T\u00dcRK\u0130YE CUMHUR\u0130YET\u0130<\/p>\n
ANAYASA MAHKEMES\u0130<\/p>\n
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GENEL KURUL<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
KARAR<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
ABDULAZ\u0130Z KAYA VE D\u0130\u011eERLER\u0130 BA\u015eVURUSU<\/p>\n
(Ba\u015fvuru Numaras\u0131: 2018\/35913)<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
Karar Tarihi: 9\/10\/2024<\/p>\n
R.G. Tarih ve Say\u0131: 9\/1\/2025 – 32777<\/p>\n
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GENEL KURUL<\/p>\n
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KARAR<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkan<\/p>\n
:<\/p>\n
Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
:<\/p>\n
Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
:<\/p>\n
Basri BA\u011eCI<\/p>\n
\u00dcyeler<\/p>\n
:<\/p>\n
Engin YILDIRIM<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
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R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7<\/p>\n
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Recai AKYEL<\/p>\n
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Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ<\/p>\n
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Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU<\/p>\n
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\u00a0<\/p>\n
Selahaddin MENTE\u015e<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u0130rfan F\u0130DAN<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
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Kenan YA\u015eAR<\/p>\n
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Muhterem \u0130NCE<\/p>\n
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Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L<\/p>\n
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\u00d6mer \u00c7INAR<\/p>\n
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Metin KIRATLI<\/p>\n
Raport\u00f6r<\/p>\n
:<\/p>\n
K\u00fcbra \u00c7\u0130FT\u00c7\u0130<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvurucular<\/p>\n
:<\/p>\n
1. H\u00fcseyin AKAR<\/p>\n
Vekili<\/p>\n
:<\/p>\n
Av. Hac\u0131 Osman \u00c7EL\u0130K<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
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2. Abdulaziz KAYA<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
3. Ya\u015far \u00d6ZDEM\u0130R<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
I. BA\u015eVURUNUN KONUSU<\/p>\n
1. Ba\u015fvuru, Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nan yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bir \u00fcniversitenin lisans diplomas\u0131na denklik verilmesi talebinin mezun olunan \u00fcniversitenin Fetullah\u00e7\u0131 Ter\u00f6r \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\/Paralel Devlet Yap\u0131lanmas\u0131 ile ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle incelenmeksizin reddedilmesi nedeniyle e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fi iddias\u0131na ili\u015fkindir.<\/p>\n
II. BA\u015eVURU S\u00dcREC\u0130<\/p>\n
2. Ba\u015fvuru 3\/12\/2018 tarihinde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fvuru, ba\u015fvuru formu ve eklerinin idari y\u00f6nden yap\u0131lan \u00f6n incelemesinden sonra Komisyona sunulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
3. Komisyon; aralar\u0131nda konu y\u00f6n\u00fcnden irtibat bulunan 2018\/36466 ve 2019\/2757 numaral\u0131 ba\u015fvurular\u0131n 2018\/35913 numaral\u0131 ba\u015fvuruyla birle\u015ftirilmesine, ba\u015fvurular\u0131n kabul edilebilirlik ve esas incelemesinin B\u00f6l\u00fcm taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lmas\u0131na karar vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
4. Ba\u015fvuru belgelerinin bir \u00f6rne\u011fi bilgi i\u00e7in Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na (Bakanl\u0131k) g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir. Bakanl\u0131k, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc bildirmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fvurucular, Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcresinde beyanda bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
5. \u0130kinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm, ba\u015fvurunun Genel Kurul taraf\u0131ndan incelenmesine karar vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
III. OLAY VE OLGULAR<\/p>\n
6. Ba\u015fvuru formlar\u0131nda ve eklerinde ifade edildi\u011fi \u015fekliyle ilgili olaylar \u00f6zetle \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
7. Ba\u015fvurucular Abdulaziz Kaya ve Ya\u015far \u00d6zdemir Bosna Hersek’te bulunan Uluslararas\u0131 Burch \u00dcniversitesi Mimarl\u0131k B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda, H\u00fcseyin Akar ise Polonya Vistula \u00dcniversitesi Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkiler B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda mezun olmu\u015ftur. Ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en ba\u015fvurucular, mezun olduklar\u0131 y\u0131llarda denklik verilmesi talebiyle Y\u00fcksek \u00d6\u011fretim Kuruluna(Y\u00d6K) ba\u015fvuru yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
8. S\u00f6z konusu ba\u015fvurular \u00fczerine Y\u00d6K, ba\u015fvuruculardan Abdulaziz Kaya’n\u0131n \u0130stanbul Teknik \u00dcniversitesinde, Ya\u015far \u00d6zdemir’in ise Gazi \u00dcniversitesinde eksik olan dersleri tamamlamalar\u0131 h\u00e2linde denklik belgesi verilece\u011fini ba\u015fvuruculara bildirmi\u015ftir. Bunun \u00fczerine ba\u015fvurucular eksik derslerini an\u0131lan \u00dcniversitelerde tamamlayarak 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda Y\u00d6K’e tekrar ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
9. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te 15 Temmuz 2016 tarihinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen darbe te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fcnden sonra Y\u00d6K Genel Kurulu 20\/4\/2017 tarihinde, Y\u00d6K Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Kurulu ise 7\/12\/2016, 21\/12\/2016 ve 21\/6\/2017 tarihlerinde ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 genel nitelikteki kararlarla yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda faaliyette bulunan Fetullah\u00e7\u0131 Ter\u00f6r \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\/Paralel Devlet Yap\u0131lanmas\u0131 (FET\u00d6\/PDY) ile ili\u015fkili \u00fcniversiteleri listeler h\u00e2linde belirlemi\u015f, bu \u00fcniversitelerden mezun olup da denklik ba\u015fvurusunda bulunanlar ile daha \u00f6nceden ba\u015fvuru yapm\u0131\u015f ancak hen\u00fcz i\u015flemleri s\u0131nav ve de\u011ferlendirme a\u015famas\u0131nda bulunanlar\u0131n tan\u0131ma ve denklik taleplerinin reddedilece\u011fine karar vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
10. Ayr\u0131ca 29\/4\/2017 tarihli ve 30052 m\u00fckerrer say\u0131l\u0131 Resm\u00ee Gazete’de yay\u0131mlanarak y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 690 Say\u0131l\u0131 Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc Hal Kapsam\u0131nda Baz\u0131 D\u00fczenlemeler Yap\u0131lmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun H\u00fckm\u00fcnde Kararname’nin (690 say\u0131l\u0131 KHK) “\u00c7e\u015fitli ve Son H\u00fck\u00fcmler” ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131ndaki 65. maddesiyle ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctlerine veya Mill\u00ee G\u00fcvenlik Kurulunca devletin mill\u00ee g\u00fcvenli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 faaliyette bulundu\u011funa karar verilen yap\u0131, olu\u015fum veya gruplara \u00fcyeli\u011fi, mensubiyeti veya iltisak\u0131 yahut bunlarla irtibat\u0131 oldu\u011fu Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131, enstit\u00fc ve merkezlerden mezun olanlar\u0131n diploma ve derecelerinin denklik i\u015flemlerinin yap\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 ve ba\u015flayan i\u015flemlerin tamamlanmayaca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
11. Ba\u015fvuruculardan Abdulaziz Kaya ve Ya\u015far \u00d6zdemir’in denklik ba\u015fvurular\u0131, Y\u00d6K Genel Kurulunun 20\/4\/2017 tarihli, Y\u00d6K Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Kurulunun da 7\/12\/2016, 21\/12\/2016 ve 21\/6\/2017 tarihli (bkz. \u00a7 9) kararlar\u0131na dayan\u0131larak 12\/7\/2017 tarihli i\u015flemlerle reddedilmi\u015ftir. H\u00fcseyin Akar’\u0131n denklik ba\u015fvurusu ise Y\u00d6K Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Kurulunun 7\/12\/2016 ve 21\/12\/2016 tarihli kararlar\u0131na dayan\u0131larak 8\/2\/2017 tarihli i\u015flemle reddedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
12. Ba\u015fvurucular, denklik taleplerinin reddedilmesine ili\u015fkin i\u015flemlere kar\u015f\u0131 idari yarg\u0131da iptal davas\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mahkemeler ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan baz\u0131 \u00fcniversitelere y\u00f6nlendirme ile \u00f6\u011frenci g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, bu \u00fcniversitelerde akademik kazan\u0131m dikkate al\u0131nmadan diploma verildi\u011fi, \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye’deki ve yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki di\u011fer \u00fcniversitelerde g\u00f6revlendirilmek \u00fczere e\u011fitim ald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015filere y\u00fcksek lisans, doktora ve do\u00e7entlik diplomalar\u0131 d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi \u015feklinde duyumlar al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir. Kararlarda ayr\u0131ca Y\u00d6K ve \u00dcniversiteleraras\u0131 Kurula (\u00dcAK) intikal eden baz\u0131 belgelerde de usuls\u00fczl\u00fckler g\u00f6zlemlendi\u011fi, diploma denkli\u011finin verilebilmesi i\u00e7in e\u011fitim al\u0131nan y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumunun \u00f6ncelikle Y\u00d6K taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ancak Y\u00d6K’\u00fcn alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu 7\/12\/2016, 21\/12\/2016, 20\/4\/2017 ve 21\/6\/2017 tarihli kararlarla FET\u00d6\/PDY ile ili\u015fkisi bulunan \u00fcniversitelerin tan\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sona erdirdi\u011fi de vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna ek olarak Mahkemeler s\u00f6z konusu Y\u00d6K kararlar\u0131ndan sonra bahsi ge\u00e7en \u00fcniversitelerden mezun olanlar\u0131n denklik ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131n incelenmeksizin reddedilece\u011finin karara ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015f, ayr\u0131ca Mahkemelerden biri bu konuya ili\u015fkin KHK h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn de bulundu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. An\u0131lan kararlar, istinaf incelemelerinden ge\u00e7erek kesinle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
13. Ba\u015fvurular s\u00fcresinde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
14. Bu arada 690 say\u0131l\u0131 KHK’n\u0131n 65. maddesi (bkz. \u00a7 10), 8\/3\/2018 tarihli ve 30354 (m\u00fckerrer) say\u0131l\u0131 Resm\u00ee Gazete’de yay\u0131mlanarak y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 1\/2\/2018 tarihli ve 7077 say\u0131l\u0131 Ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc Hal Kapsam\u0131nda Baz\u0131 D\u00fczenlemeler Yap\u0131lmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun H\u00fckm\u00fcnde Kararnamenin De\u011fi\u015ftirilerek Kabul Edilmesine Dair Kanun\u2019un 55. maddesiyle aynen kabul edilerek4\/11\/1981 tarihli ve 2547 say\u0131l\u0131 Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim Kanunu’na ek 31. madde olarak eklenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
