Kast\u00a0somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine ve bu \u00f6zellik i\u00e7indeki ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n niteliklerine g\u00f6re tespit edilmelidir. Kasta y\u00fckledi\u011fimiz anlam\u0131n temelindeki beklenti failin bir zarar ve tehlikeyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131klara ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve tam olarak planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermesi durumu bulunmaktad\u0131r[1].<\/p>\n
Failin kast\u0131n\u0131n tespiti i\u00e7in amac\u0131n\u0131 elde etmek amac\u0131yla g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00e7abalar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak, fail ile ma\u011fdurun ili\u015fkisi, failin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 vas\u0131tan\u0131n niteli\u011fi, darbelerin say\u0131s\u0131 ve y\u00f6neldi\u011fi b\u00f6lge failin olay \u00f6ncesi, olay s\u0131ras\u0131\u00a0ve olay sonras\u0131\u00a0davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 olay\u0131n yeri ve zaman\u0131 faili su\u00e7 i\u015flemeye sevk eden sebepler ile su\u00e7un i\u015flenmesine gerek\u00e7e olarak ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen her \u015fekil muhtemel hakk\u0131 sebepleri ve mazeretleri hayat\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirerek failin zihnindeki resmi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak gerekmektedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kas\u0131tl\u0131 su\u00e7larda failin zihninde istedi\u011fi sonucun nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi konusunda adeta zihinsel bir resim mevcuttur. Ceza hukukun da san\u0131\u011f\u0131n su\u00e7 i\u015fleme karar\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rken zihninde ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi a\u015famalar\u0131 kavramak ve san\u0131\u011f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi eylemden neyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit ispat hukukuna ili\u015fkin bir sorun oldu\u011fundan muhakeme hukuku ile ilgili olup, insanlar\u0131n ruh durumlar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan bilemeyece\u011fimizden onlar\u0131 tan\u0131mak i\u00e7in elle tutulur verilere dayanmam\u0131z gerekmektedir. Ger\u00e7ekte kast, somut olaylarda harici delillerle yani tan\u0131k\u00a0anlat\u0131mlar\u0131, bilirki\u015fi raporlar\u0131, \u015fik\u00e2yet\u00e7inin ifadeleri, kamera kay\u0131tlar\u0131, olay yeri\u00a0krokileri ve inceleme raporlar\u0131 bilimsel ve teknik\u00a0bulgularla tespit edilebilece\u011fi gibi harici delillerden tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olan kan\u0131tla \u00f6rne\u011fin itiraf yoluyla da tespit edilebilir[2].<\/p>\n
Kast\u0131n tespiti\u00a0i\u00e7in, olay an\u0131nda failin vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu eylem\u00a0karar\u0131n\u0131n niteliksel karakteri ile bu olgunun ispat\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan kan\u0131tlar\u0131 birbirinden ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak de\u011ferlendirmemiz gerekir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u201cfailin ki\u015fili\u011fi\u201d emaresi, kast\u0131n tespitinde kullan\u0131labilir bir kan\u0131t olabilir ama bu kavram, kast\u0131n maddi i\u00e7eri\u011fine d\u00e2hil olamaz. Bu durumda, objektif\u00a0niteli\u011fi haiz emarelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra s\u00fcbjektif\u00a0niteli\u011fi ortaya koyabilecek emareler de kast\u0131n ispat\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlara \u00f6rnek olarak, eylem \u00f6ncesi ve sonras\u0131ndaki tavr\u0131, failin gen\u00e7li\u011fi, profesyonelli\u011fi, zihni durumu, alg\u0131lamada eksiklik ya\u015fay\u0131p ya\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131, risk kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki ki\u015fisel tavr\u0131, ma\u011fdur\u00a0ve fail aras\u0131ndaki duygusal ba\u011f vb. kan\u0131tlar s\u0131ralanabilir. As\u0131l \u00f6nemli olan, uygulamac\u0131n\u0131n bu kan\u0131tlar\u0131 katalo\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmekten ziyade onlar\u0131 her somut olayda yeri geldi\u011finde incelemi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r[3].<\/p>\n
Ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda ama\u00e7, maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fin hi\u00e7bir ku\u015fkuya yer b\u0131rakmaks\u0131z\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r[4]. Ceza muhakemesi, maddi sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi suretiyle maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan hukuki sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r[5].<\/p>\n
Ceza hukuku sistemimizde maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in delil\u00a0serbesti ve delillerin serbest\u00e7e takdiri esas al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kural olarak h\u00e2kimin somut olay\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerine ve eldeki delillere g\u00f6re kast\u0131 tespit etmesi gerekmektedir. H\u00e2kimin kast\u0131n hangi su\u00e7a y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu hususunda veya su\u00e7 kast\u0131n\u0131n olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususunda kesin bir yarg\u0131ya ula\u015famamas\u0131 halinde \u201c\u015f\u00fcpheden san\u0131k yararlan\u0131r\u201d, ilkesi uygulan\u0131r. \u015e\u00fcpheden san\u0131\u011f\u0131n yararlanaca\u011f\u0131 ilkesi, masumiyet karinesinin uzant\u0131s\u0131 olan evrensel bir kurald\u0131r. Bu ilke, ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda ispat konusunda bir husus \u015f\u00fcpheli kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda san\u0131k lehine sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ve karar vermeyi gerekli k\u0131lan bir prensiptir. Buna g\u00f6re, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n mahk\u00fbm edilmesi i\u00e7in, su\u00e7lulu\u011fu konusunda yarg\u0131ca y\u00fczde y\u00fcz kanaat gelmesi \u015fartt\u0131r[6]. \u00d6rne\u011fin, failin eyleminin adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu saptanm\u0131yorsa failin yaralama kast\u0131yla hareket etti\u011fi kabul edilmelidir. Ancak uygulamada delil toplama tekniklerinin yetersizli\u011fi, delil toplamakta g\u00f6revli ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve soru\u015fturma\u00a0organlar\u0131n\u0131n teknik\u00a0ve donan\u0131m yetersizli\u011fi nedeniyle yeterince delil toplanamamakta olup kast\u0131n belirlenmesinde olay\u0131 yarg\u0131layan h\u00e2kimin bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re \u201c\u015f\u00fcpheden san\u0131k yararlan\u0131r\u201d, ilkesi uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u201d\u015f\u00fcpheden iddia g\u00fc\u00e7lenir\u201d \u015feklinde hukuksal bir temeli olmayan fiili bir uygulamaya yol a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Oysa olay\u0131 yarg\u0131layan h\u00e2kimin san\u0131\u011f\u0131n kast\u0131n\u0131 tespit i\u00e7in maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik her t\u00fcrl\u00fc delil ve verilerin hukuka uygun y\u00f6ntemlerle toplanarak mahkemeye sunulmas\u0131 gerekmekte olup, mahkemeyi yetersiz soru\u015fturma ve delillerle ba\u015f ba\u015fa b\u0131rakarak san\u0131\u011f\u0131n kast\u0131n\u0131n tespiti ceza hukukuna itibar sa\u011flamayaca\u011f\u0131 gibi toplumun ceza adaletine olan g\u00fcvenini ortadan kald\u0131racakt\u0131r. \u015e\u00fcphesiz ki, kast\u00a0ceza hukukunun en \u00f6nemli kavramlar\u0131ndan biri olup, yukar\u0131da Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n san\u0131\u011f\u0131n kast\u0131n\u0131 belirlerken belli su\u00e7 tiplerine y\u00f6nelik belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere g\u00f6re su\u00e7 kast\u0131n\u0131 tespit etti\u011fi, ancak baz\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerin de\u011fi\u015fen olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re kasta farkl\u0131 anlamlar y\u00fckledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7 kast\u0131n\u0131n tespitinin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve etkin bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131larak ceza adaletinin sa\u011flanarak toplum d\u00fczenini koruma ve insanlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli bir hukuk devletinde ya\u015famalar\u0131 i\u00e7in Cumhuriyet savc\u0131lar\u0131, ceza h\u00e2kimlerinin niteliklerinin ve niceliklerinin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, h\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile teminat\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanarak kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca ger\u00e7ek bir adli kolluk\u00a0sisteminin olu\u015fturularak, adli kolluk i\u00e7erisinde hukuk, maliye, bili\u015fim ve ileti\u015fim uzmanlar\u0131 istihdam edilerek, fizik\u00e7i, biyolog ve kimyac\u0131 adli t\u0131p uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n nitelik ve niceliklerinin artt\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle adli kolluk g\u00f6revlileri ile adli t\u0131p uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n cumhuriyet savc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n koordinesinde i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde hareket etmesi adil, h\u0131zl\u0131 ve etkin soru\u015fturmalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fartt\u0131r. Delil\u00a0toplama tekniklerinin geli\u015ftirilerek, parmak izi ve DNA bankalar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131, kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k belli alanlarda kamera g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinin kaydedilerek, hukuka uygun bir \u015fekilde ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p, soru\u015fturma\u00a0ve kovu\u015fturma\u00a0organlar\u0131nca kullan\u0131larak, failin su\u00e7 kast\u0131n\u0131n olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya su\u00e7 kast\u0131n\u0131n hangi su\u00e7a y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011funun soru\u015fturma a\u015famas\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak titiz bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile her somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekmektedir[7].<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011finden anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00a0veya kasten yaralama\u00a0su\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kast\u0131n tespiti\u00a0i\u00e7in kural d\u00fczeyindeki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler de\u011fil, olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine ve bu \u00f6zellik i\u00e7indeki ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n niteliklerine g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirmenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Failin eyleminde, \u00f6ld\u00fcrme veya yaralama kast\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ko\u015fullar \u015funlard\u0131r. Fail ile ma\u011fdur\u00a0aras\u0131nda olay \u00f6ncesine dayal\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyi gerektirir bir husumet\u00a0bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, olayda kullan\u0131lan su\u00e7 aletinin \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015fli\u00a0olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ma\u011fdurdaki darbe say\u0131s\u0131\u00a0ve \u015fiddeti, darbelerin vuruldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgenin hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131, failin fiiline kendili\u011finden mi, yoksa engel bir nedenden dolay\u0131 m\u0131 son verdi\u011fi, olay sonras\u0131\u00a0failin ma\u011fdura y\u00f6nelik davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131, failin saiki ve kullan\u0131lan vas\u0131tan\u0131n kullan\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi dikkate al\u0131narak saptanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
YCGK\u2019nin yeni tarihli bir karar\u0131na g\u00f6re, failin kast\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde ba\u015fvurulan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerden hepsinin, \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyacak \u015fekilde ayn\u0131 olayda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme zorunlulu\u011fu yoktur. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fctlerden sadece birisinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi durumda, failin kast\u0131n\u0131n insan \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu; buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerden \u00e7o\u011funun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi durumlarda failin kast\u0131n\u0131n yaralamaya y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ma\u011fdura kar\u015f\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7akla birden fazla darbede bulunulmas\u0131 ve taraflar\u0131n aras\u0131nda daha \u00f6nceden bir husumetin bulunmas\u0131 halinde \u015fayet darbe, ma\u011fdurun hayati b\u00f6lgesine vurulmam\u0131\u015fsa veya ma\u011fdurun hayati b\u00f6lgesine kar\u015f\u0131 hareket etmesine ra\u011fmen, \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015fli\u00a0bir aletle sald\u0131r\u0131\u00a0s\u00f6z konusu de\u011filse \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131ndan de\u011fil, yaralama kast\u0131ndan bahsedilebilecektir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan esas olan, somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. H\u00e2kim, yukar\u0131da say\u0131lan \u015fartlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde karar tesis ederken ‘\u015f\u00fcpheden san\u0131k yararlan\u0131r’ ilkesini de g\u00f6zetmeli ve san\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131 ile hareket etti\u011fi hususunda teredd\u00fct ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde kasten yaralama\u00a0h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini uygulamal\u0131d\u0131r[8].<\/p>\n
