale getirilebilir, b\u00f6ylelikle ki\u015filerin yat\u0131r\u0131m yaparken korku duymamalar\u0131 sa\u011flanacak; ayn\u0131 zamanda milli servetin korunmas\u0131na katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacak ve ki\u015filerin devlete olan g\u00fcvenini de art\u0131racakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130mar planlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin \u00f6zel hukuk s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan etkisinde ise, kimi Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131nda hatal\u0131 gerek\u00e7elerle do\u011fru sonuca ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda da belirtti\u011fimiz \u00fczere \u201cimk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d, \u201ckesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck\u201d, \u201ctahvil\u201d, \u201c\u015fart\u201d, \u201c\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiyi koruyucu etkili s\u00f6zle\u015fme\u201d gibi kavramlar yerli yerinde kullan\u0131lmak suretiyle do\u011fru gerek\u00e7elerle do\u011fru sonu\u00e7lara ula\u015fmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Kaynak\u00e7a <\/p>\n
Ender Erdem, Atay. \u0130dare Hukuku. \u0130stanbul: 10. Bask\u0131, Turhan Kitabevi, 2024.<\/p>\n
Akdemir, B\u00fc\u015fra. \u2018\u0130mar Planlar\u0131nda Hiyerar\u015fi\u2019, Konya Barosu Dergisi, 2021.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zmen, E. Saba. \u00dcrem, M\u00fcge. The Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Law Review, 2023, Vol. 1, No. 2, 177-205.<\/p>\n
Eren, Fikret. Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler. Ankara: 25. Bask\u0131, Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2023.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, Kadir. Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler. \u0130stanbul: 8. Bask\u0131, On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2020.<\/p>\n
Kalabal\u0131k, Halil. \u0130mar Hukuku Dersleri. Ankara: 11. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2022.<\/p>\n
K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, Erol. K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, Erdal. \u0130mar Planlar\u0131. Ankara: 2. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2022.<\/p>\n
Kocayusufpa\u015fao\u011flu, Necip. Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler. \u0130stanbul: 12. Bask\u0131, Beta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2020.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u00c7olak, Nusret. \u0130lker \u0130mar Hukuku. \u0130stanbul: 2. Bask\u0131, On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2014.<\/p>\n
O\u011furlu, Y\u00fccel. \u0130mar Planlar\u0131n\u0131n De\u011fi\u015ftirilmesinin Ruhsat ve Su\u0308ren \u0130n\u015faatlara Etkisi Konusunda ABD Hukukundan \u00c7\u00f6zu\u0308mler: \u201cAyk\u0131r\u0131 Kullan\u0131m Hakk\u0131\u201d ve \u201cKazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Parselleme Hakk\u0131\u201d, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, Cilt: VII Say\u0131: 1-2, 199-216, 2003.<\/p>\n
O\u011furlu, Y\u00fccel. Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Haklara Sayg\u0131 ve Hakl\u0131 Beklentiler Sorunu. Ankara: 1. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Kitabevi, 2003.<\/p>\n
O\u011fuzman, M. Kemal \/\u00d6z Turgut\/ \u00d6zcan Mustafa, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler. \u0130stanbul: 16. Bask\u0131, Filiz Kitabevi, 2022.<\/p>\n
Serozan, Rona. Baysal, Ba\u015fak. Sanl\u0131, Kerem Cem, Serozan. Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel B\u00f6l\u00fcm \u0130stanbul: 8. Bas\u0131, On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,2022.<\/p>\n
\u015eahin, Cenk. Dan\u0131\u015ftay Kararlar\u0131na G\u00f6re \u0130mar Plan\u0131n\u0131n Yarg\u0131 Yerince \u0130ptal Edilmesinin Yap\u0131n\u0131n Hukuki Durumuna Etkisi, \u0130stanbul Hukuk Mecmuas\u0131, Volume: 76 Issue:2, 757-785, 12.04.2018.<\/p>\n
\u015eim\u015fek, Suat. \u0130mar Davalar\u0131 Rehberi. Ankara: 6. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k,2023.<\/p>\n
Tando\u011fan, Haluk. Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler. Ankara: 2. Bask\u0131, Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,1982.<\/p>\n
Tekinay\/Selteki\/Altop, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler. \u0130stanbul: 7. Bask\u0131, Beta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1984.<\/p>\n
—————<\/p>\n
[1] Halil Kalabal\u0131k, \u0130mar Hukuku Dersleri (Ankara: 11. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2022), s.75; Emrah Kulakl\u0131, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc \u00d6zel Hukuk Anabilim Dal\u0131 Doktora Tezi, \u0130mar K\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Arazi ve Arsa D\u00fczenlemesinden Do\u011fan Ta\u015f\u0131nmaz M\u00fclkiyeti K\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2014, s.42.<\/p>\n
