ANAYASA MAHKEMES\u0130 KARARI<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
Esas Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2024\/52<\/p>\n
Karar Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2024\/140<\/p>\n
Karar Tarihi : 23\/7\/2024<\/p>\n
R.G. Tarih \u2013 Say\u0131 : 19\/12\/2024 \u2013 32757<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u0130T\u0130RAZ YOLUNA BA\u015eVURAN: Antalya 4. Asliye Hukuk Mahkemesi<\/p>\n
\u0130T\u0130RAZIN KONUSU: A. 2\/7\/1964 tarihli ve 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Har\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 16. maddesinin;<\/p>\n
1. Birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinin,<\/p>\n
2. \u0130kinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda yer alan \u201c\u2026gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011feri\u2026\u201d ibaresinin,<\/p>\n
B. 12\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun;<\/p>\n
1. 341. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinin,<\/p>\n
2. 362. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) bendinin,<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u201c6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 114. maddesinde veya di\u011fer kanunlarda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen dava \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 davalar ile feragat edilen ya da hak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u00fcre a\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015f davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 36. ve 141. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek iptallerine karar verilmesi talebidir.<\/p>\n
OLAY: Hazine ad\u0131na olan ta\u015f\u0131nmaz tapu kayd\u0131n\u0131n iptali ile davac\u0131 ad\u0131na tescili talebiyle a\u00e7\u0131lan davada itiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varan Mahkeme, iptalleri i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
I. \u0130PTAL\u0130 \u0130STENEN VE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 G\u00d6R\u00dcLEN KANUN H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130<\/p>\n
A. \u0130ptali \u0130stenen Kanun H\u00fck\u00fcmleri<\/p>\n
1. 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un itiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 16. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u201cDe\u011fer esas\u0131:<\/p>\n
Madde 16 \u2013 De\u011fer \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcne g\u00f6re harca tabi i\u015flemlerde (1) say\u0131l\u0131 tarifede yaz\u0131l\u0131 de\u011ferler esast\u0131r. M\u00fcdahelenin men’i tescil ve tapu kay\u0131t iptali gibi gayrimenkul\u00fcn ayn\u0131na taall\u00fck eden davalarda gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011feri nazara al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Gayrimenkul\u00fcn ayn\u0131na taall\u00fck eden davalarda ecrimisil ve tazminat gibi taleplerde de bulunuldu\u011fu takdirde harc, gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011feri ile talebolunan tazminat ve ecrimisil tutar\u0131 \u00fczerinden al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
De\u011fer tayini m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan hallerde dava dilek\u00e7elerinde de\u011fer g\u00f6sterilmesi mecburidir. G\u00f6sterilmemi\u015fse davac\u0131ya tesbit ettirilir. Tesbitten ka\u00e7\u0131nma halinde, dava dilek\u00e7esi muameleye konmaz.<\/p>\n
Noksan tesbit edilen de\u011ferler hakk\u0131nda 30 uncu madde h\u00fckm\u00fc uygulan\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
2. 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un itiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131;<\/p>\n
a. 341. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u201c\u0130stinaf yoluna ba\u015fvurulabilen kararlar<\/p>\n
MADDE 341- (1) (De\u011fi\u015fik:22\/7\/2020-7251\/34 md.) \u0130lk derece mahkemelerinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki kararlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 istinaf yoluna ba\u015fvurulabilir:<\/p>\n
a) Nihai kararlar.<\/p>\n
b) \u0130htiyati tedbir ve ihtiyati haciz taleplerinin reddi kararlar\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 verilen ihtiyati tedbir ve ihtiyati haciz kararlar\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n yoklu\u011funda verilen ihtiyati tedbir ve ihtiyati haciz kararlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan itiraz \u00fczerine verilen kararlar.<\/p>\n
\u00a0(2) Miktar veya de\u011feri \u00fc\u00e7 bin T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7meyen malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 davalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin kararlar kesindir. (Ek c\u00fcmle: 24\/11\/2016-6763\/41 md.) Ancak manevi tazminat davalar\u0131nda verilen kararlara kar\u015f\u0131, miktar veya de\u011fere bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n istinaf yoluna ba\u015fvurulabilir.<\/p>\n
\u00a0(3) Alaca\u011f\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n dava edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 durumunda \u00fc\u00e7 bin T\u00fcrk Liral\u0131k kesinlik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 alaca\u011f\u0131n tamam\u0131na g\u00f6re belirlenir.<\/p>\n
\u00a0(4) Alaca\u011f\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n dava edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 durumunda, kararda as\u0131l talebinin kabul edilmeyen b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fc\u00e7 bin T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7meyen taraf, istinaf yoluna ba\u015fvuramaz.<\/p>\n
\u00a0(5) \u0130lk derece mahkemelerinin di\u011fer kanunlarda temyiz edilebilece\u011fi veya haklar\u0131nda Yarg\u0131taya ba\u015fvurulabilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015f olup da b\u00f6lge adliye mahkemelerinin g\u00f6rev alan\u0131na giren dava ve i\u015flere ili\u015fkin nihai kararlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, b\u00f6lge adliye mahkemelerine ba\u015fvurulabilir.\u201d<\/p>\n
b. 362. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir: <\/p>\n
\u00a0\u201cTemyiz edilemeyen kararlar<\/p>\n
MADDE 362- (1) B\u00f6lge adliye mahkemelerinin a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki kararlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda temyiz yoluna ba\u015fvurulamaz:<\/p>\n
a) Miktar veya de\u011feri k\u0131rk bin T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131n\u0131 (bu tutar d\u00e2hil) ge\u00e7meyen davalara ili\u015fkin kararlar.<\/p>\n
b) Kira ili\u015fkisinden do\u011fan ve miktar veya de\u011feri itibar\u0131yla temyiz edilebilen alacak davalar\u0131 ile kira ili\u015fkisinden do\u011fan di\u011fer davalardan \u00fc\u00e7 ayl\u0131k kira tutar\u0131 temyiz s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde olanlar hari\u00e7 olmak \u00fczere 4 \u00fcnc\u00fc maddede g\u00f6sterilen davalar ile (23\/6\/1965 tarihli ve 634 say\u0131l\u0131 Kat M\u00fclkiyeti Kanunundan do\u011fup ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ayn\u0131na ili\u015fkin olan davalar hari\u00e7) \u00f6zel kanunlarda sulh hukuk mahkemesinin g\u00f6revine girdi\u011fi belirtilen davalarla ilgili kararlar.<\/p>\n
c) (De\u011fi\u015fik:22\/7\/2020-7251\/39 md.) Yarg\u0131 \u00e7evresi i\u00e7inde bulunan ilk derece mahkemelerinin g\u00f6rev ve yetkisi hakk\u0131nda verilen kararlar ile yarg\u0131 yeri belirlenmesine ili\u015fkin kararlar.<\/p>\n
\u00e7) \u00c7eki\u015fmesiz yarg\u0131 i\u015flerinde verilen kararlar.<\/p>\n
d) Soyba\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furan davalar hari\u00e7 olmak \u00fczere, n\u00fcfus kay\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczeltilmesine ili\u015fkin davalarla ilgili kararlar.<\/p>\n
e) Yarg\u0131 \u00e7evresi i\u00e7indeki ilk derece mahkemeleri h\u00e2kimlerinin davay\u0131 g\u00f6rmeye hukuki veya fiil\u00ee engellerinin \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, davan\u0131n o yarg\u0131 \u00e7evresi i\u00e7indeki ba\u015fka bir mahkemeye nakline ili\u015fkin kararlar.<\/p>\n
f) Ge\u00e7ici hukuki korumalar hakk\u0131nda verilen kararlar.<\/p>\n
g) (Ek:22\/7\/2020-7251\/39 md.) 353 \u00fcnc\u00fc maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) bendi kapsam\u0131nda verilen kararlar.<\/p>\n
\u00a0(2) Birinci f\u0131kran\u0131n (a) bendindeki kararlarda alaca\u011f\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n dava edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 durumunda, k\u0131rk bin T\u00fcrk Liral\u0131k kesinlik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 alaca\u011f\u0131n tamam\u0131na g\u00f6re belirlenir. Alaca\u011f\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n dava edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde, kararda as\u0131l talebinin kabul edilmeyen b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc k\u0131rk bin T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7meyen taraf\u0131n temyiz hakk\u0131 yoktur. Ancak, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf temyiz yoluna ba\u015fvurdu\u011fu takdirde, di\u011fer taraf da d\u00fczenleyece\u011fi cevap dilek\u00e7esiyle karar\u0131 temyiz edebilir.\u201d<\/p>\n
