\u0130tiraz Konusu Kural<\/p>\n
\u0130tiraz konusu kuralda, kamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar\u0131n iddia ve savunmalar\u0131nda hakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fckleri ve mali a\u00e7\u0131dan zor duruma d\u00fc\u015fmeden gerekli giderleri k\u0131smen veya tamamen \u00f6deyemeyecek durumda olduklar\u0131 takdirde adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanabilecekleri d\u00fczenlenmek suretiyle bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan t\u00fczel ki\u015filer kategorik olarak adli yard\u0131m imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvuru Gerek\u00e7esi<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; itiraz konusu kural kapsam\u0131nda \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerinin adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanamamalar\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fru bir amac\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kuraldan kaynaklanan bu s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n ki\u015filerin mahkemeye eri\u015fimini a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede zorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 hatta imk\u00e2ns\u0131z h\u00e2le getirdi\u011fi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kuralla adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndaki mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirildi\u011fi belirtilerek kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Mahkemenin De\u011ferlendirmesi<\/p>\n
\u0130tiraz konusu kural, ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen adli yard\u0131m kurumundan t\u00fczel ki\u015filerden yaln\u0131zca kamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar\u0131n yararlanmalar\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131mak suretiyle bunlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerini kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r. Kamuya yararl\u0131 vak\u0131f ve dernek d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fczel ki\u015filerden mali imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 yetersiz olanlar\u0131n iddia ve savunmada ya da icra takibinde bulunmalar\u0131n\u0131 veya ge\u00e7ici hukuki korunma talep etmelerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran adli yard\u0131m imk\u00e2n\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 bu t\u00fczel ki\u015filer y\u00f6n\u00fcnden mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Anayasa Mahkemesi, \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015fisi olan bir sermaye \u015firketinin idareye kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 tazminat davas\u0131nda adli yard\u0131m talebinin reddedilmesi \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bireysel ba\u015fvuruyu mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda incelemi\u015ftir (Kemta\u015f Tekstil \u0130n\u015faat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.\u015e. [GK], B. No: 2020\/22192, 17\/5\/2023). An\u0131lan kararda, hak ve fiil ehliyetine sahip olan t\u00fczel ki\u015filere hukuk d\u00fczeni taraf\u0131ndan bor\u00e7 ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, bunlara aktif ve pasif dava ehliyetine sahip olarak iddialar\u0131n\u0131 yarg\u0131sal merciler \u00f6n\u00fcnde dile getirme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade edilerek y\u00fcksek miktardaki yarg\u0131lama giderlerini \u00f6demekten aciz olan \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu durumun dava a\u00e7may\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rabilece\u011fi hatta imk\u00e2ns\u0131z h\u00e2le getirebilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yoksun olan bu t\u00fczel ki\u015filerin dava a\u00e7malar\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rabilecek adli yard\u0131m kurumu d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda herhangi bir d\u00fczenlemenin ya da yarg\u0131sal uygulaman\u0131n da bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dile getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Anayasa Mahkemesi, s\u00f6z konusu kararda hukuk d\u00fczenine g\u00f6re ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer gibi hak ve bor\u00e7lara ehil olan \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerinin -yarg\u0131lama masraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fc olmayanlar\u0131n- durumlar\u0131n\u0131n dikkate al\u0131narak s\u00f6z konusu masraflardan muaf tutulmalar\u0131n\u0131n nimet-k\u00fclfet dengesinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zorunlu oldu\u011funu belirterek kanundan kaynaklanan kategorik yasa\u011f\u0131n me\u015fru bir amac\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmi\u015f ve ba\u015fvurucunun mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik m\u00fcdahalenin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz oldu\u011funu de\u011ferlendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Anayasa Mahkemesi, an\u0131lan kararda yer alan de\u011ferlendirmelerden hareketle kural kapsam\u0131nda kamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerinin Kanun\u2019da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015fartlar olu\u015ftu\u011fu h\u00e2lde yaln\u0131zca t\u00fczel ki\u015fi olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle adli yard\u0131m kurumundan yararland\u0131r\u0131lmamalar\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fru amac\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve kuralla mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Anayasa Mahkemesi a\u00e7\u0131klanan gerek\u00e7elerle kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa ve iptaline karar vermi\u015ftir.\u00a0<\/p>\n
—-<\/p>\n
ANAYASA MAHKEMES\u0130 KARARI<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
Esas Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2024\/78<\/p>\n
Karar Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2024\/164<\/p>\n
Karar Tarihi : 24\/9\/2024<\/p>\n
R.G.Tarih-Say\u0131 : 21\/11\/2024-32729<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u0130T\u0130RAZ YOLUNA BA\u015eVURAN: Diyarbak\u0131r 3. \u0130dare Mahkemesi<\/p>\n
\u0130T\u0130RAZIN KONUSU: 12\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 334. maddesinin (1) ve (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kralar\u0131n\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 36. maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek iptallerine karar verilmesi talebidir.<\/p>\n
OLAY: \u00d6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015fisi taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131lan tam yarg\u0131 davas\u0131nda itiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varan Mahkeme, iptalleri i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
I. \u0130PTAL\u0130 \u0130STENEN KANUN H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130<\/p>\n
Kanun\u2019un itiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 334. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u00a0\u201cAdli yard\u0131mdan yararlanacak ki\u015filer<\/p>\n
MADDE 334- (1) Kendisi ve ailesinin ge\u00e7imini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zor duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeksizin, gereken yarg\u0131lama veya takip giderlerini k\u0131smen veya tamamen \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yoksun olan kimseler, iddia ve savunmalar\u0131nda, ge\u00e7ici hukuki korunma taleplerinde ve icra takibinde, taleplerinin a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dayanaktan yoksun olmamas\u0131 kayd\u0131yla adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanabilirler.<\/p>\n
\u00a0(2) Kamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar, iddia ve savunmalar\u0131nda hakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fckleri ve mali a\u00e7\u0131dan zor duruma d\u00fc\u015fmeden gerekli giderleri k\u0131smen veya tamamen \u00f6deyemeyecek durumda olduklar\u0131 takdirde adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanabilirler.<\/p>\n
(3) Yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanabilmeleri ayr\u0131ca kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k \u015fart\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
II. \u0130LK \u0130NCELEME<\/p>\n