IV. \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 HUKUK<\/p>\n
15. 2547 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un “Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim Kurulunun g\u00f6revleri” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 7. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (p) bendi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
“Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u00f6n lisans, lisans ve lisans \u00fcst\u00fc diplomalar\u0131n denkli\u011fini tespit etmek”<\/p>\n
16. 7077 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 55. maddesiyle aynen kabul edilerek kanunla\u015fan ve 2547 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019a ek 31. madde olarak eklenen 690 say\u0131l\u0131 KHK’n\u0131n “\u00c7e\u015fitli ve Son H\u00fck\u00fcmler” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u013165. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
“Ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctlerine veya Milli G\u00fcvenlik Kurulunca Devletin milli g\u00fcvenli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 faaliyette bulundu\u011funa karar verilen yap\u0131, olu\u015fum veya gruplara \u00fcyeli\u011fi, mensubiyeti veya iltisak\u0131 yahut bunlarla irtibat\u0131 oldu\u011fu Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131, enstit\u00fc ve merkezlerden mezun olanlar\u0131n e\u011fitimlerine ili\u015fkin olarak alm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 diploma ve derecelerin denklik i\u015flemleri yap\u0131lmaz ve bu hususta ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olan i\u015flemler tamamlanmaz.”<\/p>\n
17. Anayasa Mahkemesi 7077 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 55. maddesiyle 2547 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’a eklenen ek 31. maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda yer alan “… veya Milli G\u00fcvenlik Kurulunca Devletin milli g\u00fcvenli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 faaliyette bulundu\u011funa karar verilen yap\u0131, olu\u015fum veya gruplara …”, “…, mensubiyeti veya iltisak\u0131 yahut bunlarla irtibat\u0131 oldu\u011fu…” ve “… Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan …” ibareleri norm denetiminde incelemi\u015f ve an\u0131lan ibarelerin Anayasa’ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu tespit ederek iptaline karar vermi\u015ftir (AYM, E.2018\/94, K.2023\/10, 23\/1\/2023). Kural\u0131n iptal edilen ibareler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki k\u0131sm\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fcktedir. An\u0131lan karar\u0131n ilgili k\u0131sm\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
“…84. 7077 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019la d\u00fczenlenen dava konusu kurallar ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l s\u00fcresiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir d\u00fczenleme \u00f6ng\u00f6rmedi\u011finden kurallara ili\u015fkin incelemenin Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n ola\u011fan d\u00f6nem kurallar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc denetim rejimine g\u00f6re yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
85. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 42. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda kimsenin e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011frenim hakk\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmek suretiyle e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011frenim hakk\u0131 herkes y\u00f6n\u00fcnden g\u00fcvenceye ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011frenim hakk\u0131, kamu ve \u00f6zel e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi e\u011fitimin ilk, orta ve y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011frenim seviyelerini de kapsar (Sara Akg\u00fcl [GK], B. No: 2015\/269, 22\/11\/2018, \u00a7 120; Hikmet Balabano\u011flu, B. No: 2012\/1334, 17\/9\/2013, \u00a7 28; \u0130hsan Asutay, B. No: 2012\/606, 20\/2\/2014, \u00a7 34). Anayasa\u2019da yer alan e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011frenim hakk\u0131, kamu otoritelerine ki\u015filerin e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011frenim almas\u0131n\u0131 engellememe \u00f6devini y\u00fcklemektedir. E\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011frenim hakk\u0131 belli bir zamanda mevcut olan e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131na eri\u015fimin sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bu e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131na devam edebilmeyi teminat alt\u0131na almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
86. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 42. maddesi kural olarak devlete, ki\u015filere yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tahsil g\u00f6rmesini sa\u011flama \u015feklinde bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck y\u00fcklememektedir. Ancak an\u0131lan maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda yer verilen ‘\u00d6\u011frenim hakk\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131 kanunla tespit edilir ve d\u00fczenlenir.’ h\u00fckm\u00fc dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kanun koyucunun ki\u015filere yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda e\u011fitim g\u00f6rme imk\u00e2n\u0131 tan\u0131mas\u0131 h\u00e2linde bu imk\u00e2ndan yararlanman\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 42. maddesinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen g\u00fcvencelerin kapsam\u0131na girece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r (AYM, E.2018\/76, K.2022\/125, 26\/10\/2022, \u00a7 23).<\/p>\n
87. Bununla birlikte e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131na eri\u015fim hakk\u0131, e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n sadece bir y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Hakk\u0131n etkili olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in buna ilave olarak e\u011fitim alan ki\u015fi ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fitimden menfaat sa\u011flama imk\u00e2n\u0131na da sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu imk\u00e2na sahip olabilmek i\u00e7in ise bir \u00fclkede y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan kurallara uygun olarak tamamlanan e\u011fitimin \u00fclkenin resm\u00ee makamlar\u0131nca tan\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekmektedir (Rauf Bekiro\u011flu, B. No: 2014\/127, 19\/7\/2017, \u00a7 25; \u015eehmus Altu\u011frul, B. No: 2017\/38317, 13\/1\/2021, \u00a7 41; Yasemin Tekin, B. No: 2019\/25326, 23\/11\/2021, \u00a7 23).<\/p>\n
88. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda e\u011fitim g\u00f6ren ki\u015filerin ald\u0131klar\u0131 e\u011fitimin \u00fclkenin resm\u00ee makamlar\u0131nca tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ki\u015finin e\u011fitiminden menfaat sa\u011flamas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir gerekliliktir. Aksi takdirde ki\u015fi, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fitimden yurt i\u00e7inde bir kazan\u0131m sa\u011flayamayacakt\u0131r. 2547 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 7. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (p) bendinde yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u00f6n lisans, lisans ve lisans \u00fcst\u00fc diplomalar\u0131n denkli\u011fini tespit etmek Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim Kurulunun g\u00f6revleri aras\u0131nda say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dava konusu kurallar ise denklik i\u015fleminin yap\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 durumlara yer vermek suretiyle e\u011fitim hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirmektedir.<\/p>\n
89. Anayasa’n\u0131n 42. maddesinde e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir d\u00fczenleme yer almamaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n mutlak ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir hak oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. Nitekim an\u0131lan maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda yer verilen ‘\u00d6\u011frenim hakk\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131 kanunla tespit edilir ve d\u00fczenlenir.’ ifadesi ile devlete bir takdir alan\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Devlete tan\u0131nan bu takdir yetkisinin \u00f6z\u00fcnde bir \u201cs\u0131n\u0131rlama\u201d yetkisi de i\u00e7erdi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kanun koyucunun e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 hususundaki takdir yetkisinin geni\u015f oldu\u011fu, bu ba\u011flamda e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 hususunda kanun koyucuyu ba\u011flayan belli bir me\u015fru ama\u00e7lar listesinin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilebilir. Ancak kanun koyucunun bu takdir yetkisinin Anayasa Mahkemesinin denetimine tabi olaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r (benzer y\u00f6ndeki de\u011ferlendirmeler i\u00e7in bkz. \u00dcnal Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, B. No: 2013\/6776, 5\/11\/2014, \u00a7 42; Sava\u015f Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, B. No: 2013\/6258, 10\/6\/2015, \u00a7 42).<\/p>\n
90. Kurallarda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen d\u00fczenleme e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya sadakat borcunu ortadan kald\u0131rmayaca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn tesisine y\u00f6nelik belirlemeler yapmak suretiyle mill\u00ee g\u00fcvenli\u011fin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi amac\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu itibarla dava konusu kurallar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 42. maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fi devlete tan\u0131nan takdir hakk\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda getirildi\u011fi ve anayasal olarak me\u015fru amaca dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
91. Denklik i\u015flemi yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda e\u011fitimini tamamlayan ki\u015filere alm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 e\u011fitimin tamamlanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu belgeleme ve bu e\u011fitimleri ile ilgili sahip olduklar\u0131 diploman\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirli bir mesle\u011fi yapabilme gibi birtak\u0131m imk\u00e2nlardan yararlanma f\u0131rsat\u0131 vermektedir. Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131ndan ve programlar\u0131ndan al\u0131nan \u00f6n lisans, lisans ve y\u00fcksek lisans diplomalar\u0131, sadece ilgili e\u011fitim d\u00fczeyindeki kazan\u0131mlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki diplomalara e\u015f de\u011fer tutulmakta olup bu diplomalar\u0131n sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde bir avantaj sa\u011flamamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan devletin egemenlik yetkisi kapsam\u0131nda yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda verilen e\u011fitime y\u00f6nelik denklik \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131yla ba\u015fkaca kriterlere tabi tutmas\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Denklik y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yap\u0131lacak de\u011ferlendirmenin \u00f6n \u015fart\u0131 denkli\u011fi talep edilen diplomalar\u0131n Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nan y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131ndan ve programlar\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kapsamda, Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bir e\u011fitim kurumunun ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleriyle irtibat\u0131 oldu\u011fu sebebiyle tan\u0131nmamas\u0131 da devletin egemenlik yetkisinin do\u011fal sonucudur.<\/p>\n