B. \u0130lgili G\u00f6r\u00fclen Kanun H\u00fck\u00fcmleri<\/p>\n
6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un;<\/p>\n
1. 114. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u201cDava \u015fartlar\u0131<\/p>\n
MADDE 114- (1) Dava \u015fartlar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r:<\/p>\n
a) T\u00fcrk mahkemelerinin yarg\u0131 hakk\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
b) Yarg\u0131 yolunun caiz olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
c) Mahkemenin g\u00f6revli olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00e7) Yetkinin kesin oldu\u011fu h\u00e2llerde, mahkemenin yetkili bulunmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
d) Taraflar\u0131n, taraf ve dava ehliyetine sahip olmalar\u0131; kanuni temsilin s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fu h\u00e2llerde, temsilcinin gerekli niteli\u011fe sahip bulunmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
e) Dava takip yetkisine sahip olunmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
f) Vekil arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla takip edilen davalarda, vekilin davaya vek\u00e2let ehliyetine sahip olmas\u0131 ve usul\u00fcne uygun d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f bir vek\u00e2letnamesinin bulunmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
g) Davac\u0131n\u0131n yat\u0131rmas\u0131 gereken gider avans\u0131n\u0131n yat\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u011f) Teminat g\u00f6sterilmesine ili\u015fkin karar\u0131n gere\u011finin yerine getirilmesi.<\/p>\n
h) Davac\u0131n\u0131n, dava a\u00e7makta hukuki yarar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u0131) Ayn\u0131 davan\u0131n, daha \u00f6nceden a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve h\u00e2len g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olmamas\u0131.<\/p>\n
i) Ayn\u0131 davan\u0131n, daha \u00f6nceden kesin h\u00fckme ba\u011flanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u00a0(2) Di\u011fer kanunlarda yer alan dava \u015fartlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler sakl\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
2. 115. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u201cDava \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesi<\/p>\n
MADDE 115- (1) Mahkeme, dava \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n mevcut olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, davan\u0131n her a\u015famas\u0131nda kendili\u011finden ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Taraflar da dava \u015fart\u0131 noksanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 her zaman ileri s\u00fcrebilirler.<\/p>\n
\u00a0(2) Mahkeme, dava \u015fart\u0131 noksanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit ederse davan\u0131n usulden reddine karar verir. Ancak, dava \u015fart\u0131 noksanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n giderilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ise bunun tamamlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kesin s\u00fcre verir. Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde dava \u015fart\u0131 noksanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 giderilmemi\u015fse davay\u0131 dava \u015fart\u0131 yoklu\u011fu sebebiyle usulden reddeder.<\/p>\n
\u00a0(3) Dava \u015fart\u0131 noksanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, mahkemece, davan\u0131n esas\u0131na girilmesinden \u00f6nce fark edilmemi\u015f, taraflarca ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmemi\u015f ve fakat h\u00fck\u00fcm an\u0131nda bu noksanl\u0131k giderilmi\u015fse, ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7taki dava \u015fart\u0131 noksanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, dava usulden reddedilemez.\u201d<\/p>\n
II. \u0130LK \u0130NCELEME<\/p>\n
1. Anayasa Mahkemesi \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca Z\u00fcht\u00fc ARSLAN, Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN, Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA, Engin YILDIRIM, M. Emin KUZ, R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7, Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ, Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU, Selahaddin MENTE\u015e, Basri BA\u011eCI, \u0130rfan F\u0130DAN, Kenan YA\u015eAR, Muhterem \u0130NCE ve Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L\u2019in kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla 22\/2\/2024 tarihinde yap\u0131lan ilk inceleme toplant\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6ncelikle uygulanacak kural sorunu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
2. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 152. ile 30\/3\/2011 tarihli ve 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 40. maddelerine g\u00f6re bir davaya bakmakta olan mahkeme, o dava sebebiyle uygulanacak bir kanunun veya Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararnamesinin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6rmesi h\u00e2linde veya taraflardan birinin ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k iddias\u0131n\u0131n ciddi oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varmas\u0131 durumunda bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin iptalleri i\u00e7in Anayasa Mahkemesine ba\u015fvurmaya yetkilidir. Ancak an\u0131lan maddeler uyar\u0131nca bir mahkemenin Anayasa Mahkemesine ba\u015fvurabilmesi i\u00e7in elinde y\u00f6ntemince a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve mahkemenin g\u00f6revine giren bir davan\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, iptali talep edilen kural\u0131n da o davada uygulanacak olmas\u0131 gerekir. Uygulanacak kural ise davan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik evrelerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde veya davay\u0131 sonu\u00e7land\u0131rmada olumlu ya da olumsuz y\u00f6nde etki yapacak nitelikte bulunan kurallard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
3. 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 16. maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ayn\u0131ndan kaynaklanan davalarda ecrimisil ve tazminat gibi taleplerin de bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde harc\u0131n ne surette hesaplanaca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmektedir. Bak\u0131lmakta olan davada yaln\u0131zca Hazine ad\u0131na olan ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n tapu kayd\u0131n\u0131n iptali ile davac\u0131 ad\u0131na tescili talep edilmektedir. Bu itibarla an\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 16. maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda yer alan \u201c\u2026gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011feri\u2026\u201d ibaresinin bak\u0131lmakta olan davada uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
4. \u00d6te yandan 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 362. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n itiraz konusu (a) bendinde miktar veya de\u011fer bak\u0131m\u0131ndan temyize tabi olmayan kararlar d\u00fczenlenmektedir.<\/p>\n
5. Bak\u0131lmakta olan davada ise Mahkemece verilecek kararlara kar\u015f\u0131 an\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 341. ve devam\u0131 maddeleri uyar\u0131nca istinaf kanun yoluna ba\u015fvurulabilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle yarg\u0131laman\u0131n bulundu\u011fu a\u015fama itibar\u0131yla temyiz kanun yoluna ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
6. Ayr\u0131ca bak\u0131lmakta olan davada dava \u015fart\u0131 yoklu\u011fu iddias\u0131, kesin h\u00fck\u00fcm nedenine dayand\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla davada Kanun\u2019un 114. maddesinde say\u0131lan dava \u015fartlar\u0131ndan yaln\u0131zca an\u0131lan maddenin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (i) bendinde yer alan \u201cAyn\u0131 davan\u0131n, daha \u00f6nceden kesin h\u00fckme ba\u011flanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131\u201d \u015feklindeki dava \u015fart\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Bu itibarla kurallar\u0131n esas\u0131na ili\u015fkin incelemenin \u201c12\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 114. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (i) bendinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen dava \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n noksan oldu\u011fu davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
7. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle;<\/p>\n
A. 2\/7\/1964 tarihli ve 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Har\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 16. maddesinin;<\/p>\n
1. Birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinin esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine, esasa ili\u015fkin incelemenin \u201c12\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 114. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (i) bendinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen dava \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n noksan oldu\u011fu davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yap\u0131lmas\u0131na,<\/p>\n
2. \u0130kinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda yer alan \u201c\u2026gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011feri\u2026\u201d ibaresinin itiraz ba\u015fvurusunda bulunan Mahkemenin bakmakta oldu\u011fu davada uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu ibareye ili\u015fkin ba\u015fvurunun Mahkemenin yetkisizli\u011fi nedeniyle REDD\u0130NE,<\/p>\n
B. 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un;<\/p>\n
1. 341. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinin esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine, esasa ili\u015fkin incelemenin \u201c6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 114. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (i) bendinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen dava \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n noksan oldu\u011fu davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yap\u0131lmas\u0131na,<\/p>\n
2. 362. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) bendinin itiraz ba\u015fvurusunda bulunan Mahkemenin bakmakta oldu\u011fu davada uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu bende ili\u015fkin ba\u015fvurunun Mahkemenin yetkisizli\u011fi nedeniyle REDD\u0130NE,<\/p>\n
OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
III. ESASIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130<\/p>\n
8. Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131 ve ekleri, Raport\u00f6r Ahmet Hakan SOYT\u00dcRK taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan i\u015fin esas\u0131na ili\u015fkin rapor, itiraz konusu kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, dayan\u0131lan ve ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fclen Anayasa kurallar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n gerek\u00e7eleri ile di\u011fer yasama belgeleri okunup incelendikten sonra gere\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcp d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc:<\/p>\n
A. Genel A\u00e7\u0131klama<\/p>\n
9. Dava \u015fartlar\u0131, davan\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenebilmesi, ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle davan\u0131n dinlenebilmesi i\u00e7in varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya yoklu\u011fu gerekli olan h\u00e2llerdir. Davan\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenebilmesi i\u00e7in varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerekli olanlar olumlu dava \u015fart\u0131, yoklu\u011fu arananlar ise olumsuz dava \u015fart\u0131 olarak nitelendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n
10. Dava \u015fartlar\u0131 genel olarak 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 114. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. An\u0131lan f\u0131kran\u0131n (i) bendinde ayn\u0131 davan\u0131n, daha \u00f6nceden kesin h\u00fckme ba\u011flanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 dava \u015fartlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
11. S\u00f6z konusu Kanun\u2019un 303. maddesinde kesin h\u00fck\u00fcm, kesin h\u00fckm\u00fcn unsurlar\u0131 ile taraflar ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filer a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. An\u0131lan maddenin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda bir davaya ait \u015fekl\u00ee anlamda kesinle\u015fmi\u015f olan h\u00fckm\u00fcn, di\u011fer bir davada maddi anlamda kesin h\u00fck\u00fcm olu\u015fturabilmesi i\u00e7in her iki davan\u0131n taraflar\u0131n\u0131n, dava sebeplerinin ve ilk davan\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm f\u0131kras\u0131 ile ikinci davaya ait talep sonucunun ayn\u0131 olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Usul hukukunda dava konusu uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k hakk\u0131nda daha \u00f6nceden verilen kesin bir h\u00fckm\u00fcn bulunmamas\u0131 olumsuz dava \u015fart\u0131 olarak kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n
12. \u00d6te yandan Kanun\u2019un 115. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda mahkemenin dava \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 davan\u0131n her a\u015famas\u0131nda kendili\u011finden ara\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131, taraflar\u0131n da dava \u015fart\u0131 noksanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 her zaman ileri s\u00fcrebilecekleri d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. An\u0131lan maddenin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda mahkemenin dava \u015fart\u0131 noksanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmesi h\u00e2linde davay\u0131 usulden reddedece\u011fi, s\u00f6z konusu eksikli\u011fin giderilmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu durumlarda bunun tamamlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kesin s\u00fcre verece\u011fi, bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde eksikli\u011fin giderilmemesi h\u00e2linde de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde usulden ret karar\u0131 verece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
13. Bu itibarla kamu d\u00fczenine ili\u015fkin olan dava \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n davan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihte bulunmamas\u0131 veya an\u0131lan \u015fartlardan birinin yarg\u0131lama s\u00fcrecinde ortadan kalkmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde davan\u0131n usulden reddi gerekecektir. Ancak 115. maddenin (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re dava \u015fart\u0131 noksanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n mahkemece davan\u0131n esas\u0131na girilmesinden \u00f6nce fark edilmedi\u011fi ya da bu hususun taraflarca da ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmedi\u011fi h\u00e2llerde eksiklik h\u00fck\u00fcm an\u0131nda giderilmi\u015fse mahkemece usulden ret karar\u0131 verilmeyecektir.<\/p>\n
14. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir dava hakk\u0131nda verilen h\u00fck\u00fcm kesinle\u015ftikten sonra ayn\u0131 taraflar aras\u0131nda, ayn\u0131 konuda ve ayn\u0131 hukuki sebebe dayan\u0131larak yeniden dava a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde mahkemenin -bu durum taraflarca ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmese dahi- ikinci davay\u0131 dava \u015fart\u0131 yoklu\u011fu nedeniyle usulden reddetmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
B. 492 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 16. Maddesinin Birinci F\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u0130kinci C\u00fcmlesinin \u201c6100 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 114. Maddesinin (1) Numaral\u0131 F\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (i) Bendinde \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen Dava \u015eart\u0131n\u0131n Noksan Oldu\u011fu Davalar\u201d Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
1. Anlam ve Kapsam<\/p>\n
15. 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 2. maddesinde an\u0131lan Kanun\u2019a ekli (1) say\u0131l\u0131 Tarife\u2019de yaz\u0131l\u0131 olan yarg\u0131 i\u015flemlerinin yarg\u0131 harc\u0131na t\u00e2bi oldu\u011fu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
16. An\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un \u201cM\u00fckellef\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 11. maddesinde genel olarak yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 davay\u0131 a\u00e7an veya harca konu olan i\u015flemin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyen ki\u015filerin \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olduklar\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 120. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda da davac\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lama har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 dava a\u00e7arken mahkeme veznesine yat\u0131rmak zorunda oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
17. 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 15. maddesinde ise yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu Tarife\u2019de yaz\u0131l\u0131 i\u015flemlerden de\u011fer \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcne g\u00f6re nispi esas \u00fczerinden, i\u015flemin nevi ve mahiyetine g\u00f6re maktu esas \u00fczerinden al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. An\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 16. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinde de\u011fer \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcne g\u00f6re harca tabi i\u015flemlerde Tarife\u2019de yaz\u0131l\u0131 de\u011ferlerin esas oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
