Yarg\u0131tay 6. Hukuk Dairesi\u2019nin 13.01.2025 tarihli 2024\/3534 Esas, 2025\/15 Karar say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131<\/p>\n
T.C.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay<\/p>\n
6. Hukuk Dairesi<\/p>\n
2024\/3534 E., 2025\/15 K.<\/p>\n
\u201c\u0130\u00e7tihat Metni\u201d<\/p>\n
MAHKEMES\u0130 : Kayseri B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi 6. Hukuk Dairesi
\nSAYISI : 2024\/1750 E., 2024\/1903 K.
\nH\u00dcK\u00dcM\/KARAR : Esastan Ret
\n\u0130LK DERECE MAHKEMES\u0130 : Kayseri 2. Asliye Ticaret Mahkemesi
\nSAYISI : 2023\/1038 E., 2024\/588 K.<\/p>\n
1-Davac\u0131 vekili; kooperatifin \u00fcyesi olan davac\u0131ya konut tahsis edilmesine ra\u011fmen daval\u0131 kooperatifin borcundan dolay\u0131 tahsis edilen konutun sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, daval\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda davac\u0131ya 28.08.2007 tanzim, 29.10.2017 vade tarihli, 135.000,00 TL bedelli senet verildi\u011fini, senedin vadesinde \u00f6denmemesi \u00fczerine daval\u0131 aleyhine icra takibi ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, davac\u0131n\u0131n uzun s\u00fcren u\u011fra\u015flar sonucu alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 219.264,86 TL olarak tahsil etmi\u015f ise de bu parayla ev alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu sebeple de\u011fi\u015fen ekonomik ko\u015fullar gere\u011fi a\u015fk\u0131n zarar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fundan, a\u015fk\u0131n zarar\u0131n ticari avans faizi ile birlikte daval\u0131dan tahsiline karar verilmesini talep ve dava etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
2-Daval\u0131 vekili; daval\u0131 kooperatifin konut yap\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n devam etti\u011fini, davac\u0131ya tahsis edilen konutun m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, davac\u0131n\u0131n konuta ili\u015fkin \u00f6demelerini tam olarak yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daval\u0131n\u0131n bor\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bor\u00e7tan dolay\u0131 icra yoluyla sat\u0131lan daireden kaynakl\u0131 olarak davac\u0131n\u0131n a\u015fk\u0131n zarar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, davac\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcvekkili kooperatiften istifa etti\u011fini, istifa nedeniyle ancak \u00e7\u0131kma pay\u0131 alaca\u011f\u0131 talep edebilece\u011fini, m\u00fcvekkilinin icra bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00f6deme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, icra takip dosyas\u0131 borcunun t\u00fcm ferileriyle birlikte kapat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan davac\u0131n\u0131n a\u015fk\u0131n zarar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, davan\u0131n reddine karar verilmesini savunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
3-\u0130lk Derece Mahkemesince; davac\u0131n\u0131n, daval\u0131 kooperatif \u00fcyesiyken kendisine tahsis edilen dairenin icra yoluyla sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve dairenin yerine ge\u00e7mek \u00fczere kendisine 135.000,00 TL bedelli senedin anla\u015fma do\u011frultusunda verildi\u011fi, davac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan senedin yakla\u015f\u0131k alt\u0131 sene sonra tahsil edildi\u011fi, kooperatiften alaca\u011f\u0131 para ile konut alaca\u011f\u0131 hayaliyle ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131, uzun s\u00fcre alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahsil edemedi\u011finden bu hayalini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremedi\u011fi, bug\u00fcn tahsil edilen para ile ancak bir veya iki y\u0131ll\u0131k kira paras\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyebilece\u011fi beyan edilmi\u015fse de davac\u0131n\u0131n bu beyan\u0131yla genel anlamda enflasyon nedeniyle yoksun kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00e2r\u0131 talep etti\u011finin anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, somut olarak ge\u00e7 \u00f6demeden dolay\u0131 zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iddia ve ispat edilemedi\u011finden davan\u0131n reddine karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
4-\u0130lk Derece Mahkemesi karar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 davac\u0131 vekili taraf\u0131ndan istinaf yoluna ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Kayseri B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi 6. Hukuk Dairesince istinaf ba\u015fvurusunun esastan reddine karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
5-Bu karara kar\u015f\u0131 davac\u0131 vekili taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcresinde temyiz yoluna ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131 \u00fczerine dosya incelendi, gere\u011fi konu\u015fulup d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc:<\/p>\n
Dava, bonodan kaynaklanan alaca\u011f\u0131n vadesinde \u00f6denmemesi, bor\u00e7lunun temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fmesi nedeniyle u\u011fran\u0131lan a\u015fk\u0131n zarar (munzam zarar) alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tahsili istemine ili\u015fkindir.<\/p>\n
Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6ncelikle konuyla ilgili yasal d\u00fczenlemelerin ve kavramlar\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 gerekmektedir;<\/p>\n
Mevzuat H\u00fck\u00fcmleri:
\n818 say\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fclga Kanun\u2019un \u201cMunzam zarar\u201d kenar ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 105. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u201cAlacakl\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fc\u00e7ar oldu\u011fu zarar ge\u00e7mi\u015f g\u00fcnler faizinden fazla oldu\u011fu surette bor\u00e7lu kendisine hi\u00e7bir kusur isnat edilemeyece\u011fini ispat etmedik\u00e7e bu zarar\u0131 dahi tazmin ile m\u00fckelleftir.<\/p>\n
Bu munzam zarar derhal takdir olunabilirse hakim, esasa dair karar verir iken bu zarar\u0131n miktar\u0131n\u0131 dahi tayin edebilir.\u201d<\/p>\n
Bu Kanun\u2019u ilga eden 11\/01\/2011 tarihli ve 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun \u201cA\u015fk\u0131n zarar\u201d kenar ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 122. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u201cAlacakl\u0131, temerr\u00fct faizini a\u015fan bir zarara u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olursa, bor\u00e7lu kendisinin hi\u00e7bir kusuru bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispat etmedik\u00e7e, bu zarar\u0131 da gidermekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
Temerr\u00fct faizini a\u015fan zarar miktar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan davada belirlenebiliyorsa, davac\u0131n\u0131n istemi \u00fczerine h\u00e2kim, esas hakk\u0131nda karar verirken bu zarar\u0131n miktar\u0131na da h\u00fckmeder.\u201d<\/p>\n
6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun \u201cB. Bor\u00e7lunun temerr\u00fcd\u00fc I. Ko\u015fullar\u0131\u201d kenar ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 117. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u201cMuaccel bir borcun bor\u00e7lusu, alacakl\u0131n\u0131n ihtar\u0131yla temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fer.<\/p>\n
Borcun ifa edilece\u011fi g\u00fcn, birlikte belirlenmi\u015f veya s\u00f6zle\u015fmede sakl\u0131 tutulan bir hakka dayanarak taraflardan biri usul\u00fcne uygun bir bildirimde bulunmak suretiyle belirlemi\u015fse, bu g\u00fcn\u00fcn ge\u00e7mesiyle; haks\u0131z fiilde fiilin i\u015flendi\u011fi, sebepsiz zenginle\u015fmede ise zenginle\u015fmenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi tarihte bor\u00e7lu temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olur. Ancak sebepsiz zenginle\u015fenin iyiniyetli oldu\u011fu h\u00e2llerde temerr\u00fct i\u00e7in bildirim \u015fartt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n
4\/12\/1984 tarihli ve 3095 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanuni Faiz ve Temerr\u00fct Faizine \u0130li\u015fkin Kanun\u2019un \u201dTemerr\u00fct faizi\u201d kenar ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 2. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u201c(De\u011fi\u015fik : 15\/12\/1999 \u2013 4489\/2 md.) Bir miktar paran\u0131n \u00f6denmesinde temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fen bor\u00e7lu, s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile aksi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a, ge\u00e7mi\u015f g\u00fcnler i\u00e7in 1 inci maddede belirlenen orana g\u00f6re temerr\u00fct faizi \u00f6demeye mecburdur.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nceki y\u0131l\u0131n 31 Aral\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131sa vadeli avanslar i\u00e7in uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 faiz oran\u0131, yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan miktardan fazla ise, arada s\u00f6zle\u015fme olmasa bile ticari i\u015flerde temerr\u00fct faizi bu oran \u00fczerinden istenebilir. S\u00f6z konusu avans faiz oran\u0131, 30 Haziran g\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6nceki y\u0131l\u0131n 31 Aral\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fc uygulanan avans faiz oran\u0131ndan be\u015f puan veya daha \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 ise y\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda bu oran ge\u00e7erli olur.<\/p>\n
Temerr\u00fct faizi miktar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmede kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu hallerde, akdi faiz miktar\u0131 yukar\u0131daki f\u0131kralarda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen miktar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnde ise, temerr\u00fct faizi, akdi faiz miktar\u0131ndan az olamaz.\u201d<\/p>\n
6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun \u201cII-Zarar\u0131n ve kusurun ispat\u0131\u201d kenar ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 50. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u201cZarar g\u00f6ren, zarar\u0131n\u0131 ve zarar verenin kusurunu ispat y\u00fck\u00fc alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
U\u011fran\u0131lan zarar\u0131n miktar\u0131 tam olarak ispat edilemiyorsa h\u00e2kim, olaylar\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ve zarar g\u00f6renin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6nlemleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutarak, zarar\u0131n miktar\u0131n\u0131 hakkaniyete uygun olarak belirler.\u201d<\/p>\n
6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun \u201cIII-1. Belirlenmesi\u201d kenar ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 51. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u201cH\u00e2kim, tazminat\u0131n kapsam\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6denme bi\u00e7imini, durumun gere\u011fini ve \u00f6zellikle kusurun a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne alarak belirler.<\/p>\n