[2] Halil Kalabal\u0131k, s.185; Suat \u015eim\u015fek, \u0130mar Davalar\u0131 Rehberi (Ankara: 6. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k,2023), s.45; Dan\u0131\u015ftay 6.D., T. 21.10.1998, E. 197\/4802, K. 1998\/4766\u00a0(e.t. 13.11.2024)<\/p>\n
[3] \u0130mar planlar\u0131na hak\u0131m olan di\u011fer ilkeler i\u00e7in bkz; Halil Kalabal\u0131k, s.184. (Bu ilkeler; hukuk devleti ilkesi, a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k ilkesi, genellik ilkesi, \u00fcst dereceye ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi, kamu yarar\u0131, zorunluluk, esneklik, geni\u015f kapsaml\u0131l\u0131k, uzun s\u00fcreli olma, bilimsellik ve kat\u0131l\u0131m ilkeleridir.)<\/p>\n
[4] E. Saba \u00d6zmen, M\u00fcge \u00dcrem, The Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Law Review, 2023, Vol. 1, No. 2, 177-205, \u0130mar plan\u0131ndaki de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fin veya iptalin eser ve arsa pay\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 in\u015faat s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine etkisi, s. 183; Halil Kalabal\u0131k, s. 185 vd.<\/p>\n
[5] B\u00fc\u015fra Akdemir, \u2018\u0130mar Planlar\u0131nda Hiyerar\u015fi\u2019, Konya Barosu Dergisi, 2021, s.133.<\/p>\n
[6] Nusret \u0130lker \u00c7olak, \u0130mar Hukuku (\u0130stanbul: 2. Bask\u0131, On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2014), s. 283.<\/p>\n
[7] Y\u00fccel O\u011furlu, Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Haklara Sayg\u0131 ve Hakl\u0131 Beklentiler Sorunu, (Ankara: 1. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Kitabevi, 2003), s. 28. (\u201cDo\u011fumu an\u0131nda hukuka uygun olarak tamamlanm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece ki\u015fiye \u00f6zg\u00fc\u0308, lehte sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmu\u015f, daha sonra mevzuat de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ya da i\u015flemin geri al\u0131nmas\u0131 gibi nedenlere ra\u011fmen, hukuk d\u00fczenince korunmas\u0131 gereken hakt\u0131r.\u201d)<\/p>\n
[8] Ender Erdem Atay, \u0130dare Hukuku (\u0130stanbul: 10. Bask\u0131, Turhan Kitabevi, 2024), s.122.<\/p>\n
[9] Halil Kalabal\u0131k, s.159.<\/p>\n
[10] Halil Kalabal\u0131k, s.160.<\/p>\n
[11]Y\u00fccel O\u011furlu, \u0130mar Planlar\u0131n\u0131n De\u011fi\u015ftirilmesinin Ruhsat ve Su\u0308ren \u0130n\u015faatlara Etkisi Konusunda ABD Hukukundan \u00c7\u00f6zu\u0308mler: \u201cAyk\u0131r\u0131 Kullan\u0131m Hakk\u0131\u201d ve \u201cKazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Parselleme Hakk\u0131\u201d, Erzincan Binali Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, Cilt: VII Say\u0131: 1-2, 199-216, 2003, s. 201.<\/p>\n
[12] Dan\u0131\u015ftay 1. D., T. 04.10.1991, E. 1991\/211, K. 1991\/289,\u00a0(e.t. 01.12.2024)<\/p>\n
[13] Dan\u0131\u015ftay 6. D., T. 21.04.1993, E. 1992\/2971, K. 1993\/1632,\u00a0(e.t. 05.12.2024)<\/p>\n
[14] \u00d6rne\u011fin bir karar\u0131nda; “S\u00f6z konusu ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n bulundu\u011fu alanda kat art\u0131\u015f\u0131 getiren imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin 10.11.1998 tarihli mahkeme karar\u0131 ile iptal edildi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle, yap\u0131 tamamland\u0131ktan sonra in\u015faat ruhsat\u0131n\u0131n iptal edilmesi ve yap\u0131 tatil tutana\u011f\u0131 ile in\u015faat\u0131n m\u00fch\u00fcrlenmesi i\u015flemlerinde hukuka uygunluk bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131” \u015feklinde ifade etmi\u015ftir. Yine benzer y\u00f6nde bir ba\u015fka karar\u0131nda; \u201cBir b\u00f6lgede yap\u0131la\u015fmaya olanak veren imar plan\u0131 mahkemece iptal edildi\u011fi takdirde iptal tarihine kadar ilgilinin hilesi, hatas\u0131 ya da kusuru olmadan yap\u0131ya ruhsat\u0131na uygun olarak devam edilmesi durumunda mahkeme karar\u0131n\u0131n verilmesini takiben daval\u0131 idarece in\u015faat\u0131n m\u00fch\u00fcrlenmesi, yap\u0131n\u0131n bu tarihe kadar tamamlanm\u0131\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ise kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle korunmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. \u00d6te yandan, yap\u0131n\u0131n tamamlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 durumunda ise kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle yap\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fch\u00fcrlenmesine hukuken olanak bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.\u201d ifadelerine yer vermek suretiyle kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fine h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