18. Tarife\u2019nin \u201c(A) Mahkeme Har\u00e7lar\u0131:\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201cIII \u2013 Karar ve ilam harc\u0131:\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) bendinde konusu belli bir de\u011ferle ilgili bulunan davalarda esas hakk\u0131nda karar verilmesi h\u00e2linde h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nan anla\u015fmazl\u0131k konusu de\u011fer \u00fczerinden binde 68,31 oran\u0131nda karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. An\u0131lan k\u0131sm\u0131n (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) bendinde ise taraf te\u015fkiline imk\u00e2n bulunmayan davalarda verilen esas hakk\u0131ndaki kararlar ve davan\u0131n reddi kararlar\u0131nda maktu karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
19. Kanun\u2019un 28. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) bendinde nispi harca tabi davalarda karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birinin pe\u015fin, geri kalan miktar\u0131n da karar\u0131n tebli\u011finden itibaren bir ay i\u00e7inde \u00f6denece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
20. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla konusu belli bir de\u011ferle ilgili olan davalarda esas hakk\u0131nda karar verilmesi h\u00e2linde nispi har\u00e7 al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131, usule ili\u015fkin nihai olarak verilen ret kararlar\u0131nda ise mahkemece maktu karar ve ilam harc\u0131na h\u00fckmedilece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
21. \u00d6te yandan dava a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131rken belirtilen harca esas de\u011ferin yarg\u0131lama s\u0131ras\u0131nda noksan oldu\u011funun tespit edilmesi h\u00e2linde 16. maddenin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131yla at\u0131fta bulunulan 30. maddeye g\u00f6re mahkeme yaln\u0131zca o duru\u015fma i\u00e7in yarg\u0131lamaya devam edecek, takip eden duru\u015fmaya kadar noksan de\u011fer \u00fczerinden pe\u015fin karar ve ilam harc\u0131 tamamlanmad\u0131k\u00e7a davaya devam edemeyecektir. Nitekim yarg\u0131 har\u00e7lar\u0131na ili\u015fkin genel d\u00fczenleme niteli\u011finde olan 27. maddenin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131 ve 32. maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda da harc\u0131n \u00f6denmemesi h\u00e2linde sonraki i\u015flemlerin yap\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
22. Yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131nda belirtildi\u011fi gibi noksan harc\u0131n tamamlanmamas\u0131 durumunda 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 150. maddesi uyar\u0131nca dosyan\u0131n i\u015flemden kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na, s\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde yenilenmeyen davan\u0131n da a\u00e7\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verilecektir (Yarg\u0131tay 8. Hukuk Dairesi, E.2015\/12513, K.2017\/17623, 26\/12\/2017).<\/p>\n
23. 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 16. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n itiraz konusu ikinci c\u00fcmlesinde m\u00fcdahalenin meni, tescil ve tapu kay\u0131t iptali gibi gayrimenkul\u00fcn ayn\u0131na ili\u015fkin davalarda gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011ferinin dikkate al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla gayrimenkul\u00fcn ayn\u0131na ili\u015fkin olarak a\u00e7\u0131lan davada kesin h\u00fck\u00fcm nedeniyle dava \u015fart\u0131 yoklu\u011fu olsa bile davan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 esnada ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n de\u011feri \u00fczerinden belirlenecek olan nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rtte birinin pe\u015fin al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kural \u201c6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 114. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (i) bendinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen dava \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n noksan oldu\u011fu davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
2. \u0130tiraz\u0131n Gerek\u00e7esi<\/p>\n
24. Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; dava \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131 nedeniyle usulden ret karar\u0131 verilmesi gereken durumlarda dahi itiraz konusu kural uyar\u0131nca ke\u015fif ve bilirki\u015fi incelemesi yap\u0131larak harca esas de\u011ferin tespitinin gerekti\u011fi, bu durumun davalar\u0131n en az giderle ve m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan s\u00fcratle sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na engel oldu\u011fu, dava \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n yoklu\u011fu nedeniyle verilen usulden ret kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca eksik harc\u0131n tamamlanmas\u0131 ya da dava de\u011ferinin istinaf-temyiz s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na esas olacak \u015fekilde tespit edilmesi gerekti\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle istinaf ve temyiz mahkemeleri taraf\u0131ndan ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, kanun yollar\u0131nda dosyan\u0131n esastan incelenmemesine neden olan bu durumun hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilerek kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 36. ve 141. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
3. Anayasa\u2019ya Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k Sorunu<\/p>\n
25. 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesi uyar\u0131nca kural, ilgisi nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
26. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n \u201cHak arama h\u00fcrriyeti\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 36. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cHerkes, me\u015fru vas\u0131ta ve yollardan faydalanmak suretiyle yarg\u0131 mercileri \u00f6n\u00fcnde davac\u0131 veya daval\u0131 olarak iddia ve savunma ile adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131na sahiptir.\u201d denilmektedir. An\u0131lan maddeyle g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kendisinin temel bir hak olma \u00f6zelli\u011finin yan\u0131nda di\u011fer temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerden gereken \u015fekilde yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan en etkili g\u00fcvencelerden biridir (AYM, E.2021\/9, K.2022\/4, 26\/1\/2022, \u00a7 28; E.2022\/104, K.2023\/28, 16\/2\/2023, \u00a7 9).<\/p>\n
27. Hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn temel unsurlar\u0131ndan biri mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131d\u0131r. Mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131, hukuki bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu konuda karar verme yetkisine sahip bir mahkeme \u00f6n\u00fcne g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesi hakk\u0131n\u0131 da kapsar. Ki\u015finin u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa veya zarara kar\u015f\u0131 kendisini savunabilmesinin ya da maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 haks\u0131z bir uygulama veya i\u015fleme kar\u015f\u0131 hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcp kan\u0131tlayabilmesinin ya da zarar\u0131n\u0131 giderebilmesinin en etkili ve g\u00fcvenceli yolu yarg\u0131 mercileri \u00f6n\u00fcnde dava hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilmesidir (AYM, E.2021\/37, K.2021\/63, 22\/9\/2021, \u00a7 17; E.2021\/20, K.2022\/84, 30\/6\/2022, \u00a7 10; E.2022\/104, K.2023\/28, 16\/2\/2023, \u00a7 10).<\/p>\n
28. Har\u00e7, kamu kurum ve kurulu\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan sunulan kamusal hizmet kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda al\u0131nan parasal bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckt\u00fcr (AYM, E.2012\/60, K.2013\/62, 22\/5\/2013; G\u00fcri\u015f \u0130n\u015faat ve M\u00fchendislik A.\u015e., B. No: 2016\/15048, 12\/9\/2018, \u00a7 31). Nitekim 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un gerek\u00e7esinde de har\u00e7, ki\u015filerin \u00f6zel menfaatlerine ili\u015fkin olarak kamu kurumlar\u0131 ve hizmetlerinden yararlanmalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6demeler olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, bir hizmetin har\u00e7 konusu olabilmesi i\u00e7in; ki\u015filerin bir kamu kurumundan yararlanmalar\u0131, ki\u015filere kamu eliyle \u00f6zel bir yarar sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve kamu idaresinin ki\u015filerin \u00f6zel bir i\u015fiyle u\u011fra\u015fmas\u0131 gerekmektedir (AYM, E.1986\/20, K.1987\/9, 31\/3\/1987).<\/p>\n
