\u00d6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131, di\u011fer bir ad\u0131yla \u015fufa hakk\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131nmaz m\u00fclkiyetine ili\u015fkin olarak T\u00fcrk Medeni Hukuku\u2019nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, \u00f6zellikle payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinde ortaklar aras\u0131ndaki dengeyi korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bir kanuni al\u0131m hakk\u0131d\u0131r. Payda\u015flardan birinin ta\u015f\u0131nmaz \u00fczerindeki hissesini \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015fiye satmak istemesi halinde di\u011fer payda\u015flara ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullarla s\u00f6z konusu hisseyi sat\u0131n alma imkan\u0131 tan\u0131yan bu hak; ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ekonomik b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve payda\u015flar aras\u0131ndaki ortakl\u0131k ili\u015fkisini koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131, T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 732. ve devam\u0131 maddelerinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyetin kurulmas\u0131yla do\u011fan ve pay\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere sat\u0131\u015f\u0131yla kullan\u0131labilir hale gelen bu hak, yenilik do\u011furucu hak niteli\u011findedir. Payda\u015flardan birinin \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131, sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n kendisine bildirildi\u011fi tarihten itibaren \u00fc\u00e7 ay ve her halde sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00fczerinden iki y\u0131l ge\u00e7mekle sona erer. Bu s\u00fcreler hak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u00fcre niteli\u011findedir ve mahkemece resen dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u015eufa hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131labilmesi belirli \u015fekil ve \u015fartlara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu ve Yarg\u0131tay \u0130\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda bu \u015fartlar \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralanabilir:<\/p>\n
a. Payl\u0131 M\u00fclkiyetin Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131: \u00d6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 yaln\u0131zca payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinde ge\u00e7erli olmakla beraber kat irtifak\u0131 veya kat m\u00fclkiyetine tabi ta\u015f\u0131nmazlarda kullan\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n
b. Ge\u00e7erli Bir Sat\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015flemi: \u015eufa hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131labilmesi, ger\u00e7ek ve resmi \u015fekilde tapuda tescil edilmi\u015f bir sat\u0131\u015f i\u015flemine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f, trampa, miras intikali gibi i\u015flemlerde \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n
c. Pay\u0131n \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ki\u015fiye Sat\u0131lmas\u0131: \u00d6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in payda\u015flardan birinin, hissesini payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015fiye satm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir. Yani hissenin ba\u015fka bir payda\u015fa sat\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda di\u011fer payda\u015flar i\u00e7in bir \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 do\u011fmaz.<\/p>\n
d. Hakk\u0131n S\u00fcresi \u0130\u00e7inde Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131: Payda\u015flar, sat\u0131\u015f i\u015flemini ve al\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendikleri tarihten itibaren \u00fc\u00e7 ay ve azami iki y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcreden sonra \u00f6nal\u0131m haklar\u0131n\u0131 kaybederler.<\/p>\n
e. Hakk\u0131n Al\u0131c\u0131ya Kar\u015f\u0131 Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131: \u015eufa hakk\u0131 yaln\u0131zca payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyete tabi ta\u015f\u0131nmazdaki pay\u0131 sat\u0131n alan al\u0131c\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131labilir, pay\u0131n\u0131 satan payda\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclemez.<\/p>\n
\u00d6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 ve kanundan do\u011fan \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131, taraflar aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile kurulur. Belirli bir mal\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere sat\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde, mal\u0131 \u00f6ncelikle sat\u0131n alma hakk\u0131 bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile elde edilir. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 \u015fahsi bir hak olup \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 tapuya \u015ferh verilmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu hak aksi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a devredilemez, miras\u00e7\u0131lara ge\u00e7mez ve belirli bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mal\u0131n sat\u0131lmas\u0131 ile kullan\u0131labilir hale gelir. Ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n sat\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 sahibi, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131 alacak \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131, ayn\u0131 \u015fartlarla mal\u0131 kendi ad\u0131na sat\u0131n alma talebinde bulunabilir. Bu hususa ili\u015fkin olarak Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulu\u2019nun 2013\/494 E., 2014\/153 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Karardaki \u201cBu nitelikteki bir \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fabilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle bir \u00f6nal\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ile mal sahibi m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 ileri bir tarihte devir borcu alt\u0131na girmi\u015f olur. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n onal\u0131m alacakl\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n onal\u0131m akdine konu edilen mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin kendisine devir edilmesini isteme hakk\u0131 do\u011far. S\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 \u015fahsi bir hakt\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin taraf\u0131 olanlar i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcm ifade eder. Ayni bir hak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi ayn\u0131 zamanda nispi bir hakt\u0131r. \u00d6nal\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin tapuya \u015ferh edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 \u015fahsi nitelik ta\u015f\u0131yan hakka ayni hak vasf\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131r\u0131r. \u015eerh bu hakk\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir ve herkese kar\u015f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir hale getirir. Hakk\u0131n tapuya \u015ferh edilmesi mal sahibinin ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n\u0131 satmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemez. \u00d6nal\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi tapu siciline tescil edildikten sonra mal sahibi ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye satarsa o takdirde alacakl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fi hakk\u0131nda da onal\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilir.\u201d ifadeleri s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7tihadi tan\u0131m\u0131 niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n
TBK m. 242 ile \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim \u201cS\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanmak isteyen hak sahibi, bu hak \u015ferh edilmi\u015f ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti al\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131na tescil edilmi\u015fse al\u0131c\u0131ya; aksi takdirde sat\u0131c\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131, sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n veya ekonomik bak\u0131mdan sat\u0131\u015fa e\u015fde\u011fer ba\u015fka bir i\u015flemin kendisine bildirildi\u011fi tarihten ba\u015flayarak \u00fc\u00e7 ay ve her h\u00e2lde sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak iki y\u0131l i\u00e7inde dava a\u00e7mak zorundad\u0131r.\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc amir bu maddede, \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131n dava yolu ile kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u015eufa davas\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yer asliye hukuk mahkemesinde a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u015fufa hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanmak istedi\u011fini beyan eden davac\u0131, sat\u0131m bedelinin \u00f6denmeye haz\u0131r oldu\u011funu belirtir ve sat\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 aynen kabul eder, Mahkeme, sat\u0131m i\u015fleminin ge\u00e7erli ve usul\u00fcne uygun oldu\u011funu tespit ederse, \u015fufa hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na h\u00fckmeder. Bu durumda, sat\u0131\u015f bedelinin \u00f6denmesi \u015fart\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n pay\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiden al\u0131n\u0131p davac\u0131ya ge\u00e7irilir. H\u00fckm\u00fcn kesinle\u015fmesinden sonra, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz \u00fczerindeki m\u00fclkiyet de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi tapu siciline i\u015flenir.<\/p>\n
\u015eufa davalar\u0131nda karar in\u015fai niteliktedir. Zira bu davalarda hakimin verece\u011fi karar ile \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 sahibi ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fi aras\u0131nda yeni bir sat\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkisi do\u011far. Hakimin \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 davas\u0131 sonucunda verece\u011fi karar, m\u00fclkiyetin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiden \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 sahibine ge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flar. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle \u015fufa davas\u0131 m\u00fclkiyeti ge\u00e7iren davalardand\u0131r. \u015eufa davalar\u0131n\u0131n sonucunda, \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 sahibinin tapuya tescil yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etme hakk\u0131 do\u011far. Hakimin karar\u0131 ile m\u00fclkiyet halihaz\u0131rda ge\u00e7mi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131ndan bu tescil kurucu nitelikte de\u011fil, bildirici niteliktedir. Fakat bu sonucun do\u011fabilmesi de yine karar\u0131n kesinle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131n etkili bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131labilmesi, hukuken \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015fekil ve s\u00fcre \u015fartlar\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Uygulamada kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan noter bildiriminin yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 veya ge\u00e7 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi baz\u0131 \u015fekli eksiklikler, \u015fufa hakk\u0131n\u0131 fiilen kullan\u0131lamaz h\u00e2le getirmektedir. Bu durum, hakk\u0131n tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; ayn\u0131 zamanda hakk\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik etkin ve eri\u015filebilir bir altyap\u0131ya da ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
