\u0130tiraz Konusu Kural<\/p>\n
\u0130tiraz konusu kural\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 f\u0131kran\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinde; uygulama imar planlar\u0131nda umumi hizmetlere ve resm\u00ee kurumlara ayr\u0131lmak suretiyle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne dokunacak \u015fekilde tasarrufu hukuken k\u0131s\u0131tlanan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar hakk\u0131nda, uygulama imar planlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesinden itibaren be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde imar programlar\u0131n\u0131n veya imar uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00e7e imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 d\u00e2hilinde bu ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n ilgili idarelerce kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 veya her h\u00e2lde m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131na engel te\u015fkil edecek k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131racak \u015fekilde imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 veya yapt\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. \u0130tiraz konusu kuralda ise birinci c\u00fcmlede a\u00e7\u0131klanan i\u015flemlerin yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n malikleri taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 bedele ili\u015fkin olarak sorumlu idare aleyhine adli yarg\u0131da dava a\u00e7\u0131labilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvuru Gerek\u00e7esi<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; itiraz konusu kuralla m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 bedele ili\u015fkin davalar\u0131n adli yarg\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, imar planlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n idari i\u015flem niteli\u011finde oldu\u011fu, bu itibarla s\u00f6z konusu davalarda idari yarg\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6revli olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtilerek kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Mahkemenin De\u011ferlendirmesi<\/p>\n
Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 46. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda kamula\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmesi \u015fart\u0131yla kullan\u0131labilecek bir yetki oldu\u011fu h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmesi malikler lehine \u00f6zel bir g\u00fcvence niteli\u011finde olup ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesinin de bir gere\u011fidir.<\/p>\n
Kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atman\u0131n bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc olan hukuki el atma durumunda mevzuatta \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde idarece kamula\u015ft\u0131rma veya k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131racak \u015fekilde imar i\u015flemlerinin yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 h\u00e2li ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atma sebebiyle mahkemelerce ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n de\u011ferine ili\u015fkin olarak h\u00fckmedilen bedel hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan durumun telafi edilmesi suretiyle tasfiyesini ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan yaln\u0131zca mahkemelerce kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atma sebebiyle bedele h\u00fckmedilmesi de\u011fil h\u00fckmedilecek bedelin bir an evvel hak sahiplerine \u00f6denmesi de hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 durumun ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n bir gere\u011fidir.<\/p>\n
\u0130tiraz konusu kuralda ise kamula\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemlerine ili\u015fkin ola\u011fan hukuki s\u00fcre\u00e7 tersine \u00e7evrilerek dava a\u00e7ma k\u00fclfeti ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131na kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el at\u0131lan malike y\u00fcklenmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca mahkeme kararlar\u0131yla h\u00fckmedilen ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n pe\u015fin \u00f6denmesi \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n yerine getirilmesi sa\u011flanmadan ta\u015f\u0131nmaz malikine ait tapu kayd\u0131n\u0131n iptali ile daval\u0131 idare ad\u0131na tesciline karar verilmesi h\u00e2linde ger\u00e7ek anlamda bir telafiden veya tasfiyeden bahsedilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayacakt\u0131r. Zira Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 46. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131 -an\u0131lan maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda belirtilen istisnai durumlar hari\u00e7- ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 pe\u015fin \u00f6denmedik\u00e7e ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na, di\u011fer bir ifadeyle idare ad\u0131na tesciline imk\u00e2n tan\u0131mamaktad\u0131r. H\u00fckmedilen bedelin malike \u00f6denmesi sa\u011flanmadan ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n idare ad\u0131na tescil edilmesini \u00f6nleyen herhangi bir g\u00fcvence getirilmeden tasfiye ama\u00e7l\u0131 d\u00fczenlemenin Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 46. maddesindeki gereklilikleri kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
Bu itibarla kural\u0131n, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayk\u0131r\u0131 olan kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atma uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 ola\u011fanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p hukukile\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atmay\u0131, kamula\u015ft\u0131rmaya alternatif olarak ba\u015fvurulabilecek bir hukuksal ara\u00e7 olarak kabul etti\u011fi izlenimi olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Oysa idareyi Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 46. maddesinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u015fekliyle kamula\u015ft\u0131rma yapma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden kurtaracak herhangi bir usul Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla imar planlar\u0131nda umumi hizmetlere ayr\u0131lan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlara ili\u015fkin olarak idarelere, kamula\u015ft\u0131rma yapmak yerine kamula\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in Anayasa\u2019da belirtilen ilkelere ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131 elde etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 tan\u0131yan kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcyle ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Anayasa Mahkemesi a\u00e7\u0131klanan gerek\u00e7elerle kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa ve iptaline karar vermi\u015ftir.\u00a0<\/p>\n