29. Yarg\u0131 hizmetleri de kamu kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n sundu\u011fu en \u00f6nemli hizmetlerden biridir. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 73. maddesinde devletin, kanunlarla har\u00e7 niteli\u011finde gelir sa\u011flayabilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterilmi\u015f, ayr\u0131ca Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer maddelerinde yarg\u0131 hizmetlerinin har\u00e7 alma yetkisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131na ya da \u00fccretsiz olarak verilmesine dair bir h\u00fck\u00fcm \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ilke olarak, ki\u015filerden yarg\u0131 harc\u0131 ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir bedel al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve bunun kapsam\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi konusunda kanun koyucunun takdir yetkisi bulunmaktad\u0131r (benzer y\u00f6nde bkz. AYM, E.1974\/31, K.1974\/43, 24\/10\/1974; E.2009\/27, K.2010\/9, 14\/1\/2010; E.2011\/54, K.2011\/142, 20\/10\/2011; E.2011\/13, K.2012\/45, 22\/3\/2012).<\/p>\n
30. \u0130tiraz konusu kuralda m\u00fcdahalenin meni, tescil ve tapu kay\u0131t iptali gibi gayrimenkul\u00fcn ayn\u0131na y\u00f6nelik uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda dava a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yarg\u0131lamaya devam edilebilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli olan harc\u0131n belirlenmesinde gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011ferinin esas al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmesi suretiyle mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirilmektedir.<\/p>\n
31. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde \u201cTemel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetler, \u00f6zlerine dokunulmaks\u0131z\u0131n yaln\u0131zca Anayasan\u0131n ilgili maddelerinde belirtilen sebeplere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ve ancak kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, Anayasan\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne ve ruhuna, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin ve l\u00e2ik Cumhuriyetin gereklerine ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamaz.\u201d denilmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama getiren d\u00fczenlemelerin kanunla yap\u0131lmas\u0131, ayr\u0131ca Anayasa\u2019da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlama sebebine uygun ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
32. Bu kapsamda mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama getiren kanuni d\u00fczenlemelerin \u015feklen var olmas\u0131 yeterli olmay\u0131p kurallar\u0131n keyf\u00eeli\u011fe izin vermeyecek \u015fekilde belirli ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir nitelikte olmalar\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
33. Esasen temel haklar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan kanunun bu niteliklere sahip olmas\u0131 Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesinde g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nan hukuk devleti ilkesinin de bir gere\u011fidir. Hukuk devletinde, kanuni d\u00fczenlemelerin hem ki\u015filer hem de idare y\u00f6n\u00fcnden herhangi bir duraksamaya ve ku\u015fkuya yer vermeyecek \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131k, net, anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r, uygulanabilir ve nesnel olmas\u0131, ayr\u0131ca kamu otoritelerinin keyf\u00ee uygulamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koruyucu \u00f6nlem i\u00e7ermesi gerekir. Kanunda bulunmas\u0131 gereken bu nitelikler hukuki g\u00fcvenli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da zorunludur. Zira bu ilke hukuk normlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir olmas\u0131n\u0131, bireylerin t\u00fcm eylem ve i\u015flemlerinde devlete g\u00fcven duyabilmesini, devletin de yasal d\u00fczenlemelerinde bu g\u00fcven duygusunu zedeleyici y\u00f6ntemlerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli k\u0131lar (AYM, E.2015\/41, K.2017\/98, 4\/5\/2017, \u00a7\u00a7 153, 154). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde s\u0131n\u0131rlama \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc olarak belirtilen kanunilik, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesinde g\u00fcvenceye ba\u011flanan hukuk devleti ilkesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yorumlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
34. Kuralla gayrimenkul\u00fcn ayn\u0131na ili\u015fkin davalarda al\u0131nacak harc\u0131n konusunun, m\u00fckellefinin, matrah\u0131n\u0131n, oran\u0131n\u0131n ve tahsilinin herhangi bir teredd\u00fcde yer vermeyecek bi\u00e7imde a\u00e7\u0131k ve net olarak d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde kural\u0131n belirli, ula\u015f\u0131labilir ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir nitelikte oldu\u011fu ve bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle kanunilik \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
35. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 36. maddesinde hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u00e7in herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama nedeni \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f olmakla birlikte bunun hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan mutlak bir hak oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez. \u00d6zel s\u0131n\u0131rlama nedeni \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f haklar\u0131n da hakk\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan baz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 bulundu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir. Anayasa Mahkemesi kararlar\u0131nda da Anayasa’n\u0131n ba\u015fka maddelerinde yer alan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler ile devlete y\u00fcklenen \u00f6devlerin \u00f6zel s\u0131n\u0131rlama sebebi g\u00f6sterilmemi\u015f hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere s\u0131n\u0131r te\u015fkil edebilece\u011fi kabul edilmektedir (AYM, E.2010\/83, K.2012\/169, 1\/11\/2012; E.2012\/108, K.2013\/64, 22\/5\/2013; E.2013\/95, K.2014\/176, 13\/11\/2014; E.2014\/177, K.2015\/49, 14\/5\/2015).<\/p>\n
36. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 141. maddesinin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cDavalar\u0131n en az giderle ve m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olan s\u00fcratle sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, yarg\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6revidir.\u201d denilmek suretiyle davalar\u0131n makul bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde bitirilmesi gereklili\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Yarg\u0131 mercilerinin makul olmayan bir i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalmalar\u0131 h\u00e2linde an\u0131lan g\u00f6revi yerine getirmeleri g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015febilecektir. Bu itibarla kanun koyucu yarg\u0131 mercilerinin gereksiz bir i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 engelleyecek nitelikte kurallar \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilir (AYM, E.2022\/61, K.2022\/101, 8\/9\/2022, \u00a7 32). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Anayasa’n\u0131n 141. maddesinin, hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kapsam\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinde g\u00f6zetilmesi gerekti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r (AYM, E.2014\/112, K.2014\/203, 25\/12\/2014; E.2014\/86, K.2015\/109, 25\/11\/2015, \u00a7 43).<\/p>\n
37. Kural kapsam\u0131nda gayrimenkul\u00fcn ayn\u0131na ili\u015fkin davalarda \u00f6denecek har\u00e7 miktar\u0131n\u0131n dava konusu gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011ferinin esas al\u0131narak belirlenmesinin mahkemelere yap\u0131lacak ba\u015fvurularda abart\u0131l\u0131, zorlama, k\u00f6t\u00fc niyetli veya ciddiyetten yoksun talepleri disipline etmek suretiyle yarg\u0131lama faaliyetinin etkin ve s\u00fcratli bir \u015fekilde sonland\u0131rmas\u0131na hizmet etti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle kural anayasal anlamda me\u015fru bir ama\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r (bir k\u0131s\u0131m farkl\u0131l\u0131klarla birlikte bkz. Famiye Be\u011fim ve Mehmet Tahir Be\u011fim, B. No: 2017\/21882, 10\/2\/2021, \u00a7 45). Mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik s\u0131n\u0131rlamada me\u015fru bir amac\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 yeterli olmay\u0131p ayn\u0131 zamanda s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
38. \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesi ise elveri\u015flilik, gereklilik ve orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 alt ilkeden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Elveri\u015flilik \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n ula\u015f\u0131lmak istenen amac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131n\u0131, gereklilik ula\u015f\u0131lmak istenen ama\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n zorunlu olmas\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer bir ifadeyle ayn\u0131 amaca daha hafif bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama ile ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamas\u0131n\u0131, orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ise ama\u00e7 ile ara\u00e7 aras\u0131nda adil bir denge kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmektedir.<\/p>\n
