1. S\u0130T Stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn M\u00fclkiyet Hakk\u0131 \u00dczerindeki Etkisi<\/p>\n
S\u0130T stat\u00fcs\u00fc, ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n do\u011fal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel veya tarih\u00ee \u00f6zelliklerini korumak amac\u0131yla uygulanan idari bir s\u0131n\u0131rlamad\u0131r. Bu stat\u00fc, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz \u00fczerindeki yap\u0131la\u015fma hakk\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, malikin tasarruf yetkilerini de \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde s\u0131n\u0131rlar. S\u0130T karar\u0131yla birlikte, yap\u0131 ruhsat\u0131 al\u0131namamakta, imar uygulamalar\u0131 durdurulmakta ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ekonomik de\u011feri ciddi \u015fekilde azalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ancak uygulamada, baz\u0131 S\u0130T kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yeterli bilimsel temele dayanmadan al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n g\u00fcncel durumunu yans\u0131tmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya uzun s\u00fcredir g\u00fcncellenmedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu durum, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz malikini belirsizlik i\u00e7inde b\u0131rakmakta ve m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n etkili \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemektedir.<\/p>\n
Kamu yarar\u0131 g\u00f6zetilerek yap\u0131lan koruma faaliyetleri elbette \u00f6nemlidir. Ancak bu koruma, somut verilere dayanmal\u0131 ve bireyin m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131racak \u015fekilde uygulanmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi h\u00e2lde, anayasal g\u00fcvence alt\u0131ndaki temel haklardan biri olan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 zedelenmi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n
Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, S\u0130T kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yasal dayanaklar\u0131, t\u00fcrleri, stat\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi i\u00e7in izlenmesi gereken yollar ve bu konuda verilmi\u015f yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131 ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2. S\u0130T Nedir? T\u00fcrleri ve S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma Kriterleri<\/p>\n
S\u0130T, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tabiat varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlamal\u0131 bir stat\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu stat\u00fc, ilgili ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n tarih\u00ee, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, arkeolojik veya do\u011fal niteliklerine g\u00f6re belirlenir ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n kullan\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkiler. 2863 say\u0131l\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Tabiat Varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Koruma Kanunu ile 2012 tarihli \u201cKorunan Alanlar\u0131n Tespit, Tescil ve Onay\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Usul ve Esaslara Dair Y\u00f6netmelik\u201d bu alandaki temel d\u00fczenlemeleri olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n
Sit alanlar\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 niteli\u011fe g\u00f6re d\u00f6rt ana gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n
a) Do\u011fal Sit Alanlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Do\u011fal sit alanlar\u0131, ekolojik ve jeolojik yap\u0131s\u0131 itibar\u0131yla korunmas\u0131 gereken alanlard\u0131r. 01.07.2022 tarihli ve 113 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130lke Karar\u0131 ile bu alanlar \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Kesin Korunacak Hassas Alanlar: Yap\u0131la\u015fma ve madencilik faaliyetleri tamamen yasakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Nitelikli Do\u011fal Koruma Alanlar\u0131: S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 insan faaliyetine izin verilir.<\/p>\n
\u2022 S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Koruma ve Kontroll\u00fc Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131: D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funluklu kullan\u0131m m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015ftay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda da do\u011fal sit derecesinin belirlenmesinde bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n \u00f6nemi vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u2028\u00d6rnek:\u2028Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2011\/9035, K. 2013\/1698, T. 12.3.2013<\/p>\n
\u201cDo\u011fal sit \u00f6zelli\u011finin devam edip etmedi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bilimsel esaslara dayal\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmadan verilen kararlar eksik incelemeye dayal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
b) Arkeolojik Sit Alanlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Arkeolojik sit alanlar\u0131, eski uygarl\u0131klara ait kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerdir. \u00dc\u00e7 dereceye ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n
\u2022 1. Derece: Yap\u0131la\u015fmaya kesin olarak izin verilmez.<\/p>\n
\u2022 2. Derece: Koruma a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r, k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 kullan\u0131m m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\u2022 3. Derece: Kontroll\u00fc yap\u0131la\u015fmaya imk\u00e2n tan\u0131nabilir.<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015ftay uygulamas\u0131, arkeolojik sit alanlar\u0131nda da somut bulgulara ve alan\u0131n niteli\u011fine g\u00f6re derecelendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtmektedir.\u2028\u00d6rnek:\u2028Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2014\/100, K. 2016\/774, T. 10.2.2016<\/p>\n
\u201cTap\u0131nakla ilgisi bulunmayan, uzak mesafede ve yap\u0131la\u015fma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steren ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n 3. derece arkeolojik sit alan\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 hukuka uygundur.\u201d<\/p>\n
c) Kentsel Sit Alanlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Kentsel sit alanlar\u0131, belirli bir d\u00f6nemin mimari ve estetik \u00f6zelliklerini ta\u015f\u0131yan yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bireysel yap\u0131lar\u0131n de\u011fil, b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck olu\u015fturan kentsel dokunun korunmas\u0131 esast\u0131r. Bu alanlarda koruma planlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 yap\u0131la\u015fma m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
d) Tarih\u00ee Sit Alanlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Tarih\u00ee olaylar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi, mill\u00ee veya asker\u00ee tarih bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemi olan alanlard\u0131r. Koruma gerek\u00e7esi, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n fiziksel \u00f6zelliklerinden \u00e7ok, tarihsel anlam\u0131na dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma Kriterlerinin Hukuki \u00d6nemi<\/p>\n
Sit s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmalar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca tan\u0131msal olarak de\u011fil, uygulamada koruma d\u00fczeyini ve m\u00fclkiyet \u00fczerindeki s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131 do\u011frudan belirlemektedir. Bu nedenle, s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma yap\u0131l\u0131rken:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Bilimsel raporlar,<\/p>\n
\u2022 Alan\u0131n fiil\u00ee durumu,<\/p>\n
\u2022 Tarih\u00ee veya do\u011fal nitelikler,<\/p>\n
\u2022 \u00d6nceki yap\u0131la\u015fmalar dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek:\u2028Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2011\/6211, K. 2013\/1066, T. 19.2.2013<\/p>\n
\u201cSit alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karma m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse derecenin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi talebi de de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Bilimsel temelden yoksun ret karar\u0131 hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
3. S\u0130T Stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn G\u00f6zden Ge\u00e7irilmesi S\u00fcreci: Ba\u015fvuru Usul\u00fc ve Y\u00f6netimsel A\u015famalar<\/p>\n
Bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n S\u0130T stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in, idari ba\u015fvuru s\u00fcreci do\u011fru bi\u00e7imde i\u015fletilmeli ve ba\u015fvuru, mevzuatta belirtilen kurullara y\u00f6nlendirilmelidir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te esas olan, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n mevcut durumu ile sit niteli\u011fi aras\u0131nda bilimsel temelli bir de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu de\u011ferlendirme, ba\u015fvurucunun talebi \u00fczerine yetkili idarelerce y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
3.1. Ba\u015fvuru Makam\u0131 ve S\u00fcre\u00e7<\/p>\n
Sit stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi veya sit derecesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi talepleri i\u00e7in ba\u015fvuru s\u00fcreci, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n niteli\u011fine g\u00f6re iki ayr\u0131 kurum \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Do\u011fal sit alanlar\u0131nda: Ba\u015fvuru, \u00c7evre, \u015eehircilik ve \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u0130l M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ba\u015fvuru dosyas\u0131, Tabiat Varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Koruma \u015eube M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan incelenerek B\u00f6lge Komisyonu\u2019na sunulur. Nihai karar, Tabiat Varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Koruma Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan verilir.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Arkeolojik, tarih\u00ee ve kentsel sit alanlar\u0131nda: Ba\u015fvuru, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Koruma B\u00f6lge Kurulu\u2019na iletilmek \u00fczere K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm \u0130l M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, ba\u015fvuruya ek olarak ekolojik temelli bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma raporu, jeolojik et\u00fctler, tapu belgeleri, imar durumu gibi teknik belgelerin irdelenmesi gereklidir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2016\/3527, K. 2017\/272, T. 24.1.2017<\/p>\n