1. Anayasa Mahkemesi \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA, Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN, Engin YILDIRIM, R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7, Recai AKYEL, Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ, Selahaddin MENTE\u015e, Basri BA\u011eCI, \u0130rfan F\u0130DAN, Kenan YA\u015eAR, Muhterem \u0130NCE ve Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L\u2019in kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla 4\/4\/2024 tarihinde yap\u0131lan ilk inceleme toplant\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6ncelikle uygulanacak kural sorunu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
2. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 152. ile 30\/3\/2011 tarihli ve 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 40. maddelerine g\u00f6re bir davaya bakmakta olan mahkeme, o dava sebebiyle uygulanacak bir kanunun veya Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararnamesinin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6rmesi h\u00e2linde veya taraflardan birinin ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k iddias\u0131n\u0131n ciddi oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varmas\u0131 durumunda bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin iptalleri i\u00e7in Anayasa Mahkemesine ba\u015fvurmaya yetkilidir. Ancak an\u0131lan maddeler uyar\u0131nca bir mahkemenin Anayasa Mahkemesine ba\u015fvurabilmesi i\u00e7in elinde y\u00f6ntemince a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve mahkemenin g\u00f6revine giren bir davan\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, iptali talep edilen kural\u0131n da o davada uygulanacak olmas\u0131 gerekir. Uygulanacak kural ise bak\u0131lmakta olan davan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik evrelerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde veya davay\u0131 sonu\u00e7land\u0131rmada olumlu ya da olumsuz y\u00f6nde etki yapacak nitelikteki kurallard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
3. \u0130tiraz yoluna ba\u015fvuran Mahkeme 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 334. maddesinin (1) ve (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kralar\u0131n\u0131n iptallerini talep etmi\u015ftir. An\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 334. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filerin adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u015fartlar d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanacak t\u00fczel ki\u015filerin kapsam\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir. Bak\u0131lmakta olan davan\u0131n \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015fisi olan ticaret \u015firketi taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 nedeniyle 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 334. maddesinin ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filerin adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanmas\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen itiraz konusu (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n bak\u0131lmakta olan davada uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
4. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle 12\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 334. maddesinin;<\/p>\n
A. (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n itiraz ba\u015fvurusunda bulunan Mahkemenin bakmakta oldu\u011fu davada uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu f\u0131kraya ili\u015fkin ba\u015fvurunun Mahkemenin yetkisizli\u011fi nedeniyle reddine,<\/p>\n
B. (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine,<\/p>\n
OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
III. ESASIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130<\/p>\n
5. Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131 ve ekleri, Raport\u00f6r S\u00fcmeyye KOCAMAN taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan i\u015fin esas\u0131na ili\u015fkin rapor, itiraz konusu kanun h\u00fckm\u00fc, dayan\u0131lan ve ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fclen Anayasa kurallar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n gerek\u00e7eleri ile di\u011fer yasama belgeleri okunup incelendikten sonra gere\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcp d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc:<\/p>\n
A. Anlam ve Kapsam<\/p>\n
6. Adli yard\u0131m, Anayasa\u2019da d\u00fczenlenen hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131labilmesi ve adil yarg\u0131lama hakk\u0131n\u0131n unsurlar\u0131ndan olan, taraflar aras\u0131nda silahlar\u0131n e\u015fitli\u011fi ilkesinin hayata ge\u00e7irilebilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli yarg\u0131lama giderlerini hi\u00e7 veya s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131ya d\u00fc\u015fmeksizin \u00f6deyemeyecek durumda bulunan ki\u015filere yap\u0131lacak t\u00fcm yarg\u0131lama ve takip giderlerinden ge\u00e7ici olarak muafiyet sa\u011flayan hukuki bir kurumdur. Adli yard\u0131m, hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bir gere\u011fi olarak ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc yetersiz olan ki\u015filerin iddia ve savunmada bulunma imk\u00e2n\u0131ndan mahrum kalmamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in getirilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki ekonomik ve sosyal engellerin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ad\u0131na ki\u015filerin yarg\u0131lama giderinden belli ko\u015fullarda istisna tutulmalar\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
7. \u0130tiraz konusu kural, kamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar\u0131n iddia ve savunmalar\u0131nda hakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fckleri ve mali a\u00e7\u0131dan zor duruma d\u00fc\u015fmeden gerekli giderleri k\u0131smen veya tamamen \u00f6deyemeyecek durumda olduklar\u0131 takdirde adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanabileceklerini d\u00fczenlemektedir.<\/p>\n
8. Bu itibarla 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 334. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenen adli yard\u0131m kurumundan ilke olarak ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer yararlanabilecek, t\u00fczel ki\u015filerden ise yaln\u0131zca kamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar adli yard\u0131m talebinde bulunabilecektir. Nitekim an\u0131lan maddenin gerek\u00e7esinde bu hususa a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a vurgu yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kanun koyucunun kamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerini adli yard\u0131m\u0131n kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rakmak suretiyle bu konuda kategorik bir yasak getirdi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B. \u0130tiraz\u0131n Gerek\u00e7esi<\/p>\n
9. Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; itiraz konusu kural kapsam\u0131nda \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerinin adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanamamalar\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fru bir amac\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kuraldan kaynaklanan bu s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n ki\u015filerin mahkemeye eri\u015fimini a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede zorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 hatta imk\u00e2ns\u0131z h\u00e2le getirdi\u011fi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kuralla adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndaki mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirildi\u011fi belirtilerek kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 36. maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
C. Anayasa\u2019ya Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k Sorunu<\/p>\n
1. F\u0131krada Yer Alan \u201cKamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar\u2026\u201d \u0130baresinin \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
10. 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesi uyar\u0131nca kural ilgisi nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
11. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n \u201cHak arama h\u00fcrriyeti\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 36. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cHerkes, me\u015fru vas\u0131ta ve yollardan faydalanmak suretiyle yarg\u0131 mercileri \u00f6n\u00fcnde davac\u0131 veya daval\u0131 olarak iddia ve savunma ile adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131na sahiptir.\u201d denilmektedir. An\u0131lan maddeyle g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, kendisi bir temel hak niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda di\u011fer temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerden gereken \u015fekilde yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan en etkili g\u00fcvencelerden biridir (AYM, E.2021\/9, K.2022\/4, 26\/1\/2022, \u00a7 28).<\/p>\n
12. Adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131n\u0131n temel unsurlar\u0131ndan biri mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131d\u0131r. Mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131, hukuki bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu konuda karar verme yetkisine sahip bir mahkeme \u00f6n\u00fcne g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesi hakk\u0131n\u0131 da kapsar. Ki\u015finin u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir haks\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa veya zarara kar\u015f\u0131 kendisini savunabilmesinin ya da maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 haks\u0131z bir uygulama veya i\u015fleme kar\u015f\u0131 hakl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcp kan\u0131tlayabilmesinin, zarar\u0131n\u0131 giderebilmesinin en etkili ve g\u00fcvenceli yolu yarg\u0131 mercileri \u00f6n\u00fcnde dava hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilmesidir (AYM, E.2021\/20, K.2022\/84, 30\/6\/2022, \u00a7 10).<\/p>\n
13. \u0130tiraz konusu kural, ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen adli yard\u0131m kurumundan t\u00fczel ki\u015filerden yaln\u0131zca kamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar\u0131n yararlanmalar\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131mak suretiyle bunlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerini kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kural kapsam\u0131nda kamuya yararl\u0131 vak\u0131f ve dernek d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fczel ki\u015filerden mali imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 yetersiz olanlar\u0131n iddia ve savunmada ya da icra takibinde bulunmalar\u0131n\u0131 veya ge\u00e7ici hukuki korunma talep etmelerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran adli yard\u0131m imk\u00e2n\u0131ndan mahrum edilmeleri suretiyle bu t\u00fczel ki\u015filer y\u00f6n\u00fcnden mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirilmektedir.<\/p>\n
14. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde \u201cTemel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetler, \u00f6zlerine dokunulmaks\u0131z\u0131n yaln\u0131zca Anayasan\u0131n ilgili maddelerinde belirtilen sebeplere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ve ancak kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, Anayasan\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne ve ruhuna, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin ve l\u00e2ik Cumhuriyetin gereklerine ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamaz.\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcne yer verilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n kanunla yap\u0131lmas\u0131, Anayasa\u2019da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlama sebebine ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesine uygun olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
15. Buna g\u00f6re mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik s\u0131n\u0131rlamalarda dikkate al\u0131nacak \u00f6ncelikli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct, s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n kanunla yap\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak Anayasa Mahkemesinin kararlar\u0131nda s\u0131k\u00e7a vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi temel haklar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan kanunun \u015feklen var olmas\u0131 yeterli olmay\u0131p yasal kurallar\u0131n keyf\u00eeli\u011fe izin vermeyecek \u015fekilde belirli, ula\u015f\u0131labilir ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir nitelikte olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
16. Esasen temel haklar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan kanunun bu niteliklere sahip olmas\u0131, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesinde g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nan hukuk devleti ilkesinin de bir gere\u011fidir. Hukuk devletinde kanuni d\u00fczenlemelerin hem ki\u015filer hem de idare y\u00f6n\u00fcnden herhangi bir duraksamaya ve ku\u015fkuya yer vermeyecek \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131k, net, anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r, uygulanabilir ve nesnel olmas\u0131, ayr\u0131ca kamu otoritelerinin keyf\u00ee uygulamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koruyucu \u00f6nlem i\u00e7ermesi gerekir. Kanunda bulunmas\u0131 gereken bu nitelikler hukuki g\u00fcvenli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da zorunludur. Zira bu ilke hukuk normlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir olmas\u0131n\u0131, ki\u015filerin t\u00fcm eylem ve i\u015flemlerinde devlete g\u00fcven duyabilmesini, devletin de yasal d\u00fczenlemelerinde bu g\u00fcven duygusunu zedeleyici y\u00f6ntemlerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 gerekli k\u0131lar (AYM, E.2015\/41, K.2017\/98, 4\/5\/2017, \u00a7\u00a7 153, 154). Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde s\u0131n\u0131rlama \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc olarak belirtilen kanunilik, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesinde g\u00fcvenceye al\u0131nan hukuk devleti ilkesi \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda yorumlanmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
17. Kuralda adli yard\u0131mdan yaralanacak \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerinin kapsam\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k ve net olarak belirlendi\u011fi g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde kuralla mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlamada kanunilik \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
18. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 36. maddesinde adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131 i\u00e7in herhangi bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama nedeni \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f olmakla birlikte \u00f6zel s\u0131n\u0131rlama nedeni \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f haklar\u0131n da o hakk\u0131n do\u011fas\u0131ndan kaynaklanan baz\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fka maddelerinde yer alan hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckler ile devlete y\u00fcklenen \u00f6devler, \u00f6zel s\u0131n\u0131rlama sebebi g\u00f6sterilmemi\u015f hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere s\u0131n\u0131r te\u015fkil edebilir (AYM, E.2023\/79, K.2024\/80, 14\/3\/2024, \u00a7 16). Ayr\u0131ca adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131, niteli\u011fi gere\u011fi devletin d\u00fczenleme yapmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektiren bir hakt\u0131r. Zira bu hakk\u0131n Anayasa\u2019da zikredilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 kendi ba\u015f\u0131na bir anlam ifade etmemekte, bireylerin bu haktan yararlanabilmesi i\u00e7in devletin en az\u0131ndan yarg\u0131 te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 kurmas\u0131 ve yarg\u0131lama usullerini belirlemesi gerekmektedir. Devletin d\u00fczenleme yetkisini haiz oldu\u011fu alanlarda belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde takdir yetkisine sahip oldu\u011funun kabul\u00fc gerekir. Bu sebeple adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar getirilirken kanun koyucuyu ba\u011flayan belli bir me\u015fru ama\u00e7lar listesi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ancak kanun koyucunun bu takdir yetkisinin Anayasa Mahkemesinin denetimine tabi oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r (Bekir S\u00f6zen [GK], B. No: 2016\/14586, 10\/11\/2022, \u00a7 74).<\/p>\n