\u0130nsan \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00a0veya kasten yaralama\u00a0su\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kast\u0131n tespiti\u00a0i\u00e7in, yukar\u0131da belirtilen emarelerin teker teker ve daha sonra da eylemin bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Ger\u00e7ekten failin kast\u0131, akla uygun ve ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i olarak hayat\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde, olay\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc veya bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden kan\u0131tlardan veya kan\u0131tlar\u0131n bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesinden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Her olayda eylemin olu\u015f bi\u00e7imine ve olu\u015fa g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirilebilecek bir durumu, kural d\u00fczeyinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek, mant\u0131\u011fa ve hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r[9]. \u00d6rne\u011fin, failin su\u00e7 i\u015flerken birden fazla ate\u015f etme olana\u011f\u0131 varken tek at\u0131\u015fla su\u00e7u i\u015flemesi halinde eylemin silahla yaralama olarak nitelendirilmesi hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc fail \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc nitelikteki bir silahla, yak\u0131n mesafeden g\u00f6r\u00fcp hedef se\u00e7erek, hayati b\u00f6lgeye y\u00f6nelik ve hayati tehlike\u00a0olu\u015fturacak bi\u00e7imde bir kez bile ate\u015f etmesi eyleminde, ba\u015fka at\u0131\u015f ve eski husumet\u00a0olmamas\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. Eylemin kasten yaralama m\u0131 yoksa kasten insan \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fc oldu\u011funun somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zeliklerine g\u00f6re belirlenmesi gerekir[10].<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n kast\u0131n belirlenmesine ve netice sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 kavram\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir karar\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle denilmektedir: \u201cCeza muhakemesinin amac\u0131, her somut olayda kanuna ve usul\u00fcne uygun olarak toplanan delillerle maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015f\u0131p adaleti sa\u011flamak, su\u00e7 i\u015fledi\u011fi sabit olan faili cezaland\u0131rmak, kamu d\u00fczeninin bozulmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilmek ve bozulan kamu d\u00fczenini yeniden tesis etmektir. Gerek 1412 say\u0131l\u0131 CMUK, gerekse 5271 say\u0131l\u0131 CMK; adil, etkin ve hukuka uygun bir yarg\u0131lama yap\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015fmay\u0131 ama\u00e7 edinmi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle ula\u015f\u0131lma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunan b\u00fct\u00fcn delillerin ele al\u0131n\u0131p de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle adaletin tam olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in, maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015fma amac\u0131na hizmet edebilecek t\u00fcm kanuni delillerin toplanmas\u0131 ve tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunludur. “Bir insan\u0131 kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcren ki\u015fi, m\u00fcebbet\u00a0hapis cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7ermektedir. \u201cNeticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f yaralama\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 87. maddesinin 4. f\u0131kras\u0131 ise su\u00e7 ve karar tarihindeki h\u00e2li ile; \u201cKasten yaralama\u00a0sonucunda \u00f6l\u00fcm meydana gelmi\u015fse, yukar\u0131daki maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131na giren hallerde sekiz y\u0131ldan on iki y\u0131la kadar, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131na giren hallerde ise on iki y\u0131ldan on alt\u0131 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131na h\u00fckmolunur\u201d, \u015feklinde iken 15.04.2020 tarihli ve 31100 say\u0131l\u0131 Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanarak y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 7242 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 12. maddesiyle, bu f\u0131krada yer alan \u201con alt\u0131\u201d ibaresi \u201con sekiz\u201d \u015feklinde de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f, TCK\u2019n\u0131n 87. maddesinin 4. f\u0131kras\u0131 \u201cKasten yaralama sonucunda \u00f6l\u00fcm meydana gelmi\u015fse, yukar\u0131daki maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131na giren hallerde sekiz y\u0131ldan on iki y\u0131la kadar, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131na giren hallerde ise on iki y\u0131ldan on sekiz y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131na h\u00fckmolunur.\u201d \u015feklinde yeniden d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Konuya ili\u015fkin TCK’n\u0131n 87. maddesinin gerek\u00e7esinde ise; \u201cD\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131krada, kasten yaralama\u00a0sonucunda \u00f6l\u00fcm meydana gelmi\u015f olmas\u0131 h\u00e2line ili\u015fkin h\u00fckme yer verilmi\u015ftir. Neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bu kasten yaralama h\u00e2llerinde, failin bu a\u011f\u0131r neticeden sorumlu tutulabilmesi i\u00e7in, \u2018Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler Kitab\u0131\u2019nda yer alan netice sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7lara ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler, burada da ge\u00e7erlidir\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na yer verilmi\u015ftir. 765 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019de objektif\u00a0sorumluluk esas\u0131na dayanan d\u00fczenlemelere yer verilmi\u015f iken, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019de objektif sorumluluk esas\u0131 benimsenmemi\u015ftir. Su\u00e7u, \u201ckanunda tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f bir haks\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6ren yeni su\u00e7 teorisinde, bir hareketi yapan ki\u015fi, bu hareketin t\u00fcm sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan her \u015fartta sorumlu tutulmamakta, bir ba\u015fka anlat\u0131mla \u201ckusursuz sorumluluk\u201d terk edilmi\u015f olmaktad\u0131r (\u0130zzet \u00d6zgen\u00e7, T\u00fcrk Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, 8. Bas\u0131, s.161). 765 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019deki objektif sorumluluk esas\u0131n\u0131n yerine 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019de haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilme \u015fekli olarak kast-taksir\u00a0kombinasyonuna, yani netice sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7lara yer verilmi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda esas al\u0131nan su\u00e7 teorisinde, su\u00e7un manevi unsurlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilen kast-taksir kombinasyonu, yani netice sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 \u00fczerinde durulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019n\u0131n \u201cNetice sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 23. maddesi;<\/p>\n
\u201c(1) Bir fiilin, kastedilenden daha a\u011f\u0131r veya ba\u015fka bir neticenin olu\u015fumuna sebebiyet vermesi halinde, ki\u015finin bundan dolay\u0131 sorumlu tutulabilmesi i\u00e7in bu netice bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en az\u0131ndan taksirle hareket etmesi gerekir\u201d \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n
Buna g\u00f6re; failin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir eylemde, kastetti\u011finden daha a\u011f\u0131r veya ba\u015fka bir sonucun meydana gelmesi h\u00e2linde, sorumlu tutulabilmesi i\u00e7in netice bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en az\u0131ndan taksirle hareket etmi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fc gerekmektedir. Fail, bu sonucun meydana gelmesinden taksirle bile sorumlu tutulam\u0131yorsa, objektif\u00a0sorumlulu\u011fun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal bir sonucu olarak, sadece nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunuyor olmas\u0131, neticeden sorumlu tutulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli olmayacakt\u0131r. \u00d6\u011fretide, neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7un, ger\u00e7ek neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte ya da ger\u00e7ek olmayan neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 olarak iki farkl\u0131 \u015feklinin bulundu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir. Ger\u00e7ek neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7larda, failin hareketi sonucunda kastetti\u011finden daha a\u011f\u0131r bir netice ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmakta olup, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 netice dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir su\u00e7 tipi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, yaralama su\u00e7unda ma\u011fdurun \u00f6lmesi, ger\u00e7ek neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 h\u00e2lidir. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7larda ise, failin hareketi sonucunda su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in aranan neticeden ba\u015fka, niteli\u011fi de farkl\u0131 olan daha a\u011f\u0131r bir netice ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmakta olup, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 netice dolay\u0131s\u0131yla temel su\u00e7 niteli\u011fi ayn\u0131 kalmakla beraber yaln\u0131zca ceza a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, cinsel sald\u0131r\u0131\u00a0su\u00e7unda ma\u011fdurun bitkisel hayata girmesi, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 h\u00e2lidir (Hamide Zafer, Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, Beta Yay\u0131nevi, 5. Bas\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2015, s. 286 vd; Mehmet Emin Artuk, Ahmet G\u00f6kcen, A. Caner Yenid\u00fcnya, TCK \u015eerhi, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara 2009, c 3, s. 2484 vd.). 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019n\u0131n 23. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f bulunan neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7a ili\u015fkin genel kural\u0131n, \u00f6zel h\u00fck\u00fcmler aras\u0131nda kendisine yer buldu\u011fu maddelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen TCK\u2019n\u0131n 87. maddenin 4. f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re, ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen kasten yaralama\u00a0eylemi TCK\u2019n\u0131n 86. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131 veya 1. f\u0131kras\u0131 ile birlikte 3. f\u0131kras\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda bulunur ve bunun sonucunda da \u00f6l\u00fcm meydana gelirse, en az\u0131ndan taksirle hareket etmi\u015f olmak \u015fart\u0131yla faile belirtilen cezalar\u0131n verilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
Kasten yaralama\u00a0sonucu ma\u011fdurun \u00f6lmesine ili\u015fkin TCK’n\u0131n 87. maddesinin 4. f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n
a.\u00a0\u00a0 Failin yaralama kast\u0131\u00a0ile hareket etmesi,<\/p>\n
b.\u00a0\u00a0 Ma\u011fdurun TCK\u2019n\u0131n 86. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda yaralanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 veya 86. maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndaki yaralama fiilinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kra da ihlal edilmek suretiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi,<\/p>\n
c.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Failin eylemi ile aras\u0131nda illiyet ba\u011f\u0131 bulunacak \u015fekilde ma\u011fdurun \u00f6lmesi,<\/p>\n
d.\u00a0\u00a0 Failin meydana gelen \u00f6l\u00fcm sonucuna ili\u015fkin en az taksir\u00a0derecesinde bir kusurunun bulunmas\u0131, \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi gerekir. Buna g\u00f6re, fail ma\u011fduru yaralamak amac\u0131yla hareket etmeli, ma\u011fdurun yaralanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmeli ve bu sonucu istemelidir. Bununla birlikte fail ma\u011fdurun yaralanmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil de, \u00f6lmesini istemi\u015f ve \u00f6l\u00fcm meydana gelmi\u015f ise bu durumda kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeden sorumlu tutulacakt\u0131r. Madde metnine g\u00f6re faile verilecek ceza belirlenirken kasten yaralama\u00a0su\u00e7unun d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi TCK’n\u0131n 86. maddesinin birinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kralar\u0131na yollama yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O h\u00e2lde, ma\u011fdurun basit bir t\u0131bbi m\u00fcdahale ile giderilebilecek dereceden daha a\u011f\u0131r \u015fekilde yaralanmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. An\u0131lan maddenin 2. f\u0131kras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulan basit bir t\u0131bbi m\u00fcdahale ile giderilebilecek \u015fekilde meydana gelen yaralamalarda 87. maddenin 4. f\u0131kras\u0131 uygulanamayacakt\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fart olarak ma\u011fdurun \u00f6lmesi ve failin eylemi ile ma\u011fdurun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc aras\u0131nda uygun nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 gerekir. Son olarak, failin meydana gelen bu \u00f6l\u00fcm sonucundan, en az taksir derecesinde bir kusurunun bulunmas\u0131 gerekir. Di\u011fer yandan, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019n\u0131n \u201cKasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrme\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda 81. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen su\u00e7un manevi unsuru \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131\u00a0iken, 87. maddesinin 4. f\u0131kras\u0131na d\u00fczenlenen yaralama sonucunda \u00f6l\u00fcme neden olma su\u00e7unun manevi unsuru yaralama kast\u0131d\u0131r. O h\u00e2lde, kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7u ile kasten yaralama sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcme neden olma su\u00e7u aras\u0131ndaki ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerden en \u00f6nemlisi manevi unsur farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Su\u00e7un vas\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in failin kast\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye mi, yoksa yaralamaya m\u0131 y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019n\u0131n 21\/1. maddesine g\u00f6re, su\u00e7un kanuni tan\u0131m\u0131ndaki unsurlar\u0131n bilerek ve istenerek ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi olan ve failin i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendiren kast, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya yans\u0131yan davran\u0131\u015flara bak\u0131larak, daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir ifadeyle, failin olay \u00f6ncesi, olay s\u0131ras\u0131\u00a0ve olay sonras\u0131\u00a0davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc al\u0131narak belirlenmelidir. \u0130lkeleri, Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulunun istikrar bulunan ve s\u00fcregelen kararlar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, bir eylemin kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00a0m\u00fc, yoksa kasten yaralama m\u0131 say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde; fail ile ma\u011fdur\u00a0aras\u0131nda husumet\u00a0bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, varsa husumetin nedeni ve derecesi, failin su\u00e7ta kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131\u00a0aletinin niteli\u011fi, darbe say\u0131s\u0131\u00a0ve \u015fiddeti, ma\u011fdurun v\u00fccudunda meydana getirilen yaralar\u0131n yerleri, nitelik ve nicelikleri, hedef se\u00e7me imk\u00e2n\u0131\u00a0olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, failin fiiline kendili\u011finden mi, yoksa engel bir nedenden dolay\u0131 m\u0131 son verdi\u011fi gibi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler esas al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kast\u0131n belirlenmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan her bir olayda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterebilece\u011finden, t\u00fcm bu olgular\u0131n olaysal olarak ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k konusu de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde; San\u0131k T..\u2019\u0131n, tan\u0131k\u00a0A\u2026a ait lokalde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, itfaiye memuru olan maktul.. in ayn\u0131 zamanda bu lokalin yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda kahvehane i\u015fletti\u011fi, san\u0131k T.. ile maktul \u00c7..in birbirlerini tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131, olay tarihinden 3 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce saat 01.30 s\u0131ralar\u0131nda maktul C..\u2019\u0131n alkoll\u00fc bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131k A..\u2019e ait lokale geldi\u011fi, tan\u0131k A\u2026\u2019in o tarihlerde il d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tatilde oldu\u011fu, o s\u0131rada i\u00e7eride temizlik yapan san\u0131k T\u2026\u2019\u0131n lokalin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kilitledi\u011fi, maktul C\u2026\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7eride bulunanlardan lokalin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7malar\u0131n\u0131 istedi\u011fi ancak san\u0131k T\u2026\u2019\u0131n maktule alkoll\u00fc olarak mek\u00e2na giremeyece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyerek kap\u0131y\u0131 a\u00e7mad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bunun \u00fczerine maktul\u00fcn lokalin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tekmeledi\u011fi ve cam\u0131na ta\u015f att\u0131\u011f\u0131, sonras\u0131nda maktul C\u2026\u2019\u0131n, san\u0131k T\u2026ve tan\u0131k A\u2026\u2019e k\u00fcfretti\u011fi, seslerin y\u00fckselmesi \u00fczerine lokalde bulunan tan\u0131k R\u2026\u2019\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 inerek maktul C\u2026\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131na gitti\u011fi, burada taraflar aras\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ancak taraflar\u0131n \u015fik\u00e2yet\u00e7i olmamalar\u0131 nedeniyle herhangi bir adli i\u015flem yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, maktul C\u2026 ile san\u0131k T\u2026 aras\u0131nda bu olay nedeniyle bir anla\u015fmazl\u0131k bulundu\u011fu, san\u0131k T..\u2019\u0131n 16.08.2015 tarihinde saat 23.00 s\u0131ralar\u0131nda lokali kapatt\u0131ktan sonra e\u015fine sigara almak i\u00e7in \u00c7\u2026 B\u00fcfe\u2019ye giderken maktul C\u2026\u2019in san\u0131k T\u2026\u2019\u0131 g\u00f6rmesi \u00fczerine san\u0131\u011fa \u201cGel\u201d \u015feklinde i\u015faret yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, san\u0131k T\u2026\u2019\u0131n da birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce ya\u015fanan olay\u0131 konu\u015fmak amac\u0131yla maktul\u00fcn yan\u0131na gitti\u011fi, maktul C..\u2019\u0131n san\u0131\u011f\u0131n koluna girerek \u201cBen iki tane bira alaca\u011f\u0131m, arkada Kordon\u2019da konu\u015faca\u011f\u0131z\u201d dedi\u011fi ve san\u0131k T\u2026 ile maktul C..\u2019\u0131n birka\u00e7 adet bira alarak Kordon Park’a gittikleri, bu s\u0131rada san\u0131k T..\u2019\u0131n, tan\u0131k A\u2026\u2019e \u201cd\u00fckkan\u0131 kapatt\u0131m, C..’\u0131 ald\u0131m, s..m\u201d \u015feklinde mesaj g\u00f6ndererek durumdan tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 haberdar etti\u011fi, san\u0131k ve maktul\u00fcn \u00e7ay kenar\u0131na oturarak birlikte alkol ald\u0131klar\u0131, bir m\u00fcddet sonra tan\u0131klar.. A ve B..\u2019\u0131n san\u0131k ve maktul\u00fcn yan\u0131na geldikleri, tan\u0131k A..\u2019in maktul C\u2026\u2019a \u201cSen kalk git\u201d deyip san\u0131k T\u2026\u2019a da \u201cKalk gidiyoruz\u201d dedi\u011fi, tan\u0131k Ahmet\u2019in 2-3 kez bu \u015fekilde \u0131srar etmesine ra\u011fmen maktul C\u2026\u2019\u0131n \u201cBiz arkada\u015f\u0131z, karde\u015fiz, ben T\u2026\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131r\u0131m\u201d dedi\u011fi, bunun \u00fczerine tan\u0131k A\u2026\u2019in tan\u0131k B\u2026\u2019e d\u00f6nerek \u201cSen \u015fahitsin, aralar\u0131nda kavga ve herhangi bir \u015fey olursa bizi ba\u011flamaz\u201d dedi\u011fi, bu s\u00f6z \u00fczerine maktul C\u2026\u2019\u0131n \u201cBiz niye kavga edece\u011fiz, aram\u0131zda kavga edecek ne var?\u201d dedi\u011fi, bu s\u0131rada san\u0131k T..\u0131n aya\u011fa kalkarak maktul C\u2026\u2019a \u201cBizim aram\u0131zda nas\u0131l bir \u015fey yok, ana avrat k\u00fcfretmedin mi bana?\u201d diyerek yan\u0131nda oturmakta olan maktul C\u2026\u2019\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcne do\u011fru tekme sallad\u0131\u011f\u0131, maktul\u00fcn s\u0131rt\u00fcst\u00fc yere d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, tan\u0131klar A\u2026 ve B\u2026\u2019in hemen araya girdikleri, san\u0131k T\u2026\u2019\u0131n tan\u0131klar\u0131 itekleyerek yerde yatan maktul\u00fcn boyun ve y\u00fcz b\u00f6lgesine do\u011fru bir iki tekme daha sallad\u0131\u011f\u0131, tan\u0131klar A.. ve B..\u2019in, san\u0131k T\u2026\u2019\u0131 tutup olay yerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rarak yola \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131, maktul\u00fcn bay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sanan tan\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen maktul\u00fcn kendisine gelmemesi \u00fczerine olay yerine ambulans \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahaleye ra\u011fmen maktul\u00fcn k\u00fct kafa ve boyun travmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 medulla spinalis kanamas\u0131 ve beyin kanamas\u0131 sonucu vefat etti\u011fi olayda; San\u0131k T\u2026 ile maktul C\u2026 aras\u0131nda 3 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce ya\u015fanan olaylar nedeniyle bir anla\u015fmazl\u0131k bulundu\u011fu sabit olmakla birlikte, bu anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcrme amac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcdecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bir husumete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hususunda net bir belirleme yap\u0131lamamas\u0131, zira san\u0131k T\u2026 ve maktul C\u2026\u2019\u0131n 3 g\u00fcn \u00f6nceki meseleyi konu\u015fmak amac\u0131yla \u00e7ay kenar\u0131na giderken yanlar\u0131na kesici, delici veya yaralay\u0131c\u0131 herhangi bir alet ya da silah\u00a0almad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n sabit olmas\u0131, san\u0131k T\u2026\u2019\u0131n maktul\u00fcn ba\u015f ve boyun b\u00f6lgesine do\u011fru vurdu\u011fu tekmelerin \u00f6l\u00fcm sonucunu do\u011furmaya elveri\u015fli\u00a0alet olarak de\u011ferlendirilemeyecek olmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda; san\u0131\u011f\u0131n olay \u00f6ncesi, olay s\u0131ras\u0131 ve olay sonras\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya yans\u0131yan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131yla hareket etmedi\u011fi, bu ba\u011flamda san\u0131\u011f\u0131n eyleminin kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Maktul\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131yla hareket etmeyen ve \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7u i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli herhangi bir alet ya da silah kullanmayan san\u0131k Tuncay\u2019\u0131n, yaralamak amac\u0131yla maktul\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131na do\u011fru bir kez tekme atmas\u0131, maktul\u00fcn yere d\u00fc\u015fmesi \u00fczerine san\u0131k T\u2026ay\u2019\u0131n yine yaralama kast\u0131yla maktul\u00fcn kafa ve boyun b\u00f6lgesine do\u011fru 1-2 kez daha tekme atmas\u0131, Adli T\u0131p Kurumunca maktul\u00fcn kafa ve boyun b\u00f6lgesindeki yaralanmalar\u0131n TCK\u2019n\u0131n 86 ve 87. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda kal\u0131p kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bir de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015f olmakla birlikte, kafa ve boyun travmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 beyin ve medulla spinalis kanamas\u0131na neden olan yaralanmalar\u0131n TCK\u2019n\u0131n 86\/1. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi, \u00f6l\u00fcm sonucunu do\u011furan maktul\u00fcn kafa ve boyun b\u00f6lgesindeki yaralanmalar\u0131n TCK\u2019n\u0131n 86\/2. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda basit t\u0131bbi m\u00fcdahale ile giderilebilecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde hafif nitelikte bir yaralanma olarak de\u011ferlendirilemeyece\u011fi, maktul\u00fcn kafa ve boyun b\u00f6lgesinde meydana gelen yaralanmalar ile \u00f6l\u00fcm sonucu aras\u0131nda illiyet ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda; san\u0131\u011f\u0131n eyleminin kasten yaralama sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcme neden olma su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ve silahtan say\u0131lacak herhangi bir alet kullanmayan san\u0131\u011f\u0131n TCK’n\u0131n 86. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndaki yaralama fiilini ayn\u0131 maddenin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131 ihlal etmeksizin i\u015flemesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, TCK\u2019n\u0131n 87\/4. maddesinin ilk c\u00fcmlesi uyar\u0131nca cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi kabul edilmelidir[11]\u201d.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu\u2019nun 08.07.2008 tarihli ve 2008\/1-88 esas ve 2008\/184 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131na g\u00f6re ise, \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n
1.\u00a0\u00a0 Fail ile ma\u011fdur\u00a0aras\u0131nda olay \u00f6ncesine dayal\u0131, \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyi gerektirir bir husumetin bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n
2.\u00a0\u00a0 Olayda kullan\u0131lan vas\u0131tan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015fli\u00a0olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n
3.\u00a0\u00a0 Ma\u011fdurdaki darbe say\u0131s\u0131\u00a0ve \u015fiddeti,<\/p>\n
4.\u00a0\u00a0 Darbelerin vuruldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgenin hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n
5.\u00a0\u00a0 Failin fiiline kendili\u011finden mi, yoksa engel bir sebepten dolay\u0131 m\u0131 son verdi\u011fi,<\/p>\n