92. Bununla birlikte kurallar, ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleriyle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 sebebiyle denklikleri mill\u00ee g\u00fcvenlik gerek\u00e7esiyle tan\u0131nmayacak olan kurum, enstit\u00fc veya merkezlerin \u00f6nceden ilan edilip edilmedi\u011fi noktas\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m yapmamaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda kural, ilgili otoriteler taraf\u0131ndan denkli\u011finin mill\u00ee g\u00fcvenlik gerek\u00e7esiyle tan\u0131nmayaca\u011f\u0131 ilan edilmeyen e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6ren veya ilan edilse bile bu ilan tarihinden \u00f6nce an\u0131lan e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flayan ki\u015filerin de diplomalar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmamas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bir e\u011fitim kurumunun diplomas\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131n\u0131p tan\u0131nmamas\u0131 hususunda devletin takdir yetkisi geni\u015f olsa da mill\u00ee g\u00fcvenlik gerek\u00e7esiyle bir e\u011fitim kurumunun denkli\u011fi kabul edilmeyecekse bunun \u00f6nceden uygun ara\u00e7larla duyurulmas\u0131 gerekir. Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan denkli\u011finin tan\u0131nmayaca\u011f\u0131 uygun ara\u00e7larla ilan edilmeyen e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131ndan mezun olanlar\u0131n da diplomalar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmamas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furan kurallar\u0131n gereklilik kriterini kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez…”<\/p>\n
V. \u0130NCELEME VE GEREK\u00c7E<\/p>\n
18. Anayasa Mahkemesinin 9\/10\/2024 tarihinde yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu toplant\u0131da ba\u015fvuru incelenip gere\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc:<\/p>\n
A. Ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n \u0130ddialar\u0131 ve Bakanl\u0131k G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc<\/p>\n
19. Ba\u015fvurucular; mezun olduklar\u0131 \u00fcniversitelerin daha \u00f6nce Y\u00d6K taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu sebeple bahsi ge\u00e7en \u00fcniversiteleri tercih ettiklerini, \u00fcniversitelere kay\u0131t yapt\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 ve e\u011fitim g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri d\u00f6nemlerde ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en \u00fcniversitelerin herhangi bir ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ile ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu bilmediklerini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Ayr\u0131ca e\u011fitimlerini ba\u015far\u0131yla tamamlad\u0131klar\u0131 h\u00e2lde mesleklerini yapamad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, alm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 e\u011fitimin hi\u00e7e say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek e\u011fitim haklar\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fini iddia etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
20. Bakanl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde; Anayasa Mahkemesinin \u00f6ncelikle ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n ihlal iddialar\u0131n\u0131n konu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yetkisinde olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemesi, kendisini konu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yetkili g\u00f6rmesi h\u00e2linde ise idare mahkemelerinin mevzuata uygun karar verdi\u011fini g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ifade edilerek ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n e\u011fitim haklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik bir ihlalin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
21. Ba\u015fvurucular, Bakanl\u0131k g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 verdikleri cevaplarda Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n emsal olarak sundu\u011fu kararlar\u0131n uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kla ilgisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015fler ve ba\u015fvuru formunda ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fckleri ihlal iddialar\u0131n\u0131 yinelemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
B. De\u011ferlendirme<\/p>\n
22. Anayasa’n\u0131n 42. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
“Kimse, e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011frenim hakk\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lamaz.”<\/p>\n
23. Ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu iddialar\u0131 Anayasa’n\u0131n 42. maddesinde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan e\u011fitim hakk\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
1. Kabul Edilebilirlik Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden<\/p>\n
24. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dayanaktan yoksun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kabul edilemezli\u011fine karar verilmesini gerektirecek ba\u015fka bir neden de bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fine ili\u015fkin iddian\u0131n kabul edilebilir oldu\u011funa karar verilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
2. Esas Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden<\/p>\n
a. Hakk\u0131n Kapsam\u0131 ve M\u00fcdahalenin Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n
25. E\u011fitim, Anayasa taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frudan g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir hakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca e\u011fitim, \u00e7ok \u00f6zel bir kamu hizmeti olarak sadece do\u011frudan faydalar\u0131 olan bir hizmet de\u011fil geni\u015f sosyal fonksiyonlar\u0131 da olan bir hizmettir. Demokratik bir toplumda insan haklar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flamla\u015fmas\u0131 ve devam\u0131 i\u00e7in e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n vazge\u00e7ilmez ve temel bir katk\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011fu da a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131r (Mehmet Re\u015fit Arslan ve di\u011ferleri, B. No: 2013\/583, 10\/12\/2014, \u00a7 66). Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00f6nceki kararlar\u0131nda e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011frenim seviyesini de kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131na (Hikmet Balabano\u011flu, B. No: 2012\/1334, 17\/9\/2013, \u00a7 28; \u0130hsan Asutay, B. No: 2012\/606, 20\/2\/2014, \u00a7 36), belli bir zamanda mevcut olan e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131na etkili bir bi\u00e7imde eri\u015fimin sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131na (Mehmet Re\u015fit Arslan ve di\u011ferleri, \u00a7 68), kamu otoritelerine bireyin e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011frenim almas\u0131n\u0131 engellememe \u015feklinde bir negatif \u00f6dev y\u00fckledi\u011fine (Adem \u00d6\u011f\u00fct ve di\u011ferleri, B. No: 2014\/20527, 22\/11\/2017, \u00a7 44; Y\u00fcksel Baran, B. No: 2012\/782, 26\/6\/2014, \u00a7 36) karar vermi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131na eri\u015fim, e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n sadece bir y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Hakk\u0131n etkili olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in buna ilave olarak e\u011fitim alan ki\u015fi ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fitimden menfaat sa\u011flama imk\u00e2n\u0131na da sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu imk\u00e2na sahip olabilmek i\u00e7in ise bir \u00fclkede y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan kurallara uygun olarak tamamlanan e\u011fitim \u00fclkenin resm\u00ee makamlar\u0131nca tan\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r (Rauf Bekiro\u011flu, B. No: 2014\/127, 19\/7\/2017, \u00a7 25; \u015eehmus Altu\u011frul, B. No: 2017\/38317, 13\/1\/2021,\u00a7 41).<\/p>\n
26. Anayasa’n\u0131n 42. maddesi kural olarak devlete, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda e\u011fitim g\u00f6rme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 ki\u015filere sa\u011flama \u015feklinde bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck y\u00fcklememektedir. Ancak an\u0131lan maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda yer verilen “\u00d6\u011frenim hakk\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131 kanunla tespit edilir ve d\u00fczenlenir.” h\u00fckm\u00fc dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kanun koyucunun yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda e\u011fitim g\u00f6rme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 ki\u015filere tan\u0131mas\u0131 h\u00e2linde bu imk\u00e2ndan yararlanman\u0131n Anayasa’n\u0131n 42. maddesinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen g\u00fcvencelerin kapsam\u0131na girece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r (AYM, E.2018\/76, K.2022\/125, 26\/10\/2022, \u00a7 23).<\/p>\n
27. 2547 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 7. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (p) bendinde yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u00f6n lisans, lisans ve lisans \u00fcst\u00fc diplomalar\u0131n denkli\u011fini tespit etmek Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim Kurulunun g\u00f6revleri aras\u0131nda say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kanun koyucunun yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda e\u011fitim g\u00f6rme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 ki\u015filere sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durumda ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 e\u011fitimin \u00fclkenin resm\u00ee makamlar\u0131nca tan\u0131nmas\u0131, ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n bu e\u011fitimlerden menfaat sa\u011flamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in bir gerekliliktir. Aksi takdirde ba\u015fvurucular, ald\u0131klar\u0131 e\u011fitimden yurt i\u00e7inde bir kazan\u0131m sa\u011flayamayacakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle \u00f6nceki tarihlerde Y\u00d6K taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nan ve diplomalar\u0131na denklik verilen \u00fcniversitelerden mezun olan ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n diplomalar\u0131na denklik verilmesi taleplerinin incelenmeksizin reddedilmesi e\u011fitim haklar\u0131na m\u00fcdahale te\u015fkil etmektedir.<\/p>\n