19. Yarg\u0131 ve icra takip har\u00e7lar\u0131, yarg\u0131 ve icra faaliyetinden yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00f6denen katk\u0131 pay\u0131n\u0131 ifade etmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu har\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6deme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn getirilmesiyle b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilen bir kamu hizmeti olan yarg\u0131 ve icra hizmetlerinden yararlananlar\u0131n bunlar\u0131n maliyetinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131na katlanmas\u0131 hedeflenmektedir. \u00d6te yandan taraflar\u0131n har\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki di\u011fer yarg\u0131lama ve takip giderlerini avans ya da pe\u015fin olarak \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc k\u0131l\u0131nmalar\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131 ise yarg\u0131lama ve icra faaliyetleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda yap\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunlu giderlerin kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu giderlerin s\u00f6z konusu hizmetleri talep eden ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 i\u015fin do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fidir.<\/p>\n
20. Yarg\u0131lama ve takip masraflar\u0131n\u0131n abart\u0131l\u0131, zorlama veya ciddiyetten yoksun taleplerin disipline edilmesi ve gereksiz ba\u015fvurular\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilerek mahkemeler ve icra dairelerinin me\u015fgul edilmesinin \u00f6nlenmesi amac\u0131na hizmet etti\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Bu itibarla yarg\u0131 ve icra hizmetlerinden yararlanan ki\u015filere har\u00e7 ve di\u011fer yarg\u0131lama giderlerini \u00f6deme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc getirilmesinin me\u015fru bir amac\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
21. Genel olarak yarg\u0131lama ve takip masraflar\u0131na ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemelerde an\u0131lan me\u015fru amac\u0131n yan\u0131nda kuralla \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan getirilen kategorik yasa\u011f\u0131n me\u015fru amac\u0131n\u0131n bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131ca de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc yarg\u0131lama ve takip masraflar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip ki\u015filer y\u00f6n\u00fcnden s\u00f6z konusu me\u015fru amac\u0131n ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilirse de adli yard\u0131ma ihtiyac\u0131 oldu\u011funu iddia eden ki\u015filer y\u00f6n\u00fcnden farkl\u0131 bir de\u011ferlendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olabilir. Bununla birlikte kuralda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen kategorik yasa\u011f\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda kural\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ba\u011flam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken y\u00f6nleri de bulunmaktad\u0131r. Zira belirtilen istisnalar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerine adli yard\u0131m konusunda getirilen kategorik yasa\u011f\u0131n gerek\u00e7esinin ayn\u0131 zamanda kural\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirilmesinde de dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken bir olgu oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kuralda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen kategorik yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n me\u015fru amac\u0131n\u0131n bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck incelemesiyle birlikte de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
22. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde yer alan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesi ise elveri\u015flilik, gereklilik ve orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 alt ilkeden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Elveri\u015flilik \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n me\u015fru amac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131n\u0131, gereklilik ama\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n zorunlu olmas\u0131n\u0131 yani ayn\u0131 amaca daha hafif bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama arac\u0131 ile ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamas\u0131n\u0131, orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ise hakka getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlama ile ula\u015f\u0131lmak istenen ama\u00e7 aras\u0131nda makul bir dengenin g\u00f6zetilmesi gereklili\u011fini ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n
23. Genel olarak gereksiz ba\u015fvurular\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi suretiyle dava say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve mahkemelerin ve icra dairelerinin gereksiz yere me\u015fgul edilmeksizin uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n makul s\u00fcrede bitirilebilmesi amac\u0131yla belirli y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin kapsam\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek kanun koyucunun takdir yetkisi i\u00e7indedir. \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler dava a\u00e7may\u0131 ya da mahkeme h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn icras\u0131n\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z k\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a ya da a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede zorla\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131k\u00e7a mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemez (Serkan Acar, B. No: 2013\/1613, 2\/10\/2013, \u00a7 39).<\/p>\n
24. Ku\u015fkusuz kanun koyucunun adli yard\u0131m talebinden kimin yararlanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve buna ili\u015fkin \u015fartlar\u0131 belirlemede belirli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde takdir yetkisi bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ancak kanun koyucunun bu takdir yetkisini anayasal ilkelere ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak kullanmas\u0131 gerekir. Har\u00e7, yarg\u0131lama ve takip gideri olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen mali y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerle mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olabilmesi, ekonomik durumu bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131lamaya elveri\u015fli olmayan ki\u015filere belirli \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda muafiyet tan\u0131nmas\u0131yla m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. Nitekim kanun koyucu adli yard\u0131m kurumuyla \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fc olmayan ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer i\u00e7in s\u00f6z konusu mali y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011fe istisna getirmi\u015ftir. Ancak kuralla kamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ekonomik durumuna bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen kategorik yasa\u011f\u0131n objektif ve makul gerek\u00e7elerle ortaya konulmas\u0131 gerekir. S\u00f6z konusu gereklilik bu ki\u015filer a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n benimsenmesinde ve s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn belirlenmesinde zorunlu bir unsurdur (Kemta\u015f Tekstil \u0130n\u015faat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.\u015e. [GK], B. No: 2020\/22192, 17\/5\/2023, \u00a7 70).<\/p>\n
25. Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015fisi olan bir sermaye \u015firketinin idareye kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 tazminat davas\u0131nda adli yard\u0131m talebinin reddedilmesi \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bireysel ba\u015fvuruyu mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda incelemi\u015ftir. Anayasa Mahkemesi an\u0131lan kararda \u00f6ncelikle adli yard\u0131m talebinin kabul edilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli olan yarg\u0131lama veya takip giderlerini k\u0131smen veya tamamen \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yoksun olma \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn sadece ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli bir kavram olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, borca bat\u0131k durumda olan yani aktifleri bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamayan \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerinin de bu kapsamda de\u011ferlendirilebilece\u011fini, \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yoksunlu\u011fun ise finansal tablolardan, denetime tabi t\u00fczel ki\u015filer i\u00e7in denetim raporlar\u0131ndan, erken te\u015fhis komitesinin raporlar\u0131ndan, y\u00f6netim organ\u0131n\u0131n tespitlerinden objektif olarak belirlenebilece\u011fini ifade etmi\u015ftir (Kemta\u015f Tekstil \u0130n\u015faat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.\u015e., \u00a7 71).<\/p>\n