\u201cDo\u011fal sit alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karma ba\u015fvurusu, \u00fcniversitelerin ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden uzmanlardan olu\u015fturulmu\u015f bir bilirki\u015fi heyeti ile de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Bilimsel temele dayal\u0131 rapor, karar\u0131n isabetli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemede asli unsurdur.\u201d<\/p>\n
3.2. Kurullar\u0131n Yetki ve G\u00f6rev Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvuru s\u00fcrecinde yetki karma\u015fas\u0131 ya\u015fanmamas\u0131 ad\u0131na, i\u015flemin yetkili merci taraf\u0131ndan tesis edilip edilmedi\u011fi dikkatle incelenmelidir. Zira uygulamada, kurul m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fckleri taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frudan i\u015flem tesis edilmesi nedeniyle yetki y\u00f6n\u00fcnden hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 kararlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2018\/838, K. 2018\/3247, T. 2.5.2018<\/p>\n
\u201cTa\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n sit alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 istemi, kurul m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, kurulun kendisi taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fck taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frudan i\u015flem tesis edilmesi yetki y\u00f6n\u00fcnden sakatt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2011\/1969, K. 2013\/637, T. 6.2.2013<\/p>\n
\u201cBa\u015fvurunun, kurul m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frudan reddi yetki a\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Kurulun karar vermesi gerekir.\u201d<\/p>\n
3.3. Bilimsel Gerek\u00e7elendirme ve Raporun Rol\u00fc<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvurular\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesinde yaln\u0131zca ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n fiziki durumu de\u011fil; do\u011fal yap\u0131s\u0131, ekolojik de\u011feri, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel katman\u0131, \u00f6nceki tescil kararlar\u0131n\u0131n dayanaklar\u0131 gibi unsurlar da dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu nedenle sunulan bilimsel raporun:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Yetkin kurumlarca haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131,<\/p>\n
\u2022 Saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na dayanmas\u0131,<\/p>\n
\u2022 Mevsimsel g\u00f6zlem periyotlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermesi,<\/p>\n
\u2022 Alan\u0131n g\u00fcncel durumunu belgelemesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
– \u0130stanbul 12. \u0130dare Mahkemesi, 2021\/2298 E., 2023\/930 K. (Sedef Adas\u0131)\u2028- \u0130stanbul 12. \u0130dare Mahkemesi, 2021\/2297 E., 2023\/929 K. (Ka\u015f\u0131k Adas\u0131)<\/p>\n
\u201cKoruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri, yetersiz ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara dayand\u0131r\u0131lamaz. Mevsimsel d\u00f6ng\u00fclerin tamam\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermeyen tespitler ile yap\u0131lan derecelendirme i\u015flemleri, koruma ilkesine ve kamu yarar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
4. Hukuki S\u00fcre\u00e7: \u0130dari Ba\u015fvuru, \u0130tiraz ve \u0130ptal Davalar\u0131<\/p>\n
Sit stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ya da sit derecesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi taleplerinin reddedilmesi h\u00e2linde, ba\u015fvuru sahibi, idari yarg\u0131 mercileri \u00f6n\u00fcnde iptal davas\u0131 a\u00e7ma hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Ancak bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, belirli usul kurallar\u0131na ve s\u00fcre \u015fartlar\u0131na tabidir. \u0130dari ba\u015fvuru yollar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru i\u015fletilmemesi veya yetkisiz makamlara yap\u0131lan talepler, davan\u0131n esas\u0131na girilmeden reddedilmesine yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n
4.1. Zorunlu Olmayan (\u0130htiyari) \u0130tiraz Yolu<\/p>\n
Koruma kurulu veya komisyon kararlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, do\u011frudan iptal davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131labilece\u011fi gibi, \u00f6ncesinde K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na ba\u015fvurularak Koruma Y\u00fcksek Kurulu’na itiraz edilmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
– Dayanak:<\/p>\n
\u2022 2863 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun m.61<\/p>\n
\u2022 \u0130lgili Y\u00f6netmelik m.18<\/p>\n
– Usul:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Tebli\u011f veya ilan tarihinden itibaren 60 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde itiraz ba\u015fvurusu yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Uygun g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrse ba\u015fvuru Y\u00fcksek Kurul g\u00fcndemine al\u0131n\u0131r ve en ge\u00e7 3 ay i\u00e7inde karara ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u2022 30 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lmayan ba\u015fvurular z\u0131mnen reddedilmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Z\u0131mni ret h\u00e2linde, dava a\u00e7ma s\u00fcresi kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerden devam eder.<\/p>\n
Bu yol ihtiyari olsa da, idari karar\u0131n d\u00fczeltilmesi ihtimalini ortadan kald\u0131rmamak ad\u0131na \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u00f6nerilmektedir.<\/p>\n
4.2. Do\u011frudan \u0130dareye Ba\u015fvuru (\u0130YUK m.11)<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvuru sahibi, dava a\u00e7madan \u00f6nce idareye, i\u015flemin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, geri al\u0131nmas\u0131 veya de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi amac\u0131yla do\u011frudan ba\u015fvuruda bulunabilir.\u2028- Bu ba\u015fvuru, dava a\u00e7ma s\u00fcresini durdurur.\u2028- A\u00e7\u0131k veya z\u0131mni ret \u00fczerine kalan s\u00fcrede iptal davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131labilir.\u2028- Ba\u015fvurunun yan\u0131tlanmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde 60 g\u00fcnl\u00fck dava a\u00e7ma s\u00fcresi, 30 g\u00fcnl\u00fck z\u0131mni ret s\u00fcresinin sonunda i\u015flemeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n
4.3. Ba\u015fvuru S\u00fcresi ve Strateji<\/p>\n
\u2022 Tebli\u011f veya ilan tarihinden itibaren 60 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde dava a\u00e7\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
\u2022 S\u00fcre ge\u00e7mi\u015fse, yeni bir talep ile idareye ba\u015fvurulup al\u0131nacak a\u00e7\u0131k\/z\u0131mni ret karar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 dava a\u00e7\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Bu sayede davac\u0131, usul y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ret riski olmadan yarg\u0131 yolunu yeniden kullanabilir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2011\/6211, K. 2013\/1066, T. 19.2.2013<\/p>\n
\u201cBa\u015fvuruda yaln\u0131zca sit alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karma de\u011fil, bunun m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde derecenin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi de talep edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130darece her iki istemin de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekirken yaln\u0131zca birine cevap verilmesi, i\u015flemin eksik tesis edildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.\u201d<\/p>\n
4.4. Dava A\u00e7\u0131labilirlik (Menfaat) Ehliyeti<\/p>\n
\u0130ptal davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurucunun:<\/p>\n
\u2022 \u0130\u015flemden do\u011frudan ve ki\u015fisel olarak etkilenmesi (s\u00fcbjektif ehliyet),<\/p>\n
\u2022 \u0130\u015flemin kamu d\u00fczenini ilgilendiren y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ilgisinin bulunmas\u0131 (objektif ehliyet) gerekir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay \u0130DDK., E. 2015\/5041, K. 2018\/89, T. 22.1.2018<\/p>\n
\u201cZilyetlik, malik olmasa bile dava ehliyeti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yeterli olabilir. Ta\u015f\u0131nmaz \u00fczerindeki i\u015flem, ba\u015fvurucunun me\u015fru menfaatini etkiliyorsa dava a\u00e7ma hakk\u0131 do\u011far.\u201d<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2015\/10040, K. 2016\/3979, T. 16.5.2016<\/p>\n
\u201cDava a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye devri, dava ehliyetini ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. Bu durumda dava reddedilir.\u201d<\/p>\n
– Dernekler A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan:\u2028K\u00fclt\u00fcr, \u00e7evre, arkeoloji gibi alanlarda faaliyet g\u00f6steren ve t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bu do\u011frultuda dava a\u00e7ma yetkisi olan dernekler de, menfaat ehliyetine sahiptir.<\/p>\n
5. Yarg\u0131 Denetimi ve Karar \u0130\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Kriterler<\/p>\n
Sit stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya sit derecesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesine ili\u015fkin i\u015flemler, idari yarg\u0131n\u0131n denetimine tabidir. Mahkemeler, yaln\u0131zca \u015fekli usul eksikliklerini de\u011fil, i\u015flemin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilimsel verilerin yeterlili\u011fini ve karar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n fiil\u00ee durumu ile olan uyumunu da denetler. Bu noktada, yarg\u0131 i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda \u015fekillenen baz\u0131 temel kriterler \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
5.1. Bilimsel Rapor Yeterlili\u011fi ve Tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k<\/p>\n
Sit kararlar\u0131n\u0131n iptali taleplerinde mahkemeler, i\u015flemin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan bilirki\u015fi raporlar\u0131n\u0131n:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Bilimsel i\u00e7eri\u011fini,<\/p>\n
\u2022 G\u00f6zlem s\u00fcresini,<\/p>\n