Anayasa Mahkemesi’nin 16\/1\/2025 tarihli, 2024\/135 esas – 2025\/20 karar say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131:<\/p>\n
ANAYASA MAHKEMES\u0130 KARARI <\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
Esas Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2024\/135<\/p>\n
Karar Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2025\/20<\/p>\n
Karar Tarihi : 16\/1\/2025<\/p>\n
R.G.Tarih-Say\u0131 : 30\/4\/2025-32886<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u0130T\u0130RAZ YOLUNA BA\u015eVURAN: \u0130stanbul 3. Asliye Hukuk Mahkemesi <\/p>\n
\u0130T\u0130RAZIN KONUSU: 4\/11\/1983 tarihli ve 2942 say\u0131l\u0131 Kamula\u015ft\u0131rma Kanunu\u2019na 20\/8\/2016 tarihli ve 6745 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 33. maddesiyle eklenen ek 1. maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131na 16\/11\/2022 tarihli ve 7421 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 3. maddesiyle eklenen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc c\u00fcmlenin Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 125. maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek iptaline karar verilmesi talebidir.<\/p>\n
OLAY: Davac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131na kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z olarak el at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131lan tazminat davas\u0131nda itiraz konusu kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varan Mahkeme, iptali i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
I. \u0130PTAL\u0130 \u0130STENEN KANUN H\u00dcKM\u00dc<\/p>\n
Kanun\u2019un itiraz konusu kural\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ek 1. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u201cEk Madde 1- (Ek: 20\/8\/2016-6745\/33 md.)<\/p>\n
Uygulama imar planlar\u0131nda umumi hizmetlere ve resm\u00ee kurumlara ayr\u0131lmak suretiyle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne dokunacak \u015fekilde tasarrufu hukuken k\u0131s\u0131tlanan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar hakk\u0131nda, uygulama imar planlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesinden itibaren be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde imar programlar\u0131 veya imar uygulamalar\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131r ve b\u00fct\u00e7e imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 d\u00e2hilinde bu ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar ilgili idarelerce kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r veya her h\u00e2lde m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131na engel te\u015fkil edecek k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131racak \u015fekilde imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi yap\u0131l\u0131r\/yapt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. (\u0130ptal: Anayasa Mahkemesinin 20\/12\/2018 tarihli ve E.: 2016\/181 K.: 2018\/111 say\u0131l\u0131 Karar\u0131 ile) (Ek c\u00fcmle:16\/11\/2022-7421\/3 md.) Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde belirtilen i\u015flemlerin yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 halinde ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n malikleri taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 bedele ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131lacak davalar, adli yarg\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
(\u0130ptal ikinci f\u0131kra: Anayasa Mahkemesinin 20\/12\/2018 tarihli ve E.: 2016\/181 K.: 2018\/111 say\u0131l\u0131 Karar\u0131 ile)<\/p>\n
(\u0130ptal \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kra: Anayasa Mahkemesinin 20\/12\/2018 tarihli ve E.: 2016\/181 K.: 2018\/111 say\u0131l\u0131 Karar\u0131 ile)<\/p>\n
(\u0130ptal d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kra: Anayasa Mahkemesinin 20\/12\/2018 tarihli ve E.: 2016\/181 K.: 2018\/111 say\u0131l\u0131 Karar\u0131 ile)\u201d<\/p>\n
II. \u0130LK \u0130NCELEME<\/p>\n
1. Anayasa Mahkemesi \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA, Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN, Basri BA\u011eCI, Engin YILDIRIM, R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7, Recai AKYEL, Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ, Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU, Selahaddin MENTE\u015e, \u0130rfan F\u0130DAN, Kenan YA\u015eAR, Muhterem \u0130NCE, Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L ve \u00d6mer \u00c7INAR\u2019\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla 23\/7\/2024 tarihinde yap\u0131lan ilk inceleme toplant\u0131s\u0131nda dosyada eksiklik bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan i\u015fin esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
III. ESASIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130<\/p>\n
2. Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131 ve ekleri, Raport\u00f6r Mehmet AKTEPE taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan i\u015fin esas\u0131na ili\u015fkin rapor, itiraz konusu kanun h\u00fckm\u00fc, dayan\u0131lan ve ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fclen Anayasa kurallar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n gerek\u00e7eleri ile di\u011fer yasama belgeleri okunup incelendikten sonra gere\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcp d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc: <\/p>\n
A. Anlam ve Kapsam<\/p>\n
3. Kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi h\u00e2llerde ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filerin ve \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerinin m\u00fclkiyetindeki ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallar\u0131n devlet veya kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015filerince kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin usul ve esaslar 2942 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019da d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Ancak idarelerin zaman zaman usul\u00fcne uygun bir kamula\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemi yapmaks\u0131z\u0131n kamu hizmetlerine tahsis amac\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131nmazlara fiil\u00ee veya hukuki olarak el att\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli durumlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131labilmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re kamula\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemlerine hi\u00e7 ba\u015flanmam\u0131\u015f veya kamula\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemleri tamamlanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n fiilen kamu hizmetine ayr\u0131lmas\u0131, \u00fczerinde tesis yap\u0131lmas\u0131, malikin r\u0131zas\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmazlara k\u0131smen veya tamamen el konulmas\u0131 ya da malikin ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131n\u0131n fiil\u00ee veya hukuki olarak engellenmesi kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atma olarak ifade edilmektedir.<\/p>\n