b. M\u00fcdahalenin \u0130hlal Olu\u015fturup Olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n
i. Uygulanabilirlik Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden<\/p>\n
28. Anayasa, temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin olarak ola\u011fan ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemler i\u00e7in iki ayr\u0131 hukuki rejim \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir. Ola\u011fan d\u00f6nemde temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 rejimi Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015fken ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc d\u00f6nemde temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ya da kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n durdurulmas\u0131 rejimi Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 15. maddesinde yer almaktad\u0131r (AYM, E.2018\/89, K.2019\/84, 14\/11\/2019, \u00a7 5).<\/p>\n
29. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 15. maddesine g\u00f6re sava\u015f, seferberlik h\u00e2llerinde veya ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc durumlarda temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131smen veya tamamen durdurulmas\u0131 ve bunlar i\u00e7in Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer maddelerinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen g\u00fcvencelere ayk\u0131r\u0131 tedbirler al\u0131nmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ancak Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 15. maddesiyle bu hususta tan\u0131nan yetki de s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z de\u011fildir. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer maddelerinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen g\u00fcvencelere ayk\u0131r\u0131 tedbirlerin milletleraras\u0131 hukuktan do\u011fan y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ihlal etmemesi ve durumun gerektirdi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca bu durumlarda dahi ki\u015finin ya\u015fam hakk\u0131na, maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne dokunulmas\u0131, din, vicdan, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve kanaatlerini a\u00e7\u0131klamaya zorlanmas\u0131 ve bunlardan dolay\u0131 su\u00e7lanmas\u0131 yasaklanm\u0131\u015f; su\u00e7 ve cezalar\u0131n geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcmemesi ilkesi ile masumiyet karinesinin bu h\u00e2llerde de ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu kabul edilmi\u015ftir (AYM, E.2018\/89, K.2019\/84, 14\/11\/2019, \u00a7 8; Ayd\u0131n Yavuz ve di\u011ferleri [GK], B. No: 2016\/22169, 20\/6\/2017 \u00a7\u00a7 185, 186; Ay\u015fe Ortak [GK], B. No: 2018\/25011, 6\/1\/2022, \u00a7 35).<\/p>\n
30. Bu durumla birlikte bir tedbirin ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l (OHAL) tedbiri olarak nitelendirilebilmesi ve incelemenin Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n OHAL d\u00f6nemi i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc denetim rejimi kapsam\u0131nda yap\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in Anayasa Mahkemesinin \u00f6nceki kararlar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131n da bulunmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu ba\u011flamda tedbirin OHAL tedbiri olarak kabul edilmesi i\u00e7in ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc durumun var olmas\u0131 ve ilan edilmesi, tedbirin ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2lin ilan\u0131na sebep olan tehdit veya tehlikelerin bertaraf edilmesine y\u00f6nelik olmas\u0131 ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l s\u00fcresiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 uygulanmas\u0131 \u015feklindeki ko\u015fullar da bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r (Ayd\u0131n Yavuz ve di\u011ferleri, \u00a7\u00a7 188-191; AYM, E.2018\/89, K.2019\/84, 14\/11\/2019, \u00a7 11; Tamer Mahmuto\u011flu [GK], B. No: 2017\/38953, 23\/7\/2020, \u00a7\u00a7 71-75; Ay\u015fe Ortak, \u00a7 36).<\/p>\n
31. Say\u0131lan ko\u015fullardan sonuncusuna g\u00f6re tedbirlerin OHAL’in s\u00fcresini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlara ili\u015fkin yap\u0131lacak incelemelerde Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 15. maddesi dikkate al\u0131namaz. Bu kapsamdaki ba\u015fvurular, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ile ola\u011fan d\u00f6nemde hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri s\u0131n\u0131rlama ve g\u00fcvence rejimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan temel \u00f6neme sahip olan 13. maddesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda incelenecektir (benzer y\u00f6ndeki de\u011ferlendirmeler i\u00e7in bkz. Tamer Mahmuto\u011flu, \u00a7 76; Ay\u015fe Ortak, \u00a7 37).<\/p>\n
32. Somut olayda ba\u015fvuru konusu tedbirin OHAL ilan\u0131na neden olan tehditlerin veya tehlikelerin bertaraf edilmesine y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Ancak s\u00f6z konusu tedbirin OHAL s\u00fcresini a\u015facak \u015fekilde uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. Zira Y\u00d6K taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nan d\u00fczenleyici i\u015flem niteli\u011findeki kararlar OHAL ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir s\u00fcre uygulanma \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi diploma denklik taleplerinde idari makamlara takdir yetkisi de tan\u0131mamakta, listede yer alan \u00fcniversitelerden mezun olunmas\u0131n\u0131 bu konuda yap\u0131lacak taleplerin reddi i\u00e7in yeterli g\u00f6rmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Anayasa Mahkemesinin 23\/1\/2023 tarihli ve E.2018\/94, K.2023\/10 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda (bkz. \u00a7 17) benzer nitelikte d\u00fczenleme i\u00e7eren kural\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc h\u00e2l s\u00fcresiyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir d\u00fczenleme \u00f6ng\u00f6rmedi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle incelemenin Anayasa’n\u0131n 13. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu durumda eldeki ba\u015fvurunun da Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n ola\u011fan d\u00f6nemde hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri s\u0131n\u0131rlama ve g\u00fcvence rejimi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan temel \u00f6neme sahip olan 13. maddesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda incelenmesi gerekti\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
33. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
“Temel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetler, \u00f6zlerine dokunulmaks\u0131z\u0131n yaln\u0131zca Anayasan\u0131n ilgili maddelerinde belirtilen sebeplere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ve ancak kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, Anayasan\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne ve ruhuna, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin ve l\u00e2ik Cumhuriyetin gereklerine ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamaz.”<\/p>\n
34. Yukar\u0131da an\u0131lan m\u00fcdahale Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde belirtilen ko\u015fullar\u0131 yerine getirmedi\u011fi m\u00fcddet\u00e7e Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 42. maddesinin ihlalini te\u015fkil edecektir. Bu sebeple e\u011fitim hakk\u0131na yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahalenin Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ve somut ba\u015fvuruya uygun d\u00fc\u015fen kanun taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclme, hakl\u0131 bir sebebe dayanma (me\u015fru ama\u00e7) ve demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin gereklerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmama kriterlerini sa\u011flay\u0131p sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi gerekir (e\u011fitim hakk\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda bkz. \u00d6zcan Zengin, B. No: 2020\/4244, 23\/2\/2022, \u00a7\u00a7 72-82; \u00d6zcan Bayrak, B. No: 2019\/14060, 3\/11\/2022, \u00a7\u00a7 39-48; ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ba\u011flam\u0131nda kararlar i\u00e7in bkz. Bekir Co\u015fkun [GK], B. No: 2014\/12151, 4\/6\/2015, \u00a7\u00a7 53-55; Mehmet Ali Ayd\u0131n [GK], B. No: 2013\/9343, 4\/6\/2015, \u00a7\u00a7 70-72).<\/p>\n
ii. Kanunilik<\/p>\n
35. Ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n e\u011fitim hakk\u0131na diplomalar\u0131na denklik verilmemesi \u015feklindeki m\u00fcdahalenin dayana\u011f\u0131 olarak Y\u00d6K Genel Kurulunun 20\/4\/2017 tarihli, Y\u00d6K Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Kurulunun da 7\/12\/2016, 21\/12\/2016 ve 21\/6\/2017 tarihli kararlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir. Y\u00d6K’\u00fcn diploma denkli\u011fi ba\u015fvurular\u0131yla ilgili olarak karar alma yetkisi, 2547 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 7. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (p) bendinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Nitekim ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 iptal davalar\u0131nda Mahkemeler de i\u015flemin kanuni dayana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bu h\u00fck\u00fcm oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir. Bununla birlikte Abdulaziz Kaya ve Ya\u015far \u00d6zdemir hakk\u0131ndaki birel i\u015flemlere dayanak te\u015fkil eden -ancak ba\u015fvuruculara tebli\u011f edilmeyen- komisyon raporlar\u0131nda 690 say\u0131l\u0131 KHK h\u00fckm\u00fcne de yer verildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak her h\u00e2l\u00fck\u00e2rda t\u00fcm ba\u015fvurucular y\u00f6n\u00fcnden dayanak h\u00fckm\u00fcn 2547 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 7. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n(p) bendi (bkz. \u00a7 15) oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bahsi ge\u00e7en h\u00fck\u00fcm, diploma denkli\u011finin tespiti hususunda m\u00fcnhas\u0131ran Y\u00d6K’\u00fc yetkilendirmekte ancak bu tespitin hangi usule g\u00f6re yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin ayr\u0131nt\u0131 i\u00e7ermemektedir. Bununla birlikte \u00fcniversite say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn artmas\u0131, \u00fcniversitelerde verilen e\u011fitimin kalitesinin de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6stermesi, e\u011fitim g\u00f6r\u00fclen alanlar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fidi ve kompleks yap\u0131s\u0131 gibi nedenler olduk\u00e7a dinamik olan bu alanda usule ili\u015fkin kat\u0131 bir kanuni \u00e7er\u00e7eve \u00e7izmenin g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Ayr\u0131ca diploma denkli\u011finin tespiti gibi devletin egemenlik yetkisinin a\u011f\u0131r bast\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlarda bu a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011fa paralel bir \u015fekilde idarenin takdir yetkisinin de geni\u015fledi\u011fi kabul edilmelidir. T\u00fcm bu gerek\u00e7elerle diploma denkli\u011finin tespiti hususunda m\u00fcnhas\u0131ran Y\u00d6K’\u00fc yetkilendiren 2547 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 7. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (p) bendinin kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlama \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