\u2022 Uzmanl\u0131k alanlar\u0131n\u0131\u2028yak\u0131ndan incelemektedir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2016\/3527, K. 2017\/272, T. 24.1.2017<\/p>\n
\u201cBilirki\u015fi heyetinin \u00fcniversitelerin ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden uzmanlardan olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gerekir. Ayr\u0131ca, ba\u015fvuru sahibince sunulan Ekolojik Temelli Bilimsel Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Raporu da mahkemece dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131 ve de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.\u201d<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2013\/7711, K. 2015\/1341, T. 24.2.2015<\/p>\n
\u201cDo\u011fal ve arkeolojik sit nitelendirmesi gibi farkl\u0131 uzmanl\u0131k alanlar\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendiren konularda, yaln\u0131zca arkeolog ve biyologlar\u0131n raporu yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f; peyzaj mimar\u0131 gibi uzmanlar\u0131n da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir.\u201d<\/p>\n
5.2. Sit Niteli\u011finin Fiilen Kaybolmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Baz\u0131 davalarda ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n bulundu\u011fu alanda yo\u011fun yap\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi ve bu yap\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n sit niteli\u011fini fiilen ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilmi\u015ftir. Ancak Dan\u0131\u015ftay, yap\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tek ba\u015f\u0131na sit karar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sit tescilinin \u00f6nceki de\u011ferlendirmelere dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak do\u011furmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2012\/4335, K. 2012\/6049, T. 26.9.2012<\/p>\n
\u201cSit alan\u0131 ilan\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ruhsat alm\u0131\u015f yap\u0131lar dikkate al\u0131narak karar verilmi\u015fse, sonradan olu\u015fan yap\u0131la\u015fma sit \u00f6zelli\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. Bilirki\u015fi raporunda yaln\u0131zca yap\u0131la\u015fma varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayanarak verilen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler hukuken ge\u00e7erli kabul edilmemi\u015ftir.\u201d<\/p>\n
5.3. Koruma Band\u0131n\u0131n Orant\u0131s\u0131z Geni\u015fli\u011fi<\/p>\n
Koruma alan\u0131 belirlenirken, \u00e7evredeki de\u011ferlerle somut ili\u015fki kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi h\u00e2lde sit karar\u0131n\u0131n orant\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011fu ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n bu alanla ilgisiz \u015fekilde kapsam i\u00e7ine al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2014\/100, K. 2016\/774, T. 10.2.2016<\/p>\n
\u201cUyu\u015fmazl\u0131k konusu ta\u015f\u0131nmaz ile koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nan X2 Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131nda mesafe b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr ve arada bir\u00e7ok yap\u0131la\u015fma vard\u0131r. Bu durumda, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n 3. derece arkeolojik sit alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklidir.\u201d<\/p>\n
5.4. Yetersiz G\u00f6zleme Dayanan Derecelendirme<\/p>\n
Sit derecesinin belirlenmesi, yaln\u0131zca k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na de\u011fil, uzun d\u00f6nemli ve mevsimsel g\u00f6zlemlere dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi h\u00e2lde, al\u0131nan kararlar bilimsel temelden yoksun olur.<\/p>\n
– \u0130stanbul 12. \u0130dare Mahkemesi, 2021\/2297 E., 2023\/929 K. (Ka\u015f\u0131k Adas\u0131)\u2028- \u0130stanbul 12. \u0130dare Mahkemesi, 2021\/2298 E., 2023\/930 K. (Sedef Adas\u0131)<\/p>\n
\u201cMevsimsel d\u00f6ng\u00fcy\u00fc i\u00e7ermeyen, k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli ve eksik bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla al\u0131nan koruma kararlar\u0131 hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme i\u015flemleri bu \u015fekilde yap\u0131lamaz.\u201d<\/p>\n
5.5. Eksik veya Yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 Bilirki\u015fi De\u011ferlendirmesi<\/p>\n
Mahkemeler, bilirki\u015fi raporlar\u0131nda bilimsel eksiklik tespit etti\u011finde, yeni bilirki\u015fi heyeti olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmektedir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2011\/10182, K. 2013\/2215, T. 27.3.2013<\/p>\n
\u201cEksik bilimsel gerek\u00e7elere dayanan raporlarla uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemez. Uygun uzmanl\u0131k alanlar\u0131ndan yeni bilirki\u015filer g\u00f6revlendirilerek yeniden ke\u015fif yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
5.6. Hem Sit Alan\u0131ndan \u00c7\u0131karma Hem de Derece D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme Talebi<\/p>\n
Baz\u0131 ba\u015fvurularda, ba\u015fvuru sahibi birinci talep olarak alan\u0131n sit stat\u00fcs\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, ikinci se\u00e7enek olarak ise derecesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesini talep etmektedir. \u0130darenin yaln\u0131zca ilk talebi de\u011ferlendirerek ikinci k\u0131sm\u0131 cevaps\u0131z b\u0131rakmas\u0131 hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2011\/6211, K. 2013\/1066, T. 19.2.2013<\/p>\n
\u201cTalep yaln\u0131zca sitten \u00e7\u0131karma de\u011fil, \u00e7\u0131karma m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse derecenin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u015feklindedir. \u0130dare, her iki talebi birlikte de\u011ferlendirmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u201d<\/p>\n
6. Dava A\u00e7\u0131labilirlik Ehliyeti ve Derneklerin Rol\u00fc<\/p>\n
Sit stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya derecesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi taleplerine ili\u015fkin i\u015flemlere kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lacak iptal davalar\u0131nda, davac\u0131n\u0131n dava a\u00e7ma ehliyetine sahip olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususu, davan\u0131n esas\u0131na girilmeden \u00f6nce mahkemelerce de\u011ferlendirilen temel bir \u00f6n sorundur. Bu kapsamda, m\u00fclkiyet durumu, ki\u015fisel ve me\u015fru menfaat ili\u015fkisi ile derneklerin t\u00fcz\u00fckleri dikkate al\u0131narak bir de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
6.1. Malik ve Zilyet Ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/p>\n
Genel ilke olarak, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n maliki dava a\u00e7ma ehliyetine sahiptir. Ancak baz\u0131 durumlarda, malik olmamakla birlikte ta\u015f\u0131nmaz \u00fczerinde fiil\u00ee bir tasarruf hakk\u0131 bulunan zilyetlerin de dava a\u00e7abilece\u011fi kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay \u0130DDK., E. 2015\/5041, K. 2018\/89, T. 22.01.2018<\/p>\n
\u201cDava konusu koruma kurulu karar\u0131, davac\u0131n\u0131n zilyedi oldu\u011fu ve 6292 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun kapsam\u0131nda m\u00fclkiyetini kazanabilece\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131nmazla ilgili haklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 nitelikte olup, davac\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncel ve ki\u015fisel menfaati bulundu\u011fu kabul edilmi\u015ftir.\u201d<\/p>\n
6.2. Sat\u0131\u015f Sonras\u0131 Ehliyetin Sona Ermesi<\/p>\n
Dava a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra dava konusu ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n el de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi h\u00e2linde, \u00f6nceki malik art\u0131k dava konusu i\u015flemden etkilenmeyece\u011finden, dava ehliyeti sona ermi\u015f olur. Bu durumda mahkeme, davay\u0131 ehliyet y\u00f6n\u00fcnden reddetmektedir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2015\/10040, K. 2016\/3979, T. 16.05.2016<\/p>\n
\u201cTa\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015fiye sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, davac\u0131 \u015firketin g\u00fcncel bir menfaatinin kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu nedenle davan\u0131n ehliyet y\u00f6n\u00fcnden reddedilmesi gerekti\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015ftir.\u201d<\/p>\n
6.3. Derneklerin Dava Ehliyeti<\/p>\n
Sit kararlar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yaln\u0131zca bireysel haklar\u0131 de\u011fil, kamu d\u00fczeni ve \u00e7evre koruma gibi alanlar\u0131 da do\u011frudan etkiledi\u011finden, bu alanda faaliyet g\u00f6steren derneklerin dava a\u00e7ma yetkisi yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131yla kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n
– Kriterler:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Derne\u011fin t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, \u00e7evresel veya arkeolojik de\u011ferlerin korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Dava konusu i\u015flemle dernek aras\u0131nda ama\u00e7 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden do\u011frudan bir ili\u015fki kurulabilmelidir.<\/p>\n
6.4. Ehliyet De\u011ferlendirmesinde Yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015ftay, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tabiat varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin i\u015flemlerde s\u00fcbjektif menfaatin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015f yorumlamakta, yaln\u0131zca hak ihlali de\u011fil, me\u015fru ve ki\u015fisel menfaatin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeterli g\u00f6rmektedir. Ancak bu yakla\u015f\u0131m mutlak de\u011fildir. Kira ili\u015fkisi veya ticari ama\u00e7 gibi \u00f6zel menfaatlere dayal\u0131 davalarda ehliyet daha dar yorumlanabilmektedir.<\/p>\n
7. Yarg\u0131 Kararlar\u0131 Sonras\u0131 Sit Stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn De\u011ferlendirilmesi ve \u0130ptal Karar\u0131n\u0131n Etkisi<\/p>\n
\u0130dari yarg\u0131 mercilerince verilen iptal kararlar\u0131, yaln\u0131zca dava konusu i\u015flemi ortadan kald\u0131rmakla kalmaz; ayn\u0131 zamanda idareyi yeni bir i\u015flem tesis etmeye de zorunlu k\u0131lar. Sit kararlar\u0131n\u0131n iptali h\u00e2linde, ilgili kurul veya komisyonun mevcut durum ve gerek\u00e7eler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yeniden de\u011ferlendirme yapmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
7.1. Sit Stat\u00fcs\u00fc ve Derecesi \u0130ptal Edildi\u011finde Ne Olur?<\/p>\n
Bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n sit stat\u00fcs\u00fc veya derecesi mahkeme karar\u0131 ile iptal edildi\u011finde:<\/p>\n
\u2022 \u0130lgili kurul, iptal karar\u0131nda belirtilen gerek\u00e7elere g\u00f6re yeniden de\u011ferlendirme yapmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Eski karar ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini yitirir.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Yeni karar al\u0131nmadan \u00f6nce stat\u00fcyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 i\u015flemlerin (imar yasa\u011f\u0131, ruhsat reddi vb.) uygulanmas\u0131 hukuken sorunlu h\u00e2le gelir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2011\/6211, K. 2013\/1066, T. 19.2.2013<\/p>\n
\u201cSit stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse, sit derecesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi talebinin de de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekir. Mahkeme, iptal karar\u0131 sonras\u0131nda idareye yeniden de\u011ferlendirme sorumlulu\u011fu y\u00fcklemektedir.\u201d<\/p>\n
7.2. Planlama Kararlar\u0131na Etkisi<\/p>\n
Sit stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yarg\u0131 karar\u0131yla iptali, bu stat\u00fcye dayan\u0131larak haz\u0131rlanan koruma ama\u00e7l\u0131 imar planlar\u0131n\u0131 ve yap\u0131la\u015fma s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n\u0131 da do\u011frudan etkiler. Planlar\u0131n hukuki dayana\u011f\u0131 ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, bu planlar\u0131n ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi de tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 h\u00e2le gelir.<\/p>\n
– \u0130stanbul 12. \u0130dare Mahkemesi, 2021\/2297 E., 2023\/929 K. (Ka\u015f\u0131k Adas\u0131) – \u0130stanbul 12. \u0130dare Mahkemesi, 2021\/2298 E., 2023\/930 K. (Sedef Adas\u0131)<\/p>\n
\u201cS\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir koruma alan\u0131 stat\u00fcs\u00fc bilimsel temelden yoksun \u015fekilde belirlendi\u011finden iptal edilmi\u015ftir. Bu iptalle birlikte, planlarda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen yap\u0131la\u015fma, n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011fu ve kullan\u0131m kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yasal dayana\u011f\u0131 ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Plan b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak hukuken sakatlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
Bu kararlar, koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn plan \u00fczerindeki belirleyici rol\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymakta, stat\u00fc iptali h\u00e2linde plan kararlar\u0131n\u0131n da ge\u00e7ersiz h\u00e2le gelebilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
7.3. Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Hak Meselesi<\/p>\n
\u0130ptal karar\u0131, kural olarak geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcr ve dava konusu i\u015flemi ilk g\u00fcnden itibaren ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131lar. Ancak, baz\u0131 h\u00e2llerde kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak iddialar\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelebilir. Mahkemeler bu iddialar\u0131:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Karar\u0131n kesinle\u015fme tarihi,<\/p>\n
\u2022 \u0130ptal gerek\u00e7esinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n
\u2022 Ba\u015fvuru zamanlamas\u0131,<\/p>\n
\u2022 \u0130darenin takdir yetkisinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131\u2028gibi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirmektedir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2012\/4335, K. 2012\/6049, T. 26.9.2012<\/p>\n
\u201cSit alan\u0131 karar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ruhsatlar dikkate al\u0131nabilir; ancak bu ruhsatlar daha sonra sit alan\u0131 belirlenmi\u015fse, yap\u0131la\u015fma kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak do\u011furmaz. Sit karar\u0131 bu yap\u0131la\u015fmalar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fsa, yap\u0131la\u015fma gerek\u00e7esiyle sit stat\u00fcs\u00fc kald\u0131r\u0131lamaz.\u201d<\/p>\n
7.4. \u0130darenin Yeni \u0130\u015flem Tesis Etme Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/p>\n
Mahkeme iptal karar\u0131 verdikten sonra, idare ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde i\u015flem tesis edemez. Ayn\u0131 eksiklikleri ta\u015f\u0131yan, \u00f6nceki gerek\u00e7eyi yineleyen i\u015flemler yeni davalarda da iptal edilir. \u0130darenin, iptal gerek\u00e7esine uygun bi\u00e7imde yeniden de\u011ferlendirme yapmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 6. D., E. 2015\/6764, K. 2017\/6854, T. 27.9.2017<\/p>\n
\u201cUzun y\u0131llar boyunca ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n fiilen engellenmi\u015f olmas\u0131, m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne m\u00fcdahale niteli\u011findedir. \u0130darenin ret karar\u0131 bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 ihlal etmektedir. Ba\u015fvuruya verilen ret cevab\u0131 hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
8. Sonu\u00e7: Bilimsel Gerek\u00e7esiz Koruma, Korumaz \u2013 Kamu Yarar\u0131 K\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Keyfilik<\/p>\n
Ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n sit alan\u0131 ilan edilmesi ya da mevcut sit derecelerinin korunmas\u0131, ancak bilimsel, g\u00fcncel ve nesnel verilere dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kamu yarar\u0131na hizmet eder. Aksi h\u00e2lde, koruma karar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca hukuki bir ara\u00e7 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda keyfi bir m\u00fcdahale arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu da, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 35. maddesiyle g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 anlams\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Uygulamada s\u0131kl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan durum, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f sit kararlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncellenmeden s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi; bilimsel de\u011feri tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 raporlara dayanarak derece belirlenmesi ya da sit alan\u0131 i\u00e7inde olmayan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n geni\u015f koruma bantlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131narak hukuki belirlili\u011fin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu uygulamalar, m\u00fclkiyetin ekonomik de\u011ferini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmekte; yat\u0131r\u0131m, kullan\u0131m ve tasarruf \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini ciddi \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131 ise bu konuda a\u00e7\u0131k bir denetim \u00e7izgisi ortaya koymu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn belirlenmesinde eksik ve y\u00fczeysel bilimsel raporlar ge\u00e7erli gerek\u00e7e olu\u015fturmaz.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Sit alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karma m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse, derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme talebi mutlaka de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc iptal edilen alanlara ili\u015fkin imar planlar\u0131 ve yap\u0131la\u015fma kararlar\u0131 da hukuki dayana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7 olarak, \u00e7evresel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlerin korunmas\u0131 elbette kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131n bir gere\u011fidir. Ancak bu koruma, ki\u015fisel haklar\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 eden, g\u00fcncelli\u011fini kaybetmi\u015f, bilimsel temelden yoksun kararlarla de\u011fil; nesnel \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere dayal\u0131, denetlenebilir ve dengeli bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sit kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca koruma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 yetmez. Bu kararlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda hukuka uygun, gerek\u00e7eli ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131 gerekir. Aksi takdirde, \u201ckoruma\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir hak ihlali ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak; kamu yarar\u0131 kisvesi alt\u0131nda m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 zedelenmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u200b1. S\u0130T Stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn M\u00fclkiyet Hakk\u0131 \u00dczerindeki Etkisi<\/p>\n
S\u0130T stat\u00fcs\u00fc, ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n do\u011fal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel veya tarih\u00ee \u00f6zelliklerini korumak amac\u0131yla uygulanan idari bir s\u0131n\u0131rlamad\u0131r. Bu stat\u00fc, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz \u00fczerindeki yap\u0131la\u015fma hakk\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, malikin tasarruf yetkilerini de \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde s\u0131n\u0131rlar. S\u0130T karar\u0131yla birlikte, yap\u0131 ruhsat\u0131 al\u0131namamakta, imar uygulamalar\u0131 durdurulmakta ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ekonomik de\u011feri ciddi \u015fekilde azalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ancak uygulamada, baz\u0131 S\u0130T kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yeterli bilimsel temele dayanmadan al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n g\u00fcncel durumunu yans\u0131tmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya uzun s\u00fcredir g\u00fcncellenmedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu durum, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz malikini belirsizlik i\u00e7inde b\u0131rakmakta ve m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n etkili \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemektedir.<\/p>\n
Kamu yarar\u0131 g\u00f6zetilerek yap\u0131lan koruma faaliyetleri elbette \u00f6nemlidir. Ancak bu koruma, somut verilere dayanmal\u0131 ve bireyin m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131racak \u015fekilde uygulanmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi h\u00e2lde, anayasal g\u00fcvence alt\u0131ndaki temel haklardan biri olan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 zedelenmi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n
Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, S\u0130T kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yasal dayanaklar\u0131, t\u00fcrleri, stat\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi i\u00e7in izlenmesi gereken yollar ve bu konuda verilmi\u015f yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131 ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2. S\u0130T Nedir? T\u00fcrleri ve S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma Kriterleri<\/p>\n
S\u0130T, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tabiat varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlamal\u0131 bir stat\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu stat\u00fc, ilgili ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n tarih\u00ee, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, arkeolojik veya do\u011fal niteliklerine g\u00f6re belirlenir ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n kullan\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkiler. 2863 say\u0131l\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Tabiat Varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Koruma Kanunu ile 2012 tarihli \u201cKorunan Alanlar\u0131n Tespit, Tescil ve Onay\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Usul ve Esaslara Dair Y\u00f6netmelik\u201d bu alandaki temel d\u00fczenlemeleri olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n
Sit alanlar\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 niteli\u011fe g\u00f6re d\u00f6rt ana gruba ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n
a) Do\u011fal Sit Alanlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Do\u011fal sit alanlar\u0131, ekolojik ve jeolojik yap\u0131s\u0131 itibar\u0131yla korunmas\u0131 gereken alanlard\u0131r. 01.07.2022 tarihli ve 113 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130lke Karar\u0131 ile bu alanlar \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Kesin Korunacak Hassas Alanlar: Yap\u0131la\u015fma ve madencilik faaliyetleri tamamen yasakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Nitelikli Do\u011fal Koruma Alanlar\u0131: S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 insan faaliyetine izin verilir.<\/p>\n
\u2022 S\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir Koruma ve Kontroll\u00fc Kullan\u0131m Alanlar\u0131: D\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funluklu kullan\u0131m m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015ftay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda da do\u011fal sit derecesinin belirlenmesinde bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131n \u00f6nemi vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u2028\u00d6rnek:\u2028Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2011\/9035, K. 2013\/1698, T. 12.3.2013<\/p>\n
\u201cDo\u011fal sit \u00f6zelli\u011finin devam edip etmedi\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bilimsel esaslara dayal\u0131 de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmadan verilen kararlar eksik incelemeye dayal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
b) Arkeolojik Sit Alanlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Arkeolojik sit alanlar\u0131, eski uygarl\u0131klara ait kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerdir. \u00dc\u00e7 dereceye ayr\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n
\u2022 1. Derece: Yap\u0131la\u015fmaya kesin olarak izin verilmez.<\/p>\n
\u2022 2. Derece: Koruma a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r, k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 kullan\u0131m m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\u2022 3. Derece: Kontroll\u00fc yap\u0131la\u015fmaya imk\u00e2n tan\u0131nabilir.<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015ftay uygulamas\u0131, arkeolojik sit alanlar\u0131nda da somut bulgulara ve alan\u0131n niteli\u011fine g\u00f6re derecelendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtmektedir.\u2028\u00d6rnek:\u2028Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2014\/100, K. 2016\/774, T. 10.2.2016<\/p>\n
\u201cTap\u0131nakla ilgisi bulunmayan, uzak mesafede ve yap\u0131la\u015fma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steren ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n 3. derece arkeolojik sit alan\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 hukuka uygundur.\u201d<\/p>\n
c) Kentsel Sit Alanlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Kentsel sit alanlar\u0131, belirli bir d\u00f6nemin mimari ve estetik \u00f6zelliklerini ta\u015f\u0131yan yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131d\u0131r. Bireysel yap\u0131lar\u0131n de\u011fil, b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fck olu\u015fturan kentsel dokunun korunmas\u0131 esast\u0131r. Bu alanlarda koruma planlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 yap\u0131la\u015fma m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
d) Tarih\u00ee Sit Alanlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Tarih\u00ee olaylar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi, mill\u00ee veya asker\u00ee tarih bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemi olan alanlard\u0131r. Koruma gerek\u00e7esi, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n fiziksel \u00f6zelliklerinden \u00e7ok, tarihsel anlam\u0131na dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma Kriterlerinin Hukuki \u00d6nemi<\/p>\n
Sit s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rmalar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca tan\u0131msal olarak de\u011fil, uygulamada koruma d\u00fczeyini ve m\u00fclkiyet \u00fczerindeki s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131 do\u011frudan belirlemektedir. Bu nedenle, s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma yap\u0131l\u0131rken:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Bilimsel raporlar,<\/p>\n
\u2022 Alan\u0131n fiil\u00ee durumu,<\/p>\n
\u2022 Tarih\u00ee veya do\u011fal nitelikler,<\/p>\n
\u2022 \u00d6nceki yap\u0131la\u015fmalar dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rnek:\u2028Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2011\/6211, K. 2013\/1066, T. 19.2.2013<\/p>\n
\u201cSit alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karma m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse derecenin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi talebi de de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Bilimsel temelden yoksun ret karar\u0131 hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
3. S\u0130T Stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn G\u00f6zden Ge\u00e7irilmesi S\u00fcreci: Ba\u015fvuru Usul\u00fc ve Y\u00f6netimsel A\u015famalar<\/p>\n
Bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n S\u0130T stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in, idari ba\u015fvuru s\u00fcreci do\u011fru bi\u00e7imde i\u015fletilmeli ve ba\u015fvuru, mevzuatta belirtilen kurullara y\u00f6nlendirilmelidir. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te esas olan, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n mevcut durumu ile sit niteli\u011fi aras\u0131nda bilimsel temelli bir de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu de\u011ferlendirme, ba\u015fvurucunun talebi \u00fczerine yetkili idarelerce y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
3.1. Ba\u015fvuru Makam\u0131 ve S\u00fcre\u00e7<\/p>\n
Sit stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi veya sit derecesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi talepleri i\u00e7in ba\u015fvuru s\u00fcreci, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n niteli\u011fine g\u00f6re iki ayr\u0131 kurum \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcr:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Do\u011fal sit alanlar\u0131nda: Ba\u015fvuru, \u00c7evre, \u015eehircilik ve \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u0130l M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ba\u015fvuru dosyas\u0131, Tabiat Varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Koruma \u015eube M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan incelenerek B\u00f6lge Komisyonu\u2019na sunulur. Nihai karar, Tabiat Varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Koruma Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan verilir.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Arkeolojik, tarih\u00ee ve kentsel sit alanlar\u0131nda: Ba\u015fvuru, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Koruma B\u00f6lge Kurulu\u2019na iletilmek \u00fczere K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm \u0130l M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yap\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te, ba\u015fvuruya ek olarak ekolojik temelli bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma raporu, jeolojik et\u00fctler, tapu belgeleri, imar durumu gibi teknik belgelerin irdelenmesi gereklidir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2016\/3527, K. 2017\/272, T. 24.1.2017<\/p>\n
\u201cDo\u011fal sit alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karma ba\u015fvurusu, \u00fcniversitelerin ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden uzmanlardan olu\u015fturulmu\u015f bir bilirki\u015fi heyeti ile de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Bilimsel temele dayal\u0131 rapor, karar\u0131n isabetli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirlemede asli unsurdur.\u201d<\/p>\n
3.2. Kurullar\u0131n Yetki ve G\u00f6rev Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvuru s\u00fcrecinde yetki karma\u015fas\u0131 ya\u015fanmamas\u0131 ad\u0131na, i\u015flemin yetkili merci taraf\u0131ndan tesis edilip edilmedi\u011fi dikkatle incelenmelidir. Zira uygulamada, kurul m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fckleri taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frudan i\u015flem tesis edilmesi nedeniyle yetki y\u00f6n\u00fcnden hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 kararlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2018\/838, K. 2018\/3247, T. 2.5.2018<\/p>\n
\u201cTa\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n sit alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 istemi, kurul m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fil, kurulun kendisi taraf\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fck taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frudan i\u015flem tesis edilmesi yetki y\u00f6n\u00fcnden sakatt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2011\/1969, K. 2013\/637, T. 6.2.2013<\/p>\n