39. Kural uyar\u0131nca gayrimenkul\u00fcn ayn\u0131na ili\u015fkin davalarda harc\u0131n gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011ferinin esas al\u0131narak belirlenmesi suretiyle ilgililerin bu harc\u0131 \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n an\u0131lan me\u015fru amaca ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan elveri\u015fli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
40. Gereklilik y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yap\u0131lacak de\u011ferlendirmede ise me\u015fru amac\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesinde kuralda belirlenen y\u00f6ntem d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na daha az s\u0131n\u0131rlama olu\u015fturabilecek ba\u015fka elveri\u015fli ara\u00e7lar\u0131n bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
41. 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 115. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 uyar\u0131nca davan\u0131n dava \u015fart\u0131 yoklu\u011fu nedeniyle usulden reddine karar verilmesi ve bu durumda karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n de\u011ferinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak maktu al\u0131nmas\u0131 nedeniyle dava a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131rken harca esas de\u011ferin gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011feri \u00fczerinden tespit edilmesi ve yarg\u0131lama s\u0131ras\u0131nda da eksik harc\u0131n tamamlat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ki\u015filerin mahkemeye eri\u015fimini zorla\u015ft\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir. Ayr\u0131ca yarg\u0131lama har\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n davan\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenebilmesi \u015fart\u0131 olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerek davan\u0131n reddine karar verilecek h\u00e2llerde dahi ba\u015ftan nispi oranda har\u00e7 al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n, ki\u015finin davan\u0131n sonucuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yarg\u0131lama giderinden sorumlu tutulmas\u0131na g\u00f6re mahkemeye eri\u015fimine daha da olumsuz etkide bulunaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
42. Bununla birlikte har\u00e7 \u00f6deme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn do\u011fdu\u011fu an\u0131n ve har\u00e7 miktar\u0131n\u0131n an\u0131lan me\u015fru amaca ula\u015fma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir i\u015flevi oldu\u011fu da a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131r. Gayrimenkul\u00fcn ayn\u0131na ili\u015fkin davalarda, dava sonucundan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak bu gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011feri \u00fczerinden belirlenecek harc\u0131n \u00f6denmesi zorunlulu\u011funun ki\u015fileri gereksiz yere dava a\u00e7maktan cayd\u0131rabilece\u011fi ortadad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kanun koyucunun yarg\u0131 hizmetinin yerine getirilmesinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan maliyetin bir k\u0131sm\u0131na ilgililerin katlanmas\u0131 ve bunun \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemesi hususunda takdir yetkisinin bulundu\u011fu da g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde kural\u0131n me\u015fru amaca ula\u015fma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gerekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
43. Mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ilkesine uygun olmas\u0131 gerekir. Orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi, kuralla getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlama ile me\u015fru ama\u00e7 aras\u0131nda makul bir dengenin g\u00f6zetilmesi gere\u011fini ifade eder. Bu kapsamda mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n ki\u015filerin dava a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z h\u00e2le getirmemesi ya da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede zorla\u015ft\u0131rmamas\u0131 gerekir. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k incelemesinde kuralda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen harc\u0131n belirlenme y\u00f6ntemi ve miktar\u0131 ile har\u00e7 \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fc olmayanlar i\u00e7in etkili bir adli yard\u0131m sisteminin bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
44. Kural uyar\u0131nca gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011feri esas al\u0131narak belirlenecek nispi karar ve ilam harc\u0131n\u0131n Tarife\u2019ye g\u00f6re gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011ferinin binde 68,31 oran\u0131nda oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bunun yan\u0131nda kural kapsam\u0131nda belirlenecek harc\u0131n 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 28. maddesine g\u00f6re d\u00f6rtte birinin pe\u015fin, kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ise yarg\u0131laman\u0131n sonunda karar\u0131n tebli\u011finden itibaren bir ay i\u00e7inde \u00f6denmesi gerekecektir.<\/p>\n
45. Bununla birlikte s\u00f6z konusu har\u00e7 ve di\u011fer yarg\u0131lama giderlerini \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fc olmayan ki\u015filer i\u00e7in 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 334 il\u00e2 340. maddeleri aras\u0131nda adl\u00ee yard\u0131m kurumu d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir. Bu kapsamda mali g\u00fcc\u00fc bulunmayan ki\u015filerin bu durumlar\u0131n\u0131 belgelendirmeleri ve taleplerinin a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dayanaktan yoksun olmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde yarg\u0131laman\u0131n sonuna kadar har\u00e7 ve di\u011fer yarg\u0131lama giderlerini \u00f6demekten muaf tutulmalar\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu ki\u015filerin yarg\u0131laman\u0131n sonucunda haks\u0131z bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde aleyhlerine h\u00fckmedilen yarg\u0131lama giderlerini taksitle \u00f6demelerine, bunlar\u0131n tahsilinin ma\u011fduriyetlerine neden olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde de tamamen veya k\u0131smen \u00f6demeden muaf tutulmalar\u0131na karar verilmesi s\u00f6z konusu olabilecektir. Yine Tarife\u2019nin \u201cIII \u2013 Karar ve ilam harc\u0131:\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) bendi uyar\u0131nca davan\u0131n reddi kararlar\u0131nda maktu karar ve ilam harc\u0131 al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n da davac\u0131lara a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u00fclfet y\u00fcklenmesini \u00f6nleyici bir i\u015fleve sahip oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
46. Ayr\u0131ca usul hukukunda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 h\u00e2llerde uygulanmak \u00fczere \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen istisnalar (h\u00fckm\u00fcn tavzihi, tashihi, tamamlanmas\u0131, yarg\u0131laman\u0131n iadesi, kanun yarar\u0131na temyiz gibi) d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kesin h\u00fck\u00fcmle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f bir yarg\u0131 karar\u0131na uyulmas\u0131, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 138. maddesinin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131n\u0131n geciktirilmeksizin uygulanmas\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra hukukun genel ilkelerinden biri olarak kabul edilen kesin h\u00fckme sayg\u0131 ilkesinin de bir gere\u011fidir (AYM, E.2022\/7, K.2022\/79, 21\/6\/2022, \u00a7 12). Bu anlamda davas\u0131 kesin h\u00fck\u00fcmle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f ki\u015fiye y\u00fcklenen k\u00fclfet, ayn\u0131 uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeniden yarg\u0131 organ\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ta\u015f\u0131mamas\u0131d\u0131r. Nitekim an\u0131lan Kanun\u2019da da bu husus dava \u015fart\u0131 olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve davan\u0131n usulden reddi gerekece\u011fi h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
47. \u00d6te yandan a\u00e7\u0131lan bir davada kesin h\u00fckm\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle dava \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemesi h\u00e2linde dahi gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011ferinin dikkate al\u0131narak pe\u015fin har\u00e7 al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren kural uyar\u0131nca harca esas de\u011ferin tespiti i\u00e7in ke\u015fif ve benzeri i\u015flemlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekli olabilir. Zira gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011ferine g\u00f6re nispi harca tabi olan bir davan\u0131n dava \u015fart\u0131 yoklu\u011fu ya da farkl\u0131 bir nedenle esasa girilmeden reddedilece\u011fi durumlarda dahi bu sonu\u00e7 \u00fczerinden \u00f6nceden de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131larak harca esas de\u011ferin tespiti ile ilgili i\u015flem yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olamaz.<\/p>\n