iii. Me\u015fru Ama\u00e7<\/p>\n
36. Anayasa’n\u0131n 42. maddesinde e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir d\u00fczenleme yer almamaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n mutlak ve s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bir hak oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez. Nitekim an\u0131lan maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda yer verilen “\u00d6\u011frenim hakk\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131 kanunla tespit edilir ve d\u00fczenlenir.” ifadesi ile devlete bir takdir alan\u0131 yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n -Anayasa’n\u0131n “Sosyal ve Ekonomik Haklar” b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi hususu da g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde- devlete tan\u0131nan bu takdir hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcnde bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama yetkisi de i\u00e7erdi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan Anayasa’da di\u011fer haklardan farkl\u0131 olarak e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 hususunda kanun koyucuyu ba\u011flayan belli bir me\u015fru ama\u00e7lar listesi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kanun koyucunun e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 hususundaki takdir aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015f oldu\u011fu ifade edilebilir. Ancak kanun koyucunun bu takdir yetkisinin Anayasa Mahkemesinin denetimine tabi oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r (Adem \u00d6\u011f\u00fct ve di\u011ferleri, \u00a7 53).<\/p>\n
37. Somut olayda ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleriyle ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu tespit edilen \u00fcniversitelerden mezun olanlar\u0131n denklik taleplerinin reddedilmesinin ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctlerinin mill\u00ee g\u00fcvenlik aleyhine yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ve yurt i\u00e7inde y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc faaliyetlerin engellenmesi me\u015fru amac\u0131na hizmet etti\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
iv. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck<\/p>\n
\u00a0(1) Genel \u0130lkeler<\/p>\n
38. Anayasa’n\u0131n 13. maddesinde yer alan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesi elveri\u015flilik, gereklilik ve orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 alt ilkeden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Elveri\u015flilik \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen m\u00fcdahalenin amac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131n\u0131, gereklilik ama\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan m\u00fcdahalenin zorunlu olmas\u0131n\u0131 yani ayn\u0131 amaca daha hafif bir m\u00fcdahale ile ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamas\u0131n\u0131, orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ise bireyin hakk\u0131na yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahale ile ula\u015f\u0131lmak istenen ama\u00e7 aras\u0131nda makul bir dengenin g\u00f6zetilmesi gereklili\u011fini ifade etmektedir (AYM, E.2011\/111, K.2012\/56, 11\/4\/2012; E.2016\/16, K.2016\/37, 5\/5\/2016; Mehmet Akdo\u011fan ve di\u011ferleri, B. No: 2013\/817, 19\/12\/2013, \u00a7 38).<\/p>\n
39. Buna g\u00f6re e\u011fitim hakk\u0131na yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahalenin Anayasa’ya uygun olabilmesi i\u00e7in amac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda gerekli de olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Gereklilik yukar\u0131da da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere hakka m\u00fcdahale te\u015fkil eden birden fazla ara\u00e7 aras\u0131ndan hakk\u0131 en az zedeleyen arac\u0131n se\u00e7ilmesini ifade etmektedir. Hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlayan tedbirlerden hangisi di\u011ferlerine nazaran hakk\u0131n norm alan\u0131na daha az m\u00fcdahale edilmesi sonucunu do\u011furuyorsa o tedbirin tercih edilmesi gerekir. Bununla birlikte hakka m\u00fcdahale olu\u015fturacak arac\u0131n se\u00e7iminde kamu otoritelerinin belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde takdir pay\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu da kabul edilmelidir. Zira yetkili kamu makamlar\u0131, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen amaca ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hangi arac\u0131n etkili ve verimli sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin olarak isabetli karar verme noktas\u0131nda daha iyi bir konumdad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle alternatif arac\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya mevcut se\u00e7eneklerin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen me\u015fru amaca ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan etkili olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ya da daha az etkili oldu\u011fu durumlarda kamu makamlar\u0131n\u0131n ara\u00e7 se\u00e7imi hususundaki tercih yetkisinin gereklilik kriterini sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6ylenebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc nedenler bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r (\u015eehmus Altu\u011frul, \u00a7 50).<\/p>\n
40. \u00d6te yandan e\u011fitim hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik m\u00fcdahaleler orant\u0131l\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131rlamayla ula\u015f\u0131lmak istenen ama\u00e7 ile ba\u015fvurulan s\u0131n\u0131rlama tedbiri aras\u0131nda a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 bir dengesizlik bulunmamas\u0131na i\u015faret etmektedir. Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k, ama\u00e7 ile ara\u00e7 aras\u0131nda adil bir denge kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re e\u011fitim hakk\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlamayla ula\u015f\u0131lmak istenen me\u015fru ama\u00e7 ve ba\u015fvurucunun e\u011fitim hakk\u0131ndan yararlanmas\u0131ndaki bireysel yarar aras\u0131nda makul bir orant\u0131 kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Hedeflenen amaca ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda elde edilecek kamusal yararla k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda s\u0131n\u0131rlama ile ki\u015fiye y\u00fcklenen k\u00fclfetin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ve orant\u0131s\u0131z olmamas\u0131 gerekir (\u015eehmus Altu\u011frul, \u00a7 51).<\/p>\n
41. Se\u00e7ilen arac\u0131n ula\u015f\u0131lmak istenen ama\u00e7la k\u0131yasland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bireye orant\u0131s\u0131z bir k\u00fclfet y\u00fcklemi\u015f oldu\u011funun saptanmas\u0131, ihlal sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in baz\u0131 h\u00e2llerde tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli olmayabilir. Ki\u015fiye y\u00fcklenen k\u00fclfeti dengeleyici mekanizmalar\u0131n var olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Elveri\u015fli ve gerekli oldu\u011fu h\u00fckm\u00fcne var\u0131lan arac\u0131n se\u00e7ilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle ki\u015fiye y\u00fcklenen a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u00fclfeti hafifleten hukuksal mekanizmalar mevcutsa bir ihlalin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna var\u0131labilir (\u015eehmus Altu\u011frul, \u00a7 52).<\/p>\n
42. E\u011fitim hakk\u0131na yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahalenin orant\u0131l\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilirken ba\u015fvurucunun ve idarenin kusurlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulur. Bu ba\u011flamda taraflar\u0131n yasal y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin neler oldu\u011fu, bunlar\u0131n yerine getirilmesinde ihmalk\u00e2rl\u0131k g\u00f6sterilip g\u00f6sterilmedi\u011fi ve ihmalin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespiti h\u00e2linde bunun hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 sonucun do\u011fmas\u0131nda bir etkisinin bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r (\u015eehmus Altu\u011frul, \u00a7 53).<\/p>\n
\u00a0(2) Somut Olay\u0131n De\u011ferlendirilmesi<\/p>\n
43. Somut olayda ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n e\u011fitim hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik m\u00fcdahalenin dayana\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterilen Y\u00d6K Genel Kurulunun 20\/4\/2017 tarihli, Y\u00d6K Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Kurulunun da 7\/12\/2016, 21\/12\/2016 ve 21\/6\/2017 tarihli genel nitelikteki kararlar\u0131yla, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda faaliyette bulunan FET\u00d6\/PDY ile ili\u015fkili \u00fcniversiteler listeler h\u00e2linde belirlenmi\u015f; bu \u00fcniversitelerden mezun olup da denklik ba\u015fvurusunda bulunanlar ile daha \u00f6nceden ba\u015fvuru yapm\u0131\u015f ancak hen\u00fcz i\u015flemleri s\u0131nav ve de\u011ferlendirme a\u015famas\u0131nda bulunanlar\u0131n tan\u0131nma ve denklik taleplerinin reddedilece\u011fine karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
44. Bahsi ge\u00e7en Y\u00d6K kararlar\u0131na yak\u0131n bir tarihte \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ve bu kararlara benzer nitelikte d\u00fczenleme i\u00e7eren 690 say\u0131l\u0131 KHK’n\u0131n 65. maddesi (7077 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 55. maddesiyle aynen kabul edilerek 2547 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunu’na eklenen ek 31. madde) \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
“Ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctlerine veya Milli G\u00fcvenlik Kurulunca Devletin milli g\u00fcvenli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 faaliyette bulundu\u011funa karar verilen yap\u0131, olu\u015fum veya gruplara \u00fcyeli\u011fi, mensubiyeti veya iltisak\u0131 yahut bunlarla irtibat\u0131 oldu\u011fu Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131, enstit\u00fc ve merkezlerden mezun olanlar\u0131n e\u011fitimlerine ili\u015fkin olarak alm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 diploma ve derecelerin denklik i\u015flemleri yap\u0131lmaz ve bu hususta ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olan i\u015flemler tamamlanmaz.”<\/p>\n
45. Anayasa Mahkemesi, bahsi ge\u00e7en kuralda yer alan “… veya Milli G\u00fcvenlik Kurulunca Devletin milli g\u00fcvenli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 faaliyette bulundu\u011funa karar verilen yap\u0131, olu\u015fum veya gruplara …”, “…, mensubiyeti veya iltisak\u0131 yahut bunlarla irtibat\u0131 oldu\u011fu…” ve “… Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan …” \u015feklindeki ibarelerin iptali istemini incelemi\u015f, bahsi ge\u00e7en ibarelerin Anayasa’ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu tespit ederek iptaline karar vermi\u015ftir (bkz. \u00a7 17). Kural\u0131n iptal edilen ibareler d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki k\u0131sm\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fcktedir.<\/p>\n