4. Kural, kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atman\u0131n bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc olan hukuki el atma sebebine dayal\u0131 olarak bedel talebiyle a\u00e7\u0131lan davalarla ilgilidir. 2942 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un ek 1. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinde; uygulama imar planlar\u0131nda umumi hizmetlere ve resm\u00ee kurumlara ayr\u0131lmak suretiyle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne dokunacak \u015fekilde tasarrufu hukuken k\u0131s\u0131tlanan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar hakk\u0131nda, uygulama imar planlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesinden itibaren be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde imar programlar\u0131n\u0131n veya imar uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00e7e imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 d\u00e2hilinde bu ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n ilgili idarelerce kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 veya her h\u00e2lde m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131na engel te\u015fkil edecek k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131racak \u015fekilde imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 veya yapt\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
5. An\u0131lan f\u0131kran\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinde, idarelerin be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcrede s\u00f6z konusu i\u015flemleri yapmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde uzla\u015fma s\u00fcreci ile 3\/5\/1985 tarihli ve 3194 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130mar Kanunu\u2019nda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen idari ba\u015fvuru ve i\u015flemler tamamland\u0131ktan sonra ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131ndan sorumlu idare aleyhine idari yarg\u0131da dava a\u00e7\u0131labilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmekte ve bu davalarda ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n de\u011ferinin tespiti, tescili ve terkini, \u00f6denecek bedel ve \u00f6deme \u015fekli gibi hususlar d\u00fczenlenmekteyken s\u00f6zkonusu c\u00fcmle Anayasa Mahkemesinin 28\/12\/2018 tarihli ve E.2016\/181, K.2018\/111 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131yla iptal edilmi\u015ftir. Kararda, kanun koyucunun maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesi uyar\u0131nca, m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlayan imar plan\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmemesi h\u00e2linde ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ilgili idare taraf\u0131ndan kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kamula\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ise Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 46. maddesinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ilkelere g\u00f6re yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, ikinci c\u00fcmlenin idarelerin \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atma yoluyla m\u00fcdahalesini s\u00fcrekli h\u00e2le getirecek nitelikte oldu\u011fu, idarelerin s\u00f6z konusu c\u00fcmleyle kamula\u015ft\u0131rma yapmak yerine kamula\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in Anayasa\u2019da belirtilen ilkelere ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131 elde edebilme imk\u00e2n\u0131na sahip olabilece\u011fi, b\u00f6yle bir durumda devletin hukuka ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilkesi zedelenece\u011fi gibi bireyler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hukuki g\u00fcvenli\u011fin ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirli\u011fin de ortadan kalkaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir (ayn\u0131 kararda bkz. \u00a7\u00a7 64, 67).<\/p>\n
6. \u0130ptal karar\u0131 \u00fczerine itiraz konusu kural ihdas edilerek be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde s\u00f6z konusu birinci c\u00fcmlede a\u00e7\u0131klanan i\u015flemlerin yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n malikleri taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 bedele ili\u015fkin olarak sorumlu idare aleyhine adli yarg\u0131da dava a\u00e7\u0131labilece\u011fi h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re uygulama imar planlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesinden itibaren be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre sonunda, tasarrufu hukuken k\u0131s\u0131tlanan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar hakk\u0131nda kamula\u015ft\u0131rma karar\u0131n\u0131n verilmesi veya m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na engel te\u015fkil eden k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131racak \u015fekilde imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. \u0130lgili idarenin kamula\u015ft\u0131rma yapmamas\u0131 ya da k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131ran imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmemesi h\u00e2llerinde ise kural uyar\u0131nca ta\u015f\u0131nmaz malikleri sorumlu idare aleyhine m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 bedele ili\u015fkin olarak adli yarg\u0131da dava a\u00e7\u0131labilecektir.<\/p>\n
7. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kural, ilgili idarelerin be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcrede belirtilen i\u015flemleri yapmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde ba\u015fvurulacak yarg\u0131 kolunu belirlemekle birlikte hukuki el atman\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00e2linde maliklere ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etme hakk\u0131n\u0131 da vermektedir. Nitekim uygulamada da hukuki el atmadan kaynakl\u0131 davalarda 2942 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un ek 1. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131nmaz de\u011ferine ili\u015fkin olarak tespit edilen bedelin daval\u0131 idareden tahsili ile davac\u0131ya \u00f6denmesine ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n davac\u0131 ad\u0131na kay\u0131tl\u0131 tapu kayd\u0131n\u0131n iptali ile daval\u0131 idare ad\u0131na tesciline karar verilmektedir. Bu itibarla kural, yaln\u0131zca bir yarg\u0131lama usul\u00fc h\u00fckm\u00fc olman\u0131n \u00f6tesinde ayr\u0131ca bir maddi hukuk kural\u0131 olma \u00f6zelli\u011fi de ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B. \u0130tiraz\u0131n Gerek\u00e7esi<\/p>\n
8. Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; itiraz konusu kuralla m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 bedele ili\u015fkin davalar\u0131n adli yarg\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, imar planlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n idari i\u015flem niteli\u011finde oldu\u011fu, bu itibarla s\u00f6z konusu davalarda idari yarg\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6revli olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtilerek kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 125. maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
C. Anayasa\u2019ya Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k Sorunu<\/p>\n
9. 30\/3\/2011 tarihli ve 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesi uyar\u0131nca kural, ilgisi nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13, 35. ve 46. maddeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
10. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 35. maddesinde \u201cHerkes, m\u00fclkiyet ve miras haklar\u0131na sahiptir.\/Bu haklar, ancak kamu yarar\u0131 amac\u0131yla, kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir.\/ M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 toplum yarar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamaz.\u201d denilmektedir.<\/p>\n
11. Fiil\u00ee ve hukuki el atman\u0131n konusunu olu\u015fturan ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131na d\u00e2hil oldu\u011fu hususunda teredd\u00fct bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
12. M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131, ki\u015fiye ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n hakk\u0131na zarar vermemek ve kanunlar\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlamalara uymak ko\u015fuluyla sahibi oldu\u011fu \u015feyi diledi\u011fi gibi kullanma, onun semerelerinden yararlanma ve tasarruf etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 veren bir hakt\u0131r (Mehmet Akdo\u011fan ve di\u011ferleri [1. B.], B. No: 2013\/817, 19\/12\/2013, \u00a7 32). Bu ba\u011flamda malikin m\u00fclk\u00fcn\u00fc kullanma, onun semerelerinden yararlanma ve m\u00fclk\u00fc \u00fczerinde tasarruf etme yetkilerinden herhangi birinin s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 veya m\u00fclk\u00fcnden yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama olu\u015fturur (Recep Tarhan ve Afife Tarhan [1. B.], B. No: 2014\/1546, 2\/2\/2017, \u00a7 53). Hak sahibinin ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131na kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z olarak el konulmas\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n
13. \u0130mar planlar\u0131 onaylanarak idare ve bireyler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hukuki sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furmaktad\u0131r. \u0130mar planlar\u0131n\u0131n onaylanmas\u0131ndan sonra \u00f6zellikle imarl\u0131 alan i\u00e7inde bulunulacak her t\u00fcrl\u00fc imar ve yap\u0131 faaliyetlerinde imar plan ve programlar\u0131na uygun davranma, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yap\u0131 i\u00e7in ilgili idareden izin alma ve izin ilkelerine uygun olarak yap\u0131 in\u015fa etme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilgililer a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan do\u011fmaktad\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n imar plan\u0131nda kamu hizmetine ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 hukuken ortadan kald\u0131rmamakla birlikte malikin m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131ndan do\u011fan yetkilerini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u0131s\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda kamu hizmetine ayr\u0131lmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131nmaz \u00fczerinde in\u015faat yap\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bu durumun sat\u0131\u015f, ba\u011f\u0131\u015f, ipotek ve di\u011fer irtifak haklar\u0131n\u0131n tesisi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yap\u0131lacak i\u015flemler ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n rayi\u00e7 de\u011feri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da olumsuz etkileri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
14. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla imar uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n, bu ba\u011flamda ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n imar durumunun kamu hizmet alan\u0131 olarak belirlenmesinin m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na m\u00fcdahale te\u015fkil etti\u011fi ku\u015fkusuzdur. Nitekim 2942 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un ek 1. maddesinde de uygulama imar planlar\u0131nda umumi hizmetlere ve resm\u00ee kurumlara ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle malikin tasarrufunun hukuken k\u0131s\u0131tland\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte itiraz konusu kuralda oldu\u011fu gibi, m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na getirilen bu s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n uzun s\u00fcreli olmas\u0131 durumunda m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik olarak \u00f6ncekinden ayr\u0131, yeni bir m\u00fcdahale daha s\u00f6z konusu olmaktad\u0131r (AYM, E.2016\/196, K.2018\/34, 28\/3\/2018, \u00a7 15). Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n kamu hizmetine ayr\u0131lmas\u0131ndan do\u011fan k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n uzun s\u00fcrmesi durumunda bu k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131klardan kaynaklanan ve m\u00fclkiyetin kontrol\u00fc ve d\u00fczenlenmesi yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda kalan s\u0131n\u0131rlamaya ek olarak m\u00fclkten bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l yararlanma hakk\u0131na m\u00fcdahale kapsam\u0131nda kalan yeni bir m\u00fcdahale daha ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Dava konusu kural, bu ikinci m\u00fcdahalenin sonland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve giderilmesine y\u00f6nelik olarak birtak\u0131m d\u00fczenlemeler ihdas etmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re, malikin m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 bedele ili\u015fkin olarak adli yarg\u0131da dava a\u00e7ma imk\u00e2n\u0131 getirilmektedir. Yarg\u0131 mercilerinin uygulamalar\u0131 g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde bu davan\u0131n sonucunda mahkemece, malik lehine ta\u015f\u0131nmaz bedelince tazminata h\u00fckmedilmenin yan\u0131s\u0131ra ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n idare ad\u0131na tesciline de karar verilmektedir.<\/p>\n