Nitekim, \u015fufa davalar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131labilen bir di\u011fer sorun da sat\u0131\u015f i\u015flemlerinin muvazaal\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesidir. Sat\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6sterilen devir i\u015flemlerinin asl\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131\u015f veya bor\u00e7 tasfiyesi gibi farkl\u0131 hukuki i\u015flemleri gizleme amac\u0131 ile yap\u0131lmas\u0131, hakk\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc zedelemektedir. Bu noktada yarg\u0131n\u0131n, muvazaa tespitine ili\u015fkin yerle\u015fik i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. \u00d6nal\u0131m davas\u0131nda muvazaa iddias\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir olaya ili\u015fkin olarak Yarg\u0131tay 3. Hukuk Dairesi 2015\/9329 E. 2016\/6885 K. Say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 \u201cSomut olayda; daval\u0131 yasal hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak \u015fufa davas\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, \u015fufa davas\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda mahkeme taraflar\u0131n ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bedelde muvazaa ve fiili taksim iddialar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmak durumunda kalm\u0131\u015f, daval\u0131 \u00f6n al\u0131m bedelini mahkemece verilen s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde mahkeme veznesine depo ederek \u00f6demi\u015ftir. Daval\u0131n\u0131n \u015fufa davas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 16\/05\/2011 tarihi ile mahkeme karar\u0131n\u0131n kesinle\u015fti\u011fi 08\/05\/2014 tarihine kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde yarg\u0131laman\u0131n uzamas\u0131na neden olacak hi\u00e7 bir kusuru da yoktur. Di\u011fer anlat\u0131m ile somut olayda sebepsiz zenginle\u015fmenin ko\u015fullar\u0131 olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dairemizin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc bu y\u00f6ndedir. (3.H.D. 2015\/7480 E\u20132015\/15720 K.say\u0131l\u0131 ve 14\/10\/2015 tarihli karar\u0131). Mahkemece, an\u0131lan nedenler ile davan\u0131n reddine karar verilmesi gerekirken, yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde davan\u0131n kabul\u00fcne karar verilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 usul ve yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olup, bozma nedenidir. SONU\u00c7: Yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan esaslar g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmaks\u0131z\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde h\u00fck\u00fcm tesisi isabetsiz, temyiz itirazlar\u0131 bu nedenlerle yerinde oldu\u011fundan kabul\u00fc ile h\u00fckm\u00fcn HUMK.nun 428.maddesi gere\u011fince BOZULMASINA ve pe\u015fin al\u0131nan temyiz harc\u0131n\u0131n istek halinde temyiz edene iadesine, 02.05.2016 tarihinde oybirli\u011fiyle karar verildi.\u201d \u015feklindedir. Bu kararda da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere mahkemenin muvazaa iddialar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, \u015fufa davalar\u0131nda \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 ihlalinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilmektedir. Bu tutum hem bireysel m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131n\u0131 hem de ta\u015f\u0131nmaz hukukunun genel ilkelerini dengeleyen bir tutumdur. Ancak bu dengenin korunabilmesi sadece kanuni \u00e7er\u00e7evenin de\u011fil, uygulamaya ili\u015fkin ara\u00e7lar\u0131n ve yarg\u0131sal i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n da e\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc \u015fekilde geli\u015ftirilmesi ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7 olarak m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, ortakl\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz al\u0131m-sat\u0131mlar\u0131nda istikrarl\u0131 bir g\u00fcven ortam\u0131 sa\u011flanmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6neme sahip olan \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131, hukuki g\u00fcvenli\u011fin de teminidir. Bu sebeple hem kanun koyucu hem de uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar bu hakk\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 konusunda hassasiyet g\u00f6stermelidir. Gelecekte, bu hakk\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6nelik daha detayl\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelere ihtiya\u00e7 duyulabilece\u011fi kanaatindeyiz.<\/p>\n
Av. F\u0131rat ACAR<\/p>\n
Ferhat \u00c7ALI\u015eKAN (E) Huk. Bnb.<\/p>\n
Stj. Av. Esma PAMUK<\/p>\n