46. Anayasa Mahkemesinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeye (bkz. \u00a7 17) g\u00f6re ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleriyle irtibat\u0131 oldu\u011fu tespit edilen yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n Y\u00d6K taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nmamas\u0131 devletin egemenlik yetkisinin do\u011fal bir sonucudur. Bu durumda idare, bir e\u011fitim kurumunun tan\u0131ma talebini ilk incelendi\u011finde reddedebilece\u011fi gibi daha \u00f6nceki tarihlerde tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir e\u011fitim kurumunun tan\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sonraki bir tarihte sona erdirebilir. Ancak idarenin \u00f6nceden tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir e\u011fitim kurumunu sonradan tan\u0131mamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde bu e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131ndan mezun olup da hen\u00fcz denklik belgelerini alamam\u0131\u015f olanlar ile h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda bu kurumlarda e\u011fitim g\u00f6renler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan okula kay\u0131t olduklar\u0131 tarihte \u00f6ng\u00f6remeyecekleri bir durum ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu durumun \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in tan\u0131man\u0131n sona erdi\u011finin uygun yollarla ilan edilmesi gerekir (AYM, E.2018\/94, K.2023\/10, 23\/1\/2023, \u00a7 92). Zira ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan durumun ilan edilmesi, s\u00f6z konusu e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131na yeni kay\u0131t yapt\u0131racaklar i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik sa\u011flar. Daha \u00f6nce Y\u00d6K taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcvencesine dayanarak bahsi ge\u00e7en e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131na kaydolup bu kurumlardan mezun olmu\u015f ya da h\u00e2len \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u0131n\u0131flarda okula devam eden \u00f6\u011frenciler y\u00f6n\u00fcnden -devlet taraf\u0131ndan bu \u00f6\u011frencilere farkl\u0131 bir imk\u00e2n tan\u0131nmad\u0131k\u00e7a- bu a\u015famada yap\u0131lan ilan \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirli\u011fi sa\u011flamayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
47. Sonu\u00e7 olarak Anayasa Mahkemesince 2547 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un ek 31. maddesi, bahsi ge\u00e7en e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131ndan mezun olup da hen\u00fcz denklik belgelerini alamam\u0131\u015f olanlar ile h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda bu kurumlarda e\u011fitim g\u00f6renler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini \u00f6ng\u00f6rerek davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 bu do\u011frultuda tanzim etmelerine imk\u00e2n sa\u011flayacak nitelikte g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. 2547 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un ek 31. maddesi ile eldeki bireysel ba\u015fvuruya konu birel i\u015flemlerin dayana\u011f\u0131 olarak g\u00f6sterilen Y\u00d6K kararlar\u0131 benzer y\u00f6nde d\u00fczenlemeler i\u00e7ermektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Anayasa Mahkemesince s\u00f6z konusu norma y\u00f6nelik yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirmeler bahsi ge\u00e7en Y\u00d6K kararlar\u0131 i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n
48. Bu ba\u011flamda 2010-2016 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda s\u00f6z konusu \u00fcniversitelerde e\u011fitim g\u00f6ren ba\u015fvuruculardan bu e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n sonraki bir tarihte bir ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ile ili\u015fkilendirilece\u011fini bilmeleri ve buna g\u00f6re davranmalar\u0131 beklenemez. Ancak an\u0131lan maddenin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihten itibaren bahsi ge\u00e7en okullara yeni kay\u0131t yapt\u0131racaklar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ilgili maddenin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da belirtmek gerekir.<\/p>\n
49. \u00d6te yandan gerek idarenin tesis etti\u011fi i\u015flemlerde gerekse de mahkeme kararlar\u0131nda yer alan bahsi ge\u00e7en \u00fcniversitelerin FET\u00d6\/PDY ile olan ili\u015fkilerine y\u00f6nelik ifadelerin haklar\u0131nda somut bir tespit bulunmayan ba\u015fvurucularla ya da bu \u00fcniversitelerde e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f di\u011fer \u00f6\u011frencilerle do\u011frudan ili\u015fkilendirilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle FET\u00d6\/PDY ile olan ili\u015fki somut olarak ortaya konulmadan sadece Y\u00d6K kararlar\u0131nda listelenen \u00fcniversitelerin birinden mezun olunmas\u0131, diploma denklik taleplerinin s\u00fcresiz bir \u015fekilde reddi i\u00e7in yeterli bir gerek\u00e7e olu\u015fturmayacakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca ba\u015fvurucular Abdulaziz Kaya ve Ya\u015far \u00d6zdemir’in denklik ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n inceleme a\u015famas\u0131nda Y\u00d6K taraf\u0131ndan kabul edildi\u011fini ve bu kabule dayanarak eksik derslerini \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00fcniversitelerde tamamlamak suretiyle talep edilen ko\u015fullar\u0131 yerine getirdiklerini de g\u00f6zard\u0131 etmemek gerekir.<\/p>\n
50. Netice itibar\u0131yla ba\u015fvuruya konu m\u00fcdahale, bahsi ge\u00e7en e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131ndan mezun olup da hen\u00fcz denklik belgelerini alamam\u0131\u015f olan ba\u015fvurucular a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan -Anayasa Mahkemesinin norm denetiminde verdi\u011fi s\u00f6z konusu kararda belirtilen gerek\u00e7elerle (bkz. \u00a7 17) – gereklilik ko\u015fulunu sa\u011flamamaktad\u0131r. Bu sebeple ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n e\u011fitim haklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik m\u00fcdahalenin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
51. Ba\u015fvuruya konu m\u00fcdahalenin gereklilik ko\u015fulunu sa\u011flamamas\u0131 nedeniyle s\u00f6z konusu m\u00fcdahalenin orant\u0131l\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesine gerek g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
52. A\u00e7\u0131klanan gerek\u00e7elerle Anayasa’n\u0131n 42. maddesinde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan e\u011fitim haklar\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fine karar verilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Muhterem \u0130NCE ve \u00d6mer \u00c7INAR bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
53. Ba\u015fvurucular ayr\u0131ca adil yarg\u0131lanma haklar\u0131n\u0131n, e\u015fitlik ilkesinin, masumiyet karinesinin ihlal edildi\u011fini de ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n e\u011fitim haklar\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fi sonucu, yarg\u0131lamalar\u0131n yenilenmesini gerektirdi\u011finden ve yeniden yap\u0131lacak yarg\u0131lamalar neticesinde ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n di\u011fer ihlal iddialar\u0131n\u0131n da incelenmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fundan s\u00f6z konusu iddialar\u0131n ayr\u0131ca incelenmesine gerek olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na karar verilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
VI. G\u0130DER\u0130M <\/p>\n
54. Ba\u015fvurucular ihlalin tespiti ve yeniden yarg\u0131lama yap\u0131lmas\u0131 talebinde bulunmu\u015ftur. Bunun yan\u0131nda ba\u015fvurucu Abdulaziz Kaya 250.000 TL maddi, 250.000 TL manevi tazminat; ba\u015fvurucu Ya\u015far \u00d6zdemir 300.000 TL maddi, 300.000 TL manevi tazminat; ba\u015fvurucu H\u00fcseyin Akar ise 10.000 TL manevi tazminat taleplerinde bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
55. Ba\u015fvuruda tespit edilen hak ihlalinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeniden yarg\u0131lama yap\u0131lmas\u0131nda hukuki yarar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu kapsamda karar\u0131n g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi yarg\u0131 mercilerince yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken i\u015f, yeniden yarg\u0131lama i\u015flemlerini ba\u015flatmak ve Anayasa Mahkemesini ihlal sonucuna ula\u015ft\u0131ran nedenleri gideren, ihlal karar\u0131nda belirtilen ilkelere uygun yeni bir karar vermektir (Mehmet Do\u011fan, B. No: 2014\/8875, 7\/6\/2018, \u00a7\u00a7 54-60; Alig\u00fcl Alkaya ve di\u011ferleri (2), B. No: 2016\/12506, 7\/11\/2019, \u00a7\u00a7 53-60, 66; Kadri Enis Berbero\u011flu (3), B. No: 2020\/32949, 21\/1\/2021, \u00a7\u00a7 93-100). \u00d6te yandan Anayasa Mahkemesince verilen ihlal karar\u0131 ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n diplomalar\u0131na do\u011frudan denklik verilmesi anlam\u0131na gelmemektedir. Ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n diploma denkliklerinin ola\u011fan d\u00f6nem ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re yeniden de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
56. Ayr\u0131ca ihlalin b\u00fct\u00fcn sonu\u00e7lar\u0131yla giderilebilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan manevi zararlar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak ba\u015fvuruculardan Abdulaziz Kaya’ya ve Ya\u015far \u00d6zdemir’e ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 30.000 TL, ba\u015fvurucu H\u00fcseyin Akar’a ise taleple ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131narak 10.000 TL manevi tazminat \u00f6denmesine karar verilmesi gerekir. \u00d6te yandan maddi tazminat talebinde bulunan ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n maddi zarara ili\u015fkin olarak bilgi\/belge sunmad\u0131klar\u0131ndan maddi tazminat taleplerinin reddine karar verilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
VII. H\u00dcK\u00dcM<\/p>\n
A\u00e7\u0131klanan gerek\u00e7elerle;<\/p>\n
A. E\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fine ili\u015fkin iddian\u0131n KABUL ED\u0130LEB\u0130L\u0130R OLDU\u011eUNA OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE,<\/p>\n
B. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 42. maddesinde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u0130HLAL ED\u0130LD\u0130\u011e\u0130NE Muhterem \u0130NCE ve \u00d6mer \u00c7INAR’\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131oyu ve OY\u00c7OKLU\u011eUYLA,<\/p>\n
C. Di\u011fer ihlal iddialar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130NCELENMES\u0130NE GEREK OLMADI\u011eINA OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE,<\/p>\n
D. Karar\u0131n birer \u00f6rne\u011finin e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlalinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yeniden yarg\u0131lama yap\u0131lmak \u00fczere Ankara 9. \u0130dare Mahkemesine (E.2017\/2644, K.2018\/1007), Ankara 12. \u0130dare Mahkemesine (E.2017\/2595, K.2018\/641) ve Ankara 14. \u0130dare Mahkemesine (E.2017\/2653, K.2018\/110) G\u00d6NDER\u0130LMES\u0130NE,<\/p>\n
E. Ba\u015fvurucular Abdulaziz Kaya’ya ve Ya\u015far \u00d6zdemir’e ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 net 30.000 TL, ba\u015fvurucu H\u00fcseyin Akar’anet 10.000 TL manevi tazminat \u00d6DENMES\u0130NE, tazminata ili\u015fkin di\u011fer taleplerin REDD\u0130NE,<\/p>\n