15. Anayasa Mahkemesi, kamula\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015fleminin tamamlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumda veya hi\u00e7 kamula\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen m\u00fcdahalelerde de Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 35. ve 46. maddelerindeki g\u00fcvencelerin dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtmektedir (ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ndeki karar i\u00e7in bkz. AYM, E.2023\/101, K.2023\/207, 30\/11\/2023, \u00a7 56; E.2019\/93, K.2023\/87, 4\/5\/2023, \u00a7 173; E.2022\/61, K.2022\/101, 8\/9\/2022 \u00a7 40).<\/p>\n
16. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 35. maddesinde m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n kamu yarar\u0131 amac\u0131yla ve kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na m\u00fcdahalede bulunulurken temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin ilkeleri d\u00fczenleyen Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinin de g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
17. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde \u201cTemel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetler, \u00f6zlerine dokunulmaks\u0131z\u0131n yaln\u0131zca Anayasan\u0131n ilgili maddelerinde belirtilen sebeplere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ve ancak kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, Anayasan\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne ve ruhuna, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin ve l\u00e2ik Cumhuriyetin gereklerine ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamaz.\u201d denilmektedir.<\/p>\n
18. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n an\u0131lan maddesi uyar\u0131nca m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131, Anayasa\u2019da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen nedenlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n ancak kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir.<\/p>\n
19. Anayasa Mahkemesinin s\u0131k\u00e7a vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi temel haklar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan kanunun \u015feklen var olmas\u0131 yeterli olmay\u0131p yasal kurallar\u0131n keyf\u00eeli\u011fe izin vermeyecek \u015fekilde belirli, ula\u015f\u0131labilir ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir d\u00fczenlemeler niteli\u011finde olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
20. Esasen temel haklar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan kanunun bu niteliklere sahip olmas\u0131, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesinde g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nan hukuk devleti ilkesinin de bir gere\u011fidir. Hukuk devletinin temel unsurlar\u0131ndan olan hukuki belirlilik ilkesi uyar\u0131nca kanuni d\u00fczenlemelerin hem ki\u015filer hem de idare y\u00f6n\u00fcnden herhangi bir duraksamaya ve ku\u015fkuya yer vermeyecek \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131k, net, anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r, uygulanabilir ve nesnel olmas\u0131, ayr\u0131ca kamu otoritelerinin keyf\u00ee uygulamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koruyucu \u00f6nlem i\u00e7ermesi gerekir. Kanunda bulunmas\u0131 gereken bu nitelikler hukuki g\u00fcvenli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da zorunludur. Zira bu ilke hukuk normlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir olmas\u0131n\u0131, bireylerin t\u00fcm eylem ve i\u015flemlerinde devlete g\u00fcven duyabilmesini, devletin de yasal d\u00fczenlemelerinde bu g\u00fcven duygusunu zedeleyici y\u00f6ntemlerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli k\u0131lar (AYM, E.2015\/41, K.2017\/98, 4\/5\/2017, \u00a7\u00a7 153, 154). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 35. maddelerinde s\u0131n\u0131rlama \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc olarak belirtilen kanunilik, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesinde g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nan hukuk devleti ilkesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yorumlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
21. Kuralda hangi kapsamdaki hangi durumda, hangi yarg\u0131 kolunda, kim taraf\u0131ndan ve hangi taleple dava a\u00e7\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 hususu teredd\u00fcde yer vermeyecek \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131k ve net olarak d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde kural\u0131n kanunilik \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
22. \u00d6te yandan Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere y\u00f6nelik s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne de ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamayaca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n an\u0131lan maddesinde yer alan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerinden biri de Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne uygunluktur.<\/p>\n
23. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde yer alan \u201cAnayasa’n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fc\u201d ifadesi Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n metnini, yani lafz\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir. Temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahalelerin Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne uygun olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 \u00f6zellikle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli maddeleriyle getirilen ek g\u00fcvenceler s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Anayasa, \u00e7o\u011fu durumda bir hak veya \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yaln\u0131zca tan\u0131makla yetinmeyerek onun kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 garanti alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in baz\u0131 y\u00f6nlerini ayr\u0131ca vurgulayarak veya baz\u0131 y\u00f6nlerine belli bir \u00f6nem atfederek koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131r. Anayasa koyucunun bir hakk\u0131 tan\u0131man\u0131n yan\u0131nda o hakk\u0131n norm alan\u0131na giren bir boyutunu ayr\u0131ca ve \u00f6zel olarak ifade etmesi, buna ili\u015fkin ek bir g\u00fcvence getirmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmektedir (Kadri Enis Berbero\u011flu (2) [GK], B. No: 2018\/30030, 17\/9\/2020, \u00a7 69; Kadri Enis Berbero\u011flu (3) [GK], B. No: 2020\/32949, 21\/1\/2021, \u00a7 79).<\/p>\n
24. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n kamula\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen 46. maddesinde \u201cDevlet ve kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri; kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi hallerde, ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 pe\u015fin \u00f6demek \u015fart\u0131yla, \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyette bulunan ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mallar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 veya bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131, kanunla g\u00f6sterilen esas ve usullere g\u00f6re, kamula\u015ft\u0131rmaya ve bunlar \u00fczerinde idar\u00ee irtifaklar kurmaya yetkilidir.\/Kamula\u015ft\u0131rma bedeli ile kesin h\u00fckme ba\u011flanan art\u0131r\u0131m bedeli nakden ve pe\u015fin olarak \u00f6denir. Ancak, tar\u0131m reformunun uygulanmas\u0131, b\u00fcy\u00fck enerji ve sulama projeleri ile isk\u00e2n projelerinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi, yeni ormanlar\u0131n yeti\u015ftirilmesi, k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve turizm amac\u0131yla kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan topraklar\u0131n bedellerinin \u00f6denme \u015fekli kanunla g\u00f6sterilir. Kanunun taksitle \u00f6demeyi \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilece\u011fi bu hallerde, taksitlendirme s\u00fcresi be\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015famaz; bu takdirde taksitler e\u015fit olarak \u00f6denir.\/Kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan topraktan, o topra\u011f\u0131 do\u011frudan do\u011fruya i\u015fleten k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ift\u00e7iye ait olanlar\u0131n\u0131n bedeli, her halde pe\u015fin \u00f6denir.\/\u0130kinci f\u0131krada \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen taksitlendirmelerde ve herhangi bir sebeple \u00f6denmemi\u015f kamula\u015ft\u0131rma bedellerinde kamu alacaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen en y\u00fcksek faiz uygulan\u0131r.\u201d denilmektedir.<\/p>\n
25. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n an\u0131lan h\u00fckm\u00fc g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde kamu hizmeti i\u00e7in ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan ve imar plan\u0131nda kamu hizmetine tahsis edilen \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetteki bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n kamu m\u00fclkiyetine ge\u00e7irilmesi ancak Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 46. maddesindeki ilke ve g\u00fcvencelere uygun olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen bir kamula\u015ft\u0131rma s\u00fcreci sonucunda s\u00f6z konusu olabilir. Kamu hizmetine ayr\u0131lan \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetteki bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 46. maddesindeki g\u00fcvenceleri kar\u015f\u0131lamayan bir usulle kamu m\u00fclkiyetine ge\u00e7irilmesi m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik m\u00fcdahalenin Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
26. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu maddesine g\u00f6re; \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyette bulunan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n nakden ve pe\u015fin olarak \u00f6denmesi, maddede say\u0131lan istisnai h\u00e2llerde taksitlendirme s\u00fcresinin be\u015f y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015famamas\u0131, taksitlendirmelerde ve herhangi bir sebeple \u00f6denmemi\u015f kamula\u015ft\u0131rma bedellerinde kamu alacaklar\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen en y\u00fcksek faizin uygulanmas\u0131 kamula\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in belirtilen esaslard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
27. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 46. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda kamula\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmesi \u015fart\u0131yla kullan\u0131labilecek bir yetki oldu\u011fu h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmesi Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n an\u0131lan maddesiyle maliklerin lehine olarak getirilen \u00f6zel bir g\u00fcvence niteli\u011findedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6denmeden yap\u0131lan kamula\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemleri Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131ndaki ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6denmesi g\u00fcvencesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olacakt\u0131r (AYM, E.2019\/93, K.2023\/87, 4\/5\/2023, \u00a7 174; K\u00fcbra Y\u0131ld\u0131z ve di\u011ferleri [GK], B. No:2018\/32734, 28\/7\/2022, \u00a7 61).<\/p>\n
28. Ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6denmesi ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesinin de bir gere\u011fidir. Kamula\u015ft\u0131rma suretiyle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na yap\u0131lan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalarda hedeflenen kamu yarar\u0131 ile malikin bireysel yarar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6zetilmesi gereken adil denge ancak malike kamula\u015ft\u0131rmaya konu ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n bedelinin \u00f6denmesi suretiyle sa\u011flanabilir. Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle kamula\u015ft\u0131rma suretiyle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na m\u00fcdahalede bulunulan durumlarda malike bedelin \u00f6denmesi, m\u00fcdahaleyle malike y\u00fcklenen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u00fclfetin telafi edilmesini temin eden temel bir ara\u00e7t\u0131r. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 46. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda gerek kamula\u015ft\u0131rmada gerekse idari irtifak kurulmas\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanmakla kamu yarar\u0131 ile malikin menfaatleri aras\u0131ndaki dengeyi kuracak bedelin ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu ifade edilmi\u015ftir (AYM, E.2022\/83, K.2023\/69, 5\/4\/2023, \u00a7 18; baz\u0131 farklarla birlikte bkz. Saadet Esin [2. B.], B. No: 2014\/18103, 26\/10\/2017, \u00a7 35).<\/p>\n