(Dan\u0131\u015ftay \u0130DDGK., T. 23.10.2008, E. 2005\/1721, K. 2008\/1837, (e.t. 05.12.2024)<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015ftay 6. D., T. 08.12.2004, E. 2003\/3435, K. 2004\/6378\u00a0(e.t. 06.12.2024))<\/p>\n
[15] Cenk \u015eahin, Dan\u0131\u015ftay Kararlar\u0131na G\u00f6re \u0130mar Plan\u0131n\u0131n Yarg\u0131 Yerince \u0130ptal Edilmesinin Yap\u0131n\u0131n Hukuki Durumuna Etkisi, \u0130stanbul Hukuk Mecmuas\u0131, Volume: 76 Issue:2, 757-785, 12.04.2018, s. 765.<\/p>\n
[16] Erol K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, Erdal K\u00f6kt\u00fcrk, \u0130mar Planlar\u0131 (Ankara: 2. Bask\u0131, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2022), s. 451.<\/p>\n
[17] Dan\u0131\u015ftay \u0130DDK, T. 12.11.2014, E.2012\/477, K.2014\/3990,\u00a0(e.t. 13.12.2024).<\/p>\n
[18] E. Saba \u00d6zmen, M\u00fcge \u00dcrem, s, 188. (\u201cS\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda mevcut imar engelinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu engeli a\u015farak eser meydana getirme edimini i\u00e7eren bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda mevcut imar engelinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yasal giri\u015fimde bulunulmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde h\u00fckme yer verilmesi, ileride ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecek bir imar engelinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yasal bir giri\u015fimde bulunulmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde h\u00fckme yer verilmesi, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, imar plan\u0131n\u0131n iptaline ili\u015fkin daha \u00f6nce a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f davada verilecek iptal karar\u0131 sonras\u0131nda, imar engelinin ortadan kalkmas\u0131yla edimin ifa edilece\u011finin kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131.)<\/p>\n
[19] \u201cKanunun emredici h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine, ahlaka, kamu d\u00fczenine, ki\u015filik haklar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 veya konusu imk\u00e2ns\u0131z olan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler kesin olarak h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczd\u00fcr. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin i\u00e7erdi\u011fi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerden bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz olmas\u0131, di\u011ferlerinin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini etkilemez. Ancak, bu h\u00fck\u00fcmler olmaks\u0131z\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131rsa, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tamam\u0131 kesin olarak h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz olur.\u201d<\/p>\n
[20] Fikret Eren, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler (Ankara: 25. Bask\u0131, Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2023), s. 139.<\/p>\n
[21] Tekinay\/Selteki\/Altop, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, (\u0130stanbul: 7. Bask\u0131, Beta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1984), s. 286.<\/p>\n
[22]Necip Kocayusufpa\u015fao\u011flu, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler (\u0130stanbul: 12. Bask\u0131, Beta Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2020) s. 113.<\/p>\n
[23] Fikret Eren, s. 140.<\/p>\n
[24] Fikret Eren, s.299. <\/p>\n
[25] Kadir G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, (\u0130stanbul: 8. Bask\u0131, On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2020), s. 201.<\/p>\n
[26] Fikret Eren, s.302.<\/p>\n
[27] Tekinay\/Selteki\/Altop, s. 513.<\/p>\n
[28] Fikret Eren, s.303.<\/p>\n
[29] HalukTando\u011fan, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler (Ankara: 2. Bask\u0131, Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,1982), s. 271.<\/p>\n