Tazminat\u0131n irat bi\u00e7iminde \u00f6denmesine h\u00fckmedilirse, bor\u00e7lu g\u00fcvence g\u00f6stermekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.\u201d<\/p>\n
6100 Say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu\u2019nun \u201c\u0130spat\u0131n Konusu\u201d kenar ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 187.maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u201c(1)\u0130spat\u0131n konusunu taraflar\u0131n \u00fczerinde anla\u015famad\u0131klar\u0131 ve uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde etkili olabilecek \u00e7eki\u015fmeli vak\u0131alar olu\u015fturur ve bu vak\u0131alar\u0131n ispat\u0131 i\u00e7in delil g\u00f6sterilir.<\/p>\n
(2) Herkes\u00e7e bilinen vak\u0131alarla, ikrar edilmi\u015f vak\u0131alar \u00e7eki\u015fmeli say\u0131lmaz.\u201d<\/p>\n
Bor\u00e7lar\u0131n \u0130fa Edilmemesinin Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 :
\nT\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun (TBK) 112-126. maddeleri aras\u0131nda, a\u015fk\u0131n zarar dahil, bor\u00e7lar\u0131n ifa edilmemesinin sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. A\u015fk\u0131n zarar, bor\u00e7lunun temerr\u00fcd\u00fcn\u00fcn bir sonucu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in temerr\u00fct h\u00fck\u00fcmleri a\u015fk\u0131n zarar\u0131n hesaplanmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkilemektedir. Kanun\u2019un 112. maddesinde borcun hi\u00e7 veya gere\u011fi gibi ifa edilmemesi halinde bor\u00e7lunun, kendisine hi\u00e7bir kusurun y\u00fcklenemeyece\u011fini ispat etmedik\u00e7e, alacakl\u0131n\u0131n bundan do\u011fan zarar\u0131n\u0131 gidermekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc oldu\u011fu h\u00fckm\u00fc bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bor\u00e7lunun Temerr\u00fcd\u00fc :
\nMunzam zarar\u0131n anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle temerr\u00fct faizinin hukuksal niteli\u011fi \u00fczerinde durulmas\u0131nda yarar vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bilindi\u011fi gibi temerr\u00fct faizi, bor\u00e7lunun para borcunu zaman\u0131nda \u00f6dememesi ve temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fmesi \u00fczerine 818 say\u0131l\u0131 BK\u2019n\u0131n 103. maddesi (6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu 120. madde) gere\u011fi kendili\u011finden i\u015flemeye ba\u015flayan ve temerr\u00fcd\u00fcn devam\u0131 s\u00fcresinde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren bir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olmas\u0131 itibariyle, zaman\u0131nda ifa etme olgusuyla do\u011frudan bir ba\u011flant\u0131 i\u00e7erisindedir. Bor\u00e7lu kusurlu olsun veya olmas\u0131n sonu\u00e7ta bor\u00e7 alacakl\u0131ya zaman\u0131nda \u00f6denmemi\u015f demektedir.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk hukukunda alacakl\u0131ya zarar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve miktar\u0131n\u0131 ve bor\u00e7lunun kusurunu ispat zorunda kalmaks\u0131z\u0131n temerr\u00fct faizini talep edebilme hakk\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca faiz y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fumu i\u00e7in bor\u00e7lunun al\u0131koydu\u011fu para miktar\u0131ndan yarar sa\u011flamas\u0131 \u015fart olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, bu yararlar\u0131n iadesi amac\u0131n\u0131 da ta\u015f\u0131maz.<\/p>\n
Di\u011fer taraftan temerr\u00fct faizi talep edebilmek i\u00e7in bor\u00e7lunun temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fmekte kusurlu olmas\u0131 \u015fart de\u011fildir. Bor\u00e7lu bu konuda kendisine hi\u00e7bir kusur y\u00fcklenemeyece\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrerek ve bunu kan\u0131tlayarak faiz \u00f6deme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden kurtulamaz.<\/p>\n
A\u015fk\u0131n Zarar (Munzam Zarar):
\nPara bor\u00e7lar\u0131nda bor\u00e7lunun temerr\u00fcd\u00fcn\u00fcn bir sonucu niteli\u011findeki munzam (a\u015fk\u0131n) zarar TBK. m. 122 (B.K.105) h\u00fckm\u00fcnde d\u00fczenlenmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu h\u00fckm\u00fcn ilk f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re, \u201cAlacakl\u0131, temerr\u00fct faizini a\u015fan bir zarara u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olursa, bor\u00e7lu kendisinin hi\u00e7bir kusuru bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispat etmedik\u00e7e, bu zarar\u0131 da gidermekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr\u201d. Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulu\u2019nun 10.11.1999 tarihli ve 1998\/13-353 E. 1999\/929K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131nda da vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere munzam zarar, sorumlulu\u011fu kusura dayanan bor\u00e7lu temerr\u00fcd\u00fcn\u00fcn hukuk\u00ee bir sonucudur ve alacakl\u0131n\u0131n zarar\u0131n\u0131n faizi a\u015fan b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr. Munzam zarar, bor\u00e7lu temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fmeden borcunu \u00f6demi\u015f olsayd\u0131, alacakl\u0131n\u0131n mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kazanaca\u011f\u0131 durum ile temerr\u00fct sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve olu\u015fan durum aras\u0131ndaki farkt\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir anlat\u0131mla temerr\u00fct faizini a\u015fan ve kusur sorumlulu\u011fu kurallar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 bir zarar \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlanabilir.<\/p>\n