48. Kald\u0131 ki mahkemenin kesin h\u00fck\u00fcm nedenine dayal\u0131 olarak verece\u011fi usulden ret karar\u0131n\u0131n her durumda kesin bir karar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve an\u0131lan karar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekten kanun yolu denetimine tabi olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespit edilmesi ve bu nitelikteyse kanun yolu incelemesinde davan\u0131n esastan incelenmesi gerekti\u011fi gerek\u00e7esiyle ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde s\u00f6z konusu harca esas de\u011ferin tespit i\u015flemlerinin \u00f6nceden yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Ayr\u0131ca her kuralda oldu\u011fu gibi itiraz konusu kural\u0131n da uygulanmas\u0131yla ilgili olarak baz\u0131 sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Bu ba\u011flamda mevcut uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klara ili\u015fkin sorunlar\u0131n her somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011finin dikkate al\u0131narak kural\u0131n amac\u0131na uygun \u015fekilde yorumlanmas\u0131 suretiyle yarg\u0131 i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131yla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kesin h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olma \u015feklindeki dava \u015fart\u0131 sebebiyle usulden reddi gereken davalarda harc\u0131n tamamlat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 a\u015famaya dair, kuraldan ziyade kural\u0131n yorumlanmas\u0131 ve uygulanmas\u0131 ile ilgili olarak \u00e7\u0131kabilecek sorunlar anayasall\u0131k denetiminin konusu d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
49. Bu itibarla daha \u00f6nce kesin h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f davalar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden herhangi bir istisnaya yer vermeksizin kural kapsam\u0131nda gayrimenkul\u00fcn ayn\u0131na ili\u015fkin davalarda gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011feri esas al\u0131narak har\u00e7 tespit edilmesinin do\u011furdu\u011fu sonu\u00e7lar itibar\u0131yla ki\u015filerin mahkemeye eri\u015fimlerini imk\u00e2ns\u0131z h\u00e2le getirdi\u011fi ya da katlan\u0131lmaz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kuralla mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirilmedi\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
50. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle kural, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130tiraz\u0131n reddi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 141. maddesine de ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ise de bu ba\u011flamda belirtilen hususlar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 36. maddeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirmeler kapsam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 141. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ayr\u0131ca bir inceleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
C. 6100 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 341. Maddesinin (2) Numaral\u0131 F\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n Birinci C\u00fcmlesinin \u201cAn\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 114. Maddesinin (1) Numaral\u0131 F\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (i) Bendinde \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen Dava \u015eart\u0131n\u0131n Noksan Oldu\u011fu Davalar\u201d Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
1. Anlam ve Kapsam<\/p>\n
51. 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 341. maddesinde istinaf yoluna ba\u015fvurulabilen kararlar say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. An\u0131lan maddenin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n itiraz konusu birinci c\u00fcmlesinde miktar veya de\u011feri \u00fc\u00e7 bin T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7meyen malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 davalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin kararlar\u0131n kesin oldu\u011fu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kural \u201can\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 114. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (i) bendinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen dava \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n noksan oldu\u011fu davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
52. S\u00f6z konusu Kanun\u2019un ek 1. maddesinde kuralda belirtilen parasal s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n Hazine ve Maliye Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nca her y\u0131l tespit ve ilan edilen yeniden de\u011ferleme oran\u0131nda art\u0131r\u0131larak uygulanaca\u011f\u0131, parasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131nda h\u00fckm\u00fcn verildi\u011fi tarihteki miktar\u0131n esas al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re istinaf kanun yoluna ba\u015fvurularda kesinlik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n 1\/1\/2024 tarihinden itibaren 28.250 TL olarak uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2. \u0130tiraz\u0131n Gerek\u00e7esi<\/p>\n
53. Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; itiraz konusu kural\u0131n 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 16. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesine y\u00f6nelik gerek\u00e7elerle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 36. ve 141. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
3. Anayasa\u2019ya Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k Sorunu<\/p>\n
54. 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesi uyar\u0131nca kural, ilgisi nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
55. Mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131 ilk derece mahkemesine dava a\u00e7ma hakk\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra itiraz, istinaf veya temyiz gibi kanun yollar\u0131na ba\u015fvurma imk\u00e2n\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ise an\u0131lan yollara ba\u015fvurma hakk\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7erir (Ali Atl\u0131, B. No: 2013\/500, 20\/3\/2014, \u00a7 49).<\/p>\n
56. 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 341. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 uyar\u0131nca ilke olarak miktar veya de\u011feri 1\/1\/2024 tarihi itibar\u0131yla 28.250 TL\u2019yi ge\u00e7meyenler hari\u00e7 olmak \u00fczere ilk derece mahkemeleri taraf\u0131ndan verilen mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 davalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin nihai kararlara kar\u015f\u0131 istinaf yoluna ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
57. An\u0131lan f\u0131krada istinaf kanun yoluna ba\u015fvurulabilecek mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 davalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin nihai kararlar aras\u0131nda herhangi bir ayr\u0131m \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle kuralda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen kesinlik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n hem esas hem de usul y\u00f6n\u00fcnden verilen kararlar\u0131 kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu itibarla kesin h\u00fckm\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedeniyle davan\u0131n usulden reddedilmesi h\u00e2linde bu karara kar\u015f\u0131 istinaf kanun yoluna ba\u015fvurulurken kuralda yer alan kesinlik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
58. Davan\u0131n esas\u0131 incelenmeden dava \u015fart\u0131 yoklu\u011fu nedeniyle usulden reddedildi\u011fi durumlarda da kesinlik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 alt\u0131nda kalan kararlar\u0131n istinaf denetimine konu edilmesi imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131ran kural mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirmektedir.<\/p>\n
59. Kuralla hangi miktar veya de\u011ferin alt\u0131nda olan kararlar\u0131n kesin oldu\u011funun herhangi bir teredd\u00fcde yer vermeyecek \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131k ve net olarak belirlendi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca kesinlik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncellenmesi ile alaca\u011f\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ya da tamam\u0131n\u0131n dava edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde kesinlik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ne \u015fekilde uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 hususlar\u0131 an\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 341. ve ek 1. maddelerinde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Bu itibarla kural\u0131n kanunilik \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (kural\u0131n \u201c\u00f6n al\u0131m hakk\u0131ndan kaynaklanan davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden kanunilik \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair de\u011ferlendirme i\u00e7in bkz. AYM, E.2022\/135, K.2023\/30, 16\/2\/2023, \u00a7 29).<\/p>\n