6.\u00a0\u00a0 Olay sonras\u0131\u00a0ma\u011fdura y\u00f6nelik davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Failin kast\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde ba\u015fvurulan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerden hepsinin, \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyacak \u015fekilde ayn\u0131 olayda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme zorunlulu\u011fu yoktur. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fctlerden sadece birisinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi durumda, failin kast\u0131n\u0131n insan \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu; buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerden \u00e7o\u011funun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi durumlarda failin kast\u0131n\u0131n yaralamaya y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ma\u011fdura kar\u015f\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7akla birden fazla darbede bulunulmas\u0131 ve taraflar\u0131n aras\u0131nda daha \u00f6nceden bir husumetin bulunmas\u0131 halinde \u015fayet darbe, ma\u011fdurun hayati b\u00f6lgesine vurulmam\u0131\u015fsa veya ma\u011fdurun hayati b\u00f6lgesine kar\u015f\u0131 hareket etmesine ra\u011fmen, \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015fli\u00a0bir aletle sald\u0131r\u0131\u00a0s\u00f6z konusu de\u011filse \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131ndan de\u011fil, yaralama kast\u0131ndan bahsedilebilecektir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan esas olan, somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. H\u00e2kim, yukar\u0131da say\u0131lan \u015fartlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde karar tesis ederken ‘\u015f\u00fcpheden san\u0131k yararlan\u0131r’ ilkesini de g\u00f6zetmeli ve san\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131 ile hareket etti\u011fi hususunda teredd\u00fct ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde kasten yaralama\u00a0h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini uygulamal\u0131d\u0131r[12].<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu\u2019nun 28.06.2011 tarihli ve 2011\/1-114 E., 2011\/150 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u201caralar\u0131nda \u00f6nceye dayal\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyi gerektirecek husumetleri olmayan ve \u00e7\u0131kan tart\u0131\u015fma sebebiyle gece ge\u00e7 saatlerde aniden geli\u015fen ve hedef se\u00e7me olana\u011f\u0131 bulunmayan kavgan\u0131n hareketli ortam\u0131nda, ele ge\u00e7meyen kesici aletlerle ma\u011fdurlar\u0131 yaralayan san\u0131klar\u0131n eyleminde, Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu ile 1. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin s\u00fcreklilik kazanm\u0131\u015f uygulamalar\u0131yla hayati tehlike\u00a0yaratan isabetlerin bir adetle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmas\u0131 gibi hususlar birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, san\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131yla hareket ettikleri ku\u015fkulu kalmaktad\u0131r. Ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ilkelerinden biri olan \u2018in dubio pro reo\u2019 yani \u2018ku\u015fkudan san\u0131k yararlan\u0131r\u2019 kural\u0131 uyar\u0131nca, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir su\u00e7tan cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n temel ko\u015fulu, su\u00e7un ku\u015fkuya yer vermeyen bir kesinlikle ispat edilmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme \u015fekli ku\u015fkulu ve tam olarak ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f olaylar ve iddialar san\u0131\u011f\u0131n aleyhine yorumlanarak mahk\u00fbmiyet h\u00fckm\u00fc kurulamaz. Ceza mahk\u00fbmiyeti, yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcrecinde toplanan kan\u0131tlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131na dayan\u0131larak ve di\u011fer bir k\u0131sm\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilerek ula\u015f\u0131lan olas\u0131 kan\u0131ya de\u011fil, kesin ve a\u00e7\u0131k bir ispata dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ispat, hi\u00e7bir ku\u015fku ve ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc bir olu\u015fa olanak vermeyecek a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kta olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek de olsa bir olas\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131larak san\u0131\u011f\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmak, ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli amac\u0131 olan ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015fmadan, varsay\u0131ma dayal\u0131 olarak h\u00fck\u00fcm vermek anlam\u0131na gelir. O halde ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda mahk\u00fbmiyet, b\u00fcy\u00fck veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131\u011fa de\u011fil, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ku\u015fkudan uzak bir kesinli\u011fe dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Adli hatalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilebilmesinin ba\u015fka bir yolu da bulunmamaktad\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle, san\u0131klar N. ve S.\u2019nin, ma\u011fdurlar D. ve T.\u2019yi \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kastlar\u0131yla hareket ettiklerini g\u00f6steren kesin ve inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kan\u0131tlar bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, eylemlerinin kasten yaralama\u00a0olarak kabul\u00fcnde zorunluluk bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu itibarla, yerel mahkemece kan\u0131tlar\u0131n hatal\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmesi ve dosya kapsam\u0131na uymayan gerek\u00e7eler ve kabulle, san\u0131klar\u0131n eylemlerinin \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye kalk\u0131\u015fma olarak nitelendirilmesi suretiyle direnme karar\u0131 verilmesi ve h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmas\u0131 isabetsiz olup, direnme h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn bozulmas\u0131na karar verilmelidir.<\/p>\n
YCGK taraf\u0131ndan, somut olay\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7ok benzeyen ancak \u00e7ok daha vahim olan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00f6zetlenen olayda; (2019\/\/59 K); kasatura gibi silah\u0131n ucuna tak\u0131l\u0131 son derece etkili bir silahla \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl b\u00f6lgeye yap\u0131lan darbe TCK\u2019n\u0131n 87\/4 maddesi kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilirken \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl b\u00f6lgeye isabet eden darbenin tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131na delalet etmeyece\u011fi \u00e7ok net bir \u015fekilde ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k konusunda a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde geli\u015fen olayda; askerlik hizmetini yerine getirmek i\u00e7in silah\u00a0alt\u0131nda bulunan san\u0131k Piyade Er S ile maktul Y..’\u0131n olaydan \u00f6nce birbirlerini tan\u0131mamalar\u0131, aralar\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyi gerektirecek bir husumetin bulunmamas\u0131, maktul\u00fcn tan\u0131k\u00a0U..’u kovalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada san\u0131\u011f\u0131n yumruk atarak maktule m\u00fcdahale etmesinden sonra yumru\u011fun tesiri ile yere d\u00fc\u015fen maktul\u00fcn san\u0131\u011fa do\u011fru hamle yapmas\u0131 \u00fczerine san\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u00fcfe\u011finin ucuna tak\u0131l\u0131 s\u00fcng\u00fcyle maktul\u00fcn g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs b\u00f6lgesine bir kez vurmas\u0131, maktul\u00fcn g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs b\u00f6lgesinden kan geldi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcnce herhangi bir engel durum bulunmamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n eylemine kendili\u011finden son vermesi, olay g\u00fcn\u00fc saat 20.17’de g\u00fcne\u015fin batt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda havan\u0131n kararmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortamda \u00e7\u0131kan arbede s\u0131ras\u0131nda san\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6zellikle maktul\u00fcn hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs b\u00f6lgesini hedef alarak hareket etti\u011finin saptanamamas\u0131, maktul\u00fcn v\u00fccudundaki ikinci kesici delici alet yaras\u0131n\u0131n maktul\u00fcn baca\u011f\u0131nda yer almas\u0131, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n olaydan hemen sonra yard\u0131m getirmesi i\u00e7in tan\u0131k U..’u Karakola g\u00f6ndermesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda; san\u0131\u011f\u0131n olay \u00f6ncesi, olay esnas\u0131 ve sonras\u0131ndaki davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131yla de\u011fil yaralama kast\u0131yla hareket etti\u011fi, yaralama eylemiyle maktul\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc aras\u0131nda illiyet ba\u011f\u0131 bulundu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan eyleminin kasten yaralama\u00a0sonucu \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kabul edilmelidir. Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulunun 2018\/324 karar, Yarg\u0131tay. 1 Ceza Dairesinin 2008\/3203 karar -2012\/8682 karar say\u0131l\u0131 ilamlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 do\u011frultudad\u0131r. YCGK\u2019nun \u00a02008\/165 karar, 2016\/451 karar ve 2018\/308 karar say\u0131l\u0131 ilamlar\u0131nda; \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015fli\u00a0silahlar ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen darbelerin hayati b\u00f6lgelere isabet etmesine ra\u011fmen, yukar\u0131da \u00f6rnek i\u00e7tihatlarda a\u00e7\u0131klanan gerek\u00e7elerle, her \u00fc\u00e7 olay\u0131n san\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da eylemleri kasten yaralama sonucunda \u00f6l\u00fcme neden olma su\u00e7u olarak nitelendirilmi\u015ftir[13].<\/p>\n
Do\u00e7. Dr. Cengiz APAYDIN\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n
Cumhuriyet Savc\u0131s\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
Cenk Ayhan APAYDIN<\/p>\n
Avukat-Yazar<\/p>\n
——————-<\/p>\n
[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Apayd\u0131n, Netice Sebebiyle A\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f Su\u00e7lar, 93.<\/p>\n
[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Apayd\u0131n, Netice Sebebiyle A\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f Su\u00e7lar, 93.<\/p>\n
[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ozans\u00fc, 194.<\/p>\n
[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YCGK. 8.7.1991, 1\u2013200\/231, YKD, Haziran 1992, 91 vd.(\u00f6zel ar\u015fiv).<\/p>\n
[5]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yurtcan, Erdener, Ceza Yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 Hukuku, 5. Bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1996, 212; Feyzio\u011flu, Metin, Ceza Muhakemesinde Vicdani Kanaat, Ankara 2002, 68.<\/p>\n
[6]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yurtcan, 52.<\/p>\n
[7]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Apayd\u0131n, Netice Sebebiyle A\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f Su\u00e7lar, 95.<\/p>\n
[8]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YCGK\u2019nin 1.06.2021 tarihli, 2020\/1-446 esas ve 2021\/230 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 (UYAP isimli H\u00e2kimler ve Cumhuriyet savc\u0131lar\u0131na Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131na \u00f6zel eri\u015fim sa\u011flayan sistemden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/p>\n
[9]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re bir de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r; fail ile ma\u011fdur aras\u0131ndaki problemin sebebi, fail ile ma\u011fdurun konumu, failin su\u00e7ta kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 aletin niteli\u011fi, darbe say\u0131s\u0131 ile mesafesi, failini olay \u00f6ncesi ve olay s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki beyanlar\u0131, ma\u011fdurun v\u00fccudunda olu\u015fan yaralar\u0131n yerleri ile nitelik ve nicelikleri, failin hedef se\u00e7me olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, hayat\u0131n olay\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda failin i\u015flemeyi kastetti\u011fi su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131na iradesine d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda engel bir halin bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususlar\u0131 toplanan deliller \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda incelenmek suretiyle failin eyleminin kasten yaralama sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcme neden olma veya kasten insan \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7lar\u0131ndan hangisini olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespit edilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
[10]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Apayd\u0131n, Netice Sebebiyle A\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f Su\u00e7lar, 96.<\/p>\n
[11]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YCGK\u2019nin 15.06.2021 tarihli, 2020\/1-464 esas ve 2021\/280 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 (UYAP isimli H\u00e2kimler ve Cumhuriyet savc\u0131lar\u0131na Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131na \u00f6zel eri\u015fim sa\u011flayan sistemden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/p>\n
[12]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Apayd\u0131n, Netice Sebebiyle A\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f Su\u00e7lar, 102.<\/p>\n
[13]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YCGK\u2019nin 1.06.2021 tarihli, 2020\/1-446 esas ve 2021\/230 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 (UYAP isimli H\u00e2kimler ve Cumhuriyet savc\u0131lar\u0131na Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131na \u00f6zel eri\u015fim sa\u011flayan sistemden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/p>\n
\u200bKast\u00a0somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine ve bu \u00f6zellik i\u00e7indeki ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n niteliklerine g\u00f6re tespit edilmelidir. Kasta y\u00fckledi\u011fimiz anlam\u0131n temelindeki beklenti failin bir zarar ve tehlikeyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131klara ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve tam olarak planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermesi durumu bulunmaktad\u0131r[1].<\/p>\n