\u201cBa\u015fvurunun, kurul m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan do\u011frudan reddi yetki a\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olu\u015fturur. Kurulun karar vermesi gerekir.\u201d<\/p>\n
3.3. Bilimsel Gerek\u00e7elendirme ve Raporun Rol\u00fc<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvurular\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesinde yaln\u0131zca ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n fiziki durumu de\u011fil; do\u011fal yap\u0131s\u0131, ekolojik de\u011feri, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel katman\u0131, \u00f6nceki tescil kararlar\u0131n\u0131n dayanaklar\u0131 gibi unsurlar da dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r. Bu nedenle sunulan bilimsel raporun:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Yetkin kurumlarca haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131,<\/p>\n
\u2022 Saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na dayanmas\u0131,<\/p>\n
\u2022 Mevsimsel g\u00f6zlem periyotlar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermesi,<\/p>\n
\u2022 Alan\u0131n g\u00fcncel durumunu belgelemesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
– \u0130stanbul 12. \u0130dare Mahkemesi, 2021\/2298 E., 2023\/930 K. (Sedef Adas\u0131)\u2028- \u0130stanbul 12. \u0130dare Mahkemesi, 2021\/2297 E., 2023\/929 K. (Ka\u015f\u0131k Adas\u0131)<\/p>\n
\u201cKoruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri, yetersiz ve k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalara dayand\u0131r\u0131lamaz. Mevsimsel d\u00f6ng\u00fclerin tamam\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7ermeyen tespitler ile yap\u0131lan derecelendirme i\u015flemleri, koruma ilkesine ve kamu yarar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
4. Hukuki S\u00fcre\u00e7: \u0130dari Ba\u015fvuru, \u0130tiraz ve \u0130ptal Davalar\u0131<\/p>\n
Sit stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ya da sit derecesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi taleplerinin reddedilmesi h\u00e2linde, ba\u015fvuru sahibi, idari yarg\u0131 mercileri \u00f6n\u00fcnde iptal davas\u0131 a\u00e7ma hakk\u0131na sahiptir. Ancak bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, belirli usul kurallar\u0131na ve s\u00fcre \u015fartlar\u0131na tabidir. \u0130dari ba\u015fvuru yollar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fru i\u015fletilmemesi veya yetkisiz makamlara yap\u0131lan talepler, davan\u0131n esas\u0131na girilmeden reddedilmesine yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n
4.1. Zorunlu Olmayan (\u0130htiyari) \u0130tiraz Yolu<\/p>\n
Koruma kurulu veya komisyon kararlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, do\u011frudan iptal davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131labilece\u011fi gibi, \u00f6ncesinde K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Turizm Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na ba\u015fvurularak Koruma Y\u00fcksek Kurulu’na itiraz edilmesi de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
– Dayanak:<\/p>\n
\u2022 2863 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun m.61<\/p>\n
\u2022 \u0130lgili Y\u00f6netmelik m.18<\/p>\n
– Usul:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Tebli\u011f veya ilan tarihinden itibaren 60 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde itiraz ba\u015fvurusu yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Uygun g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrse ba\u015fvuru Y\u00fcksek Kurul g\u00fcndemine al\u0131n\u0131r ve en ge\u00e7 3 ay i\u00e7inde karara ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u2022 30 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde sonu\u00e7land\u0131r\u0131lmayan ba\u015fvurular z\u0131mnen reddedilmi\u015f say\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Z\u0131mni ret h\u00e2linde, dava a\u00e7ma s\u00fcresi kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerden devam eder.<\/p>\n
Bu yol ihtiyari olsa da, idari karar\u0131n d\u00fczeltilmesi ihtimalini ortadan kald\u0131rmamak ad\u0131na \u00e7o\u011fu zaman \u00f6nerilmektedir.<\/p>\n
4.2. Do\u011frudan \u0130dareye Ba\u015fvuru (\u0130YUK m.11)<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvuru sahibi, dava a\u00e7madan \u00f6nce idareye, i\u015flemin kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, geri al\u0131nmas\u0131 veya de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi amac\u0131yla do\u011frudan ba\u015fvuruda bulunabilir.\u2028- Bu ba\u015fvuru, dava a\u00e7ma s\u00fcresini durdurur.\u2028- A\u00e7\u0131k veya z\u0131mni ret \u00fczerine kalan s\u00fcrede iptal davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131labilir.\u2028- Ba\u015fvurunun yan\u0131tlanmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde 60 g\u00fcnl\u00fck dava a\u00e7ma s\u00fcresi, 30 g\u00fcnl\u00fck z\u0131mni ret s\u00fcresinin sonunda i\u015flemeye ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n
4.3. Ba\u015fvuru S\u00fcresi ve Strateji<\/p>\n
\u2022 Tebli\u011f veya ilan tarihinden itibaren 60 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde dava a\u00e7\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
\u2022 S\u00fcre ge\u00e7mi\u015fse, yeni bir talep ile idareye ba\u015fvurulup al\u0131nacak a\u00e7\u0131k\/z\u0131mni ret karar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 dava a\u00e7\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Bu sayede davac\u0131, usul y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ret riski olmadan yarg\u0131 yolunu yeniden kullanabilir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2011\/6211, K. 2013\/1066, T. 19.2.2013<\/p>\n
\u201cBa\u015fvuruda yaln\u0131zca sit alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karma de\u011fil, bunun m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde derecenin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi de talep edilmi\u015ftir. \u0130darece her iki istemin de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekirken yaln\u0131zca birine cevap verilmesi, i\u015flemin eksik tesis edildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir.\u201d<\/p>\n
4.4. Dava A\u00e7\u0131labilirlik (Menfaat) Ehliyeti<\/p>\n
\u0130ptal davas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurucunun:<\/p>\n
\u2022 \u0130\u015flemden do\u011frudan ve ki\u015fisel olarak etkilenmesi (s\u00fcbjektif ehliyet),<\/p>\n
\u2022 \u0130\u015flemin kamu d\u00fczenini ilgilendiren y\u00f6n\u00fcyle ilgisinin bulunmas\u0131 (objektif ehliyet) gerekir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay \u0130DDK., E. 2015\/5041, K. 2018\/89, T. 22.1.2018<\/p>\n
\u201cZilyetlik, malik olmasa bile dava ehliyeti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yeterli olabilir. Ta\u015f\u0131nmaz \u00fczerindeki i\u015flem, ba\u015fvurucunun me\u015fru menfaatini etkiliyorsa dava a\u00e7ma hakk\u0131 do\u011far.\u201d<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2015\/10040, K. 2016\/3979, T. 16.5.2016<\/p>\n
\u201cDava a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye devri, dava ehliyetini ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131r. Bu durumda dava reddedilir.\u201d<\/p>\n
– Dernekler A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan:\u2028K\u00fclt\u00fcr, \u00e7evre, arkeoloji gibi alanlarda faaliyet g\u00f6steren ve t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde bu do\u011frultuda dava a\u00e7ma yetkisi olan dernekler de, menfaat ehliyetine sahiptir.<\/p>\n
5. Yarg\u0131 Denetimi ve Karar \u0130\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Kriterler<\/p>\n
Sit stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya sit derecesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesine ili\u015fkin i\u015flemler, idari yarg\u0131n\u0131n denetimine tabidir. Mahkemeler, yaln\u0131zca \u015fekli usul eksikliklerini de\u011fil, i\u015flemin dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilimsel verilerin yeterlili\u011fini ve karar\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n fiil\u00ee durumu ile olan uyumunu da denetler. Bu noktada, yarg\u0131 i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda \u015fekillenen baz\u0131 temel kriterler \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
5.1. Bilimsel Rapor Yeterlili\u011fi ve Tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k<\/p>\n
Sit kararlar\u0131n\u0131n iptali taleplerinde mahkemeler, i\u015flemin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan bilirki\u015fi raporlar\u0131n\u0131n:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Bilimsel i\u00e7eri\u011fini,<\/p>\n
\u2022 G\u00f6zlem s\u00fcresini,<\/p>\n
\u2022 Uzmanl\u0131k alanlar\u0131n\u0131\u2028yak\u0131ndan incelemektedir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2016\/3527, K. 2017\/272, T. 24.1.2017<\/p>\n
\u201cBilirki\u015fi heyetinin \u00fcniversitelerin ilgili b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden uzmanlardan olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gerekir. Ayr\u0131ca, ba\u015fvuru sahibince sunulan Ekolojik Temelli Bilimsel Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Raporu da mahkemece dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131 ve de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.\u201d<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2013\/7711, K. 2015\/1341, T. 24.2.2015<\/p>\n
\u201cDo\u011fal ve arkeolojik sit nitelendirmesi gibi farkl\u0131 uzmanl\u0131k alanlar\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendiren konularda, yaln\u0131zca arkeolog ve biyologlar\u0131n raporu yeterli g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f; peyzaj mimar\u0131 gibi uzmanlar\u0131n da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir.\u201d<\/p>\n
5.2. Sit Niteli\u011finin Fiilen Kaybolmas\u0131<\/p>\n
Baz\u0131 davalarda ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n bulundu\u011fu alanda yo\u011fun yap\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi ve bu yap\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n sit niteli\u011fini fiilen ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 iddia edilmi\u015ftir. Ancak Dan\u0131\u015ftay, yap\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tek ba\u015f\u0131na sit karar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131lmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sit tescilinin \u00f6nceki de\u011ferlendirmelere dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak do\u011furmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vurgulamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2012\/4335, K. 2012\/6049, T. 26.9.2012<\/p>\n