29. Di\u011fer yandan kamu hizmetlerinin yerine getirilmesi i\u00e7in ta\u015f\u0131nmaza ihtiya\u00e7 duyulmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde 2942 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun ve di\u011fer kanunlarda kamula\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen usul ve esaslara uygun hareket edilmesi gerekmektedir. Kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atman\u0131n bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc olan hukuki el atma durumunda mevzuatta \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde idarece kamula\u015ft\u0131rma veya k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131racak \u015fekilde imar i\u015flemlerinin yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 h\u00e2li ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atma sebebiyle mahkemelerce ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n de\u011ferine ili\u015fkin olarak h\u00fckmedilen bedel hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan durumun telafi edilmesi suretiyle tasfiyesini ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan yaln\u0131zca mahkemelerce kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atma sebebiyle bedele h\u00fckmedilmesi de\u011fil h\u00fckmedilecek bedelin bir an evvel hak sahiplerine \u00f6denmesi de hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 durumun ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n bir gere\u011fidir.<\/p>\n
30. \u0130tiraz konusu kuralda ise kamula\u015ft\u0131rma i\u015flemlerine ili\u015fkin ola\u011fan hukuki s\u00fcre\u00e7 tersine \u00e7evrilerek dava a\u00e7ma k\u00fclfeti ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131na kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el at\u0131lan malike y\u00fcklenmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca mahkeme kararlar\u0131yla h\u00fckmedilen ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n pe\u015fin \u00f6denmesi \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n yerine getirilmesi sa\u011flanmadan ta\u015f\u0131nmaz malikine ait tapu kayd\u0131n\u0131n iptali ile daval\u0131 idare ad\u0131na tesciline karar verilmesi h\u00e2linde ger\u00e7ek anlamda bir telafiden veya tasfiyeden bahsedilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayacakt\u0131r. Zira Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 46. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131 -an\u0131lan maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda belirtilen istisnai durumlar hari\u00e7- ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 pe\u015fin \u00f6denmedik\u00e7e ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na, di\u011fer bir ifadeyle idare ad\u0131na tesciline imk\u00e2n tan\u0131mamaktad\u0131r. H\u00fckmedilen bedelin malike \u00f6denmesi sa\u011flanmadan ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n idare ad\u0131na tescil edilmesini \u00f6nleyen herhangi bir g\u00fcvence getirilmeden tasfiye ama\u00e7l\u0131 d\u00fczenlemenin Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 46. maddesindeki gereklilikleri kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
31. Bu itibarla Anayasa Mahkemesinin 20\/12\/2018 tarihli ve E.2016\/181, K.2018\/111 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131ndan sonra Kanun\u2019un ek 1. maddesine eklenen kuralla hukuki el atma h\u00e2linde ta\u015f\u0131nmaz malikleri taraf\u0131ndan bedele ili\u015fkin olarak dava a\u00e7\u0131labilece\u011fi ve bu davalarda adli yarg\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6revli oldu\u011fu belirlenmekle birlikte an\u0131lan kararda vurgulanan\u0131n aksine kamula\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 46. maddesinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ilkelere uygun yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak herhangi bir kanuni g\u00fcvenceye yer verilmedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu h\u00e2liyle kural\u0131n, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ayk\u0131r\u0131 olan kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atma uygulamas\u0131n\u0131 ola\u011fanla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p hukukile\u015ftirdi\u011fi ve kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atmay\u0131, kamula\u015ft\u0131rmaya alternatif olarak ba\u015fvurulabilecek bir hukuksal ara\u00e7 olarak kabul etti\u011fi izlenimi olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Oysa idareyi Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 46. maddesinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u015fekliyle kamula\u015ft\u0131rma yapma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden kurtaracak herhangi bir usul Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131 olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
32. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla imar planlar\u0131nda umumi hizmetlere ayr\u0131lan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlara ili\u015fkin olarak idarelere, kamula\u015ft\u0131rma yapmak yerine kamula\u015ft\u0131rma i\u00e7in Anayasa\u2019da belirtilen ilkelere ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131 elde etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 tan\u0131yan kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcyle ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
33. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle kural Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13., 35. ve 46. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ptali gerekir.<\/p>\n
\u00a0Kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 125. maddesine de ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ise de bu ba\u011flamda belirtilen hususlar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13., 35. ve 46. maddeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirmeler kapsam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 125. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ayr\u0131ca bir inceleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u00a0IV. \u0130PTAL KARARININ Y\u00dcR\u00dcRL\u00dc\u011eE G\u0130RECE\u011e\u0130 G\u00dcN SORUNU<\/p>\n
34. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 153. maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cKanun, Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararnamesi veya T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ya da bunlar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, iptal kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazetede yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihte y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kalkar. Gereken hallerde Anayasa Mahkemesi iptal h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girece\u011fi tarihi ayr\u0131ca kararla\u015ft\u0131rabilir. Bu tarih, karar\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazetede yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnden ba\u015flayarak bir y\u0131l\u0131 ge\u00e7emez.\u201d denilmekte, 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 66. maddesinin (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda da bu kural tekrarlanarak mahkemenin gerekli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00e2llerde Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnden ba\u015flayarak iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girece\u011fi tarihi bir y\u0131l\u0131 ge\u00e7memek \u00fczere ayr\u0131ca kararla\u015ft\u0131rabilece\u011fi belirtilmektedir.<\/p>\n