Failin kast\u0131n\u0131n tespiti i\u00e7in amac\u0131n\u0131 elde etmek amac\u0131yla g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00e7abalar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak, fail ile ma\u011fdurun ili\u015fkisi, failin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 vas\u0131tan\u0131n niteli\u011fi, darbelerin say\u0131s\u0131 ve y\u00f6neldi\u011fi b\u00f6lge failin olay \u00f6ncesi, olay s\u0131ras\u0131\u00a0ve olay sonras\u0131\u00a0davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 olay\u0131n yeri ve zaman\u0131 faili su\u00e7 i\u015flemeye sevk eden sebepler ile su\u00e7un i\u015flenmesine gerek\u00e7e olarak ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen her \u015fekil muhtemel hakk\u0131 sebepleri ve mazeretleri hayat\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirerek failin zihnindeki resmi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak gerekmektedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kas\u0131tl\u0131 su\u00e7larda failin zihninde istedi\u011fi sonucun nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi konusunda adeta zihinsel bir resim mevcuttur. Ceza hukukun da san\u0131\u011f\u0131n su\u00e7 i\u015fleme karar\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rken zihninde ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi a\u015famalar\u0131 kavramak ve san\u0131\u011f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi eylemden neyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit ispat hukukuna ili\u015fkin bir sorun oldu\u011fundan muhakeme hukuku ile ilgili olup, insanlar\u0131n ruh durumlar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan bilemeyece\u011fimizden onlar\u0131 tan\u0131mak i\u00e7in elle tutulur verilere dayanmam\u0131z gerekmektedir. Ger\u00e7ekte kast, somut olaylarda harici delillerle yani tan\u0131k\u00a0anlat\u0131mlar\u0131, bilirki\u015fi raporlar\u0131, \u015fik\u00e2yet\u00e7inin ifadeleri, kamera kay\u0131tlar\u0131, olay yeri\u00a0krokileri ve inceleme raporlar\u0131 bilimsel ve teknik\u00a0bulgularla tespit edilebilece\u011fi gibi harici delillerden tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olan kan\u0131tla \u00f6rne\u011fin itiraf yoluyla da tespit edilebilir[2].<\/p>\n
Kast\u0131n tespiti\u00a0i\u00e7in, olay an\u0131nda failin vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu eylem\u00a0karar\u0131n\u0131n niteliksel karakteri ile bu olgunun ispat\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan kan\u0131tlar\u0131 birbirinden ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak de\u011ferlendirmemiz gerekir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u201cfailin ki\u015fili\u011fi\u201d emaresi, kast\u0131n tespitinde kullan\u0131labilir bir kan\u0131t olabilir ama bu kavram, kast\u0131n maddi i\u00e7eri\u011fine d\u00e2hil olamaz. Bu durumda, objektif\u00a0niteli\u011fi haiz emarelerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra s\u00fcbjektif\u00a0niteli\u011fi ortaya koyabilecek emareler de kast\u0131n ispat\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunlara \u00f6rnek olarak, eylem \u00f6ncesi ve sonras\u0131ndaki tavr\u0131, failin gen\u00e7li\u011fi, profesyonelli\u011fi, zihni durumu, alg\u0131lamada eksiklik ya\u015fay\u0131p ya\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131, risk kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki ki\u015fisel tavr\u0131, ma\u011fdur\u00a0ve fail aras\u0131ndaki duygusal ba\u011f vb. kan\u0131tlar s\u0131ralanabilir. As\u0131l \u00f6nemli olan, uygulamac\u0131n\u0131n bu kan\u0131tlar\u0131 katalo\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmekten ziyade onlar\u0131 her somut olayda yeri geldi\u011finde incelemi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r[3].<\/p>\n
Ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda ama\u00e7, maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fin hi\u00e7bir ku\u015fkuya yer b\u0131rakmaks\u0131z\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r[4]. Ceza muhakemesi, maddi sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi suretiyle maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ard\u0131ndan hukuki sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r[5].<\/p>\n
Ceza hukuku sistemimizde maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in delil\u00a0serbesti ve delillerin serbest\u00e7e takdiri esas al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kural olarak h\u00e2kimin somut olay\u0131 \u00f6zelliklerine ve eldeki delillere g\u00f6re kast\u0131 tespit etmesi gerekmektedir. H\u00e2kimin kast\u0131n hangi su\u00e7a y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu hususunda veya su\u00e7 kast\u0131n\u0131n olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususunda kesin bir yarg\u0131ya ula\u015famamas\u0131 halinde \u201c\u015f\u00fcpheden san\u0131k yararlan\u0131r\u201d, ilkesi uygulan\u0131r. \u015e\u00fcpheden san\u0131\u011f\u0131n yararlanaca\u011f\u0131 ilkesi, masumiyet karinesinin uzant\u0131s\u0131 olan evrensel bir kurald\u0131r. Bu ilke, ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda ispat konusunda bir husus \u015f\u00fcpheli kald\u0131\u011f\u0131nda san\u0131k lehine sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ve karar vermeyi gerekli k\u0131lan bir prensiptir. Buna g\u00f6re, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n mahk\u00fbm edilmesi i\u00e7in, su\u00e7lulu\u011fu konusunda yarg\u0131ca y\u00fczde y\u00fcz kanaat gelmesi \u015fartt\u0131r[6]. \u00d6rne\u011fin, failin eyleminin adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu saptanm\u0131yorsa failin yaralama kast\u0131yla hareket etti\u011fi kabul edilmelidir. Ancak uygulamada delil toplama tekniklerinin yetersizli\u011fi, delil toplamakta g\u00f6revli ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve soru\u015fturma\u00a0organlar\u0131n\u0131n teknik\u00a0ve donan\u0131m yetersizli\u011fi nedeniyle yeterince delil toplanamamakta olup kast\u0131n belirlenmesinde olay\u0131 yarg\u0131layan h\u00e2kimin bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re \u201c\u015f\u00fcpheden san\u0131k yararlan\u0131r\u201d, ilkesi uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u201d\u015f\u00fcpheden iddia g\u00fc\u00e7lenir\u201d \u015feklinde hukuksal bir temeli olmayan fiili bir uygulamaya yol a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Oysa olay\u0131 yarg\u0131layan h\u00e2kimin san\u0131\u011f\u0131n kast\u0131n\u0131 tespit i\u00e7in maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik her t\u00fcrl\u00fc delil ve verilerin hukuka uygun y\u00f6ntemlerle toplanarak mahkemeye sunulmas\u0131 gerekmekte olup, mahkemeyi yetersiz soru\u015fturma ve delillerle ba\u015f ba\u015fa b\u0131rakarak san\u0131\u011f\u0131n kast\u0131n\u0131n tespiti ceza hukukuna itibar sa\u011flamayaca\u011f\u0131 gibi toplumun ceza adaletine olan g\u00fcvenini ortadan kald\u0131racakt\u0131r. \u015e\u00fcphesiz ki, kast\u00a0ceza hukukunun en \u00f6nemli kavramlar\u0131ndan biri olup, yukar\u0131da Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n san\u0131\u011f\u0131n kast\u0131n\u0131 belirlerken belli su\u00e7 tiplerine y\u00f6nelik belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere g\u00f6re su\u00e7 kast\u0131n\u0131 tespit etti\u011fi, ancak baz\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerin de\u011fi\u015fen olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re kasta farkl\u0131 anlamlar y\u00fckledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7 kast\u0131n\u0131n tespitinin sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve etkin bir \u015fekilde yap\u0131larak ceza adaletinin sa\u011flanarak toplum d\u00fczenini koruma ve insanlar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli bir hukuk devletinde ya\u015famalar\u0131 i\u00e7in Cumhuriyet savc\u0131lar\u0131, ceza h\u00e2kimlerinin niteliklerinin ve niceliklerinin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, h\u00e2kim ve savc\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile teminat\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanarak kurumsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca ger\u00e7ek bir adli kolluk\u00a0sisteminin olu\u015fturularak, adli kolluk i\u00e7erisinde hukuk, maliye, bili\u015fim ve ileti\u015fim uzmanlar\u0131 istihdam edilerek, fizik\u00e7i, biyolog ve kimyac\u0131 adli t\u0131p uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n nitelik ve niceliklerinin artt\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle adli kolluk g\u00f6revlileri ile adli t\u0131p uzmanlar\u0131n\u0131n cumhuriyet savc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n koordinesinde i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde hareket etmesi adil, h\u0131zl\u0131 ve etkin soru\u015fturmalar\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015fartt\u0131r. Delil\u00a0toplama tekniklerinin geli\u015ftirilerek, parmak izi ve DNA bankalar\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131, kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k belli alanlarda kamera g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fclerinin kaydedilerek, hukuka uygun bir \u015fekilde ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131p, soru\u015fturma\u00a0ve kovu\u015fturma\u00a0organlar\u0131nca kullan\u0131larak, failin su\u00e7 kast\u0131n\u0131n olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya su\u00e7 kast\u0131n\u0131n hangi su\u00e7a y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011funun soru\u015fturma a\u015famas\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak titiz bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile her somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekmektedir[7].<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011finden anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00a0veya kasten yaralama\u00a0su\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kast\u0131n tespiti\u00a0i\u00e7in kural d\u00fczeyindeki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler de\u011fil, olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine ve bu \u00f6zellik i\u00e7indeki ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n niteliklerine g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirmenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Failin eyleminde, \u00f6ld\u00fcrme veya yaralama kast\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit i\u00e7in ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ko\u015fullar \u015funlard\u0131r. Fail ile ma\u011fdur\u00a0aras\u0131nda olay \u00f6ncesine dayal\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyi gerektirir bir husumet\u00a0bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, olayda kullan\u0131lan su\u00e7 aletinin \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015fli\u00a0olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ma\u011fdurdaki darbe say\u0131s\u0131\u00a0ve \u015fiddeti, darbelerin vuruldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgenin hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131, failin fiiline kendili\u011finden mi, yoksa engel bir nedenden dolay\u0131 m\u0131 son verdi\u011fi, olay sonras\u0131\u00a0failin ma\u011fdura y\u00f6nelik davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131, failin saiki ve kullan\u0131lan vas\u0131tan\u0131n kullan\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imi dikkate al\u0131narak saptanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
YCGK\u2019nin yeni tarihli bir karar\u0131na g\u00f6re, failin kast\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde ba\u015fvurulan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerden hepsinin, \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyacak \u015fekilde ayn\u0131 olayda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme zorunlulu\u011fu yoktur. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fctlerden sadece birisinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi durumda, failin kast\u0131n\u0131n insan \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu; buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerden \u00e7o\u011funun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi durumlarda failin kast\u0131n\u0131n yaralamaya y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ma\u011fdura kar\u015f\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7akla birden fazla darbede bulunulmas\u0131 ve taraflar\u0131n aras\u0131nda daha \u00f6nceden bir husumetin bulunmas\u0131 halinde \u015fayet darbe, ma\u011fdurun hayati b\u00f6lgesine vurulmam\u0131\u015fsa veya ma\u011fdurun hayati b\u00f6lgesine kar\u015f\u0131 hareket etmesine ra\u011fmen, \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015fli\u00a0bir aletle sald\u0131r\u0131\u00a0s\u00f6z konusu de\u011filse \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131ndan de\u011fil, yaralama kast\u0131ndan bahsedilebilecektir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan esas olan, somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. H\u00e2kim, yukar\u0131da say\u0131lan \u015fartlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde karar tesis ederken ‘\u015f\u00fcpheden san\u0131k yararlan\u0131r’ ilkesini de g\u00f6zetmeli ve san\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131 ile hareket etti\u011fi hususunda teredd\u00fct ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde kasten yaralama\u00a0h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini uygulamal\u0131d\u0131r[8].<\/p>\n