\u201cSit alan\u0131 ilan\u0131ndan \u00f6nce ruhsat alm\u0131\u015f yap\u0131lar dikkate al\u0131narak karar verilmi\u015fse, sonradan olu\u015fan yap\u0131la\u015fma sit \u00f6zelli\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131rmaz. Bilirki\u015fi raporunda yaln\u0131zca yap\u0131la\u015fma varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dayanarak verilen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler hukuken ge\u00e7erli kabul edilmemi\u015ftir.\u201d<\/p>\n
5.3. Koruma Band\u0131n\u0131n Orant\u0131s\u0131z Geni\u015fli\u011fi<\/p>\n
Koruma alan\u0131 belirlenirken, \u00e7evredeki de\u011ferlerle somut ili\u015fki kurulmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi h\u00e2lde sit karar\u0131n\u0131n orant\u0131s\u0131z oldu\u011fu ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n bu alanla ilgisiz \u015fekilde kapsam i\u00e7ine al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2014\/100, K. 2016\/774, T. 10.2.2016<\/p>\n
\u201cUyu\u015fmazl\u0131k konusu ta\u015f\u0131nmaz ile koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nan X2 Tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131nda mesafe b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fcr ve arada bir\u00e7ok yap\u0131la\u015fma vard\u0131r. Bu durumda, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n 3. derece arkeolojik sit alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 gereklidir.\u201d<\/p>\n
5.4. Yetersiz G\u00f6zleme Dayanan Derecelendirme<\/p>\n
Sit derecesinin belirlenmesi, yaln\u0131zca k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli saha \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na de\u011fil, uzun d\u00f6nemli ve mevsimsel g\u00f6zlemlere dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi h\u00e2lde, al\u0131nan kararlar bilimsel temelden yoksun olur.<\/p>\n
– \u0130stanbul 12. \u0130dare Mahkemesi, 2021\/2297 E., 2023\/929 K. (Ka\u015f\u0131k Adas\u0131)\u2028- \u0130stanbul 12. \u0130dare Mahkemesi, 2021\/2298 E., 2023\/930 K. (Sedef Adas\u0131)<\/p>\n
\u201cMevsimsel d\u00f6ng\u00fcy\u00fc i\u00e7ermeyen, k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli ve eksik bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarla al\u0131nan koruma kararlar\u0131 hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme i\u015flemleri bu \u015fekilde yap\u0131lamaz.\u201d<\/p>\n
5.5. Eksik veya Yan\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 Bilirki\u015fi De\u011ferlendirmesi<\/p>\n
Mahkemeler, bilirki\u015fi raporlar\u0131nda bilimsel eksiklik tespit etti\u011finde, yeni bilirki\u015fi heyeti olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etmektedir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2011\/10182, K. 2013\/2215, T. 27.3.2013<\/p>\n
\u201cEksik bilimsel gerek\u00e7elere dayanan raporlarla uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclemez. Uygun uzmanl\u0131k alanlar\u0131ndan yeni bilirki\u015filer g\u00f6revlendirilerek yeniden ke\u015fif yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
5.6. Hem Sit Alan\u0131ndan \u00c7\u0131karma Hem de Derece D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme Talebi<\/p>\n
Baz\u0131 ba\u015fvurularda, ba\u015fvuru sahibi birinci talep olarak alan\u0131n sit stat\u00fcs\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, ikinci se\u00e7enek olarak ise derecesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesini talep etmektedir. \u0130darenin yaln\u0131zca ilk talebi de\u011ferlendirerek ikinci k\u0131sm\u0131 cevaps\u0131z b\u0131rakmas\u0131 hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2011\/6211, K. 2013\/1066, T. 19.2.2013<\/p>\n
\u201cTalep yaln\u0131zca sitten \u00e7\u0131karma de\u011fil, \u00e7\u0131karma m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse derecenin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi \u015feklindedir. \u0130dare, her iki talebi birlikte de\u011ferlendirmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u201d<\/p>\n
6. Dava A\u00e7\u0131labilirlik Ehliyeti ve Derneklerin Rol\u00fc<\/p>\n
Sit stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 veya derecesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi taleplerine ili\u015fkin i\u015flemlere kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lacak iptal davalar\u0131nda, davac\u0131n\u0131n dava a\u00e7ma ehliyetine sahip olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususu, davan\u0131n esas\u0131na girilmeden \u00f6nce mahkemelerce de\u011ferlendirilen temel bir \u00f6n sorundur. Bu kapsamda, m\u00fclkiyet durumu, ki\u015fisel ve me\u015fru menfaat ili\u015fkisi ile derneklerin t\u00fcz\u00fckleri dikkate al\u0131narak bir de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
6.1. Malik ve Zilyet Ayr\u0131m\u0131<\/p>\n
Genel ilke olarak, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n maliki dava a\u00e7ma ehliyetine sahiptir. Ancak baz\u0131 durumlarda, malik olmamakla birlikte ta\u015f\u0131nmaz \u00fczerinde fiil\u00ee bir tasarruf hakk\u0131 bulunan zilyetlerin de dava a\u00e7abilece\u011fi kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay \u0130DDK., E. 2015\/5041, K. 2018\/89, T. 22.01.2018<\/p>\n
\u201cDava konusu koruma kurulu karar\u0131, davac\u0131n\u0131n zilyedi oldu\u011fu ve 6292 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun kapsam\u0131nda m\u00fclkiyetini kazanabilece\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131nmazla ilgili haklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 nitelikte olup, davac\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncel ve ki\u015fisel menfaati bulundu\u011fu kabul edilmi\u015ftir.\u201d<\/p>\n
6.2. Sat\u0131\u015f Sonras\u0131 Ehliyetin Sona Ermesi<\/p>\n
Dava a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra dava konusu ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n el de\u011fi\u015ftirmesi h\u00e2linde, \u00f6nceki malik art\u0131k dava konusu i\u015flemden etkilenmeyece\u011finden, dava ehliyeti sona ermi\u015f olur. Bu durumda mahkeme, davay\u0131 ehliyet y\u00f6n\u00fcnden reddetmektedir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2015\/10040, K. 2016\/3979, T. 16.05.2016<\/p>\n
\u201cTa\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015fiye sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, davac\u0131 \u015firketin g\u00fcncel bir menfaatinin kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu nedenle davan\u0131n ehliyet y\u00f6n\u00fcnden reddedilmesi gerekti\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015ftir.\u201d<\/p>\n
6.3. Derneklerin Dava Ehliyeti<\/p>\n
Sit kararlar\u0131 \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yaln\u0131zca bireysel haklar\u0131 de\u011fil, kamu d\u00fczeni ve \u00e7evre koruma gibi alanlar\u0131 da do\u011frudan etkiledi\u011finden, bu alanda faaliyet g\u00f6steren derneklerin dava a\u00e7ma yetkisi yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131yla kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n
– Kriterler:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Derne\u011fin t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, \u00e7evresel veya arkeolojik de\u011ferlerin korunmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik faaliyet y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Dava konusu i\u015flemle dernek aras\u0131nda ama\u00e7 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden do\u011frudan bir ili\u015fki kurulabilmelidir.<\/p>\n
6.4. Ehliyet De\u011ferlendirmesinde Yakla\u015f\u0131m<\/p>\n
Dan\u0131\u015ftay, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tabiat varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin i\u015flemlerde s\u00fcbjektif menfaatin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015f yorumlamakta, yaln\u0131zca hak ihlali de\u011fil, me\u015fru ve ki\u015fisel menfaatin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yeterli g\u00f6rmektedir. Ancak bu yakla\u015f\u0131m mutlak de\u011fildir. Kira ili\u015fkisi veya ticari ama\u00e7 gibi \u00f6zel menfaatlere dayal\u0131 davalarda ehliyet daha dar yorumlanabilmektedir.<\/p>\n
7. Yarg\u0131 Kararlar\u0131 Sonras\u0131 Sit Stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn De\u011ferlendirilmesi ve \u0130ptal Karar\u0131n\u0131n Etkisi<\/p>\n
\u0130dari yarg\u0131 mercilerince verilen iptal kararlar\u0131, yaln\u0131zca dava konusu i\u015flemi ortadan kald\u0131rmakla kalmaz; ayn\u0131 zamanda idareyi yeni bir i\u015flem tesis etmeye de zorunlu k\u0131lar. Sit kararlar\u0131n\u0131n iptali h\u00e2linde, ilgili kurul veya komisyonun mevcut durum ve gerek\u00e7eler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yeniden de\u011ferlendirme yapmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
7.1. Sit Stat\u00fcs\u00fc ve Derecesi \u0130ptal Edildi\u011finde Ne Olur?<\/p>\n
Bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n sit stat\u00fcs\u00fc veya derecesi mahkeme karar\u0131 ile iptal edildi\u011finde:<\/p>\n
\u2022 \u0130lgili kurul, iptal karar\u0131nda belirtilen gerek\u00e7elere g\u00f6re yeniden de\u011ferlendirme yapmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Eski karar ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini yitirir.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Yeni karar al\u0131nmadan \u00f6nce stat\u00fcyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 i\u015flemlerin (imar yasa\u011f\u0131, ruhsat reddi vb.) uygulanmas\u0131 hukuken sorunlu h\u00e2le gelir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2011\/6211, K. 2013\/1066, T. 19.2.2013<\/p>\n
\u201cSit stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse, sit derecesinin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi talebinin de de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekir. Mahkeme, iptal karar\u0131 sonras\u0131nda idareye yeniden de\u011ferlendirme sorumlulu\u011fu y\u00fcklemektedir.\u201d<\/p>\n
7.2. Planlama Kararlar\u0131na Etkisi<\/p>\n
Sit stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yarg\u0131 karar\u0131yla iptali, bu stat\u00fcye dayan\u0131larak haz\u0131rlanan koruma ama\u00e7l\u0131 imar planlar\u0131n\u0131 ve yap\u0131la\u015fma s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n\u0131 da do\u011frudan etkiler. Planlar\u0131n hukuki dayana\u011f\u0131 ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, bu planlar\u0131n ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi de tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 h\u00e2le gelir.<\/p>\n