35. 2942 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunu\u2019nun ek 1. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc c\u00fcmlesinin iptali nedeniyle do\u011facak hukuksal bo\u015fluk kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 ihlal edecek nitelikte g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 153. maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131yla 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 66. maddesinin (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince iptal h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn karar\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak dokuz ay sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
V. H\u00dcK\u00dcM<\/p>\n
4\/11\/1983 tarihli ve 2942 say\u0131l\u0131 Kamula\u015ft\u0131rma Kanunu\u2019na 20\/8\/2016 tarihli ve 6745 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 33. maddesiyle eklenen ek 1. maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131na 16\/11\/2022 tarihli ve 7421 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 3. maddesiyle eklenen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc c\u00fcmlenin Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa ve \u0130PTAL\u0130NE, iptal h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 153. maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131 ile 30\/3\/2011 tarihli ve 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 66. maddesinin (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince KARARIN RESM\u00ce GAZETE\u2019DE YAYIMLANMASINDAN BA\u015eLAYARAK DOKUZ AY SONRA Y\u00dcR\u00dcRL\u00dc\u011eE G\u0130RMES\u0130NE 16\/1\/2025 tarihinde OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verildi.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkan<\/p>\n
Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Basri BA\u011eCI<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Engin YILDIRIM<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Recai AKYEL<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Selahaddin MENTE\u015e<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u0130rfan F\u0130DAN<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Kenan YA\u015eAR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Muhterem \u0130NCE<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u00d6mer \u00c7INAR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Metin KIRATLI<\/p>\n
\u200bAnayasa Mahkemesi 16\/1\/2025 tarihinde E.2024\/135 numaral\u0131 dosyada, 2942 say\u0131l\u0131 Kamula\u015ft\u0131rma Kanunu\u2019na 6745 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 33. maddesiyle eklenen ek 1. maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131na 7421 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 3. maddesiyle eklenen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc c\u00fcmlenin Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa ve iptaline, iptal h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn karar\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak dokuz ay sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesine karar vermi\u015ftir.\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0130tiraz Konusu Kural \u0130tiraz konusu kural\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 f\u0131kran\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinde; uygulama imar planlar\u0131nda umumi hizmetlere ve resm\u00ee kurumlara ayr\u0131lmak suretiyle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne dokunacak \u015fekilde tasarrufu hukuken k\u0131s\u0131tlanan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar hakk\u0131nda, uygulama imar planlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesinden itibaren be\u015f y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde imar programlar\u0131n\u0131n veya imar uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00e7e imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 d\u00e2hilinde bu ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n ilgili idarelerce kamula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 veya her h\u00e2lde m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131na engel te\u015fkil edecek k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kald\u0131racak \u015fekilde imar plan\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 veya yapt\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. \u0130tiraz konusu kuralda ise birinci c\u00fcmlede a\u00e7\u0131klanan i\u015flemlerin yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n malikleri taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 bedele ili\u015fkin olarak sorumlu idare aleyhine adli yarg\u0131da dava a\u00e7\u0131labilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ba\u015fvuru Gerek\u00e7esi Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; itiraz konusu kuralla m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131ndan kaynakl\u0131 bedele ili\u015fkin davalar\u0131n adli yarg\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, imar planlar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n idari i\u015flem niteli\u011finde oldu\u011fu, bu itibarla s\u00f6z konusu davalarda idari yarg\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6revli olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtilerek kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Mahkemenin De\u011ferlendirmesi Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 46. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda kamula\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmesi \u015fart\u0131yla kullan\u0131labilecek bir yetki oldu\u011fu h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ger\u00e7ek kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6denmesi malikler lehine \u00f6zel bir g\u00fcvence niteli\u011finde olup ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesinin de bir gere\u011fidir. Kamula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131z el atman\u0131n bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc olan hukuki el atma durumunda mevzuatta \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-71307","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n