MUNZAM ZARARIN TAZM\u0130N\u0130N\u0130N \u015eARTLARI:
\nYukar\u0131da anlat\u0131lanlardan anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, alacakl\u0131 temerr\u00fct faizini isteme hakk\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan avantajl\u0131 bir konuma sahiptir. Oysa, ayn\u0131 durum munzam zarar\u0131n tazminini isteme hakk\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir. Alacakl\u0131, ancak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan \u015fartlar\u0131n bir arada bulunmas\u0131 halinde bor\u00e7ludan munzam zarar\u0131n tazminini isteyebilir.<\/p>\n
A. Bir Para Borcunun Bulunmas\u0131
\nMunzam zarar\u0131n tazmininin istenebilmesi i\u00e7in borcun bir para borcu olmas\u0131 gerekir. Zira, munzam zarar\u0131n istenmesi her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bor\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan de\u011fil, sadece para bor\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Para borcunun kayna\u011f\u0131 ise \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir;<\/p>\n
Munzam zarar\u0131n tazmini sadece t\u00fcketim \u00f6d\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine m\u00fcnhas\u0131r de\u011fildir. Mesel\u00e2, s\u00f6zle\u015fme, haks\u0131z fiil, sebepsiz zenginle\u015fme veya vek\u00e2letsiz i\u015fg\u00f6rmeden do\u011fan para borcunda munzam zarar\u0131n tazmini s\u00f6z konusu olabilir. Bunun i\u00e7in her \u015feyden \u00f6nce bor\u00e7lunun temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
B. Bor\u00e7lunun Temerr\u00fcd\u00fc
\nT\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu 117. maddesi uyar\u0131nca daval\u0131 bor\u00e7lunun usul\u00fcne uygun olarak temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi gerekir. Bor\u00e7lu temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmemi\u015fse bor\u00e7lu hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lan icra takip tarihinde veya dava a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa dava tarihinde bor\u00e7lunun temerr\u00fcd\u00fc olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n
C. Munzam Zarar
\nMunzam zarar\u0131n tazmini i\u00e7in aranan \u015fartlardan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc zarard\u0131r. Nitekim, bu \u015fart \u201ctemerr\u00fct faizini a\u015fan bir zarara u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olursa\u201d ifadesi ile TBK. m. 122\/1 h\u00fckm\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmektedir. Ancak, s\u00f6z konusu h\u00fck\u00fcmde zarar\u0131n t\u00fcr\u00fc ve niteli\u011fi konusunda a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k yoktur. Bununla beraber munzam zarar da zarar teorisindeki genel esaslara uygun bi\u00e7imde anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
T\u00fcrk-\u0130svi\u00e7re Hukuku\u2019nda zarar daha ziyade dar anlamda, yani madd\u00ee zarar\u0131 ifade etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Eksilmenin malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 halinde madd\u00ee zarardan bahsedilir. Malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki eksilme, alacakl\u0131n\u0131n, zarar veren davran\u0131\u015ftan sonra malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n mevcut hali ile bu olay meydana gelmeseydi g\u00f6sterece\u011fi hal aras\u0131ndaki fark\u0131 ifade eder. Bu tan\u0131m \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde munzam zarar da bir t\u00fcr madd\u00ee zarard\u0131r. Bu zarar gerek doktrinde gerekse Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda (m\u00fcspet) olumlu zarar olarak nitelendirilmektedir. Munzam zarardan s\u00f6z edebilmek i\u00e7in temerr\u00fct faizini a\u015fan bir zarar\u0131n meydana gelmesi gerekir. \u015eu halde, munzam zarar hesaplan\u0131rken, bundan temerr\u00fct faizinin \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Munzam zarar \u00e7e\u015fitli tarzlarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilir. Alacakl\u0131, bor\u00e7lunun kendisine para borcunu \u00f6dememesi sonucunda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye olan borcunu ifa edemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve kendisinin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 temerr\u00fct faizinden daha y\u00fcksek bir temerr\u00fct faizini \u00f6demek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015f olabilir. Alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zaman\u0131nda tahsil edemeyen alacakl\u0131 \u015firket, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye olan ve vadesi gelmi\u015f borcunu \u00f6demek i\u00e7in ihtiyac\u0131 olan krediyi 3. ki\u015filerden sa\u011flamas\u0131 nedeniyle malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda meydana gelen eksilmeden dolay\u0131 da munzam zarar\u0131 olu\u015fabilir.<\/p>\n
D. Uygun \u0130lliyet Ba\u011f\u0131