F. Ba\u015fvurucular Abdulaziz Kaya’ya ve Ya\u015far \u00d6zdemir’e 294,70 TL ba\u015fvuru harc\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 \u00d6DENMES\u0130NE, ba\u015fvurucu H\u00fcseyin Akar’a 364,60 TL har\u00e7 ve 30.000 TL vek\u00e2let \u00fccretinden olu\u015fan toplam 30.364,60 TL yarg\u0131lama giderinin \u00d6DENMES\u0130NE,<\/p>\n
G. \u00d6demelerin karar\u0131n tebli\u011fini takiben ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n Hazine ve Maliye Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u015fvuru tarihinden itibaren d\u00f6rt ay i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lmas\u0131na, \u00f6demede gecikme olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde bu s\u00fcrenin sona erdi\u011fi tarihten \u00f6deme tarihine kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre i\u00e7in yasal FA\u0130Z UYGULANMASINA,<\/p>\n
H. Karar\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011finin Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na G\u00d6NDER\u0130LMES\u0130NE 9\/10\/2024 tarihinde karar verildi.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
KAR\u015eIOY<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvuruculardan baz\u0131lar\u0131 Bosna Hersek\u2019de bulunan Uluslararas\u0131 Burch \u00dcniversitesinden 2014 y\u0131l\u0131nda, di\u011feri ise Polonya Vistula \u00dcniversitesinden 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda mezun olmu\u015f ve denklik talebinde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. 15 Temmuz Darbe giri\u015fiminden sonra Y\u00d6K Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Kurulunun 7.12.2016, 21.12.2016 ve 21.06.2017 tarihli ve Y\u00d6K Genel Kurulunun 20.04.2017 tarihli kararlar\u0131 ile yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunan FET\u00d6\/PDY ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ile ili\u015fkili \u00fcniversiteler listeler halinde belirlenmi\u015f ve bu \u00dcniversitelerden mezun olup da denklik ba\u015fvurusunda bulunanlar\u0131n ya da ba\u015fvuru yapm\u0131\u015f olup da hen\u00fcz s\u0131nav ve de\u011ferlendirme a\u015famas\u0131nda olanlar\u0131n tan\u0131ma ve denklik taleplerinin reddine karar verilmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n denklik talebinin Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim Kurulu (Y\u00d6K) taraf\u0131ndan reddi \u00fczerine a\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 davalar \u0130dare Mahkemelerince reddedilmi\u015f, bu kararlar \u0130stinaf incelemesinden ge\u00e7erek kesinle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bunun \u00fczerine Ba\u015fvurucular e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fi gerek\u00e7esi ile Anayasa Mahkemesine ba\u015fvuruda bulunmu\u015ftur. Anayasa Mahkemesi Genel Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan oy\u00e7oklu\u011fu ile ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fine karar verilmi\u015f olup, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gerek\u00e7eler ile \u00e7o\u011funluk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lm\u0131yoruz. \u015e\u00f6yle ki;<\/p>\n
Anayasan\u0131n 42. maddesinin ilk iki f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cKimse, e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011frenim hakk\u0131ndan yoksun b\u0131rak\u0131lamaz. \u00d6\u011frenim hakk\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131 kanunla tespit edilir ve d\u00fczenlenir\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fc yer almaktad\u0131r. Anayasa’n\u0131n 42. maddesinde e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir d\u00fczenleme yer almamakla birlikte, \u00f6\u011frenim hakk\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131n kanunla tespit edilece\u011fi ve d\u00fczenlenece\u011fi belirtilerek devlete bir takdir alan\u0131 yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesi, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bir \u00fcniversitenin tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin Travnik \u00dcniversitesi (B. No: 2017\/33627, 19\/11\/2020) karar\u0131nda, uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fcn devletin yabanc\u0131 bir \u00fcniversiteyi tan\u0131y\u0131p tan\u0131mamas\u0131na ili\u015fkin yetkisinin kullan\u0131m\u0131yla ilgili oldu\u011fu, bu itibarla devletin mutlak egemenlik yetkisiyle do\u011frudan ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen yabanc\u0131 bir \u00fcniversitenin tan\u0131nmamas\u0131yla ilgili uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n medeni hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilemeyece\u011fi belirterek konu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yetkisizlik karar\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin (\u00d6zcan Zengin, B. No: 2020\/4244, R.G.; 19.07.2022, 31897) karar\u0131nda ise, ba\u015fvuruya konu meselenin yabanc\u0131 bir \u00fcniversitenin tan\u0131nmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, devlet taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nan bir \u00fcniversitenin verdi\u011fi diplomaya -ba\u015fvurucunun baz\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131 sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle- \u00fclke i\u00e7inde denklik verilmemesine dair oldu\u011fu, s\u00f6z konusu uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n medeni hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde temel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetlerin yaln\u0131zca Anayasan\u0131n ilgili maddelerinde belirtilen sebeplere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ve ancak kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilece\u011fi, bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin gereklerine ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamayaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re, e\u011fitim hakk\u0131na yap\u0131lan bir m\u00fcdahalenin ihlal olu\u015fturmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in, kanuni bir d\u00fczenlemeye dayanmas\u0131, me\u015fru bir amac\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
Kanunilik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, 2547 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanununun 7. maddesinin (p) f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cYurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f \u00f6n lisans, lisans ve lisans \u00fcst\u00fc diplomalar\u0131n denkli\u011fini tespit etmek\u201d Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim Kurulunun g\u00f6revleri aras\u0131nda say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine 7077 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun 55. Maddesiyle aynen kabul edilerek Y\u00d6K Kanununa ek 31. madde olarak eklenen 690 say\u0131l\u0131 KHK\u2019n\u0131n 65. maddesinde \u201cTer\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctlerine veya Milli G\u00fcvenlik Kurulunca Devletin milli g\u00fcvenli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 faaliyette bulundu\u011funa karar verilen yap\u0131, olu\u015fum veya gruplara \u00fcyeli\u011fi, mensubiyeti veya iltisak\u0131 yahut bunlarla irtibat\u0131 oldu\u011fu Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131, enstit\u00fc ve merkezlerden mezun olanlar\u0131n e\u011fitimlerine ili\u015fkin olarak alm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 diploma ve derecelerin denklik i\u015flemleri yap\u0131lmaz ve bu hususta ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olan i\u015flemler tamamlanmaz.\u201d d\u00fczenlemesine yer verilmi\u015ftir. Bu maddenin \u201cveya Milli G\u00fcvenlik Kurulunca Devletin milli g\u00fcvenli\u011fine kar\u015f\u0131 faaliyette bulundu\u011funa karar verilen yap\u0131, olu\u015fum veya gruplara\u201d.. \u201c..mensubiyeti veya iltisak\u0131 yahut bunlarla irtibat\u0131…\u201d ve \u201c…Mill\u00ee E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan…\u201dibareleri Anayasa Mahkemesinin 25.1.2023 tarihli 2018\/94 E. ve 2023\/10 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 ile iptal edilmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00fczenlemeler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde Y\u00d6K taraf\u0131ndan 15 Temmuz darbe giri\u015fim sonras\u0131nda FET\u00d6\/PDY ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan \u00dcniversitelerin tan\u0131nmamas\u0131 ve denklik ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131n reddine ili\u015fkin al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131n kanuni bir dayana\u011f\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r.690 say\u0131l\u0131 KHK ile Y\u00d6K Kanununa eklenenek-31. madde 29 Nisan 2017 tarihli Resmi Gazetede yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f olup, bu tarihte Ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n denklik talebi hen\u00fcz sonu\u00e7lanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Anayasan\u0131n 153. maddesine g\u00f6re, Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fe y\u00fcr\u00fcyemeyece\u011finden, Ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n denklik talebine yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahale zaman\u0131nda yasal dayanak mevcut olup, yarg\u0131 mercilerince s\u00f6z konusu yasal d\u00fczenlemeler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve Ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n talebinin reddi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmas\u0131 isabetlidir. Kald\u0131 ki, Y\u00d6K Kanununun ek-31 maddesinin iptal edilen k\u0131sm\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan \u201cTer\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctlerine \u00fcyeli\u011fi belirlenen yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim kurumlar\u0131, enstit\u00fc ve merkezlerden mezun olanlar\u0131n e\u011fitimlerine ili\u015fkin olarak alm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 diploma ve derecelerin denklik i\u015flemleri yap\u0131lmaz ve bu hususta ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olan i\u015flemler tamamlanmaz\u201d \u015feklindeki d\u00fczenleme y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fcktedir. Y\u00d6K Kanununun 7\/p maddesi ve ek-31. maddesi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kanunilik \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131lanmakta olup, bu kriter a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k mevcut de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00d6zcan Zengin karar\u0131nda (R.G.; 19.07.2022, 31897) , Anayasa’da di\u011fer haklardan farkl\u0131 olarak e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 hususunda kanun koyucuyu ba\u011flayan belli bir me\u015fru ama\u00e7lar listesi bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu nedenle kanun koyucunun e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131 hususundaki takdir aral\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geni\u015f oldu\u011fu, ancak kanun koyucunun bu takdir yetkisinin Anayasa Mahkemesinin denetimine tabi oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir. Bu ba\u011flamda Ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda e\u011fitimlerine ba\u015flamas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ter\u00f6r eylemleri ve 15 Temmuz 2016 tarihindeki FET\u00d6\/PDY darbe giri\u015fimi nedeniyle yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fcniversitelerin tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve denklik i\u015flemlerinde devletin gerek egemenlik hakk\u0131 gerekse Anayasan\u0131n 42. maddesi uyar\u0131nca sahip oldu\u011fu geni\u015f takdir hakk\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u00f6nlemler almas\u0131, ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ile ili\u015fkili olan kurumlar\u0131n tan\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rmas\u0131 ve denklik i\u015flemlerini reddetmesi me\u015fru bir amac\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in yeterli kabul edilmelidir.<\/p>\n