\u0130nsan \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00a0veya kasten yaralama\u00a0su\u00e7lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kast\u0131n tespiti\u00a0i\u00e7in, yukar\u0131da belirtilen emarelerin teker teker ve daha sonra da eylemin bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Ger\u00e7ekten failin kast\u0131, akla uygun ve ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i olarak hayat\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde, olay\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc veya bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 temsil eden kan\u0131tlardan veya kan\u0131tlar\u0131n bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesinden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Her olayda eylemin olu\u015f bi\u00e7imine ve olu\u015fa g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirilebilecek bir durumu, kural d\u00fczeyinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek, mant\u0131\u011fa ve hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r[9]. \u00d6rne\u011fin, failin su\u00e7 i\u015flerken birden fazla ate\u015f etme olana\u011f\u0131 varken tek at\u0131\u015fla su\u00e7u i\u015flemesi halinde eylemin silahla yaralama olarak nitelendirilmesi hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc fail \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc nitelikteki bir silahla, yak\u0131n mesafeden g\u00f6r\u00fcp hedef se\u00e7erek, hayati b\u00f6lgeye y\u00f6nelik ve hayati tehlike\u00a0olu\u015fturacak bi\u00e7imde bir kez bile ate\u015f etmesi eyleminde, ba\u015fka at\u0131\u015f ve eski husumet\u00a0olmamas\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. Eylemin kasten yaralama m\u0131 yoksa kasten insan \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye te\u015febb\u00fcs m\u00fc oldu\u011funun somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zeliklerine g\u00f6re belirlenmesi gerekir[10].<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n kast\u0131n belirlenmesine ve netice sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 kavram\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir karar\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle denilmektedir: \u201cCeza muhakemesinin amac\u0131, her somut olayda kanuna ve usul\u00fcne uygun olarak toplanan delillerle maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015f\u0131p adaleti sa\u011flamak, su\u00e7 i\u015fledi\u011fi sabit olan faili cezaland\u0131rmak, kamu d\u00fczeninin bozulmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilmek ve bozulan kamu d\u00fczenini yeniden tesis etmektir. Gerek 1412 say\u0131l\u0131 CMUK, gerekse 5271 say\u0131l\u0131 CMK; adil, etkin ve hukuka uygun bir yarg\u0131lama yap\u0131lmas\u0131 suretiyle maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015fmay\u0131 ama\u00e7 edinmi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle ula\u015f\u0131lma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunan b\u00fct\u00fcn delillerin ele al\u0131n\u0131p de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle adaletin tam olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilmesi i\u00e7in, maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015fma amac\u0131na hizmet edebilecek t\u00fcm kanuni delillerin toplanmas\u0131 ve tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunludur. “Bir insan\u0131 kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcren ki\u015fi, m\u00fcebbet\u00a0hapis cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7ermektedir. \u201cNeticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f yaralama\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 87. maddesinin 4. f\u0131kras\u0131 ise su\u00e7 ve karar tarihindeki h\u00e2li ile; \u201cKasten yaralama\u00a0sonucunda \u00f6l\u00fcm meydana gelmi\u015fse, yukar\u0131daki maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131na giren hallerde sekiz y\u0131ldan on iki y\u0131la kadar, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131na giren hallerde ise on iki y\u0131ldan on alt\u0131 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131na h\u00fckmolunur\u201d, \u015feklinde iken 15.04.2020 tarihli ve 31100 say\u0131l\u0131 Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanarak y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 7242 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 12. maddesiyle, bu f\u0131krada yer alan \u201con alt\u0131\u201d ibaresi \u201con sekiz\u201d \u015feklinde de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f, TCK\u2019n\u0131n 87. maddesinin 4. f\u0131kras\u0131 \u201cKasten yaralama sonucunda \u00f6l\u00fcm meydana gelmi\u015fse, yukar\u0131daki maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131na giren hallerde sekiz y\u0131ldan on iki y\u0131la kadar, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131na giren hallerde ise on iki y\u0131ldan on sekiz y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131na h\u00fckmolunur.\u201d \u015feklinde yeniden d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Konuya ili\u015fkin TCK’n\u0131n 87. maddesinin gerek\u00e7esinde ise; \u201cD\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131krada, kasten yaralama\u00a0sonucunda \u00f6l\u00fcm meydana gelmi\u015f olmas\u0131 h\u00e2line ili\u015fkin h\u00fckme yer verilmi\u015ftir. Neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f bu kasten yaralama h\u00e2llerinde, failin bu a\u011f\u0131r neticeden sorumlu tutulabilmesi i\u00e7in, \u2018Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler Kitab\u0131\u2019nda yer alan netice sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7lara ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler, burada da ge\u00e7erlidir\u201d a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131na yer verilmi\u015ftir. 765 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019de objektif\u00a0sorumluluk esas\u0131na dayanan d\u00fczenlemelere yer verilmi\u015f iken, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019de objektif sorumluluk esas\u0131 benimsenmemi\u015ftir. Su\u00e7u, \u201ckanunda tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f bir haks\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6ren yeni su\u00e7 teorisinde, bir hareketi yapan ki\u015fi, bu hareketin t\u00fcm sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan her \u015fartta sorumlu tutulmamakta, bir ba\u015fka anlat\u0131mla \u201ckusursuz sorumluluk\u201d terk edilmi\u015f olmaktad\u0131r (\u0130zzet \u00d6zgen\u00e7, T\u00fcrk Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, 8. Bas\u0131, s.161). 765 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019deki objektif sorumluluk esas\u0131n\u0131n yerine 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019de haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilme \u015fekli olarak kast-taksir\u00a0kombinasyonuna, yani netice sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7lara yer verilmi\u015ftir. Bu nedenle uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131nda esas al\u0131nan su\u00e7 teorisinde, su\u00e7un manevi unsurlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilen kast-taksir kombinasyonu, yani netice sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 \u00fczerinde durulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019n\u0131n \u201cNetice sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 23. maddesi;<\/p>\n
\u201c(1) Bir fiilin, kastedilenden daha a\u011f\u0131r veya ba\u015fka bir neticenin olu\u015fumuna sebebiyet vermesi halinde, ki\u015finin bundan dolay\u0131 sorumlu tutulabilmesi i\u00e7in bu netice bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en az\u0131ndan taksirle hareket etmesi gerekir\u201d \u015feklindedir.<\/p>\n
Buna g\u00f6re; failin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi bir eylemde, kastetti\u011finden daha a\u011f\u0131r veya ba\u015fka bir sonucun meydana gelmesi h\u00e2linde, sorumlu tutulabilmesi i\u00e7in netice bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en az\u0131ndan taksirle hareket etmi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n kabul\u00fc gerekmektedir. Fail, bu sonucun meydana gelmesinden taksirle bile sorumlu tutulam\u0131yorsa, objektif\u00a0sorumlulu\u011fun kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fal bir sonucu olarak, sadece nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunuyor olmas\u0131, neticeden sorumlu tutulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli olmayacakt\u0131r. \u00d6\u011fretide, neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7un, ger\u00e7ek neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 ve g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte ya da ger\u00e7ek olmayan neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 olarak iki farkl\u0131 \u015feklinin bulundu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir. Ger\u00e7ek neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7larda, failin hareketi sonucunda kastetti\u011finden daha a\u011f\u0131r bir netice ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmakta olup, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 netice dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir su\u00e7 tipi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, yaralama su\u00e7unda ma\u011fdurun \u00f6lmesi, ger\u00e7ek neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 h\u00e2lidir. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7larda ise, failin hareketi sonucunda su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in aranan neticeden ba\u015fka, niteli\u011fi de farkl\u0131 olan daha a\u011f\u0131r bir netice ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmakta olup, ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 netice dolay\u0131s\u0131yla temel su\u00e7 niteli\u011fi ayn\u0131 kalmakla beraber yaln\u0131zca ceza a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, cinsel sald\u0131r\u0131\u00a0su\u00e7unda ma\u011fdurun bitkisel hayata girmesi, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7 h\u00e2lidir (Hamide Zafer, Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, Beta Yay\u0131nevi, 5. Bas\u0131, \u0130stanbul 2015, s. 286 vd; Mehmet Emin Artuk, Ahmet G\u00f6kcen, A. Caner Yenid\u00fcnya, TCK \u015eerhi, Turhan Kitabevi, Ankara 2009, c 3, s. 2484 vd.). 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019n\u0131n 23. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f bulunan neticesi sebebiyle a\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f su\u00e7a ili\u015fkin genel kural\u0131n, \u00f6zel h\u00fck\u00fcmler aras\u0131nda kendisine yer buldu\u011fu maddelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen TCK\u2019n\u0131n 87. maddenin 4. f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re, ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen kasten yaralama\u00a0eylemi TCK\u2019n\u0131n 86. maddesinin 1. f\u0131kras\u0131 veya 1. f\u0131kras\u0131 ile birlikte 3. f\u0131kras\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda bulunur ve bunun sonucunda da \u00f6l\u00fcm meydana gelirse, en az\u0131ndan taksirle hareket etmi\u015f olmak \u015fart\u0131yla faile belirtilen cezalar\u0131n verilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
Kasten yaralama\u00a0sonucu ma\u011fdurun \u00f6lmesine ili\u015fkin TCK’n\u0131n 87. maddesinin 4. f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n
a.\u00a0\u00a0 Failin yaralama kast\u0131\u00a0ile hareket etmesi,<\/p>\n
b.\u00a0\u00a0 Ma\u011fdurun TCK\u2019n\u0131n 86. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda yaralanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 veya 86. maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndaki yaralama fiilinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kra da ihlal edilmek suretiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi,<\/p>\n
c.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Failin eylemi ile aras\u0131nda illiyet ba\u011f\u0131 bulunacak \u015fekilde ma\u011fdurun \u00f6lmesi,<\/p>\n
d.\u00a0\u00a0 Failin meydana gelen \u00f6l\u00fcm sonucuna ili\u015fkin en az taksir\u00a0derecesinde bir kusurunun bulunmas\u0131, \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi gerekir. Buna g\u00f6re, fail ma\u011fduru yaralamak amac\u0131yla hareket etmeli, ma\u011fdurun yaralanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmeli ve bu sonucu istemelidir. Bununla birlikte fail ma\u011fdurun yaralanmas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil de, \u00f6lmesini istemi\u015f ve \u00f6l\u00fcm meydana gelmi\u015f ise bu durumda kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeden sorumlu tutulacakt\u0131r. Madde metnine g\u00f6re faile verilecek ceza belirlenirken kasten yaralama\u00a0su\u00e7unun d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi TCK’n\u0131n 86. maddesinin birinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kralar\u0131na yollama yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O h\u00e2lde, ma\u011fdurun basit bir t\u0131bbi m\u00fcdahale ile giderilebilecek dereceden daha a\u011f\u0131r \u015fekilde yaralanmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. An\u0131lan maddenin 2. f\u0131kras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bulan basit bir t\u0131bbi m\u00fcdahale ile giderilebilecek \u015fekilde meydana gelen yaralamalarda 87. maddenin 4. f\u0131kras\u0131 uygulanamayacakt\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fart olarak ma\u011fdurun \u00f6lmesi ve failin eylemi ile ma\u011fdurun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc aras\u0131nda uygun nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 gerekir. Son olarak, failin meydana gelen bu \u00f6l\u00fcm sonucundan, en az taksir derecesinde bir kusurunun bulunmas\u0131 gerekir. Di\u011fer yandan, 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019n\u0131n \u201cKasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrme\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda 81. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen su\u00e7un manevi unsuru \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131\u00a0iken, 87. maddesinin 4. f\u0131kras\u0131na d\u00fczenlenen yaralama sonucunda \u00f6l\u00fcme neden olma su\u00e7unun manevi unsuru yaralama kast\u0131d\u0131r. O h\u00e2lde, kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7u ile kasten yaralama sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcme neden olma su\u00e7u aras\u0131ndaki ay\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerden en \u00f6nemlisi manevi unsur farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Su\u00e7un vas\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in failin kast\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye mi, yoksa yaralamaya m\u0131 y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. 