\nMunzam zarar\u0131n tazmini i\u00e7in s\u00f6z konusu zararla bor\u00e7lunun temerr\u00fcd\u00fc aras\u0131nda uygun illiyet ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aran\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, alacakl\u0131n\u0131n temerr\u00fct faizini a\u015fan zarar\u0131 ile bor\u00e7lunun temerr\u00fcd\u00fc aras\u0131nda uygun illiyet ba\u011f\u0131 bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eayet alacakl\u0131n\u0131n u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia etti\u011fi zararla bor\u00e7lunun temerr\u00fcd\u00fc aras\u0131nda hi\u00e7bir illiyet ba\u011f\u0131 yoksa bor\u00e7lu munzam zarardan sorumlu tutulamaz, Alacakl\u0131n\u0131n u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131 munzam zarar objektif bir \u015fekilde genel hayat tecr\u00fcbelerine ve olaylar\u0131n normal ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6re bor\u00e7lunun temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n sonucu say\u0131labilirse bor\u00e7lu a\u015fk\u0131n zarardan sorumlu tutulur. Yani, bor\u00e7lunun temerr\u00fcd\u00fc b\u00f6yle bir zarara yol a\u00e7maya elveri\u015fli olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi takdirde, alacakl\u0131 munzam zarar\u0131n tazminini isteyemez.<\/p>\n
Genel esas, burada da ge\u00e7erlidir. Bu itibarla, munzam zarar ile fiil aras\u0131ndaki uygun illiyet ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n var oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steren t\u00fcm olgular\u0131 ispatlamas\u0131 gereken taraf davac\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, alacakl\u0131 uygun illiyet ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011funu ortaya koyan vak\u0131alar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n dayana\u011f\u0131 olan delilleri mahkemeye sunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
E. Kusur
\nBor\u00e7lunun temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fmesi veya temerr\u00fct faizi \u00f6demesi i\u00e7in kusur \u015fart de\u011fildir. Munzam zarar\u0131n tazmini ise temerr\u00fcd\u00fcn kusura ba\u011fl\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biridir. Ger\u00e7ekten de, kusur, munzam zarar istemi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan mutlaka bulunmas\u0131 gereken bir unsurdur. TBK. m. 122\/1 gere\u011fince \u201cbor\u00e7lu kendisinin hi\u00e7bir kusuru bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispat etmedik\u00e7e\u201d faizi a\u015fan zarar\u0131 da tazmin etmekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Kusurun derecesi ise sorumlulu\u011fun do\u011fmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli de\u011fildir; bor\u00e7lu her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kusurundan sorumludur. Bor\u00e7lu hafif ihmali sonucunda temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olsa bile temerr\u00fct sebebiyle do\u011fan ve faizle kar\u015f\u0131lanamayan munzam zarar\u0131 tazmin etmek zorunda kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n
TBK. m. 112 h\u00fckm\u00fcyle uyumlu olarak TBK. m. 122 h\u00fckm\u00fcnde de alacakl\u0131 yarar\u0131na bir kusur karinesi kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re, alacakl\u0131 bor\u00e7lunun temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fmekte kusurlu oldu\u011funu ispatla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc de\u011fildir; bor\u00e7lunun kusurlu oldu\u011fu varsay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bor\u00e7lunun sorumluluktan kurtulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kendisinin hi\u00e7bir kusurunun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispatlamas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
Bor\u00e7lu temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015fmekte kusursuz oldu\u011funu \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde ispatlayabilir. Mesel\u00e2, alacakl\u0131ya zaman\u0131nda ula\u015facak \u015fekilde g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi paran\u0131n kendi kusurundan kaynaklanmayan bir sebeple gecikti\u011fini ispatlayan bor\u00e7lu munzam zarar\u0131 tazmin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden kurtulabilir. Ayn\u0131 esas, alaca\u011f\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan haberdar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bunda bir kusurunun bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da \u00f6demeyi zaman\u0131nda yapmamas\u0131n\u0131n beklenilmeyen bir halden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispatlayan bor\u00e7lu i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n
MUNZAM ZARARIN \u0130SPATI:<\/p>\n
Munzam zarar\u0131n hesaplanmas\u0131nda somut ve soyut y\u00f6ntemler dikkate al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Somut y\u00f6ntemde; davac\u0131 alacakl\u0131n\u0131n munzam zarar kaleminin olu\u015ftu\u011funu somut bir bi\u00e7imde ispatlamas\u0131 gerekir. \u00d6rne\u011fin borcunu zaman\u0131nda tahsil edememesi nedeniyle kredi bor\u00e7lanmas\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veya 3. ki\u015filere borcunu zaman\u0131nda \u00f6deyememesi nedeniyle temerr\u00fcd faizi \u00f6dedi\u011fini, cezai \u015fart gibi \u00f6demelerde bulundu\u011funu, yine d\u00f6vizle yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bor\u00e7lanmadan dolay\u0131 borcunu zaman\u0131nda \u00f6deyememi\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle kur fark\u0131ndan kaynaklanan zarar\u0131 oldu\u011funu, \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc oldu\u011fu vergi, sosyal sigorta prim \u00f6demeleri gibi \u00f6demeleri zaman\u0131nda ifa edememesi nedeniyle gecikme faizi \u00f6demek zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iddia ederek bu zarar\u0131n\u0131 ispatlayabilir.<\/p>\n
