T.C.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay<\/p>\n
18. Ceza Dairesi <\/p>\n
2018\/3616 E., 2019\/598 K.<\/p>\n
“\u0130\u00e7tihat Metni”<\/p>\n
KARAR<\/p>\n
Ki\u015finin hat\u0131ras\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7undan san\u0131k …’\u0131n, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu\u2019nun 130\/1, 62\/1 ve 52. maddeleri gere\u011fince 3.000,00 T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131 adl\u00ee para cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na, 5271 say\u0131l\u0131 Ceza Muhakemesi Kanunu’nun 231\/5. maddesi gere\u011fince h\u00fckm\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131n\u0131n geri b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131na dair K\u0131z\u0131ltepe 2. Asliye Ceza Mahkemesi’nin 28\/02\/2018 tarihli ve 2017\/719 esas, 2018\/290 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131n, Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kanun yarar\u0131na bozulmas\u0131n\u0131n istenilmesi \u00fczerine, Yarg\u0131tay Cumhuriyet Ba\u015fsavc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n, 10\/05\/2018 g\u00fcn ve 39556 say\u0131l\u0131 istem yaz\u0131s\u0131yla Dairemize g\u00f6nderilen dava dosyas\u0131 incelendi.<\/p>\n
\u0130stem yaz\u0131s\u0131nda; \u201c5237 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu’nun 216\/3. maddesinde yer alan, “Halk\u0131n bir kesiminin benimsedi\u011fi din\u00ee de\u011ferleri alenen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131layan ki\u015fi, fiilin kamu bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bozmaya elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, alt\u0131 aydan bir y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.” \u015feklindeki d\u00fczenleme kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, somut olayda san\u0131\u011f\u0131n facebook adl\u0131 sosyal payla\u015f\u0131m sitesindeki hesab\u0131nda, \u015fehit …’in foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yorumda, “Ne \u015fehittir ne gazi b… yoluna gitti niyazi” \u015feklinde ifadeler kullanmas\u0131 \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen eyleminin, an\u0131lan Kanun’un 216\/3. maddesindeki d\u00fczenlenen su\u00e7u olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmeden, yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde karar verilmesinde isabet g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.\u201d denilmektedir.<\/p>\n
Hukuksal De\u011ferlendirme:
\nSomut bir tehlike su\u00e7u olarak 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK’n\u0131n 216. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen ve kamu d\u00fczenini, toplum huzurunu\/bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 himaye eden, esas itibariyle nefret s\u00f6ylemini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmay\u0131 hedefleyen Halk\u0131 Kin ve D\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa Tahrik Etmek su\u00e7u; halk\u0131, sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f, \u0131rk, din, mezhep veya b\u00f6lge farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayanarak birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 kamu d\u00fczeni i\u00e7in tehlikeli olabilecek \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa veya kin beslemeye alenen tahrik edilmesini cezaland\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Mahiyeti ve yap\u0131s\u0131 itibariyle Anayasa’n\u0131n 26., A\u0130HS\u2019nin 10. maddeleri ile teminat alt\u0131na al\u0131nan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi a\u00e7\u0131klama ve yayma h\u00fcrriyeti ba\u011flam\u0131nda su\u00e7 tan\u0131m\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilen hassasiyetin uygulamada da g\u00f6zetilmesinde zaruret bulundu\u011fundan, kamu d\u00fczeni ve toplum huzurunu korumak gibi me\u015fru bir amaca y\u00f6neldi\u011finde ku\u015fku bulunmayan m\u00fcdahalenin, demokratik bir toplumda zorlay\u0131c\u0131 bir toplumsal ihtiya\u00e7tan kaynaklan\u0131p kaynaklanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve hakk\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne dokunmadan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc\/orant\u0131l\u0131 bir m\u00fcdahale olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olaysal olarak mahkemece de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Madde gerek\u00e7esinde de a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere; Su\u00e7u olu\u015fturan \u201ctahrik\u201d, soyut sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k ve reddin \u00f6tesinde, bir halk kesimine kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanca tav\u0131rlar g\u00f6sterilmesini sa\u011flamaya veya bu t\u00fcr tav\u0131rlar\u0131 peki\u015ftirmeye objektif olarak elveri\u015fli olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Fail subjektif olarak da bu amac\u0131 g\u00fctmeli, halk kesimini kin ve nefrete tahrik etmelidir. Bu kapsamda salt y\u00fcz \u00e7evirme, soyut bir red veya sayg\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k ifade eden bir davran\u0131\u015fta bulunma veya bu y\u00f6nde s\u00f6zler sarfetme, su\u00e7un ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yeterli de\u011fildir. Fiilin su\u00e7 te\u015fkil etmesi i\u00e7in bunlar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, a\u011f\u0131r ve yo\u011fun bir tarzda kin ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa tahrikin var olmas\u0131 gerekir. Di\u011fer bir tabirle etkili bir \u015fiddet \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 ya da nefret s\u00f6ylemi i\u00e7ermelidir. Failin fiili, adet ve \u015fah\u0131s olarak muayyen olmayan toplum kesimi \u00fczerinde kin ve nefret duygular\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumuna veya mevcut duygular\u0131n peki\u015fmesine etkide bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\nKin ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k; \u201chusumet beslenen konuya kar\u015f\u0131 tasarlayarak zarar vermeye, \u00f6\u00e7 almay\u0131 gerektirecek \u015fiddette nefret duymaya y\u00f6nelik hareketlerin zemini olu\u015fturan psikolojik bir hal\u201d olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanabilir, \u201ckin ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k\u201d ibaresinin anlam\u0131 da dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sadece \u201c\u015fiddet i\u00e7eren ya da \u015fiddet tavsiye eden tahrikler\u201d madde kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilebilecektir.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunun 216. maddesinde yer alan d\u00fczenleme, do\u011frudan ifadenin i\u00e7eri\u011fini hedefe alarak bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama \u00f6ng\u00f6rmemektedir. \u0130fadenin ileti\u015fimsel etkisinin muhataplar\u0131 \u00fczerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131lan etkiyi de\u011fil, somut vak\u0131ada kullan\u0131lan ifadenin yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu etkiyi dikkate almaktad\u0131r. Kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011finin bozulmas\u0131 tehlikesinin somut olgulara dayal\u0131 olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gereklidir. Bu tehlike, somut bir tehlikedir. Somut tehlikenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi belirlenirken failin s\u00f6z ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu tehlike neticesine bakmak gerekir. Hakim, kullan\u0131lan ifadeler dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu tehlikenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fini, dayanak ve noktalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek suretiyle belirleyecektir.<\/p>\n
TCK’n\u0131n 216\/3. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen su\u00e7un hareket unsuru; halk\u0131n bir kesiminin benimsedi\u011fi dini de\u011ferleri kamu bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bozmaya elveri\u015fli bi\u00e7imde alenen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamakt\u0131r. Buradaki dini de\u011ferlerden maksat, inan\u00e7 sistemi, dini b\u00fcy\u00fckler, ibadet yer ve \u015fekilleri gibi o inan\u0131\u015f\u0131 temsil eden ve inananlarca dini k\u0131ymet atfedilen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u015fey anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Madde metnindeki as\u0131l hareket unsuru dini de\u011ferleri a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamakt\u0131r. Doktrinde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lamak “de\u011fer vermemek, \u00f6nemsiz, anlams\u0131z, gereksiz ve yarars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek ki\u015filerdeki sayg\u0131 ve g\u00fcven duygular\u0131n\u0131 sarsmak” olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131laman\u0131n mutlaka alenen yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir, aleniyet su\u00e7un kurucu unsurudur. Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lama, 216\/3. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen su\u00e7u olu\u015fturmaz, bu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131laman\u0131n kamu bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bozmaya elveri\u015fli nitelikte olmas\u0131 gerekir. Kamu bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bozmaya elveri\u015fli olmaktan maksat ise, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lama fiilinin bireylerin ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131, bar\u0131\u015f esas\u0131na dayal\u0131 bir hukuk toplumunda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131na dair duyguyu zedelemesi veya zedeleme ihtimalinin somut bi\u00e7imde ortaya konmas\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi bu su\u00e7 bir tehlike su\u00e7u olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bahse konu eylemin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi ile, halk\u0131n dini de\u011ferlerinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 duygusuna kap\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir. Objektif olarak eylemin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 nitelikte olmas\u0131 yeterlidir. Ayr\u0131ca bu su\u00e7 somut bir tehlike su\u00e7u olarak kabul edilmelidir. Bu suretle hakim karar\u0131nda su\u00e7a konu eylemle ne \u015fekilde kamu bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bozulmaya elveri\u015fli oldu\u011funu tart\u0131\u015fmak durumundad\u0131r. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, dini de\u011ferlerin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmas\u0131 an\u0131lan su\u00e7u olu\u015fturmamaktad\u0131r, ayn\u0131 zamanda bu a\u015fa\u011f\u0131laman\u0131n kamu bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bozmaya elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131 da gerekir.<\/p>\n
Nitekim Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu’nun 29\/04\/2009 tarih, 2007\/8-244 Esas ve 2008\/92 Karar say\u0131l\u0131 ilam\u0131nda; “D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ilgili gerek uluslar aras\u0131 hukuk ve gerekse ulusal hukuk alan\u0131nda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeler bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
10 Aral\u0131k 1948 tarihli Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Evrensel Bildirgesinin 19. maddesi;
\n\u201cHerkesin fikir ve anlat\u0131m \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne hakk\u0131 vard\u0131r; bu hak, fikirlerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc rahats\u0131z edilmemek, \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 s\u00f6zkonusu olmaks\u0131z\u0131n bilgi ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri her yoldan aramak, almak ve yaymak \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kapsar\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc,<\/p>\n
16 Aral\u0131k 1966 tarihli Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler, Medeni ve Siyasi Haklara \u0130li\u015fkin Uluslararas\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019nin 19. maddesi;
\n\u201c1- Herkesin, s\u00f6z \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne hakk\u0131 vard\u0131r; bu hak gerek s\u00f6zl\u00fc, yaz\u0131l\u0131 ya da bas\u0131l\u0131 veya sanat eseri \u015feklinde, gerekse se\u00e7ilen di\u011fer herhangi bir yoldan, \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 s\u00f6zkonusu olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc haber ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi ara\u015ft\u0131rma, alma ve verme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7erir.\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc<\/p>\n
4 Aral\u0131k 1950 tarihli \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 ve Temel \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin Korunmas\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin 10. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131;
\n\u201cHerkes g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini a\u00e7\u0131klama ve anlat\u0131m \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahiptir. Bu hak, kanaat \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile kamu otoritelerinin m\u00fcdahalesi ve \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 s\u00f6zkonusu olmaks\u0131z\u0131n haber veya fikir alma ve verme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de i\u00e7erir.\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc
\n\u0130\u00e7ermekte,<\/p>\n
Bunun yan\u0131s\u0131ra;
\n21 Kas\u0131m 1990 tarihli Avrupa G\u00fcvenlik ve \u0130\u015fbirli\u011fi Konferans\u0131, Yeni Bir Avrupa i\u00e7in Paris \u015eart\u0131\u2019nda;
\n\u201c\u0130nsan haklar\u0131 ve temel h\u00fcrriyetler, t\u00fcm insanlar\u0131n do\u011fumlar\u0131yla birlikte iktisap ettikleri vazge\u00e7ilmez haklard\u0131r ve kanunlarla garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015flad\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve geli\u015ftirilmesi devletin ba\u015fta gelen g\u00f6revidir. Bunlara sayg\u0131, zorba bir devlete kar\u015f\u0131 as\u0131l g\u00fcvenceyi olu\u015fturur. Bunlara uyulmas\u0131 ve tam olarak uygulanmas\u0131 h\u00fcrriyetin, adaletin ve bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n temelidir.\u201d<\/p>\n
\u201c…Demokrasinin temelinde insana sayg\u0131 ve hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yatar. Demokrasi, ifade h\u00fcrriyetinin, toplumun her kesimine kar\u015f\u0131 ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn ve herkes i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat e\u015fitli\u011finin en iyi g\u00fcvencesidir.\u201d<\/p>\n
13 Ekim 2004 tarihli Avrupa \u0130\u00e7in Bir Anayasa Olu\u015fturan Antla\u015fma\u2019n\u0131n II-71. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131nda;
\n\u201cHerkes ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Bu hak, bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f sahibi olma ve haberlerle fikirleri, kamu yetkililerinin herhangi bir m\u00fcdahalesiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmadan ve s\u0131n\u0131rlardan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak alma ve bildirme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini de i\u00e7ine al\u0131r.\u201d
\nkurallar\u0131 yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Anayasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesi;
\n\u201cTemel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetler, \u00f6zlerine dokunulmaks\u0131z\u0131n yaln\u0131zca Anayasa’n\u0131n ilgili maddelerinde belirtilen sebeplere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ve ancak kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, Anayasan\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne ve ruhuna, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin ve l\u00e2ik Cumhuriyetin gereklerine ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamaz\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc<\/p>\n
14. Maddesi;
\n\u201cAnayasada yer alan hak ve h\u00fcrriyetlerden hi\u00e7biri, Devletin \u00fclkesi ve milletiyle b\u00f6l\u00fcnmez b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bozmay\u0131 ve insan haklar\u0131na dayanan demokratik ve l\u00e2ik Cumhuriyeti ortadan kald\u0131rmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan faaliyetler bi\u00e7iminde kullan\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n
Anayasa h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinden hi\u00e7biri, Devlete veya ki\u015filere, Anayasayla tan\u0131nan temel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetlerin yok edilmesini veya Anayasada belirtilenden daha geni\u015f \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bir faaliyette bulunmay\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lacak \u015fekilde yorumlanamaz.<\/p>\n
Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlere ayk\u0131r\u0131 faaliyette bulunanlar hakk\u0131nda uygulanacak m\u00fceyyideler, kanunla d\u00fczenlenir.\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc
\n25. maddesi;
\n\u201cHerkes, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve kanaat h\u00fcrriyetine sahiptir.\u201d
\n\u201cHer ne sebep ve ama\u00e7la olursa olsun kimse, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve kanaatlerini a\u00e7\u0131klamaya zorlanamaz; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve kanaatleri sebebiyle k\u0131nanamaz ve su\u00e7lanamaz.\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc<\/p>\n
26. Maddesi ise,
\n\u201cHerkes, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve kanaatlerini s\u00f6z, yaz\u0131, resim veya ba\u015fka yollarla tek ba\u015f\u0131na veya toplu olarak a\u00e7\u0131klama ve yayma hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Bu h\u00fcrriyet resmi makamlar\u0131n m\u00fcdahalesi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n haber veya fikir almak ya da vermek serbestli\u011fini de kapsar. Bu fikra h\u00fckm\u00fc, radyo, televizyon, sinema veya benzeri yollarla yap\u0131lan yay\u0131mlar\u0131n izin sistemine ba\u011flanmas\u0131na engel de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Bu h\u00fcrriyetlerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131, mill\u00ee g\u00fcvenlik, kamu d\u00fczeni, kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fi, Cumhuriyetin temel nitelikleri ve Devletin \u00fclkesi ve milleti ile b\u00f6l\u00fcnmez b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn korunmas\u0131, su\u00e7lar\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi, su\u00e7lular\u0131n cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, Devlet s\u0131rr\u0131 olarak usul\u00fcnce belirtilmi\u015f bilgilerin a\u00e7\u0131klanmamas\u0131, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n \u015f\u00f6hret veya haklar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6zel ve aile hayatlar\u0131n\u0131n yahut kanunun \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc meslek s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 veya yarg\u0131lama g\u00f6revinin gere\u011fine uygun olarak yerine getirilmesi ama\u00e7lar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir.<\/p>\n
Haber ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri yayma ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenleyici h\u00fck\u00fcmler, bunlar\u0131n yay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 engellememek kayd\u0131yla, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi a\u00e7\u0131klama ve yayma h\u00fcrriyetinin s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 say\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n
D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi a\u00e7\u0131klama ve yayma h\u00fcrriyetinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131nda uygulanacak \u015fekil, \u015fart ve usuller kanunla d\u00fczenlenir.\u201dh\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.