[30] Yarg\u0131tay 23. HD, 29.12.2015 Tarih 2015\/8327 Esas, 2015\/8562 Karar; benzer y\u00f6nde, Yarg\u0131tay 23. HD. 2015\/8327 E. ve 2015\/8562 K. (e.t. 16.12.2024). (“…taraflar aras\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 20.12.2005 tarihinde ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yerin zeytinli tarla vasf\u0131nda oldu\u011fu, imar mevzuat\u0131na g\u00f6re bu nitelikte bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaza gerek yap\u0131la\u015fma oran\u0131, gerekse kapal\u0131 bina alan\u0131 itibariyle imzalanan s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye g\u00f6re in\u015faat yapman\u0131n hukuken m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulu\u015fu an\u0131ndaki objektif nitelikli hukuki imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n dava tarihine kadar dahi ortadan kalkmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu ve ge\u00e7ersiz s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin feshi istenemeyece\u011finden s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7ersizli\u011finin tespitine karar verilmesi gerekti\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle, davan\u0131n kabul\u00fc ile … Noterli\u011finin 20\/12\/2005 tarih ve 24864 yevmiye nolu Gayrimenkul Sat\u0131\u015f Vaadi ve Kat Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130n\u015faat S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7ersizli\u011finin tespitine karar verilmi\u015ftir.”)<\/p>\n
[31]Yarg\u0131tay 15. HD. 2020\/1989 E. ve 2021\/96 K. (e.t. 16.12.2024).<\/p>\n
[32]Yarg\u0131tay 23. HD. 2014\/6655 E. ve 2015\/8277 K.\u00a0(e.t. 16.12.2024).<\/p>\n
[33] Bkz. (E. Saba \u00d6zmen, M\u00fcge \u00dcrem, The Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Law Review, 2023, Vol. 1, No. 2, 177-20).<\/p>\n
[34] Yarg\u0131tay 15. HD. 2018\/828 E. ve 2018\/2740 K.\u00a0(e.t. 16.12.2024).<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay 15. Hukuk Dairesi, 2018\/828 Esas ve 2018\/2740 Karar Say\u0131l\u0131 Karar\u0131nda; Yarg\u0131tay, s\u00f6zle\u015fme kurulurken mevcut olan imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k niteli\u011finde olmas\u0131 yani imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortadan kalkabilecek nitelikte olmas\u0131 durumunda, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7ersiz olmayaca\u011f\u0131na karar verilmi\u015ftir. Kararda; (S\u00f6zle\u015fme kurulurken mevcut olan imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k niteli\u011finde olmas\u0131 yani imkans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortadan kalkabilecek nitelikte olmas\u0131 halinde, taraflar\u0131n bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ne kadar s\u00fcre ba\u011fl\u0131 kalacaklar\u0131 sorunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu konudaki kural “ahde vefa, s\u00f6ze sadakat” ilkesi gere\u011fi taraflar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 tutulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak baz\u0131 \u00f6zel durumlar vard\u0131r ki, taraflar\u0131 o s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 saymak hem onlar\u0131n ekonomik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini engeller hem de bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 ile s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapma f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. Uygulamada, ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k halinde taraflar\u0131n o s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 tutulma s\u00fcresine “akde tahamm\u00fcl s\u00fcresi” denilmektedir. Bu s\u00fcrenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fini de her somut olaya g\u00f6re ve onun \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirmek gerekir. Taraflar aras\u0131nda imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7eki\u015fmesiz olan 02.11.1999 tarihli Kat Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130n\u015faat S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi’ne konu ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n … Koruma ama\u00e7l\u0131 imar plan\u0131nda kalmas\u0131 nedeniyle ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ifa imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. Bu imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ileride ortadan kalkmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fundan ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k niteli\u011findedir. \u0130mk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, tahamm\u00fcl s\u00fcresi ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ortadan kalkmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve taraflara y\u00fcklenebilecek kusur da bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ifas\u0131 i\u00e7in beklenmesi gereken tahamm\u00fcl s\u00fcresi a\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7ersizli\u011finin tespitine karar verilmesi ve davac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan s\u00f6zle\u015fme gere\u011fince daval\u0131 y\u00fckleniciye devri yap\u0131lan 36\/1000 oran\u0131ndaki arsa pay\u0131n\u0131n davac\u0131 ad\u0131na tesciline, zarar talebinin de reddine karar verilmesi gerekirken yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde karar verilmesi do\u011fru olmam\u0131\u015f, karar\u0131n temyiz eden davac\u0131 yarar\u0131na bozulmas\u0131 gerekmi\u015ftir.)<\/p>\n