Soyut y\u00f6ntemde; ya\u015fayan hayat\u0131n ger\u00e7ekleri ve deneyimlerinin zorunlu k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 herkes\u00e7e bilinen normal durumlar ile fiili karineler ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 6. maddesinde belirtilen genel kural\u0131n istisnalar\u0131 \u015feklinde ispat y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fc ortadan kald\u0131ran olgular, ispat hukuku a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan alacakl\u0131 lehine de\u011ferlendirilir. \u00dclkemizde seyreden hiper enflasyon nedeniyle bireyin paras\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferini sabit tutmak ve kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in \u00e7aba ve giri\u015fimlerde bulunmak, \u00f6rne\u011fin en az\u0131ndan vadeli mevduat, alt\u0131n, devlet tahvili, d\u00f6viz gibi yat\u0131r\u0131mlarda de\u011ferlendirmesi olaylar\u0131n normal ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na, hayat tecr\u00fcbesine uygun bir karine olarak kabul edilmesi zorunludur. Enflasyonist ortamda ya\u015fayan normal makul bir insan\u0131n paras\u0131n\u0131 at\u0131l bir bi\u00e7imde tutmayaca\u011f\u0131, gelir getirecek bir yat\u0131r\u0131ma yat\u0131raca\u011f\u0131 bilinen bir ger\u00e7ektir. 818 say\u0131l\u0131 Bor\u00e7lar Kanun\u2019un 232 (TBK 187, madde de belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere herkes\u00e7e bilinen vak\u0131alarla ikrar edilmi\u015f vak\u0131alar \u00e7eki\u015fmeli say\u0131lmaz). Yasal deyimle bu maruf ve me\u015fhur vak\u0131alar\u0131n ispat\u0131na gerek yoktur.<\/p>\n
Y\u00fcksek Enflasyon D\u00f6nemlerinde;<\/p>\n
S\u00fcrekli ve y\u00fcksek enflasyonun g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fclke ekonomilerinde para borcunun zaman\u0131nda \u00f6denmemesi halinde alacakl\u0131n\u0131n bor\u00e7luyu temerr\u00fcde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmesi, borcun ifas\u0131n\u0131n uzun s\u00fcre almas\u0131 nedeniyle alacakl\u0131 her zaman zarara u\u011frar. Bu zarar\u0131n baz\u0131 ispat kolayl\u0131klar\u0131 ile de olsa ispat edilmesi gerekir. Paran\u0131n de\u011fer kaybetmesi alacakl\u0131n\u0131n mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir eksilmeye yol a\u00e7mas\u0131 halinde alacakl\u0131n\u0131n zarar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu kabul edilmelidir.<\/p>\n
Normal Enflasyon D\u00f6neminde;<\/p>\n
Normal enflasyon d\u00f6nemlerinde temerr\u00fctten sonra ifa an\u0131na kadar paran\u0131n de\u011fer kaybetmesi kural olarak zarar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermez. Enflasyon \u00fclke ekonomisinde s\u00fcreklilik ve y\u00fckseklik arzetmiyorsa bu durumda alacakl\u0131n\u0131n somut olaylarla zarar\u0131n\u0131 ispatlamas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
20.10.1989 g\u00fcn ve 1988\/4 esas 1989\/3 karar say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u00e7tihat\u0131 Birle\u015ftirme B\u00fcy\u00fck Genel Kurulu karar\u0131nda \u201cpara her zaman kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn ve temett\u00fc meta oldu\u011fundan ge\u00e7 \u00f6denmesi halinde zarar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesindir.\u201d denilerek para borcunu \u00f6demekte geciken bor\u00e7lunun bu eyleminden dolay\u0131 alacakl\u0131n\u0131n zarar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011faca\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin bireysel ba\u015fvuru sonucunda vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu, 21.12.2017 g\u00fcn ve 2014\/2267 say\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015fvuru no.lu karar\u0131na konu uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kta, ba\u015fvurucunun m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndaki alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n enflasyon kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fer kayb\u0131na u\u011frat\u0131larak \u00f6dendi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ba\u015fvurucuya \u015fahsi ve ola\u011fan d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir k\u00fclfet y\u00fcklendi\u011fi, bu tespite ra\u011fmen derece mahkemelerinin ba\u015fvurucunun zarara u\u011frad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131ca ispatlamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki kat\u0131 yorumu nedeniyle somut olay bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kamu yarar\u0131 ile ba\u015fvurucunun m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 aras\u0131nda kurulmas\u0131 gereken adil dengenin ba\u015fvurucu aleyhine de\u011ferlendirilip m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihl\u00e2l edildi\u011fine ve yeniden yarg\u0131lama yap\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, hak ihl\u00e2line neden olmamak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle munzam zarar\u0131n somut delillerle kan\u0131tlanmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi uygulamas\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ilmi\u015f, geli\u015fen ekonomik ko\u015fullar, m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ile kamu yarar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki adil dengenin korunmas\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin ihl\u00e2l kararlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde tutularak enflasyon ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak d\u00f6viz kurlar\u0131, mevduat faizleri, devlet tahvilleri ve di\u011fer yat\u0131r\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n faiz oranlar\u0131 ile birlikte getirilerinin temerr\u00fct faizden fazla olmas\u0131 halinde munzam zarar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n karine olarak kabul edilmesi gerekti\u011fi benimsenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Yine Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin 2017-24810 ba\u015fvuru numaral\u0131 27.11. 