\nA\u00e7\u0131klanan normlar birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde; \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin demokratik bir toplumda, zorunlu tedbirler niteli\u011finde olarak, ulusal g\u00fcvenlik, toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve d\u00fczeninin korunmas\u0131, su\u00e7 i\u015flenmesinin \u00f6nlenmesi, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n veya ahl\u00e2k\u0131n, ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n \u015f\u00f6hret ve haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, gizli kalmas\u0131 gereken haberlerin yay\u0131lmas\u0131na engel olunmas\u0131 veya yarg\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn otorite veya tarafs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yasayla \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen baz\u0131 bi\u00e7im ko\u015fullar\u0131na, s\u0131n\u0131rlama ve yapt\u0131r\u0131mlara tabii tutulaca\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi a\u00e7\u0131klama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemelerin olabildi\u011fince dar yorumlanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rma i\u00e7in, \u00f6nemli bir toplumsal gereksinim veya zorunlulu\u011fun bulunmas\u0131, bu s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rman\u0131n me\u015fru bir amac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lmas\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmada asla a\u015f\u0131r\u0131ya gidilmemesi ve her hal ve ko\u015fulda s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rman\u0131n bireysel ve toplumsal geli\u015fimi zedelemeyecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde olmas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc genel ve yo\u011fun bir kabul g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Bu ba\u011flamda; g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc demokrasilerinde, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gittik\u00e7e daralt\u0131lan k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, geni\u015f bir yelpazeyle korunmakta ve an\u0131lan \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklardan bireyler ve toplumlar en geni\u015f \u015fekilde yararland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ne var ki;<\/p>\n
\u0130ftira, k\u00fcf\u00fcr, onur, \u015feref ve sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 zedeleyici s\u00f6z ve beyanlar, m\u00fcstehcen i\u00e7erikli s\u00f6z, yaz\u0131, resim ve a\u00e7\u0131klamalar, sava\u015f k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131, hukuk d\u00fczenini zor ve cebir yoluyla de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye y\u00f6nelen, farkl\u0131l\u0131klar aras\u0131nda nefret, ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k, kavga, d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k ve \u015fiddet yaratmaya y\u00f6nelik bulunan beyan, ifade ve eylemler ise d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ba\u011flam\u0131nda hukuki koruma g\u00f6rmemekte, su\u00e7 say\u0131lmak suretiyle cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131mlara ba\u011flanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B) D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi a\u00e7\u0131klama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan; 765 say\u0131l\u0131 TCY’n\u0131n 312 ve 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCY’n\u0131n 216. maddelerinin de\u011ferlendirilmesi;<\/p>\n
Halk\u0131 kin ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa tahrik su\u00e7u olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan TCY’n\u0131n 312\/2. maddesindeki su\u00e7 d\u00fczenlemesi ;<\/p>\n
Resmi Ceridede yay\u0131mlanan ilk metinde;
\n\u201c… cemiyetin muhtelif s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131 umumun emniyeti i\u00e7in tehlikeli bir tarzda kin ve adavete tahrik eyleyen kimse\u2026..mahk\u00fbm olur.\u201d \u015feklinde iken,<\/p>\n
09\/07\/1953 g\u00fcn ve 6123 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasa ile;
\n\u201c\u2026cemiyetin muhtelif s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131n\u0131 umumun emniyeti i\u00e7in tehlikeli bir tarzda kin ve adavete tahrik eyleyen kimse\u2026..mahk\u00fbm olur.
\nYukar\u0131 ki f\u0131krada yaz\u0131l\u0131 su\u00e7lar\u0131 ne\u015fir yolu ile i\u015fliyenlere verilecek ceza bir misli artt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.\u201d bi\u00e7iminde de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f,<\/p>\n
07\/01\/1981 g\u00fcn ve 2370 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasan\u0131n 13. maddesiyle;
\n\u201c\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026\u2026.
\nHalk\u0131; s\u0131n\u0131f, \u0131rk, din, mezhep veya b\u00f6lge farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zeterek kin ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tahrik eden kimse\u2026\u2026.cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Bu tahrik umumun emniyeti i\u00e7in tehlikeli olabilecek \u015fekilde yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde faile verilecek ceza \u00fc\u00e7te birden yar\u0131ya kadar artt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.