26. An\u0131lan kararda, hak ve fiil ehliyetine sahip olan t\u00fczel ki\u015filere hukuk d\u00fczeni taraf\u0131ndan bor\u00e7 ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, bunlara aktif ve pasif dava ehliyetine sahip olarak iddialar\u0131n\u0131 yarg\u0131sal merciler \u00f6n\u00fcnde dile getirme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla y\u00fcksek miktardaki yarg\u0131lama giderlerini \u00f6demekten aciz olan \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu durumun dava a\u00e7may\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rabilece\u011fi hatta imk\u00e2ns\u0131z h\u00e2le getirebilece\u011fi, \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yoksun bu ki\u015filer a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan mevzuatta adli yard\u0131m kurumu d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda dava a\u00e7malar\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rabilecek herhangi bir d\u00fczenlemenin ya da yarg\u0131sal uygulaman\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir (Kemta\u015f Tekstil \u0130n\u015faat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.\u015e., \u00a7 72).<\/p>\n
27. Anayasa Mahkemesi s\u00f6z konusu kararda hukuk d\u00fczenine g\u00f6re ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer gibi hak ve bor\u00e7lara ehil olan \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerinin -yarg\u0131lama masraflar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fc olmayanlar\u0131n- durumlar\u0131n\u0131n dikkate al\u0131narak s\u00f6z konusu masraflardan muaf tutulmalar\u0131n\u0131n nimet-k\u00fclfet dengesinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zorunlu oldu\u011funu, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kanundan kaynaklanan kategorik yasa\u011f\u0131n me\u015fru bir amac\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi ba\u015fvurucunun mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik m\u00fcdahalenin \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz oldu\u011fu sonucuna ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kemta\u015f Tekstil \u0130n\u015faat Sanayi ve Ticaret A.\u015e., \u00a7\u00a7 73, 74).<\/p>\n
28. Bu itibarla kural kapsam\u0131nda kamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerinin Kanun\u2019da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015fartlar olu\u015ftu\u011fu h\u00e2lde yaln\u0131zca t\u00fczel ki\u015fi olmalar\u0131 nedeniyle adli yard\u0131m kurumundan yararland\u0131r\u0131lmamalar\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fru amac\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi kuralla mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc oldu\u011fu da s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
29. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenle kural, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ptali gerekir.<\/p>\n
Muhterem \u0130NCE, \u00d6mer \u00c7INAR ve Metin KIRATLI bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2. Kural\u0131n Kalan K\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
30. 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 334. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda yer alan \u201cKamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar\u2026\u201d ibaresinin iptali nedeniyle an\u0131lan f\u0131kran\u0131n kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle s\u00f6z konusu k\u0131s\u0131m 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015f ve bu k\u0131s\u0131m y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019ya uygunluk denetiminin yap\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
IV. \u0130PTAL\u0130N D\u0130\u011eER KURALLARA ETK\u0130S\u0130<\/p>\n
31. 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun’un 43. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda kanunun, Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararnamesinin veya T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn belirli kurallar\u0131n\u0131n iptali, di\u011fer kurallar\u0131n\u0131n veya t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn uygulanmamas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furuyorsa bunlar\u0131n da Anayasa Mahkemesince iptaline karar verilebilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
32. 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 334. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda yer alan \u201cKamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar\u2026\u201d ibaresinin iptali nedeniyle uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 kalmayan an\u0131lan f\u0131kran\u0131n kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince iptali gerekir.<\/p>\n
V. \u0130PTAL KARARININ Y\u00dcR\u00dcRL\u00dc\u011eE G\u0130RECE\u011e\u0130 G\u00dcN SORUNU<\/p>\n
33. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 153. maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cKanun, Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararnamesi veya T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ya da bunlar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, iptal kararlar\u0131n\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazetede yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihte y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckten kalkar. Gereken hallerde Anayasa Mahkemesi iptal h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girece\u011fi tarihi ayr\u0131ca kararla\u015ft\u0131rabilir. Bu tarih, karar\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazetede yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnden ba\u015flayarak bir y\u0131l\u0131 ge\u00e7emez.\u201d denilmekte, 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 66. maddesinin (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda da bu kural tekrarlanmak suretiyle Anayasa Mahkemesinin gerekli g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00e2llerde Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnden ba\u015flayarak iptal karar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girece\u011fi tarihi bir y\u0131l\u0131 ge\u00e7memek \u00fczere ayr\u0131ca kararla\u015ft\u0131rabilece\u011fi belirtilmektedir.<\/p>\n
34. 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 334. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n iptal edilmesi nedeniyle do\u011facak hukuksal bo\u015fluk kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 ihlal edecek nitelikte g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 153. maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131yla 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 66. maddesinin (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince iptal h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn karar\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak dokuz ay sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
VI. H\u00dcK\u00dcM<\/p>\n
12\/1\/2011 tarihli ve 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 334. maddesinin;<\/p>\n
A. (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda yer alan \u201cKamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar,\u2026\u201d ibaresinin Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa ve \u0130PTAL\u0130NE, Muhterem \u0130NCE, \u00d6mer \u00c7INAR ile Metin KIRATLI\u2019n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131oylar\u0131 ve OY\u00c7OKLU\u011eUYLA, iptal h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 153. maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131 ile 30\/3\/2011 tarihli ve 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 66. maddesinin (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince KARARIN RESM\u00ce GAZETE\u2019DE YAYIMLANMASINDAN BA\u015eLAYARAK DOKUZ AY SONRA Y\u00dcR\u00dcRL\u00dc\u011eE G\u0130RMES\u0130NE OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE,<\/p>\n