5237 say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019n\u0131n 21\/1. maddesine g\u00f6re, su\u00e7un kanuni tan\u0131m\u0131ndaki unsurlar\u0131n bilerek ve istenerek ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi olan ve failin i\u00e7 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendiren kast, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya yans\u0131yan davran\u0131\u015flara bak\u0131larak, daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir ifadeyle, failin olay \u00f6ncesi, olay s\u0131ras\u0131\u00a0ve olay sonras\u0131\u00a0davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc al\u0131narak belirlenmelidir. \u0130lkeleri, Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulunun istikrar bulunan ve s\u00fcregelen kararlar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, bir eylemin kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00a0m\u00fc, yoksa kasten yaralama m\u0131 say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde; fail ile ma\u011fdur\u00a0aras\u0131nda husumet\u00a0bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, varsa husumetin nedeni ve derecesi, failin su\u00e7ta kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131\u00a0aletinin niteli\u011fi, darbe say\u0131s\u0131\u00a0ve \u015fiddeti, ma\u011fdurun v\u00fccudunda meydana getirilen yaralar\u0131n yerleri, nitelik ve nicelikleri, hedef se\u00e7me imk\u00e2n\u0131\u00a0olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, failin fiiline kendili\u011finden mi, yoksa engel bir nedenden dolay\u0131 m\u0131 son verdi\u011fi gibi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler esas al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Kast\u0131n belirlenmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan her bir olayda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterebilece\u011finden, t\u00fcm bu olgular\u0131n olaysal olarak ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k konusu de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde; San\u0131k T..\u2019\u0131n, tan\u0131k\u00a0A\u2026a ait lokalde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, itfaiye memuru olan maktul.. in ayn\u0131 zamanda bu lokalin yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda kahvehane i\u015fletti\u011fi, san\u0131k T.. ile maktul \u00c7..in birbirlerini tan\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131, olay tarihinden 3 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce saat 01.30 s\u0131ralar\u0131nda maktul C..\u2019\u0131n alkoll\u00fc bir \u015fekilde tan\u0131k A..\u2019e ait lokale geldi\u011fi, tan\u0131k A\u2026\u2019in o tarihlerde il d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tatilde oldu\u011fu, o s\u0131rada i\u00e7eride temizlik yapan san\u0131k T\u2026\u2019\u0131n lokalin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kilitledi\u011fi, maktul C\u2026\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7eride bulunanlardan lokalin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7malar\u0131n\u0131 istedi\u011fi ancak san\u0131k T\u2026\u2019\u0131n maktule alkoll\u00fc olarak mek\u00e2na giremeyece\u011fini s\u00f6yleyerek kap\u0131y\u0131 a\u00e7mad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bunun \u00fczerine maktul\u00fcn lokalin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tekmeledi\u011fi ve cam\u0131na ta\u015f att\u0131\u011f\u0131, sonras\u0131nda maktul C\u2026\u2019\u0131n, san\u0131k T\u2026ve tan\u0131k A\u2026\u2019e k\u00fcfretti\u011fi, seslerin y\u00fckselmesi \u00fczerine lokalde bulunan tan\u0131k R\u2026\u2019\u0131n a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 inerek maktul C\u2026\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131na gitti\u011fi, burada taraflar aras\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ancak taraflar\u0131n \u015fik\u00e2yet\u00e7i olmamalar\u0131 nedeniyle herhangi bir adli i\u015flem yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, maktul C\u2026 ile san\u0131k T\u2026 aras\u0131nda bu olay nedeniyle bir anla\u015fmazl\u0131k bulundu\u011fu, san\u0131k T..\u2019\u0131n 16.08.2015 tarihinde saat 23.00 s\u0131ralar\u0131nda lokali kapatt\u0131ktan sonra e\u015fine sigara almak i\u00e7in \u00c7\u2026 B\u00fcfe\u2019ye giderken maktul C\u2026\u2019in san\u0131k T\u2026\u2019\u0131 g\u00f6rmesi \u00fczerine san\u0131\u011fa \u201cGel\u201d \u015feklinde i\u015faret yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131, san\u0131k T\u2026\u2019\u0131n da birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce ya\u015fanan olay\u0131 konu\u015fmak amac\u0131yla maktul\u00fcn yan\u0131na gitti\u011fi, maktul C..\u2019\u0131n san\u0131\u011f\u0131n koluna girerek \u201cBen iki tane bira alaca\u011f\u0131m, arkada Kordon\u2019da konu\u015faca\u011f\u0131z\u201d dedi\u011fi ve san\u0131k T\u2026 ile maktul C..\u2019\u0131n birka\u00e7 adet bira alarak Kordon Park’a gittikleri, bu s\u0131rada san\u0131k T..\u2019\u0131n, tan\u0131k A\u2026\u2019e \u201cd\u00fckkan\u0131 kapatt\u0131m, C..’\u0131 ald\u0131m, s..m\u201d \u015feklinde mesaj g\u00f6ndererek durumdan tan\u0131\u011f\u0131 haberdar etti\u011fi, san\u0131k ve maktul\u00fcn \u00e7ay kenar\u0131na oturarak birlikte alkol ald\u0131klar\u0131, bir m\u00fcddet sonra tan\u0131klar.. A ve B..\u2019\u0131n san\u0131k ve maktul\u00fcn yan\u0131na geldikleri, tan\u0131k A..\u2019in maktul C\u2026\u2019a \u201cSen kalk git\u201d deyip san\u0131k T\u2026\u2019a da \u201cKalk gidiyoruz\u201d dedi\u011fi, tan\u0131k Ahmet\u2019in 2-3 kez bu \u015fekilde \u0131srar etmesine ra\u011fmen maktul C\u2026\u2019\u0131n \u201cBiz arkada\u015f\u0131z, karde\u015fiz, ben T\u2026\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131r\u0131m\u201d dedi\u011fi, bunun \u00fczerine tan\u0131k A\u2026\u2019in tan\u0131k B\u2026\u2019e d\u00f6nerek \u201cSen \u015fahitsin, aralar\u0131nda kavga ve herhangi bir \u015fey olursa bizi ba\u011flamaz\u201d dedi\u011fi, bu s\u00f6z \u00fczerine maktul C\u2026\u2019\u0131n \u201cBiz niye kavga edece\u011fiz, aram\u0131zda kavga edecek ne var?\u201d dedi\u011fi, bu s\u0131rada san\u0131k T..\u0131n aya\u011fa kalkarak maktul C\u2026\u2019a \u201cBizim aram\u0131zda nas\u0131l bir \u015fey yok, ana avrat k\u00fcfretmedin mi bana?\u201d diyerek yan\u0131nda oturmakta olan maktul C\u2026\u2019\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcne do\u011fru tekme sallad\u0131\u011f\u0131, maktul\u00fcn s\u0131rt\u00fcst\u00fc yere d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, tan\u0131klar A\u2026 ve B\u2026\u2019in hemen araya girdikleri, san\u0131k T\u2026\u2019\u0131n tan\u0131klar\u0131 itekleyerek yerde yatan maktul\u00fcn boyun ve y\u00fcz b\u00f6lgesine do\u011fru bir iki tekme daha sallad\u0131\u011f\u0131, tan\u0131klar A.. ve B..\u2019in, san\u0131k T\u2026\u2019\u0131 tutup olay yerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rarak yola \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131klar\u0131, maktul\u00fcn bay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sanan tan\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen maktul\u00fcn kendisine gelmemesi \u00fczerine olay yerine ambulans \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahaleye ra\u011fmen maktul\u00fcn k\u00fct kafa ve boyun travmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 medulla spinalis kanamas\u0131 ve beyin kanamas\u0131 sonucu vefat etti\u011fi olayda; San\u0131k T\u2026 ile maktul C\u2026 aras\u0131nda 3 g\u00fcn \u00f6nce ya\u015fanan olaylar nedeniyle bir anla\u015fmazl\u0131k bulundu\u011fu sabit olmakla birlikte, bu anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcrme amac\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcdecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde bir husumete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hususunda net bir belirleme yap\u0131lamamas\u0131, zira san\u0131k T\u2026 ve maktul C\u2026\u2019\u0131n 3 g\u00fcn \u00f6nceki meseleyi konu\u015fmak amac\u0131yla \u00e7ay kenar\u0131na giderken yanlar\u0131na kesici, delici veya yaralay\u0131c\u0131 herhangi bir alet ya da silah\u00a0almad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n sabit olmas\u0131, san\u0131k T\u2026\u2019\u0131n maktul\u00fcn ba\u015f ve boyun b\u00f6lgesine do\u011fru vurdu\u011fu tekmelerin \u00f6l\u00fcm sonucunu do\u011furmaya elveri\u015fli\u00a0alet olarak de\u011ferlendirilemeyecek olmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda; san\u0131\u011f\u0131n olay \u00f6ncesi, olay s\u0131ras\u0131 ve olay sonras\u0131nda d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya yans\u0131yan davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131yla hareket etmedi\u011fi, bu ba\u011flamda san\u0131\u011f\u0131n eyleminin kasten \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Maktul\u00fc \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131yla hareket etmeyen ve \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7u i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli herhangi bir alet ya da silah kullanmayan san\u0131k Tuncay\u2019\u0131n, yaralamak amac\u0131yla maktul\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131na do\u011fru bir kez tekme atmas\u0131, maktul\u00fcn yere d\u00fc\u015fmesi \u00fczerine san\u0131k T\u2026ay\u2019\u0131n yine yaralama kast\u0131yla maktul\u00fcn kafa ve boyun b\u00f6lgesine do\u011fru 1-2 kez daha tekme atmas\u0131, Adli T\u0131p Kurumunca maktul\u00fcn kafa ve boyun b\u00f6lgesindeki yaralanmalar\u0131n TCK\u2019n\u0131n 86 ve 87. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda kal\u0131p kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair bir de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015f olmakla birlikte, kafa ve boyun travmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 beyin ve medulla spinalis kanamas\u0131na neden olan yaralanmalar\u0131n TCK\u2019n\u0131n 86\/1. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi, \u00f6l\u00fcm sonucunu do\u011furan maktul\u00fcn kafa ve boyun b\u00f6lgesindeki yaralanmalar\u0131n TCK\u2019n\u0131n 86\/2. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda basit t\u0131bbi m\u00fcdahale ile giderilebilecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde hafif nitelikte bir yaralanma olarak de\u011ferlendirilemeyece\u011fi, maktul\u00fcn kafa ve boyun b\u00f6lgesinde meydana gelen yaralanmalar ile \u00f6l\u00fcm sonucu aras\u0131nda illiyet ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda; san\u0131\u011f\u0131n eyleminin kasten yaralama sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcme neden olma su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ve silahtan say\u0131lacak herhangi bir alet kullanmayan san\u0131\u011f\u0131n TCK’n\u0131n 86. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndaki yaralama fiilini ayn\u0131 maddenin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131 ihlal etmeksizin i\u015flemesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, TCK\u2019n\u0131n 87\/4. maddesinin ilk c\u00fcmlesi uyar\u0131nca cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi kabul edilmelidir[11]\u201d.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu\u2019nun 08.07.2008 tarihli ve 2008\/1-88 esas ve 2008\/184 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131na g\u00f6re ise, \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in;<\/p>\n
1.\u00a0\u00a0 Fail ile ma\u011fdur\u00a0aras\u0131nda olay \u00f6ncesine dayal\u0131, \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyi gerektirir bir husumetin bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n
2.\u00a0\u00a0 Olayda kullan\u0131lan vas\u0131tan\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015fli\u00a0olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n
3.\u00a0\u00a0 Ma\u011fdurdaki darbe say\u0131s\u0131\u00a0ve \u015fiddeti,<\/p>\n
4.\u00a0\u00a0 Darbelerin vuruldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgenin hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n
5.\u00a0\u00a0 Failin fiiline kendili\u011finden mi, yoksa engel bir sebepten dolay\u0131 m\u0131 son verdi\u011fi,<\/p>\n
6.\u00a0\u00a0 Olay sonras\u0131\u00a0ma\u011fdura y\u00f6nelik davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Failin kast\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde ba\u015fvurulan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerden hepsinin, \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyacak \u015fekilde ayn\u0131 olayda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme zorunlulu\u011fu yoktur. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fctlerden sadece birisinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi durumda, failin kast\u0131n\u0131n insan \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu; buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlerden \u00e7o\u011funun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi durumlarda failin kast\u0131n\u0131n yaralamaya y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, ma\u011fdura kar\u015f\u0131 b\u0131\u00e7akla birden fazla darbede bulunulmas\u0131 ve taraflar\u0131n aras\u0131nda daha \u00f6nceden bir husumetin bulunmas\u0131 halinde \u015fayet darbe, ma\u011fdurun hayati b\u00f6lgesine vurulmam\u0131\u015fsa veya ma\u011fdurun hayati b\u00f6lgesine kar\u015f\u0131 hareket etmesine ra\u011fmen, \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015fli\u00a0bir aletle sald\u0131r\u0131\u00a0s\u00f6z konusu de\u011filse \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131ndan de\u011fil, yaralama kast\u0131ndan bahsedilebilecektir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan esas olan, somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. H\u00e2kim, yukar\u0131da say\u0131lan \u015fartlar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde karar tesis ederken ‘\u015f\u00fcpheden san\u0131k yararlan\u0131r’ ilkesini de g\u00f6zetmeli ve san\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131 ile hareket etti\u011fi hususunda teredd\u00fct ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde kasten yaralama\u00a0h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini uygulamal\u0131d\u0131r[12].<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu\u2019nun 28.06.2011 tarihli ve 2011\/1-114 E., 2011\/150 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u201caralar\u0131nda \u00f6nceye dayal\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyi gerektirecek husumetleri olmayan ve \u00e7\u0131kan tart\u0131\u015fma sebebiyle gece ge\u00e7 saatlerde aniden geli\u015fen ve hedef se\u00e7me olana\u011f\u0131 bulunmayan kavgan\u0131n hareketli ortam\u0131nda, ele ge\u00e7meyen kesici aletlerle ma\u011fdurlar\u0131 yaralayan san\u0131klar\u0131n eyleminde, Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulu ile 1. Ceza Dairesi\u2019nin s\u00fcreklilik kazanm\u0131\u015f uygulamalar\u0131yla hayati tehlike\u00a0yaratan isabetlerin bir adetle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmas\u0131 gibi hususlar birlikte de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, san\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131yla hareket ettikleri ku\u015fkulu kalmaktad\u0131r. Ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ilkelerinden biri olan \u2018in dubio pro reo\u2019 yani \u2018ku\u015fkudan san\u0131k yararlan\u0131r\u2019 kural\u0131 uyar\u0131nca, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir su\u00e7tan cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n temel ko\u015fulu, su\u00e7un ku\u015fkuya yer vermeyen bir kesinlikle ispat edilmesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme \u015fekli ku\u015fkulu ve tam olarak ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f olaylar ve iddialar san\u0131\u011f\u0131n aleyhine yorumlanarak mahk\u00fbmiyet h\u00fckm\u00fc kurulamaz. Ceza mahk\u00fbmiyeti, yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcrecinde toplanan kan\u0131tlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131na dayan\u0131larak ve di\u011fer bir k\u0131sm\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilerek ula\u015f\u0131lan olas\u0131 kan\u0131ya de\u011fil, kesin ve a\u00e7\u0131k bir ispata dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ispat, hi\u00e7bir ku\u015fku ve ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc bir olu\u015fa olanak vermeyecek a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131kta olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Y\u00fcksek de olsa bir olas\u0131l\u0131\u011fa dayan\u0131larak san\u0131\u011f\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmak, ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli amac\u0131 olan ger\u00e7e\u011fe ula\u015fmadan, varsay\u0131ma dayal\u0131 olarak h\u00fck\u00fcm vermek anlam\u0131na gelir. O halde ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda mahk\u00fbmiyet, b\u00fcy\u00fck veya k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131\u011fa de\u011fil, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ku\u015fkudan uzak bir kesinli\u011fe dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Adli hatalar\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilebilmesinin ba\u015fka bir yolu da bulunmamaktad\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle, san\u0131klar N. ve S.\u2019nin, ma\u011fdurlar D. ve T.\u2019yi \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kastlar\u0131yla hareket ettiklerini g\u00f6steren kesin ve inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 kan\u0131tlar bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, eylemlerinin kasten yaralama\u00a0olarak kabul\u00fcnde zorunluluk bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu itibarla, yerel mahkemece kan\u0131tlar\u0131n hatal\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmesi ve dosya kapsam\u0131na uymayan gerek\u00e7eler ve kabulle, san\u0131klar\u0131n eylemlerinin \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye kalk\u0131\u015fma olarak nitelendirilmesi suretiyle direnme karar\u0131 verilmesi ve h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmas\u0131 isabetsiz olup, direnme h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn bozulmas\u0131na karar verilmelidir.<\/p>\n
YCGK taraf\u0131ndan, somut olay\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7ok benzeyen ancak \u00e7ok daha vahim olan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da \u00f6zetlenen olayda; (2019\/\/59 K); kasatura gibi silah\u0131n ucuna tak\u0131l\u0131 son derece etkili bir silahla \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl b\u00f6lgeye yap\u0131lan darbe TCK\u2019n\u0131n 87\/4 maddesi kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilirken \u00f6l\u00fcmc\u00fcl b\u00f6lgeye isabet eden darbenin tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131na delalet etmeyece\u011fi \u00e7ok net bir \u015fekilde ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k konusunda a\u00e7\u0131kland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde geli\u015fen olayda; askerlik hizmetini yerine getirmek i\u00e7in silah\u00a0alt\u0131nda bulunan san\u0131k Piyade Er S ile maktul Y..’\u0131n olaydan \u00f6nce birbirlerini tan\u0131mamalar\u0131, aralar\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeyi gerektirecek bir husumetin bulunmamas\u0131, maktul\u00fcn tan\u0131k\u00a0U..’u kovalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada san\u0131\u011f\u0131n yumruk atarak maktule m\u00fcdahale etmesinden sonra yumru\u011fun tesiri ile yere d\u00fc\u015fen maktul\u00fcn san\u0131\u011fa do\u011fru hamle yapmas\u0131 \u00fczerine san\u0131\u011f\u0131n t\u00fcfe\u011finin ucuna tak\u0131l\u0131 s\u00fcng\u00fcyle maktul\u00fcn g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs b\u00f6lgesine bir kez vurmas\u0131, maktul\u00fcn g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs b\u00f6lgesinden kan geldi\u011fini g\u00f6r\u00fcnce herhangi bir engel durum bulunmamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n eylemine kendili\u011finden son vermesi, olay g\u00fcn\u00fc saat 20.17’de g\u00fcne\u015fin batt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda havan\u0131n kararmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortamda \u00e7\u0131kan arbede s\u0131ras\u0131nda san\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6zellikle maktul\u00fcn hayati \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs b\u00f6lgesini hedef alarak hareket etti\u011finin saptanamamas\u0131, maktul\u00fcn v\u00fccudundaki ikinci kesici delici alet yaras\u0131n\u0131n maktul\u00fcn baca\u011f\u0131nda yer almas\u0131, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n olaydan hemen sonra yard\u0131m getirmesi i\u00e7in tan\u0131k U..’u Karakola g\u00f6ndermesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda; san\u0131\u011f\u0131n olay \u00f6ncesi, olay esnas\u0131 ve sonras\u0131ndaki davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, \u00f6ld\u00fcrme kast\u0131yla de\u011fil yaralama kast\u0131yla hareket etti\u011fi, yaralama eylemiyle maktul\u00fcn \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc aras\u0131nda illiyet ba\u011f\u0131 bulundu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan eyleminin kasten yaralama\u00a0sonucu \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7unu olu\u015fturdu\u011fu kabul edilmelidir. Yarg\u0131tay Ceza Genel Kurulunun 2018\/324 karar, Yarg\u0131tay. 1 Ceza Dairesinin 2008\/3203 karar -2012\/8682 karar say\u0131l\u0131 ilamlar\u0131 ayn\u0131 do\u011frultudad\u0131r. YCGK\u2019nun \u00a02008\/165 karar, 2016\/451 karar ve 2018\/308 karar say\u0131l\u0131 ilamlar\u0131nda; \u00f6ld\u00fcrmeye elveri\u015fli\u00a0silahlar ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen darbelerin hayati b\u00f6lgelere isabet etmesine ra\u011fmen, yukar\u0131da \u00f6rnek i\u00e7tihatlarda a\u00e7\u0131klanan gerek\u00e7elerle, her \u00fc\u00e7 olay\u0131n san\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da eylemleri kasten yaralama sonucunda \u00f6l\u00fcme neden olma su\u00e7u olarak nitelendirilmi\u015ftir[13].<\/p>\n
Do\u00e7. Dr. Cengiz APAYDIN\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/p>\n
Cumhuriyet Savc\u0131s\u0131\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n
Cenk Ayhan APAYDIN<\/p>\n
Avukat-Yazar<\/p>\n
——————-<\/p>\n
[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Apayd\u0131n, Netice Sebebiyle A\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f Su\u00e7lar, 93.<\/p>\n
[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Apayd\u0131n, Netice Sebebiyle A\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f Su\u00e7lar, 93.<\/p>\n
[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ozans\u00fc, 194.<\/p>\n
[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YCGK. 8.7.1991, 1\u2013200\/231, YKD, Haziran 1992, 91 vd.(\u00f6zel ar\u015fiv).<\/p>\n
[5]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yurtcan, Erdener, Ceza Yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 Hukuku, 5. Bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1996, 212; Feyzio\u011flu, Metin, Ceza Muhakemesinde Vicdani Kanaat, Ankara 2002, 68.<\/p>\n
[6]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Yurtcan, 52.<\/p>\n
[7]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Apayd\u0131n, Netice Sebebiyle A\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f Su\u00e7lar, 95.<\/p>\n
[8]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YCGK\u2019nin 1.06.2021 tarihli, 2020\/1-446 esas ve 2021\/230 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 (UYAP isimli H\u00e2kimler ve Cumhuriyet savc\u0131lar\u0131na Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131na \u00f6zel eri\u015fim sa\u011flayan sistemden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/p>\n
[9]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re bir de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r; fail ile ma\u011fdur aras\u0131ndaki problemin sebebi, fail ile ma\u011fdurun konumu, failin su\u00e7ta kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 aletin niteli\u011fi, darbe say\u0131s\u0131 ile mesafesi, failini olay \u00f6ncesi ve olay s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki beyanlar\u0131, ma\u011fdurun v\u00fccudunda olu\u015fan yaralar\u0131n yerleri ile nitelik ve nicelikleri, failin hedef se\u00e7me olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, hayat\u0131n olay\u0131n ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda failin i\u015flemeyi kastetti\u011fi su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131na iradesine d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda engel bir halin bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususlar\u0131 toplanan deliller \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda incelenmek suretiyle failin eyleminin kasten yaralama sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcme neden olma veya kasten insan \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7lar\u0131ndan hangisini olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespit edilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
[10]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Apayd\u0131n, Netice Sebebiyle A\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f Su\u00e7lar, 96.<\/p>\n
[11]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YCGK\u2019nin 15.06.2021 tarihli, 2020\/1-464 esas ve 2021\/280 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 (UYAP isimli H\u00e2kimler ve Cumhuriyet savc\u0131lar\u0131na Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131na \u00f6zel eri\u015fim sa\u011flayan sistemden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/p>\n
[12]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Apayd\u0131n, Netice Sebebiyle A\u011f\u0131rla\u015fm\u0131\u015f Su\u00e7lar, 102.<\/p>\n
[13]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 YCGK\u2019nin 1.06.2021 tarihli, 2020\/1-446 esas ve 2021\/230 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 (UYAP isimli H\u00e2kimler ve Cumhuriyet savc\u0131lar\u0131na Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131na \u00f6zel eri\u015fim sa\u011flayan sistemden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Kast\u00a0somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine ve bu \u00f6zellik i\u00e7indeki ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n niteliklerine g\u00f6re tespit edilmelidir. Kasta y\u00fckledi\u011fimiz anlam\u0131n temelindeki beklenti failin bir zarar ve tehlikeyi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131klara ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve tam olarak planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermesi durumu bulunmaktad\u0131r[1]. Failin kast\u0131n\u0131n tespiti i\u00e7in amac\u0131n\u0131 elde etmek amac\u0131yla g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi \u00e7abalar\u0131n ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131larak, fail ile ma\u011fdurun ili\u015fkisi, failin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 vas\u0131tan\u0131n niteli\u011fi, darbelerin say\u0131s\u0131 ve y\u00f6neldi\u011fi b\u00f6lge failin olay \u00f6ncesi, olay s\u0131ras\u0131\u00a0ve olay sonras\u0131\u00a0davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 olay\u0131n yeri ve zaman\u0131 faili su\u00e7 i\u015flemeye sevk eden sebepler ile su\u00e7un i\u015flenmesine gerek\u00e7e olarak ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen her \u015fekil muhtemel hakk\u0131 sebepleri ve mazeretleri hayat\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirerek failin zihnindeki resmi ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak gerekmektedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc kas\u0131tl\u0131 su\u00e7larda failin zihninde istedi\u011fi sonucun nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi konusunda adeta zihinsel bir resim mevcuttur. Ceza hukukun da san\u0131\u011f\u0131n su\u00e7 i\u015fleme karar\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131rken zihninde ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi a\u015famalar\u0131 kavramak ve san\u0131\u011f\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi eylemden neyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit ispat hukukuna ili\u015fkin bir sorun oldu\u011fundan muhakeme hukuku ile ilgili olup, insanlar\u0131n ruh durumlar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011frudan bilemeyece\u011fimizden onlar\u0131 tan\u0131mak i\u00e7in elle tutulur verilere dayanmam\u0131z gerekmektedir. Ger\u00e7ekte kast, somut olaylarda harici delillerle yani tan\u0131k\u00a0anlat\u0131mlar\u0131, bilirki\u015fi raporlar\u0131, \u015fik\u00e2yet\u00e7inin ifadeleri, kamera kay\u0131tlar\u0131, olay yeri\u00a0krokileri ve inceleme raporlar\u0131 bilimsel ve teknik\u00a0bulgularla tespit edilebilece\u011fi gibi harici delillerden tamamen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olan kan\u0131tla \u00f6rne\u011fin itiraf yoluyla da tespit edilebilir[2]. Kast\u0131n …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-46277","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n