\nYukar\u0131daki f\u0131kralarda yaz\u0131l\u0131 su\u00e7lar\u0131 311 nci maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda say\u0131lan vas\u0131talarla i\u015fleyenlere verilecek cezalar bir misli artt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.\u201d \u015feklinde yeni bir de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe u\u011fram\u0131\u015f,<\/p>\n
06\/02\/2002 g\u00fcn ve 4744 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasa ile de;
\nSosyal s\u0131n\u0131f, \u0131rk, din, mezhep veya b\u00f6lge farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayanarak, halk\u0131 birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 kamu d\u00fczeni i\u00e7in tehlikeli olabilecek bir \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa veya kin beslemeye alenen tahrik eden kimseye bir y\u0131ldan \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 verilir.<\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131daki f\u0131kralarda yaz\u0131l\u0131 su\u00e7lar 311 inci maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda belirtilen ara\u00e7lar veya \u015fekillerle i\u015flendi\u011finde verilecek cezalar bir kat\u0131 oran\u0131nda art\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.\u201d bi\u00e7iminde de\u011fi\u015ftirilmek suretiyle inceleme konusu su\u00e7 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
An\u0131lan normun de\u011fi\u015fim s\u00fcreci bu d\u00fczenlemeyle de sona ermemi\u015f;<\/p>\n
01\/06\/2005 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasa’n\u0131n 216. maddesinde ise;<\/p>\n
\u201cHalk\u0131 kin ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa tahrik veya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lama\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile;<\/p>\n
\u201c(1) Halk\u0131n sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f, \u0131rk, din, mezhep veya b\u00f6lge bak\u0131m\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklere sahip bir kesimini, di\u011fer bir kesimi aleyhine kin ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa alenen tahrik eden kimse, bu nedenle kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k ve yak\u0131n bir tehlikenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 halinde, bir y\u0131ldan \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
(2) Halk\u0131n bir kesimini, sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f, \u0131rk, din, mezhep, cinsiyet veya b\u00f6lge farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayanarak alenen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131layan ki\u015fi, alt\u0131 aydan bir y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
(3) Halk\u0131n bir kesiminin benimsedi\u011fi din\u00ee de\u011ferleri alenen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131layan ki\u015fi, fiilin kamu bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bozmaya elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, alt\u0131 aydan bir y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.\u201d bi\u00e7iminde yeni bir d\u00fczenleme g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
An\u0131lan bu yasa h\u00fck\u00fcmleri de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, Ceza Genel Kurulu kararlar\u0131nda da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere;<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk Ceza Yasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 312. maddesinin 2. f\u0131kras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen su\u00e7un olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle su\u00e7un korudu\u011fu hukuksal de\u011ferin, kamu d\u00fczeni oldu\u011fu belirtilmelidir. Nitekim 765 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Yasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Be\u015finci Bab\u0131 \u201cAmmenin Nizam\u0131 Aleyhine \u0130\u015flenen C\u00fcr\u00fcmler\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.
\nT\u00fcrk Ceza Yasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 312. maddesinde 4744 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasa ile yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikle esasen Be\u015finci Babda olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n kamu d\u00fczeni kavram\u0131 madde metnine konulmakla norm, i\u00e7tihatlar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda soyut tehlikeyi de\u011fil somut tehlikeyi cezaland\u0131r\u0131r hale d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle korunan hukuksal de\u011fer, somut tehlike ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalmal\u0131d\u0131r. Gerek\u00e7ede de ifade edildi\u011fi \u00fczere, \u201ctehlike su\u00e7lar\u0131, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan etraf\u0131nda duraksamalara, yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmalara elveri\u015fli bir alan yarat\u0131rlar. Bu bak\u0131mdan demokratik hukuk d\u00fczenlerinde, tehlike su\u00e7u yaratmaktan olabildi\u011fince sak\u0131n\u0131l\u0131r, ancak, teknolojinin insan ya\u015fam\u0131na bu derecede egemen oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemde bireyler, tehlikelerle \u00e7evrilmi\u015f olarak ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in tehlike su\u00e7lar\u0131na yer vermek zorunlu olmaktad\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
4744 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasa ile 312. maddede de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131l\u0131rken, gerek\u00e7ede; \u201c\u00e7a\u011fda\u015f demokratik ceza hukuku \u015fu yolu veya stratejiyi uygulamaktad\u0131r; soyut (m\u00fccerret) tehlikeyi de\u011fil, somut tehlikeyi su\u00e7 haline getirmek, somut tehlike su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek ve de\u011fi\u015fik maksatlarla yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131, ger\u00e7ek unsurlar\u0131 itibariyle belirlenmi\u015f bir tehlikeyi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmalar\u0131 halinde cezaland\u0131rmak, yani zorunluluk hallerinde tahriki cezaland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in bunun somut bir tehlikeye meydan verecek nitelikte olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na bakmak. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi’nin geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc ile \u2018a\u00e7\u0131k ve mevcut tehlike\u2019… kavram\u0131na da uygundur.\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na yer verildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
5237 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Yasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Be\u015finci B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da \u201cKamu Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131na Kar\u015f\u0131 Su\u00e7lar\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131makta, \u201cHalk\u0131 kin ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa tahrik veya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lama\u201d su\u00e7u da bu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn i\u00e7inde, 216. maddede yer almaktad\u0131r. 765 say\u0131l\u0131 TCY.n\u0131n 312. maddesini de\u011fi\u015ftiren 4744 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasan\u0131n gerek\u00e7esi, bir bak\u0131ma 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasa ile kabul edilen T\u00fcrk Ceza Yasas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 216. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131nda, \u201ch\u00fck\u00fcm\u201d haline gelmi\u015ftir. Ger\u00e7ekten de, gerek\u00e7ede kullan\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131k ve mevcut tehlike kavram\u0131 norm alan\u0131na girmi\u015f, kamu d\u00fczeni ise, kapsam\u0131 daralt\u0131larak -kamu sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7erir tarzda- kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fi olarak maddede yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, Amerikan Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi’nin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k ve mevcut tehlike kriteri yeni d\u00fczenlemede, \u00f6nceki h\u00fckm\u00fcn gerek\u00e7esinden farkl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde, a\u00e7\u0131k ve yak\u0131n tehlike kavram\u0131 olarak benimsenmi\u015f; yasama organ\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerle \u201cmevcut\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn konulmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6nerge kabul edilmemek suretiyle a\u00e7\u0131k ve yak\u0131n tehlike ile a\u00e7\u0131k ve mevcut tehlike kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim d\u00fczenleme ile de\u011fi\u015fiklik \u00f6nergesi kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve a\u00e7\u0131klama yap\u0131l\u0131rken, \u201cyak\u0131n\u201d ve \u201cmevcut\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin ayn\u0131 anlama geldi\u011finin belirtilmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, \u201cZaten tehlike mevcutsa, su\u00e7 te\u015fekk\u00fcl etmi\u015f demektir\u201d denilerek somuta indirgendi\u011finde dolayl\u0131 olarak farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa i\u015faret edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCY’n\u0131n 216. maddesinin gerek\u00e7esinde; \u201cF\u0131kra metninde; fiilin kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fini tehlikeye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrecek bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131lmas\u0131 arand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, su\u00e7; soyut tehlike su\u00e7u olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, somut tehlike su\u00e7u h\u00e2line getirilmi\u015ftir. Bu suretle, \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f hukuktaki soyut tehlike su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 azaltma y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki e\u011filim dikkate al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f, temel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetlerin kullan\u0131m alan\u0131 geni\u015fletilmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00fczenleme sayesinde “kin ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k” ibaresinin anlam\u0131 da dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda sadece “\u015fiddet i\u00e7eren ya da \u015fiddeti tavsiye eden tahrikler” madde kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilebilecektir.