60. Kural uyar\u0131nca belirli bir de\u011ferin alt\u0131nda kalan malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 davalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin ilk derece mahkemesi kararlar\u0131n\u0131n kesin oldu\u011fu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerek davalar\u0131n makul s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde, daha az masrafla sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ve kanun yolu denetimi yapan yarg\u0131 mercilerinin i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn azalt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu itibarla kural anayasal a\u00e7\u0131dan me\u015fru ama\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
61. Kuralda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen kesinlik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n davalar\u0131n makul s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yarg\u0131 mercilerinin i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn hafifletilmesi amac\u0131na ula\u015fma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan elveri\u015fli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
62. Mahkemelerce verilen t\u00fcm kararlara kar\u015f\u0131 kanun yolunun a\u00e7\u0131k tutulmas\u0131, kanun yolu kurumunu i\u015flemez h\u00e2le getirebilir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yarg\u0131 mercilerinin i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn hafifletilmesi ve istinaf mercilerinin \u00f6nemi nispeten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan i\u015flerle me\u015fgul edilmemesi amac\u0131yla al\u0131nacak tedbirlerle ilgili olarak kanun koyucunun geni\u015f takdir yetkisi bulunmaktad\u0131r. De\u011fer itibar\u0131yla \u00f6nem derecesi nispeten d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan davalarda verilen kararlara kar\u015f\u0131 istinaf yolunun kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 da an\u0131lan yetki kapsam\u0131nda kanun koyucunun tercih edebilece\u011fi ara\u00e7lardand\u0131r. Nitekim Anayasa\u2019da t\u00fcm mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ay\u0131r\u0131m g\u00f6zetilmeksizin ba\u015fka bir yarg\u0131 mercii taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmesini g\u00fcvenceye ba\u011flayan bir h\u00fckme de yer verilmemi\u015ftir (AYM, E.1985\/23, K.1986\/2, 20\/1\/1986). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kural\u0131n kesin h\u00fckme ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak dava \u015fart\u0131 yoklu\u011fundan verilen ret kararlar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de an\u0131lan me\u015fru amaca ula\u015fma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan gerekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
63. Kuralda istinaf kanun yoluna ba\u015fvurabilmek i\u00e7in belirlenen parasal s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n g\u00fcncel de\u011ferinin davan\u0131n taraflar\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik ve sosyal g\u00fcvenli\u011fini tehlikeye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeyecek d\u00fczeyde oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu itibarla kural kapsam\u0131nda kesinlik s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmek suretiyle mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlama ile me\u015fru ama\u00e7 aras\u0131nda makul dengenin g\u00f6zetildi\u011fi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kural\u0131n orant\u0131s\u0131z bir s\u0131n\u0131rlamaya neden olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
64. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle kural, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130tiraz\u0131n reddi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 141. maddesine de ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ise de bu ba\u011flamda belirtilen hususlar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 36. maddeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirmeler kapsam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 141. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ayr\u0131ca bir inceleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
IV. H\u00dcK\u00dcM<\/p>\n
A. 2\/7\/1964 tarihli ve 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Har\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 16. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinin,<\/p>\n
B. 12\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 341. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinin,<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u201c6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 114. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (i) bendinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen dava \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n noksan oldu\u011fu davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131klar\u0131na ve itiraz\u0131n REDD\u0130NE 23\/7\/2024 tarihinde OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verildi.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkan<\/p>\n
Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Basri BA\u011eCI<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Engin YILDIRIM<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Recai AKYEL<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Selahaddin MENTE\u015e<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u0130rfan F\u0130DAN<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Kenan YA\u015eAR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Muhterem \u0130NCE<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u00d6mer \u00c7INAR<\/p>\n
\u200bAnayasa Mahkemesi’nin 23\/7\/2024 tarihli, 2024\/52 esas – 2024\/140 karar say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
ANAYASA MAHKEMES\u0130 KARARI \u00a0 Esas Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2024\/52 Karar Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2024\/140 Karar Tarihi : 23\/7\/2024 R.G. Tarih \u2013 Say\u0131 : 19\/12\/2024 \u2013 32757 \u00a0 \u0130T\u0130RAZ YOLUNA BA\u015eVURAN: Antalya 4. Asliye Hukuk Mahkemesi \u0130T\u0130RAZIN KONUSU: A. 2\/7\/1964 tarihli ve 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Har\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 16. maddesinin; 1. Birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinin, 2. \u0130kinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda yer alan \u201c\u2026gayrimenkul\u00fcn de\u011feri\u2026\u201d ibaresinin, B. 12\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun; 1. 341. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinin, 2. 362. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) bendinin, \u00a0\u201c6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 114. maddesinde veya di\u011fer kanunlarda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen dava \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 davalar ile feragat edilen ya da hak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u00fcre a\u015f\u0131m\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015f davalar\u201d y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 36. ve 141. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek iptallerine karar verilmesi talebidir. OLAY: Hazine ad\u0131na olan ta\u015f\u0131nmaz tapu kayd\u0131n\u0131n iptali ile davac\u0131 ad\u0131na tescili talebiyle a\u00e7\u0131lan davada itiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varan Mahkeme, iptalleri i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur. I. \u0130PTAL\u0130 \u0130STENEN VE \u0130LG\u0130L\u0130 G\u00d6R\u00dcLEN KANUN H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130 A. \u0130ptali \u0130stenen Kanun H\u00fck\u00fcmleri 1. 492 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un itiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 16. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cDe\u011fer esas\u0131: Madde 16 \u2013 De\u011fer \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcne g\u00f6re harca tabi i\u015flemlerde (1) say\u0131l\u0131 tarifede yaz\u0131l\u0131 de\u011ferler esast\u0131r. M\u00fcdahelenin men’i tescil ve tapu kay\u0131t iptali gibi gayrimenkul\u00fcn ayn\u0131na …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27,535],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21358","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber","category-uncategorized-tr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n