– \u0130stanbul 12. \u0130dare Mahkemesi, 2021\/2297 E., 2023\/929 K. (Ka\u015f\u0131k Adas\u0131) – \u0130stanbul 12. \u0130dare Mahkemesi, 2021\/2298 E., 2023\/930 K. (Sedef Adas\u0131)<\/p>\n
\u201cS\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir koruma alan\u0131 stat\u00fcs\u00fc bilimsel temelden yoksun \u015fekilde belirlendi\u011finden iptal edilmi\u015ftir. Bu iptalle birlikte, planlarda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen yap\u0131la\u015fma, n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011fu ve kullan\u0131m kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yasal dayana\u011f\u0131 ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Plan b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak hukuken sakatlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
Bu kararlar, koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn plan \u00fczerindeki belirleyici rol\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymakta, stat\u00fc iptali h\u00e2linde plan kararlar\u0131n\u0131n da ge\u00e7ersiz h\u00e2le gelebilece\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
7.3. Kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Hak Meselesi<\/p>\n
\u0130ptal karar\u0131, kural olarak geriye y\u00fcr\u00fcr ve dava konusu i\u015flemi ilk g\u00fcnden itibaren ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131lar. Ancak, baz\u0131 h\u00e2llerde kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak iddialar\u0131 g\u00fcndeme gelebilir. Mahkemeler bu iddialar\u0131:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Karar\u0131n kesinle\u015fme tarihi,<\/p>\n
\u2022 \u0130ptal gerek\u00e7esinin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131,<\/p>\n
\u2022 Ba\u015fvuru zamanlamas\u0131,<\/p>\n
\u2022 \u0130darenin takdir yetkisinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131\u2028gibi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirmektedir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 14. D., E. 2012\/4335, K. 2012\/6049, T. 26.9.2012<\/p>\n
\u201cSit alan\u0131 karar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ruhsatlar dikkate al\u0131nabilir; ancak bu ruhsatlar daha sonra sit alan\u0131 belirlenmi\u015fse, yap\u0131la\u015fma kazan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f hak do\u011furmaz. Sit karar\u0131 bu yap\u0131la\u015fmalar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurularak al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fsa, yap\u0131la\u015fma gerek\u00e7esiyle sit stat\u00fcs\u00fc kald\u0131r\u0131lamaz.\u201d<\/p>\n
7.4. \u0130darenin Yeni \u0130\u015flem Tesis Etme Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/p>\n
Mahkeme iptal karar\u0131 verdikten sonra, idare ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde i\u015flem tesis edemez. Ayn\u0131 eksiklikleri ta\u015f\u0131yan, \u00f6nceki gerek\u00e7eyi yineleyen i\u015flemler yeni davalarda da iptal edilir. \u0130darenin, iptal gerek\u00e7esine uygun bi\u00e7imde yeniden de\u011ferlendirme yapmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
– Dan\u0131\u015ftay 6. D., E. 2015\/6764, K. 2017\/6854, T. 27.9.2017<\/p>\n
\u201cUzun y\u0131llar boyunca ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n fiilen engellenmi\u015f olmas\u0131, m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcne m\u00fcdahale niteli\u011findedir. \u0130darenin ret karar\u0131 bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 ihlal etmektedir. Ba\u015fvuruya verilen ret cevab\u0131 hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
8. Sonu\u00e7: Bilimsel Gerek\u00e7esiz Koruma, Korumaz \u2013 Kamu Yarar\u0131 K\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Keyfilik<\/p>\n
Ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n sit alan\u0131 ilan edilmesi ya da mevcut sit derecelerinin korunmas\u0131, ancak bilimsel, g\u00fcncel ve nesnel verilere dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kamu yarar\u0131na hizmet eder. Aksi h\u00e2lde, koruma karar\u0131 yaln\u0131zca hukuki bir ara\u00e7 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda keyfi bir m\u00fcdahale arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu da, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 35. maddesiyle g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 anlams\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Uygulamada s\u0131kl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan durum, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f sit kararlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcncellenmeden s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi; bilimsel de\u011feri tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 raporlara dayanarak derece belirlenmesi ya da sit alan\u0131 i\u00e7inde olmayan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n geni\u015f koruma bantlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131narak hukuki belirlili\u011fin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu uygulamalar, m\u00fclkiyetin ekonomik de\u011ferini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmekte; yat\u0131r\u0131m, kullan\u0131m ve tasarruf \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini ciddi \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131 ise bu konuda a\u00e7\u0131k bir denetim \u00e7izgisi ortaya koymu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n
\u2022 Koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn belirlenmesinde eksik ve y\u00fczeysel bilimsel raporlar ge\u00e7erli gerek\u00e7e olu\u015fturmaz.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Sit alan\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karma m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filse, derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme talebi mutlaka de\u011ferlendirilmelidir.<\/p>\n
\u2022 Koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc iptal edilen alanlara ili\u015fkin imar planlar\u0131 ve yap\u0131la\u015fma kararlar\u0131 da hukuki dayana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybeder.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7 olarak, \u00e7evresel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlerin korunmas\u0131 elbette kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131n bir gere\u011fidir. Ancak bu koruma, ki\u015fisel haklar\u0131 g\u00f6z ard\u0131 eden, g\u00fcncelli\u011fini kaybetmi\u015f, bilimsel temelden yoksun kararlarla de\u011fil; nesnel \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere dayal\u0131, denetlenebilir ve dengeli bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sit kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yaln\u0131zca koruma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 yetmez. Bu kararlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda hukuka uygun, gerek\u00e7eli ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131 gerekir. Aksi takdirde, \u201ckoruma\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda bir hak ihlali ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacak; kamu yarar\u0131 kisvesi alt\u0131nda m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 zedelenmi\u015f olacakt\u0131r.\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
1. S\u0130T Stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn M\u00fclkiyet Hakk\u0131 \u00dczerindeki Etkisi S\u0130T stat\u00fcs\u00fc, ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n do\u011fal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel veya tarih\u00ee \u00f6zelliklerini korumak amac\u0131yla uygulanan idari bir s\u0131n\u0131rlamad\u0131r. Bu stat\u00fc, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz \u00fczerindeki yap\u0131la\u015fma hakk\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, malikin tasarruf yetkilerini de \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde s\u0131n\u0131rlar. S\u0130T karar\u0131yla birlikte, yap\u0131 ruhsat\u0131 al\u0131namamakta, imar uygulamalar\u0131 durdurulmakta ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ekonomik de\u011feri ciddi \u015fekilde azalmaktad\u0131r. Ancak uygulamada, baz\u0131 S\u0130T kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yeterli bilimsel temele dayanmadan al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n g\u00fcncel durumunu yans\u0131tmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya uzun s\u00fcredir g\u00fcncellenmedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu durum, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz malikini belirsizlik i\u00e7inde b\u0131rakmakta ve m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n etkili \u015fekilde kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemektedir. Kamu yarar\u0131 g\u00f6zetilerek yap\u0131lan koruma faaliyetleri elbette \u00f6nemlidir. Ancak bu koruma, somut verilere dayanmal\u0131 ve bireyin m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 tamamen ortadan kald\u0131racak \u015fekilde uygulanmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi h\u00e2lde, anayasal g\u00fcvence alt\u0131ndaki temel haklardan biri olan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 zedelenmi\u015f olur. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, S\u0130T kararlar\u0131n\u0131n yasal dayanaklar\u0131, t\u00fcrleri, stat\u00fc de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi i\u00e7in izlenmesi gereken yollar ve bu konuda verilmi\u015f yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131 ele al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. 2. S\u0130T Nedir? T\u00fcrleri ve S\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma Kriterleri S\u0130T, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tabiat varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlamal\u0131 bir stat\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu stat\u00fc, ilgili ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n tarih\u00ee, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, arkeolojik veya do\u011fal niteliklerine g\u00f6re belirlenir ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n kullan\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkiler. 2863 say\u0131l\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Tabiat Varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Koruma Kanunu ile 2012 tarihli \u201cKorunan Alanlar\u0131n Tespit, Tescil ve Onay\u0131na \u0130li\u015fkin Usul ve …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-152919","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n