\nS\u00f6z konusu su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011finin bozulmas\u0131 tehlikesinin somut olgulara dayal\u0131 olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gereklidir. Bu tehlike, somut bir tehlikedir. Bu somut tehlikenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fini belirlerken failin s\u00f6z ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n neden oldu\u011fu tehlike neticesinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi gerekir. H\u00e2kim, kullan\u0131lan ifadeler dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu tehlikenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fip ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fini, dayanak noktalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek suretiyle belirleyecektir. Bu kapsamda, ki\u015finin s\u00f6z ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fini bozma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yak\u0131n bir tehlike olu\u015fturdu\u011funun tespit edilmesi gerekir. Ki\u015finin s\u00f6z ve davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n, halk\u0131n bir kesimi \u00fczerinde tahrik konusu fiillerin i\u015flenece\u011fi hususunda duyulan endi\u015feyi hakl\u0131 k\u0131lacak bir etki olu\u015fturmas\u0131 gerekir. \u0130fade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile bu tip tehlike su\u00e7lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda “a\u00e7\u0131k ve mevcut tehlike” kriterinin var olmas\u0131 gerekir. Buna g\u00f6re, yap\u0131lan konu\u015fma veya \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler toplum a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k ve mevcut bir tehlike olu\u015fturdu\u011fu takdirde yasaklanabilmekte, keza b\u00f6yle bir tehlikenin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 somut olarak, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a tespit edilmedik\u00e7e s\u00f6z konusu su\u00e7tan dolay\u0131 cezaland\u0131rma yoluna gidilemez.\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na yer verilmi\u015ftir.
\n216. maddenin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131 TBMM Genel Kurulu’nda verilen bir \u00f6nerge ile de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f olup, de\u011fi\u015fiklik gerek\u00e7esi de; \u201c\u00dclkemizde ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn geni\u015fletilmesi s\u00fcreci ve Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi’nin kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutularak, madde metnine, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kapsam\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek amac\u0131yla “a\u00e7\u0131k ve yak\u0131n tehlike” ko\u015fulu eklenmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re, s\u00f6z konusu su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in i\u015flenen fiil nedeniyle kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k ve yak\u0131n tehlikenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 gerekir. A\u00e7\u0131k ve yak\u0131n tehlikenin belirlenmesinde h\u00e2kimin, b\u00f6yle bir durumun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair somut olgular\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin dayanak noktalar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmesi ve karar\u0131nda g\u00f6stermesi zorunludur.\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
A\u00e7\u0131k ve mevcut tehlike \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde, a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k, tehlikenin, ku\u015fkuya meydan vermeyecek \u015fekilde ortada \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131; yak\u0131nl\u0131k ise, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan kelimelerin somut tehlike yani zarar yaratma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na yak\u0131n olmas\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir. Zarar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k ve do\u011frudan bir tehdit i\u00e7erip i\u00e7ermedi\u011fi de her somut olayda ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 denetlenmelidir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6te yandan, gerek 765 say\u0131l\u0131 TCY’n\u0131n 312. maddesinin gerekse 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCY’n\u0131n 216. maddesinin yorumlanmas\u0131nda, Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi (A\u0130HM) kararlar\u0131n\u0131n da g\u00f6zetilmesi gerekmektedir. \u00d6\u011fretide de A\u0130HM kararlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6zetilmesi gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc benimsenmektedir.<\/p>\n
A\u0130HM’n\u0131n, \u0130HAS’n\u0131n 10. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile ilgili kararlar\u0131nda, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fullar;<\/p>\n
a- Yasal bir d\u00fczenleme bulunmas\u0131,<\/p>\n
b- S\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n me\u015fru bir ama\u00e7la yap\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n
c- S\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n demokratik bir toplum i\u00e7in gerekli olmas\u0131,<\/p>\n
d- Yasall\u0131k ilkesine uygun olarak verilen cezan\u0131n, g\u00fcd\u00fclen me\u015fru ama\u00e7la orant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131, \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n
A\u0130HM kararlar\u0131nda, bu ko\u015fullar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olaysal de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmakta, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi a\u00e7\u0131klama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn as\u0131l, k\u0131s\u0131tlaman\u0131n istisna oldu\u011fu ortaya konarak, \u201c\u015fiddet i\u00e7ermeyen ya da \u015fiddeti tavsiye etmeyen\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n hukukun koruma alan\u0131nda oldu\u011funa i\u015faret olunmakta, hatta bu koruman\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131, \u015fok edici veya rahats\u0131z edici kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere bile tahamm\u00fcl\u00fc gerektirdi\u011fi vurgulanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Nitekim bu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct, Ba\u015fkaya ve Ok\u00e7uo\u011flu\/T\u00fcrkiye, Erdo\u011fdu\/T\u00fcrkiye ve G\u00fcnd\u00fcz\/T\u00fcrkiye kararlar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya konmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda 765 say\u0131l\u0131 TCY’n\u0131n 312. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in; Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu’nun emsal kararlar\u0131nda da i\u015faret olundu\u011fu \u00fczere;<\/p>\n