B. (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince \u0130PTAL\u0130NE, iptal h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 153. maddesinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131 ile 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 66. maddesinin (3) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince KARARIN RESM\u00ce GAZETE\u2019DE YAYIMLANMASINDAN BA\u015eLAYARAK DOKUZ AY SONRA Y\u00dcR\u00dcRL\u00dc\u011eE G\u0130RMES\u0130NE OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE,<\/p>\n
24\/9\/2024 tarihinde karar verildi.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Basri BA\u011eCI<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Engin YILDIRIM<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Recai AKYEL<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Selahaddin MENTE\u015e<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u0130rfan F\u0130DAN<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Kenan YA\u015eAR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Muhterem \u0130NCE<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u00d6mer \u00c7INAR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Metin KIRATLI<\/p>\n
KAR\u015eI OY<\/p>\n
Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan HMK\u2019n\u0131n 334. Maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda kamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda di\u011fer \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerinin Kanunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen ko\u015fullar\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 halde adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanamamas\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fru bir amac\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esi ile s\u00f6z konusu f\u0131kran\u0131n Anayasan\u0131n 13. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve iptali gerekti\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015ftir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gerek\u00e7elerle \u00e7o\u011funluk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lm\u0131yoruz. \u015e\u00f6yle ki;<\/p>\n
Adl\u00ee yard\u0131m, yarg\u0131lama giderlerini k\u0131smen veya tamamen \u00f6deyemeyecek durumda olan ki\u015finin, bu giderlerden ge\u00e7ici olarak muaf tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir kurumdur. Adli yard\u0131m, Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu (HMK)\u2019nun 334. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Maddenin ilk f\u0131kras\u0131nda, kendisinin ve ailesinin ge\u00e7imini \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zor duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmeksizin, gereken yarg\u0131lama veya takip giderlerini k\u0131smen veya tamamen \u00f6deme g\u00fcc\u00fcnden yoksun olan kimselerin, iddia ve savunmalar\u0131nda, ge\u00e7ici hukuki korunma taleplerinde ve icra takibinde, taleplerinin a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a dayanaktan yoksun olmamas\u0131 kayd\u0131yla adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanabilecekleri d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Maddede yer alan \u201ckendisinin ve ailesinin\u201d ifadelerinden, bu f\u0131kra h\u00fckm\u00fcne g\u00f6re adli yard\u0131mdan sadece ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filerin yararlanabilece\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu maddenin 2. f\u0131kras\u0131nda kamuya yararl\u0131 dernekler ile vak\u0131flar\u0131n iddia ve savunmalar\u0131nda hakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fckleri ve mali a\u00e7\u0131dan zor duruma d\u00fc\u015fmeden gerekli giderleri k\u0131smen veya tamamen \u00f6deyemeyecek durumda olduklar\u0131 takdirde adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanabilecekleri \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. HMK\u2019n\u0131n 334.maddesi bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde, s\u00f6z konusu d\u00fczenlemedeki ko\u015fullar\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 halinde adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanabilecekler, sadece ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer, kamuya yararl\u0131 dernekler ve vak\u0131flar olmaktad\u0131r. Kamuya yararl\u0131 olmayan dernekler veya vak\u0131flar ile t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi haiz ticari \u015firketler ve di\u011fer \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri adli yard\u0131m talebinde bulunamazlar.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu (TTK) m. 125\/1\u2019de ticaret \u015firketlerinin t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi haiz oldu\u011fu ve kanundaki istisnalar sakl\u0131 olmak \u00fczere, TMK\u2019n\u0131n 48. maddesi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde t\u00fcm haklardan yararlanabilece\u011fi ve bor\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00fcstlenebilece\u011fi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Ticaret \u015firketlerinin adli yard\u0131m talebinde bulunup bulunamayacaklar\u0131 belirlenirken HMK\u2019n\u0131n 334. maddesi ile TTK\u2019n\u0131n 16. maddelerinin birlikte g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmas\u0131nda fayda vard\u0131r. TTK m. 16\/1\u2019e g\u00f6re, ticaret \u015firketleriyle, amac\u0131na varmak i\u00e7in ticari bir i\u015fletme i\u015fleten vak\u0131flar, dernekler ve kendi kurulu\u015f kanunlar\u0131 gere\u011fince \u00f6zel hukuk h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re y\u00f6netilmek veya ticari \u015fekilde i\u015fletilmek \u00fczere Devlet, il \u00f6zel idaresi, belediye ve k\u00f6y ile di\u011fer kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri taraf\u0131ndan kurulan kurum ve kurulu\u015flar da tacir say\u0131l\u0131rlar. Ayn\u0131 maddenin 2. f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise Devlet, il \u00f6zel idaresi, belediye ve k\u00f6y ile di\u011fer kamu t\u00fczel ki\u015fileri ile kamu yarar\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan dernekler ve gelirinin yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 kamu g\u00f6revi niteli\u011findeki i\u015flere harcayan vak\u0131flar\u0131n, bir ticari i\u015fletmeyi, ister do\u011frudan do\u011fruya ister kamu hukuku h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re y\u00f6netilen ve i\u015fletilen bir t\u00fczel ki\u015fi eliyle i\u015fletsinler, kendilerinin tacir say\u0131lmayacaklar\u0131 ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ticaret \u015firketlerinin adli yard\u0131m talebinde bulunup bulunamayacaklar\u0131 belirlenirken, kamu yarar\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan dernekler ile gelirinin yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 kamu g\u00f6revi niteli\u011findeki i\u015flere harcayan vak\u0131flar ile bu niteli\u011fi haiz olmayan dernekler ve vak\u0131flar aras\u0131nda bir ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131 zorunludur. \u00d6yle ki, kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 haiz dernek ve vak\u0131flar\u0131n ticari i\u015fletmelerini bir ticaret \u015firketi (t\u00fczel ki\u015fi) eliyle i\u015fletmeleri halinde bunlar tacir say\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131ndan, kamu yarar\u0131na \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan dernekler ve vak\u0131flar\u0131n adli yard\u0131m talebinde bulunabilmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn iken kamu yarar\u0131 niteli\u011fini haiz olmayan dernekler ile vak\u0131flar\u0131n adli yard\u0131m talebinde bulunmalar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olamayacakt\u0131r. Kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 haiz olmayan dernekler veya vak\u0131flar\u0131n adli yard\u0131m talebinde bulunmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011filken, amac\u0131n kamusal menfaatlerin korunmas\u0131 yerine ekonomik oldu\u011fu nazara al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ticaret \u015firketlerinin adli yard\u0131m talebinde bulunmalar\u0131 da evleviyetle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu uyar\u0131nca tacirlerin, tacir olmaya ba\u011flanan haklardan \u00f6rne\u011fin, kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olsa bile \u00fccret ve faiz isteyebilme, ticari i\u015f karinesinden faydalanma, sat\u0131\u015f ve mal de\u011fi\u015fimlerinde \u00f6zel h\u00fck\u00fcmlere tabi olma vb. yararlanabildikleri gibi tacir olmaktan kaynaklanan y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklere de katlanmalar\u0131 gerekir. Bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklere \u00f6rnek olarak, kural olarak \u00fccret veya s\u00f6zle\u015fme cezas\u0131n\u0131n indirilmesini talep edememe, iflasa tabi olma, basiretli bir i\u015f adam\u0131 gibi hareket etme, defter tutma vb. say\u0131labilir. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere tacir olmaya ba\u011flanan haklar\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra salt bu s\u0131fat\u0131 haiz olmaya ba\u011flanan baz\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler bulunmas\u0131 i\u015fin do\u011fas\u0131 ve kanun gere\u011fidir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda t\u00fczel ki\u015fi tacir, bu s\u0131fat\u0131 haiz olmayanlardan farkl\u0131 olarak \u00fccret veya s\u00f6zle\u015fme cezas\u0131n\u0131n indirilmesini talep edemedi\u011fi gibi adli yard\u0131m talebinde de bulunamaz. Kald\u0131 ki, tacir olmaya ba\u011flanan hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin tamam\u0131 TTK\u2019da d\u00fczenlenmemi\u015f, di\u011fer baz\u0131 kanunlarda da tacir olmaya ba\u011fl\u0131 hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklere yer verilmi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, tacirlerin yetki s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yapabilecek olmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin HMK\u2019n\u0131n 17. maddesi di\u011fer kanunlarda d\u00fczenlenen ve tacir olmaya ba\u011flanan bir hakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle, tacir s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 haiz ticari \u015firketler i\u00e7in, HMK\u2019n\u0131n 334. maddesinde adli yard\u0131m talebinin d\u00fczenlenmemi\u015f olmas\u0131, Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu\u2019na g\u00f6re, bir ticari i\u015fletmeyi k\u0131smen de olsa kendi ad\u0131na i\u015fleten ki\u015fi tacir say\u0131l\u0131r. Ticari i\u015fletmeden de s\u00f6z edilebilmesi i\u00e7in faaliyetlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve s\u00fcrekli bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi, esnaf faaliyeti i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen d\u00fczeyi a\u015fan miktarda gelir sa\u011flamay\u0131 hedef tutacak nitelikte olmas\u0131 gerekir. Buna g\u00f6re, kanun koyucunun bir ticari i\u015fletmenin i\u015fletilmesiyle tacir s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 kazanacak t\u00fczel ki\u015fi tacirin (ticaret \u015firketlerinin) adli yard\u0131m talebinde bulunamayacak olmas\u0131 varsay\u0131m\u0131ndan hareket etti\u011fi kabul edilmelidir. Kanun koyucunun bu varsay\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n temelinde ticaret \u015firketlerinin kamusal bir ama\u00e7tan ziyade ekonomik bir ama\u00e7la hareket etmeleri yatmaktad\u0131r. Nitekim kollektif \u015firketler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, TTK m. 211\/1, komandit \u015firketler i\u00e7in TTK m. 304\/1, anonim \u015firketler i\u00e7in TTK m. 331 ve Limited \u015firketler i\u00e7in TTK m.573\/3\u2019de \u015firketlerin ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O halde amac\u0131n kamusal menfaatlerin korunmas\u0131 yerine ekonomik oldu\u011fu ticaret \u015firketlerinde ticaret \u015firketlerinin adli yard\u0131m talebinde bulunmas\u0131nda ve bunlar\u0131n yarg\u0131lama giderlerinin kamunun \u00fczerinde b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131nda kamunun menfaatini koruyan me\u015fru bir ama\u00e7 bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar\u0131n hem ticari i\u015fletmeyi bir ticaret \u015firketi eliyle i\u015flettikleri takdirde dahi tacir s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 haiz olmamalar\u0131 hem de HMK 334\/2\u2019de sadece bu t\u00fcrden dernekler ile vak\u0131flar\u0131n adli yard\u0131m talep edebileceklerinin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kamuya yararl\u0131 dernek veya vak\u0131flar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki di\u011fer \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerinin adli yard\u0131m talep edebilmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. TTK m. 16\/2 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda tacir s\u0131fat\u0131 kamuya yararl\u0131 dernekler ve vak\u0131flara ait olmay\u0131p, bunlar\u0131n faaliyetlerini bir ticaret \u015firketi eliyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesi halinde bu ticaret \u015firketlerine ait olacakt\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla b\u00f6yle bir durumda kamuya yararl\u0131 dernek veya vak\u0131flar adli yard\u0131m talep edebilecek iken, i\u015flettikleri ticaret \u015firketlerinin adli yard\u0131m talebinde bulunabilmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Dernek ve vak\u0131flar\u0131n kamu yarar\u0131 niteli\u011fini haiz olabilmeleri i\u00e7in belirli ko\u015fullar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, mevzuatta aranan di\u011fer ko\u015fullar yan\u0131nda, derneklerin kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 haiz olmak i\u00e7in, sahip oldu\u011fu mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve y\u0131ll\u0131k gelirinin t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde belirtilen amac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecek d\u00fczeyde olmas\u0131, amac\u0131 ve ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi faaliyetlerin, \u00fcyelerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yerel, ulusal ve uluslararas\u0131 d\u00fczeyde toplumun ihtiya\u00e7 ve sorunlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler \u00fcretecek ve toplumsal geli\u015fmeye katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacak nitelikte olmas\u0131, y\u0131l i\u00e7inde elde etti\u011fi gelirin en az yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bu ama\u00e7la harcanmas\u0131 zorunludur. Vak\u0131flarda kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131n kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, di\u011fer ko\u015fullar yan\u0131nda, vak\u0131flar\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k, sosyal yard\u0131m, e\u011fitim, bilimsel ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve geli\u015ftirme, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve \u00e7evre koruma ile a\u011fa\u00e7land\u0131rma konular\u0131nda faaliyette bulunmay\u0131 ama\u00e7 edinmesi ve bu faaliyetlerinin kamuya a\u00e7\u0131k ve Devletin kamu hizmeti y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc azalt\u0131c\u0131 etki yapacak d\u00fczeyde olmas\u0131, belli bir y\u00f6re veya belli bir kitleye hizmeti ama\u00e7 edinmemesi gerekmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re, kanun koyucu, ticari \u015firketlerden farkl\u0131 olarak ekonomik (k\u00e2r) amac\u0131 g\u00fctmeyen kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 haiz dernek ve vak\u0131flar\u0131n, gelirlerini toplumun ihtiya\u00e7 ve sorunlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutarak, onlara sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 vergisel ve sair avantajlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda HMK\u2019n\u0131n 334. maddesinde belirli ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 da tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar\u0131n ama\u00e7 ve faaliyetleri nazara al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin tesis edilebilmesi\/korunabilmesi i\u00e7in kendilerine adli yard\u0131m sa\u011flanmas\u0131nda me\u015fru bir ama\u00e7 ve kamusal bir menfaat bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Avrupa \u00fclkelerine bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, t\u00fczel ki\u015filerin adl\u00ee yard\u0131mdan yararlan\u0131p yararlanamayaca\u011f\u0131 hususunda farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin;, Arnavutluk, Bosna Hersek, Bulgaristan, \u0130ngiltere, Galler, \u0130rlanda, \u0130talya, Letonya, L\u00fcksemburg, Malta, Moldova, Romanya ve S\u0131rbistan gibi \u00fclkelerde t\u00fczel ki\u015filer adl\u00ee yard\u0131mdan yararlanamaz. Fransa, Yunanistan, Portekiz ve \u0130spanya gibi \u00fclkelerde ise k\u00e2r amac\u0131 g\u00fctmeyen t\u00fczel ki\u015filerin adl\u00ee yard\u0131m hakk\u0131ndan yararlanabilece\u011fi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, Avusturya, Bel\u00e7ika, Estonya, Finlandiya, Almanya, Hollanda, Polonya, Rusya, \u0130svi\u00e7re ve Ukrayna gibi \u00fclkeler ticari \u015firketler de d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere t\u00fczel ki\u015filerin belirli ko\u015fullara sahip olmak kayd\u0131yla adl\u00ee yard\u0131ma ba\u015fvurabilece\u011fi kabul edilmektedir. (Bkz. Alper Tunga K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\/ Fatih Tahiro\u011flu, T\u00fczel Ki\u015filerin Adl\u00ee Yard\u0131mdan Yararlan\u0131p Yararlanamayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00dczerine D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler, Sakarya \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, 12(1) 2024, s.258).<\/p>\n