2019 tarihli karar\u0131nda da ayn\u0131 ilkelere temas edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi\u2019nin 57031\/12 ba\u015fvuru no.lu Suna Denizci\/T\u00fcrkiye hakk\u0131nda verilen kararda da munzam zarar\u0131n talep edilebilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131da belirtilen kararlar uyar\u0131nca ki\u015finin mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda meydana gelen azalman\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n ihl\u00e2li niteli\u011finde oldu\u011fu munzam zarar ispat\u0131 konusunda kat\u0131 ispat kurallar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 kal\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ihl\u00e2l kararlar\u0131 verildi\u011fi ve tazminata h\u00fckmedildi\u011fi yine y\u00fcksek enflasyonist d\u00f6nemlerde bor\u00e7lunun borcunu \u00f6demeyerek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck temerr\u00fct faizinden yararlanarak haks\u0131z kazan\u00e7 elde etti\u011fi ve bor\u00e7lunun borcunu \u00f6dememesi, direngen durumda olmas\u0131 nedeniyle mahkemelerdeki dava say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zla artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu nedenle y\u00fcksek enflasyonist d\u00f6nemde soyut y\u00f6ntemin dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 t\u00fcm bu sak\u0131ncalar\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131racak, adaletin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r. Her somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelli\u011fi de dikkate al\u0131narak bulunulacak zarar miktar\u0131n\u0131n TBK\u2019nun 50 ve 51. maddeleri (m\u00fclga BK\u2019n\u0131n 42 ve 43 md) kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilerek belirlenmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Munzam zarar\u0131n hesap y\u00f6nteminde dikkate al\u0131nacak ekonomik veriler;<\/p>\n
1 . Her y\u0131l itibariyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen TEFE- T\u00dcFE, oran\u0131<\/p>\n
2. Bankalar\u0131n 3 ayl\u0131k ortalama vadeli mevduat faiz oranlar\u0131,<\/p>\n
3. Devlet tahvillerine verilen faiz oranlar\u0131<\/p>\n
4. D\u00f6viz kurlar\u0131ndaki Amerikan Dolar\u0131 ve Euro de\u011fi\u015fim oranlar\u0131<\/p>\n
5. Asgari \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131<\/p>\n
6. Alt\u0131n fiyatlar\u0131ndaki art\u0131\u015f<\/p>\n
Sepetteki bu verilerin ortalamas\u0131n\u0131n mahkemece zarar\u0131n hesaplanmas\u0131nda dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
ZAMANA\u015eIMI:<\/p>\n
Munzam zarar\u0131n tazmini davas\u0131 818 say\u0131l\u0131 BK\u2019n\u0131n 125 ve T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 146. maddesi uyar\u0131nca 10 senelik zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcresine tabidir. Zamana\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 tarihi ise alacakl\u0131n\u0131n alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131n tahsil edildi\u011fi tarihtir.<\/p>\n
Somut olayda, davac\u0131n\u0131n daval\u0131 kooperatifin \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu, kooperatif\u00e7e kendisine tahsis edilen konutun daval\u0131n\u0131n borcundan dolay\u0131 sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, daval\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan davac\u0131ya 28.08.2017 tanzim, 29.12.2017 vade tarihli senet verildi\u011fi, senedin vadesinde \u00f6denmedi\u011fi ve davac\u0131n\u0131n 08.02.2018 tarihinde icra takibine ge\u00e7ti\u011fi, davac\u0131n\u0131n icra takip sonucu alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 24.07.2023 tarihinde tahsil etti\u011fi, temerr\u00fct tarihi olan 29.12.2017 tarihinden alaca\u011f\u0131n tahsil edildi\u011fi 24.07.2023 tarihine kadar \u00fclkemizdeki enflasyon oranlar\u0131, yabanc\u0131 paran\u0131n de\u011fer art\u0131\u015f\u0131, alt\u0131n fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131\u015f\u0131, vadeli mevduat faiz oranlar\u0131, devlet tahviline verilen faiz oran\u0131, asgari \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131 gibi ekonomik g\u00f6stergeler yine o d\u00f6nem i\u00e7erisindeki yasal faiz oranlar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, davac\u0131 alacakl\u0131n\u0131n paras\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferini sabit tutmak ve kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir \u00e7abada bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n hayat\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na da uygun oldu\u011fu, en az\u0131ndan paran\u0131n de\u011fer kayb\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in d\u00f6viz, alt\u0131n, vadeli mevduat hesab\u0131, devlet tahvili gibi yat\u0131r\u0131mlara y\u00f6nelmesinin do\u011fal oldu\u011fu kanaatine var\u0131lmakla, davac\u0131 alacakl\u0131n\u0131n temerr\u00fct faiz oran\u0131 \u00fczerinde a\u015fk\u0131n zarar\u0131 (munzam) olu\u015ftu\u011funun kabul\u00fc gerekir.<\/p>\n