[35]Yarg\u0131tay HGK 2010\/15-193 E. ve 2010\/235 K.\u00a0(e.t. 16.12.2024).<\/p>\n
“\u015e\u00fcphesiz ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, beraberinde taraflar\u0131n bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ne kadar s\u00fcre ba\u011fl\u0131 kalacaklar\u0131 sorununu getirir. Bu konudaki kural ahde vefa=s\u00f6ze sadakat ilkesi gere\u011fi taraflar\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 tutulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak baz\u0131 \u00f6zel durumlar vard\u0131r ki, taraflar\u0131 o s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 saymak hem onlar\u0131n ekonomik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini engeller hem de bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 ile s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapma f\u0131rsat\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. Uygulamada, ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k halinde taraflar\u0131n o s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle ba\u011fl\u0131 tutulma s\u00fcresine akde tahamm\u00fcl s\u00fcresi denilmektedir. Bu s\u00fcrenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fini de her somut olaya g\u00f6re ve onun \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirmek gerekir. Kadastro parseli olan bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n, imara a\u00e7\u0131k hale getirilmesi i\u015f ve i\u015flemlerinin zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yap\u0131labilece\u011fi bilinen bir ger\u00e7ektir. Zira bu durum sadece taraflar\u0131n arzu etmeleri ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmez. Somut olayda; Ankara B\u00fcy\u00fck\u015fehir ve Yenimahalle Belediye Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan b\u00f6lgede naz\u0131m imar plan\u0131 ve 1\/5000\u2019lik planlar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belediye meclisince 26.09.2003 tarihinde onand\u0131\u011f\u0131 imar\u0131n uygulama a\u015famas\u0131na getirildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu yaz\u0131lardan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n imarl\u0131 hale getirilmesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, akdin icras\u0131 i\u00e7in ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre bo\u015fa ge\u00e7memi\u015f, yap\u0131lmas\u0131 zamana ba\u011fl\u0131 pek \u00e7ok a\u015fama ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f, davac\u0131 arsa sahipleri imar\u0131n uygulama a\u015famas\u0131na geldi\u011fi bir s\u0131rada fesih bildiriminde bulunmu\u015f, kald\u0131 ki, yukarda belirtildi\u011fi gibi iki tarafa bor\u00e7 y\u00fckleyen bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin feshinde BK. m. 106`da aranan mehil ko\u015fuluna uyulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.”<\/p>\n
[36] Ethem Saba \u00d6zmen; \u201cYarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n \u201cge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d olarak dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7e, yerinde de\u011fildir; zira imar planlar\u0131 ge\u00e7ici olarak yu\u0308ru\u0308rlu\u0308\u011fe konmamakla birlikte y\u00f6netimin yasall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesince idare, gelecekte de\u011fi\u015febilir veya sona erdirilebilir du\u0308s\u0327u\u0308ncesiyle ilkesiz olarak imar planlar\u0131na icrai nitelikle yu\u0308ru\u0308rlu\u0308k kazand\u0131rmaz. S\u00f6zle\u015fmede TBK m. 1 hu\u0308kmu\u0308nce kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ve birbirine uygun irade beyan\u0131 ile imar mevzuat\u0131na ve k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olacak \u015fekilde eser imalat\u0131n\u0131n kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin TBK m. 27\/I h\u00fckm\u00fcnce \u201cemredici hukuk kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k\u201d sebebiyle ba\u015ftan itibaren kesin hu\u0308ku\u0308msu\u0308zlu\u0308k yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131na tabi olaca\u011f\u0131 ve fakat an\u0131lan durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yine ayn\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmde say\u0131lan \u201cimk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Eser meydana getirme edimini i\u00e7eren s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde ilerideki muhtemel imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin \u201c\u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerek\u201d buna ili\u015fkin yasal giri\u015fimde bulunulmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda art\u0131k mevcut emredici kurala ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k nedeniyle TBK m. 27\/I h\u00fckm\u00fcnce kesin hu\u0308ku\u0308msu\u0308zlu\u0308k yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu olaca\u011f\u0131 sonucuna var\u0131lmakla birlikte bu y\u00f6nde hatal\u0131 olarak \u201cge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d tan s\u00f6z edilmesi ve ge\u00e7ici imk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k olgusu ile s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi ayakta tutan yorum, sonucu itibari ile do\u011fru ve fakat gerek\u00e7esi hatal\u0131d\u0131r.[36]\u201d demek suretiyle s\u00f6z konusu kararlar\u0131 ele\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