Somut olay \u00f6zelinde vurgulamak gerekir ki, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na e\u011fitim amac\u0131 ile giden \u00f6\u011frencilerin s\u00f6z konusu \u00dcniversitelerin kurumsal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, e\u011fitim kalitesini bildi\u011fi, ayr\u0131ca \u00f6\u011frenimlerine ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada var olan denklik kurallar\u0131n\u0131n sonradan ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan me\u015fru ama\u00e7lar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde her zaman i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015febilece\u011fini ya da kald\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve bu riskin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlendi\u011fi kabul edilmelidir. Ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 olan bir \u00dcniversitenin mezunlar\u0131na \u00f6\u011frenime ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce var olan denklik ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fmeyece\u011fi hususunda Y\u00d6K ya da ba\u015fka bir kurum taraf\u0131ndan taahh\u00fct verilmedi\u011fi de nazara al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Anayasan\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ilkeler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, ter\u00f6r\u00fcn \u00f6nlenmesi ve milli g\u00fcvenli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 gibi me\u015fru ama\u00e7larla denklik kurallar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fcniversitelerin tan\u0131nmas\u0131 hususu, Travnik \u00dcniversitesi (B. No: 2017\/33627, 19\/11\/2020) karar\u0131nda belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere zaten Say\u0131n Mahkemenin konu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yetkisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmaktad\u0131r. Bu anlamda yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren ve Y\u00d6K taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nmayan bir \u00fcniversiteden al\u0131nan diploman\u0131n denklik i\u015fleminin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
E\u011fitim hakk\u0131na yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahalenin yasal dayana\u011f\u0131 mevcut olmakla birlikte \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu ana ilkenin alt ilkeleri olan elveri\u015flilik, gereklilik ve orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere, milli g\u00fcvenli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve ter\u00f6r faaliyetlerinin \u00f6nlenmesi amac\u0131yla yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda verilen e\u011fitimin denkli\u011fine ili\u015fkin olarak mevcut kriterlerin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi, yeni kriterler belirlenmesi Devletin egemenlik yetkisinin do\u011fal sonucu olmaktad\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesinin 2547 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un ek 31. maddesinin baz\u0131 c\u00fcmlelerinin iptaline ili\u015fkin (2018\/94 E. ve 2023\/10 K., R.G.; 12\/7\/2023-32246) kar\u015f\u0131 oy yaz\u0131s\u0131nda belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere, yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6\u011frenimini tamamlayan ki\u015filerin denklik i\u015flemlerinin, mezun olunan kurum, enstit\u00fc veya merkeze y\u00f6nelik kriterlerden dolay\u0131 yap\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131n, milli g\u00fcvenli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve korunmas\u0131 amac\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden elveri\u015fli ve gerekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
Anayasa Mahkemesi Ayd\u0131n Yavuz ve Di\u011ferleri ba\u015fvurusunda (Ba\u015fvuru Numaras\u0131: 2016\/22169, Karar Tarihi: 20\/6\/2017, R.G. Tarih ve Say\u0131: 30\/6\/2017-30110) FET\u00d6\/PDY \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6zelliklerine ili\u015fkin kapsaml\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalara yer vermi\u015ftir. S\u00f6z konusu kararda yap\u0131lan tespitlerin baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir; \u201c\u2026i.FET\u00d6\/PDY\u2019nin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u00f6zellikle din ve e\u011fitim alan\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6stererek toplumda me\u015fruiyet kazanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. ii. FET\u00d6\/PDY, b\u00fcnyesinde bulunan \u0131\u015f\u0131k (talebe) evleri, okullar, yurtlar ve dershaneler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 gen\u00e7leri ama\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda yeti\u015ftirmi\u015f ve bu ki\u015filer yap\u0131lanman\u0131n insan kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur\u2026 iii. FET\u00d6\/PDY\u2019nin, zamanla faaliyetlerini bir\u00e7ok alanda geni\u015fletti\u011fi ve T\u00fcrkiye’nin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra y\u00fcz elliyi a\u015fk\u0131n \u00fclkede yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim s\u00f6z konusu yap\u0131lanman\u0131n yurt i\u00e7inde ve yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, medya, finans, ticaret, sivil toplum gibi farkl\u0131 alanlarda faaliyet g\u00f6steren \u00e7ok say\u0131da kurulu\u015fu bulunmaktad\u0131r. iv. FET\u00d6\/PDY’nin sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ekonomik alanda y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yasal faaliyetleri; dershaneler, okullar, \u00fcniversiteler, dernekler, vak\u0131flar, sendikalar, meslek odalar\u0131, iktisadi kurulu\u015flar, finans kurulu\u015flar\u0131, gazeteler, dergiler, TV kanallar\u0131, radyolar, \u0130nternet siteleri, hastaneler gibi sivil alanlara ili\u015fkindir\u2026\u201d. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere FET\u00d6\/PDY ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve toplumda me\u015fruiyet kazanmas\u0131ndaki en \u00f6nemli unsur, e\u011fitim faaliyetleri olmu\u015ftur. Yine yurt i\u00e7inde ve yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki e\u011fitim faaliyetleri ile \u00f6rg\u00fcte gelir elde etti\u011fi gibi insan kayna\u011f\u0131 dev\u015firdi\u011fi de \u015f\u00fcpheden uzakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Hal b\u00f6yle olunca, darbe giri\u015fimi sonras\u0131nda yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bu \u00f6rg\u00fct ile irtibatl\u0131 olan e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmamas\u0131 ve buralardan mezun olan \u00f6\u011frencilerin denklik i\u015flemlerinin yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 FET\u00d6\/PDY ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ile m\u00fccadele kapsam\u0131nda gayet do\u011fal ve gerekli bir m\u00fcdahale olmaktad\u0131r. Kald\u0131 ki, \u00e7o\u011funluk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn gerek\u00e7esinde yer verilen, milli g\u00fcvenlik tehditleri nedeniyle denklik i\u015fleminin yap\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n uygun ara\u00e7larla ve \u00f6nceden duyurulmas\u0131, 15 Temmuz darbe giri\u015fiminde oldu\u011fu \u00fczere gizli bir plan \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde aniden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ter\u00f6r olaylar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda her zaman m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Toplumun ter\u00f6r eylemlerine kar\u015f\u0131 kendisini koruma hakk\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ter\u00f6r \u00f6rg\u00fctleri ile ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olan ya da milli g\u00fcvenlik i\u00e7in sak\u0131ncal\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclen yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fcniversitelerin tan\u0131nmamas\u0131 ve bu kurumlardan mezun olan \u00f6\u011frencilerin denklik i\u015flemlerinin yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 \u015feklinde e\u011fitim hakk\u0131na yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahalelerin orant\u0131l\u0131 oldu\u011fu kabul edilmelidir.<\/p>\n
Bu nedenlerle Ba\u015fvurucular\u0131n e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fine ili\u015fkin \u00e7o\u011funluk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lm\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Muhterem \u0130NCE<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u00d6mer \u00c7INAR<\/p>\n
\u200bAnayasa Mahkemesi’nin 9\/10\/2024 tarihli ve 2018\/35913 ba\u015fvuru numaral\u0131 karar\u0131\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
T\u00dcRK\u0130YE CUMHUR\u0130YET\u0130 ANAYASA MAHKEMES\u0130 \u00a0 \u00a0 GENEL KURUL \u00a0 KARAR \u00a0 ABDULAZ\u0130Z KAYA VE D\u0130\u011eERLER\u0130 BA\u015eVURUSU (Ba\u015fvuru Numaras\u0131: 2018\/35913) \u00a0 Karar Tarihi: 9\/10\/2024 R.G. Tarih ve Say\u0131: 9\/1\/2025 – 32777 \u00a0 GENEL KURUL \u00a0 KARAR \u00a0 Ba\u015fkan : Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA Ba\u015fkanvekili : Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN Ba\u015fkanvekili : Basri BA\u011eCI \u00dcyeler : Engin YILDIRIM \u00a0 \u00a0 R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7 \u00a0 \u00a0 Recai AKYEL \u00a0 \u00a0 Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ \u00a0 \u00a0 Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU \u00a0 \u00a0 Selahaddin MENTE\u015e \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0130rfan F\u0130DAN \u00a0 \u00a0 Kenan YA\u015eAR \u00a0 \u00a0 Muhterem \u0130NCE \u00a0 \u00a0 Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00d6mer \u00c7INAR \u00a0 \u00a0 Metin KIRATLI Raport\u00f6r : K\u00fcbra \u00c7\u0130FT\u00c7\u0130 Ba\u015fvurucular : 1. H\u00fcseyin AKAR Vekili : Av. Hac\u0131 Osman \u00c7EL\u0130K \u00a0 \u00a0 2. Abdulaziz KAYA \u00a0 \u00a0 3. Ya\u015far \u00d6ZDEM\u0130R \u00a0 I. BA\u015eVURUNUN KONUSU 1. Ba\u015fvuru, Y\u00fcksek\u00f6\u011fretim Kurulu taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nan yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bir \u00fcniversitenin lisans diplomas\u0131na denklik verilmesi talebinin mezun olunan \u00fcniversitenin Fetullah\u00e7\u0131 Ter\u00f6r \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\/Paralel Devlet Yap\u0131lanmas\u0131 ile ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle incelenmeksizin reddedilmesi nedeniyle e\u011fitim hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fi iddias\u0131na ili\u015fkindir. II. BA\u015eVURU S\u00dcREC\u0130 2. Ba\u015fvuru 3\/12\/2018 tarihinde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fvuru, ba\u015fvuru formu ve eklerinin idari y\u00f6nden yap\u0131lan \u00f6n incelemesinden sonra Komisyona sunulmu\u015ftur. 3. Komisyon; aralar\u0131nda konu y\u00f6n\u00fcnden irtibat bulunan 2018\/36466 ve 2019\/2757 numaral\u0131 ba\u015fvurular\u0131n 2018\/35913 numaral\u0131 ba\u015fvuruyla birle\u015ftirilmesine, …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-24636","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n