1- Eylemin aleni yap\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n
2- K\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtman\u0131n; sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f, \u0131rk, din, mezhep veya b\u00f6lge farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131ndan en az birine dayan\u0131larak ve bu kesimleri kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getirmek amac\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi,<\/p>\n
3- \u201cSu\u00e7 ve ceza da yasall\u0131k ilkesi\u201d nedeniyle ayn\u0131 sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f, ayn\u0131 \u0131rk, ayn\u0131 din, ayn\u0131 mezhep ya da ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgeye mensup olup da farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f veya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceye sahip olanlar\u0131n yek di\u011ferine kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde an\u0131lan su\u00e7un olu\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tam bir netlikle bilinmesi ve g\u00f6zetilmesi,<\/p>\n
4- K\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtman\u0131n, an\u0131lan farkl\u0131 halk topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa veya kin beslemeye sevk etmesi ve fakat bu halin \u201ckamu d\u00fczeni\u201d i\u00e7in tehlikeli olabilecek bir \u015fekilde ve sonucu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye yetecek d\u00fczey ve etkinlikte olmas\u0131, A\u0130HM’n\u0131n ve Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu ile 8. Ceza Dairesi’nin bir\u00e7ok karar\u0131na isabetle yans\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtman\u0131n \u015fiddet \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermesi ve bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131n\u0131n etkin d\u00fczeyde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi,<\/p>\n
5- 4744 say\u0131l\u0131 Yasa gerek\u00e7esinde de a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, tan\u0131mlanan tehlikenin soyut olmay\u0131p somut ve yak\u0131n tehlike oldu\u011funun kitlelerdeki yorum, etkile\u015fim ve hareketler de izlenerek de\u011ferlendirmeye t\u00e2bi tutulmas\u0131,<\/p>\n
6- Ne var ki, ilk bak\u0131\u015fta a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a saptanamasa dahi, muhatab\u0131 kitlenin alg\u0131layabilece\u011fi maharetli bir gizlilik alt\u0131nda yap\u0131lan d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa veya kin beslemeye elveri\u015fli \u015fiddet \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, yak\u0131n tehlike yarat\u0131p kamu d\u00fczenini tehlikeye sokacak somutlu\u011fa ula\u015fmas\u0131 hallerinde, su\u00e7un olu\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilmesi,<\/p>\n
7- Tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterlilik arzetmeyen ancak, \u00f6nceden veya sonradan yap\u0131lanlarla birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde ayn\u0131 okuyucu veya dinleyici kitlesine hitap ediyor olu\u015fu nedeniyle, kitlelerde kin ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k birikimi yarataca\u011f\u0131nda ku\u015fku bulunmayan eylemlerin, an\u0131lan su\u00e7u olu\u015fturabilece\u011finin, ancak bunun i\u00e7in, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn par\u00e7alar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlere konu edilmeyerek toplu \u015fekilde yarg\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekli olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bilinmesi,<\/p>\n
8- \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen su\u00e7 unsurlar\u0131ndan herhangi birinin eksikli\u011fi veya yeterlik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn bulunmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 durumunda tan\u0131mlanan c\u00fcrm\u00fcn olu\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n
9- Ceza Yasas\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131nda, geni\u015fletilen ve k\u0131yas d\u00fczeyine varan yorumlarla su\u00e7un varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na h\u00fckmedilemeyece\u011fi, bu itibarla yasal s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131kla belirlenen farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 tahrike y\u00f6nelmeyen, \u015fiddet \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermeyen, somut ve yak\u0131n tehlike d\u00fczeyine de ula\u015fmam\u0131\u015f k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalara, dolayl\u0131 ve zorlay\u0131c\u0131 soyutlukla an\u0131lan unsurlar\u0131 yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak, TCY’n\u0131n 312\/2. maddesindeki su\u00e7un olu\u015ftu\u011funu kabullenmenin olanakl\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ceza yarg\u0131s\u0131nda k\u0131yas yoluyla su\u00e7 olu\u015fturman\u0131n kabul edilemeyece\u011finin asla g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemesi gerekti\u011fi,<\/p>\n
10- \u201cKu\u015fkunun lehe yorumlanaca\u011f\u0131\u201d temel ilkesi gere\u011fi; aleniyetin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, tahrikin yasada a\u00e7\u0131klanan farkl\u0131la\u015fmalara dayal\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, an\u0131lan farkl\u0131l\u0131klara dayal\u0131 halk kesimlerinin birbirine kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa veya kin beslemeye sevk edilip edilmedi\u011finde ya da sevk ediliyorsa eylemin bu sonucu yaratmaya yeterli bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u201cfarkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n birlikteli\u011fine dayal\u0131 kamu d\u00fczeni\u201dni bozabilecek etkinli\u011fe ula\u015f\u0131p ula\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, soyutluktan kurtulup somut ve yak\u0131n bir tehlike haline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmedi\u011finde ve nihayet \u015fiddet \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ku\u015fku hali do\u011fdu\u011funda; \u00f6ncelikle bu ku\u015fkunun a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011finin ve a\u015f\u0131lam\u0131yorsa, yorumun san\u0131k yarar\u0131na olmas\u0131 ve ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn geni\u015fletilmesi do\u011frultusunda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 icap edece\u011finin g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmas\u0131,<\/p>\n
Zorunluluk arz etmekte, ceza yarg\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 her olay\u0131 bu ilkeler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirmesi gere\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r.