[37] Rona Serozan, Ba\u015fak Baysal, Kerem Cem Sanl\u0131, Serozan Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel B\u00f6l\u00fcm (\u0130stanbul: 8. Bas\u0131, On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,2022), N.2.<\/p>\n
[38] Ethem Saba \u00d6zmen, M\u00fcge \u00dcrem, s.196.<\/p>\n
[39] M. Kemal O\u011fuzman\/Turgut \u00d6z\/Mustafa \u00d6zcan, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, (\u0130stanbul: 16. Bask\u0131, Filiz Kitabevi, 2022), s. 345.<\/p>\n
[40] \u00a0Fikret Eren, Bor\u00e7lar Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, (Ankara: 18. Bask\u0131, Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2023), s. 620.<\/p>\n
[41] M. Kemal O\u011fuzman\/Turgut \u00d6z\/Mustafa \u00d6zcan, s. 451.<\/p>\n
[42] Fikret Eren, s. 614.<\/p>\n
[43] Rona Serozan, Ba\u015fak Baysal, Kerem Cem Sanl\u0131, s.403.\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0130mar hukukunda mek\u00e2nsal planlar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmezlik ilkesi esas al\u0131n\u0131r. Planlarda de\u011fi\u015fiklik sadece zorunlu durumlarda yap\u0131lmal\u0131, uzun vadeli planlama ilkelerine ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak kentsel ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmesi, mevcut planlar\u0131n bu ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamamas\u0131na neden olabilir. Kat art\u0131\u015f\u0131, ye\u015fil alanlar\u0131n farkl\u0131 kullan\u0131mlara d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi gibi durumlar, yo\u011funluk art\u0131\u015f\u0131 yaratarak plan de\u011fi\u015fikliklerini gerekli k\u0131labilir. Bu de\u011fi\u015fikliklerin hukuka uygun olmas\u0131 kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f haklar ve \u00f6zel hukuk s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm ve yap\u0131la\u015fma ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 nedeniyle eser s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ya da arsa pay\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 eser s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleriyle ilgili uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar artmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde, mevcut ya da ileride olu\u015fabilecek imar engellerine ra\u011fmen taraflar, bu engelleri a\u015fmay\u0131 taahh\u00fct edebilir. Ancak Yarg\u0131tay, imar engeline ayk\u0131r\u0131 durumlarda \u201cimk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ge\u00e7ersiz kabul etmektedir. \u0130mar mevzuat\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler, TBK m. 27\/I gere\u011fi kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczd\u00fcr. Ancak imar engelinin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yasal giri\u015fimlerin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc veya dava sonucuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak eserin yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 hallerde s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler ayakta tutulabilir. Bu t\u00fcr durumlar geciktirici ko\u015ful ya da \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin fiilini \u00fcstlenme y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, imar mevzuat\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k durumlar\u0131nda \u201cimk\u00e2ns\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d kavram\u0131na dayanmak yerine s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7erli olabilece\u011fi ko\u015fullar\u0131n detayl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi vurgulanmaktad\u0131r. I. \u0130mar Planlar\u0131n\u0131n Hukuki Niteli\u011fi ve Revizyonu \u0130mar plan\u0131, 3194 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130mar Kanunu ve di\u011fer ilgili mevzuatlar do\u011frultusunda belediyeler ve yetkili idari organlar taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek imar uygulamalar\u0131na dair ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgileri i\u00e7eren …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-73426","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n