Mahkemece konusunda uzman bilirki\u015fi veya bilirki\u015fi kurulundan yukar\u0131da belirtilen ekonomik unsurlar dikkate al\u0131narak olu\u015fturulan sepet hesab\u0131na g\u00f6re davac\u0131 alacakl\u0131n\u0131n temerr\u00fct faizini a\u015fan bir zarara u\u011fray\u0131p u\u011framad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilerek, varsa bu zarar miktar\u0131ndan da davac\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan tahsil edilen temerr\u00fct faiz miktar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131larak, davac\u0131n\u0131n munzam zarar miktar\u0131 bulunup davac\u0131 alacakl\u0131n\u0131n a\u015fk\u0131n zarar\u0131n\u0131n (Munzam) tahsiline karar verilmesi gerekirken, davac\u0131n\u0131n somut olarak zarar\u0131n\u0131 ispatlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle davan\u0131n reddine karar verilmesi do\u011fru g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f, karar\u0131n bozulmas\u0131 gerekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
SONU\u00c7: Yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle \u0130lk Derece Mahkemesi karar\u0131 ile bu karara kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan istinaf ba\u015fvurusunun esastan reddine ili\u015fkin karar\u0131n usul ve yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle HMK\u2019n\u0131n 373\/1. maddesi gere\u011fince Kayseri B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi 6. Hukuk Dairesi karar\u0131 KALDIRILARAK; Kayseri 2. Asliye Ticaret Mahkemesi\u2019nin 07.06.2024 tarihli, 2023\/1038 Esas, 2024\/588 Karar say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131n BOZULMASINA, pe\u015fin al\u0131nan harc\u0131n istek halinde temyiz edene iadesine, dosyan\u0131n \u0130lk Derece Mahkemesine, karar\u0131n bir \u00f6rne\u011finin Kayseri B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi 6. Hukuk Dairesi g\u00f6nderilmesine, 13.01.2025 tarihinde oy birli\u011fi ile kesin olarak karar verildi.<\/p>\n
\u200bDavac\u0131 alacakl\u0131n\u0131n paras\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferini sabit tutmak ve kazan\u00e7 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in bir \u00e7abada bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n hayat\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na da uygun oldu\u011fu, en az\u0131ndan paran\u0131n de\u011fer kayb\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in d\u00f6viz, alt\u0131n, vadeli mevduat hesab\u0131, devlet tahvili gibi yat\u0131r\u0131mlara y\u00f6nelmesinin do\u011fal oldu\u011fu kanaatine var\u0131lmakla, davac\u0131 alacakl\u0131n\u0131n temerr\u00fct faiz oran\u0131 \u00fczerinde a\u015fk\u0131n zarar\u0131 (munzam) olu\u015ftu\u011funun kabul\u00fc gerekir.\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Yarg\u0131tay 6. Hukuk Dairesi\u2019nin 13.01.2025 tarihli 2024\/3534 Esas, 2025\/15 Karar say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 T.C. Yarg\u0131tay 6. Hukuk Dairesi 2024\/3534 E., 2025\/15 K. \u201c\u0130\u00e7tihat Metni\u201d MAHKEMES\u0130 : Kayseri B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi 6. Hukuk Dairesi SAYISI : 2024\/1750 E., 2024\/1903 K. H\u00dcK\u00dcM\/KARAR : Esastan Ret \u0130LK DERECE MAHKEMES\u0130 : Kayseri 2. Asliye Ticaret Mahkemesi SAYISI : 2023\/1038 E., 2024\/588 K. 1-Davac\u0131 vekili; kooperatifin \u00fcyesi olan davac\u0131ya konut tahsis edilmesine ra\u011fmen daval\u0131 kooperatifin borcundan dolay\u0131 tahsis edilen konutun sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, daval\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bunun kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda davac\u0131ya 28.08.2007 tanzim, 29.10.2017 vade tarihli, 135.000,00 TL bedelli senet verildi\u011fini, senedin vadesinde \u00f6denmemesi \u00fczerine daval\u0131 aleyhine icra takibi ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, davac\u0131n\u0131n uzun s\u00fcren u\u011fra\u015flar sonucu alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 219.264,86 TL olarak tahsil etmi\u015f ise de bu parayla ev alamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu sebeple de\u011fi\u015fen ekonomik ko\u015fullar gere\u011fi a\u015fk\u0131n zarar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fundan, a\u015fk\u0131n zarar\u0131n ticari avans faizi ile birlikte daval\u0131dan tahsiline karar verilmesini talep ve dava etmi\u015ftir. 2-Daval\u0131 vekili; daval\u0131 kooperatifin konut yap\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n devam etti\u011fini, davac\u0131ya tahsis edilen konutun m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, davac\u0131n\u0131n konuta ili\u015fkin \u00f6demelerini tam olarak yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan daval\u0131n\u0131n bor\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bor\u00e7tan dolay\u0131 icra yoluyla sat\u0131lan daireden kaynakl\u0131 olarak davac\u0131n\u0131n a\u015fk\u0131n zarar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, davac\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcvekkili kooperatiften istifa etti\u011fini, istifa nedeniyle ancak \u00e7\u0131kma pay\u0131 alaca\u011f\u0131 talep edebilece\u011fini, m\u00fcvekkilinin icra bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u00f6deme yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, icra takip dosyas\u0131 borcunun t\u00fcm …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-90626","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n