\nBu ilkelerin, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCY’n\u0131n 216\/1. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen su\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Ancak, 765 say\u0131l\u0131 TCY’n\u0131n 312. maddesinde \u201ckamu d\u00fczeni\u201d korunurken, 216\/1. maddede \u201ckamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fi\u201dnin korunaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nmal\u0131 bunun da \u00f6ncekine nazaran daha dar bir alan\u0131 kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmelidir.” \u015feklinde halk\u0131 kin ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa tahrik veya a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lama su\u00e7uyla ilgili \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda somut olay de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde; san\u0131\u011f\u0131n facebook adl\u0131 sosyal payla\u015f\u0131m sitesindeki hesab\u0131nda, \u015fehit \u00d6mer Halisdemir’in foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yorumda, “Ne \u015fehittir ne gazi b… yoluna gitti niyazi” \u015feklinde ifadeler kullanmas\u0131 \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen eyleminin, b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc nazara al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6z\u00fc itibariyle etkili bir \u015fiddet \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131 ya da nefret s\u00f6ylemi i\u00e7ermemesi, kamu bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bozmaya elveri\u015fli oldu\u011funa dair bir hususa rastlan\u0131lmamas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda; san\u0131\u011f\u0131n eyleminin TCK’n\u0131n 216\/3. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen su\u00e7un unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, kanun yarar\u0131na bozma talebinin reddine karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7 ve Karar:<\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle;<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay Cumhuriyet Ba\u015fsavc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n d\u00fczenledi\u011fi tebli\u011fnamedeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yerinde g\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011finden, CMK’n\u0131n 309. maddesi ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mayan KANUN YARARINA BOZMA \u0130STE\u011e\u0130N\u0130N REDD\u0130NE, 08\/01\/2019 tarihinde oy birli\u011fiyle karar verildi.<\/p>\n
\u200bYarg\u0131tay 18. Ceza Dairesi’nin 08.01.2019 tarihli ve 2018\/3616 E., 2019\/598 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
T.C. Yarg\u0131tay 18. Ceza Dairesi 2018\/3616 E., 2019\/598 K. “\u0130\u00e7tihat Metni” KARAR Ki\u015finin hat\u0131ras\u0131na hakaret su\u00e7undan san\u0131k …’\u0131n, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu\u2019nun 130\/1, 62\/1 ve 52. maddeleri gere\u011fince 3.000,00 T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131 adl\u00ee para cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na, 5271 say\u0131l\u0131 Ceza Muhakemesi Kanunu’nun 231\/5. maddesi gere\u011fince h\u00fckm\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131n\u0131n geri b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131na dair K\u0131z\u0131ltepe 2. Asliye Ceza Mahkemesi’nin 28\/02\/2018 tarihli ve 2017\/719 esas, 2018\/290 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131n\u0131n, Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kanun yarar\u0131na bozulmas\u0131n\u0131n istenilmesi \u00fczerine, Yarg\u0131tay Cumhuriyet Ba\u015fsavc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n, 10\/05\/2018 g\u00fcn ve 39556 say\u0131l\u0131 istem yaz\u0131s\u0131yla Dairemize g\u00f6nderilen dava dosyas\u0131 incelendi. \u0130stem yaz\u0131s\u0131nda; \u201c5237 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu’nun 216\/3. maddesinde yer alan, “Halk\u0131n bir kesiminin benimsedi\u011fi din\u00ee de\u011ferleri alenen a\u015fa\u011f\u0131layan ki\u015fi, fiilin kamu bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 bozmaya elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, alt\u0131 aydan bir y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.” \u015feklindeki d\u00fczenleme kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, somut olayda san\u0131\u011f\u0131n facebook adl\u0131 sosyal payla\u015f\u0131m sitesindeki hesab\u0131nda, \u015fehit …’in foto\u011fraf\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yorumda, “Ne \u015fehittir ne gazi b… yoluna gitti niyazi” \u015feklinde ifadeler kullanmas\u0131 \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen eyleminin, an\u0131lan Kanun’un 216\/3. maddesindeki d\u00fczenlenen su\u00e7u olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmeden, yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde karar verilmesinde isabet g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.\u201d denilmektedir. Hukuksal De\u011ferlendirme: Somut bir tehlike su\u00e7u olarak 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK’n\u0131n 216. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen ve kamu d\u00fczenini, toplum huzurunu\/bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 himaye eden, esas itibariyle nefret s\u00f6ylemini s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmay\u0131 hedefleyen Halk\u0131 Kin ve D\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011fa Tahrik …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-71790","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n