Nitekim Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi, DEB Deutsche Energiehandels- und Beratungsgesellschaft mbH v. Germany (bkz. https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=CELEX%3A62009CJ0279) karar\u0131nda, \u201c\u2026Bu ba\u011flamda, adli yard\u0131m sa\u011flanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin ko\u015fullar\u0131n, mahkemelere eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na y\u00f6nelik, bu hakk\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131 zedeleyen bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama olu\u015fturup olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmek ulusal mahkemenin g\u00f6revidir\u2026. Daha spesifik olarak ulusal mahkeme t\u00fczel ki\u015filerin durumlar\u0131n\u0131 dikkate alabilir. Mahkeme bu nedenle, di\u011ferlerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, s\u00f6z konusu t\u00fczel ki\u015finin t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ve k\u00e2r amac\u0131 g\u00fcden veya g\u00fctmeyen ki\u015filerden olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; ortaklar\u0131n veya hissedarlar\u0131n mali kapasitesini ve bu ortaklar\u0131n veya hissedarlar\u0131n yasal i\u015flemleri ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in gerekli mebla\u011flar\u0131 elde etme yetene\u011fini de\u011ferlendirebilir\u2026\u201d \u015feklinde i\u00e7tihatta bulunmu\u015ftur. S\u00f6z konusu kararda, 2003\/8\/EC say\u0131l\u0131 Konsey Direktif\u2019ine de yer verilmi\u015ftir. Direktif\u2019in 3\/1 maddesinde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filerin adli yard\u0131m talep edebilecekleri vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Direktif m.3\/1; Bu Direktif kapsam\u0131ndaki bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa dahil olan ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer, s\u00f6z konusu Direktifte belirtilen ko\u015fullara uygun olarak adalete etkin eri\u015fimlerini sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla uygun adli yard\u0131m alma hakk\u0131na sahip olacaklard\u0131r). G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere ticaret \u015firketleri gibi t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi haiz te\u015febb\u00fcslerin adli yard\u0131m talep edemeyecek olmalar\u0131 sadece T\u00fcrk hukukuna \u00f6zg\u00fc de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131da ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde belirtti\u011fimiz nedenlerle, \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerinden sadece kamuya yararl\u0131 derneklerin ve vak\u0131flar\u0131n adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanmalar\u0131nda me\u015fru bir ama\u00e7 s\u00f6z konusu olup, ticari \u015firketlere ve di\u011fer \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerine bu hakk\u0131n tan\u0131nmamas\u0131nda mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz bir m\u00fcdahale s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Bu nedenlerle HMK\u2019n\u0131n 334. maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n Anayasan\u0131n 13. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve iptali y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki \u00e7o\u011funluk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lm\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Muhterem \u0130NCE<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u00d6mer \u00c7INAR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Metin KIRATLI<\/p>\n
\u200bAnayasa Mahkemesi 24\/9\/2024 tarihinde E.2024\/78 numaral\u0131 dosyada, 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun 334. maddesinin (2) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda yer alan \u201cKamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar,\u2026\u201d ibaresinin Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa ve iptaline, iptal h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn karar\u0131n Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak dokuz ay sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesine karar vermi\u015ftir.\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0130tiraz Konusu Kural \u0130tiraz konusu kuralda, kamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar\u0131n iddia ve savunmalar\u0131nda hakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fckleri ve mali a\u00e7\u0131dan zor duruma d\u00fc\u015fmeden gerekli giderleri k\u0131smen veya tamamen \u00f6deyemeyecek durumda olduklar\u0131 takdirde adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanabilecekleri d\u00fczenlenmek suretiyle bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan t\u00fczel ki\u015filer kategorik olarak adli yard\u0131m imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ba\u015fvuru Gerek\u00e7esi Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; itiraz konusu kural kapsam\u0131nda \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerinin adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanamamalar\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fru bir amac\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kuraldan kaynaklanan bu s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n ki\u015filerin mahkemeye eri\u015fimini a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede zorla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 hatta imk\u00e2ns\u0131z h\u00e2le getirdi\u011fi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kuralla adil yarg\u0131lanma hakk\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndaki mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131na \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirildi\u011fi belirtilerek kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Mahkemenin De\u011ferlendirmesi \u0130tiraz konusu kural, ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen adli yard\u0131m kurumundan t\u00fczel ki\u015filerden yaln\u0131zca kamuya yararl\u0131 dernek ve vak\u0131flar\u0131n yararlanmalar\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131mak suretiyle bunlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015filerini kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rakmaktad\u0131r. Kamuya yararl\u0131 vak\u0131f ve dernek d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki t\u00fczel ki\u015filerden mali imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 yetersiz olanlar\u0131n iddia ve savunmada ya da icra takibinde bulunmalar\u0131n\u0131 veya ge\u00e7ici hukuki korunma talep etmelerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131ran adli yard\u0131m imk\u00e2n\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 bu t\u00fczel ki\u015filer y\u00f6n\u00fcnden mahkemeye eri\u015fim hakk\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r. Anayasa Mahkemesi, \u00f6zel hukuk t\u00fczel ki\u015fisi olan bir sermaye \u015firketinin idareye kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 tazminat davas\u0131nda adli yard\u0131m talebinin reddedilmesi \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bireysel ba\u015fvuruyu mahkemeye …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27,535],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16868","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber","category-uncategorized-tr"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n