\u200b\u00d6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131, di\u011fer bir ad\u0131yla \u015fufa hakk\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131nmaz m\u00fclkiyetine ili\u015fkin olarak T\u00fcrk Medeni Hukuku\u2019nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, \u00f6zellikle payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinde ortaklar aras\u0131ndaki dengeyi korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bir kanuni al\u0131m hakk\u0131d\u0131r. Payda\u015flardan birinin ta\u015f\u0131nmaz \u00fczerindeki hissesini \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015fiye satmak istemesi halinde di\u011fer payda\u015flara ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullarla s\u00f6z konusu hisseyi sat\u0131n alma imkan\u0131 tan\u0131yan bu hak; ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ekonomik b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve payda\u015flar aras\u0131ndaki ortakl\u0131k ili\u015fkisini koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131, T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 732. ve devam\u0131 maddelerinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyetin kurulmas\u0131yla do\u011fan ve pay\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere sat\u0131\u015f\u0131yla kullan\u0131labilir hale gelen bu hak, yenilik do\u011furucu hak niteli\u011findedir. Payda\u015flardan birinin \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131, sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n kendisine bildirildi\u011fi tarihten itibaren \u00fc\u00e7 ay ve her halde sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00fczerinden iki y\u0131l ge\u00e7mekle sona erer. Bu s\u00fcreler hak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u00fcre niteli\u011findedir ve mahkemece resen dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u015eufa hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131labilmesi belirli \u015fekil ve \u015fartlara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu ve Yarg\u0131tay \u0130\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda bu \u015fartlar \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralanabilir:<\/p>\n
a. Payl\u0131 M\u00fclkiyetin Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131: \u00d6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 yaln\u0131zca payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinde ge\u00e7erli olmakla beraber kat irtifak\u0131 veya kat m\u00fclkiyetine tabi ta\u015f\u0131nmazlarda kullan\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n
b. Ge\u00e7erli Bir Sat\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015flemi: \u015eufa hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131labilmesi, ger\u00e7ek ve resmi \u015fekilde tapuda tescil edilmi\u015f bir sat\u0131\u015f i\u015flemine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f, trampa, miras intikali gibi i\u015flemlerde \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131lamaz.<\/p>\n
c. Pay\u0131n \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ki\u015fiye Sat\u0131lmas\u0131: \u00d6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in payda\u015flardan birinin, hissesini payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015fiye satm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 gerekir. Yani hissenin ba\u015fka bir payda\u015fa sat\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda di\u011fer payda\u015flar i\u00e7in bir \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 do\u011fmaz.<\/p>\n
d. Hakk\u0131n S\u00fcresi \u0130\u00e7inde Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131: Payda\u015flar, sat\u0131\u015f i\u015flemini ve al\u0131c\u0131y\u0131 \u00f6\u011frendikleri tarihten itibaren \u00fc\u00e7 ay ve azami iki y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcreden sonra \u00f6nal\u0131m haklar\u0131n\u0131 kaybederler.<\/p>\n
e. Hakk\u0131n Al\u0131c\u0131ya Kar\u015f\u0131 Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131: \u015eufa hakk\u0131 yaln\u0131zca payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyete tabi ta\u015f\u0131nmazdaki pay\u0131 sat\u0131n alan al\u0131c\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131labilir, pay\u0131n\u0131 satan payda\u015fa kar\u015f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclemez.<\/p>\n
\u00d6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 kayna\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 ve kanundan do\u011fan \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131, taraflar aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile kurulur. Belirli bir mal\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere sat\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde, mal\u0131 \u00f6ncelikle sat\u0131n alma hakk\u0131 bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile elde edilir. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 \u015fahsi bir hak olup \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 tapuya \u015ferh verilmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Bu hak aksi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmad\u0131k\u00e7a devredilemez, miras\u00e7\u0131lara ge\u00e7mez ve belirli bir ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mal\u0131n sat\u0131lmas\u0131 ile kullan\u0131labilir hale gelir. Ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n sat\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 sahibi, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131 alacak \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye kar\u015f\u0131, ayn\u0131 \u015fartlarla mal\u0131 kendi ad\u0131na sat\u0131n alma talebinde bulunabilir. Bu hususa ili\u015fkin olarak Yarg\u0131tay Hukuk Genel Kurulu\u2019nun 2013\/494 E., 2014\/153 K. say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Karardaki \u201cBu nitelikteki bir \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fabilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle bir \u00f6nal\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir. Bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ile mal sahibi m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 ileri bir tarihte devir borcu alt\u0131na girmi\u015f olur. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n onal\u0131m alacakl\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n onal\u0131m akdine konu edilen mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin kendisine devir edilmesini isteme hakk\u0131 do\u011far. S\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 \u015fahsi bir hakt\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin taraf\u0131 olanlar i\u00e7in h\u00fck\u00fcm ifade eder. Ayni bir hak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi ayn\u0131 zamanda nispi bir hakt\u0131r. \u00d6nal\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin tapuya \u015ferh edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 \u015fahsi nitelik ta\u015f\u0131yan hakka ayni hak vasf\u0131n\u0131 kazand\u0131r\u0131r. \u015eerh bu hakk\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir ve herkese kar\u015f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclebilir hale getirir. Hakk\u0131n tapuya \u015ferh edilmesi mal sahibinin ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n\u0131 satmas\u0131n\u0131 engellemez. \u00d6nal\u0131m s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi tapu siciline tescil edildikten sonra mal sahibi ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye satarsa o takdirde alacakl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fi hakk\u0131nda da onal\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanabilir.\u201d ifadeleri s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7tihadi tan\u0131m\u0131 niteli\u011findedir.<\/p>\n
TBK m. 242 ile \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim \u201cS\u00f6zle\u015fmeden do\u011fan \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanmak isteyen hak sahibi, bu hak \u015ferh edilmi\u015f ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti al\u0131c\u0131 ad\u0131na tescil edilmi\u015fse al\u0131c\u0131ya; aksi takdirde sat\u0131c\u0131ya kar\u015f\u0131, sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n veya ekonomik bak\u0131mdan sat\u0131\u015fa e\u015fde\u011fer ba\u015fka bir i\u015flemin kendisine bildirildi\u011fi tarihten ba\u015flayarak \u00fc\u00e7 ay ve her h\u00e2lde sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak iki y\u0131l i\u00e7inde dava a\u00e7mak zorundad\u0131r.\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc amir bu maddede, \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131n dava yolu ile kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u015eufa davas\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yer asliye hukuk mahkemesinde a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u015fufa hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanmak istedi\u011fini beyan eden davac\u0131, sat\u0131m bedelinin \u00f6denmeye haz\u0131r oldu\u011funu belirtir ve sat\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 aynen kabul eder, Mahkeme, sat\u0131m i\u015fleminin ge\u00e7erli ve usul\u00fcne uygun oldu\u011funu tespit ederse, \u015fufa hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na h\u00fckmeder. Bu durumda, sat\u0131\u015f bedelinin \u00f6denmesi \u015fart\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n pay\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiden al\u0131n\u0131p davac\u0131ya ge\u00e7irilir. H\u00fckm\u00fcn kesinle\u015fmesinden sonra, ta\u015f\u0131nmaz \u00fczerindeki m\u00fclkiyet de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi tapu siciline i\u015flenir.<\/p>\n
\u015eufa davalar\u0131nda karar in\u015fai niteliktedir. Zira bu davalarda hakimin verece\u011fi karar ile \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 sahibi ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fi aras\u0131nda yeni bir sat\u0131\u015f ili\u015fkisi do\u011far. Hakimin \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 davas\u0131 sonucunda verece\u011fi karar, m\u00fclkiyetin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiden \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 sahibine ge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flar. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle \u015fufa davas\u0131 m\u00fclkiyeti ge\u00e7iren davalardand\u0131r. \u015eufa davalar\u0131n\u0131n sonucunda, \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 sahibinin tapuya tescil yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etme hakk\u0131 do\u011far. Hakimin karar\u0131 ile m\u00fclkiyet halihaz\u0131rda ge\u00e7mi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131ndan bu tescil kurucu nitelikte de\u011fil, bildirici niteliktedir. Fakat bu sonucun do\u011fabilmesi de yine karar\u0131n kesinle\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131n etkili bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131labilmesi, hukuken \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015fekil ve s\u00fcre \u015fartlar\u0131na s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Uygulamada kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan noter bildiriminin yap\u0131lmamas\u0131 veya ge\u00e7 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi baz\u0131 \u015fekli eksiklikler, \u015fufa hakk\u0131n\u0131 fiilen kullan\u0131lamaz h\u00e2le getirmektedir. Bu durum, hakk\u0131n tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n tek ba\u015f\u0131na yeterli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; ayn\u0131 zamanda hakk\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik etkin ve eri\u015filebilir bir altyap\u0131ya da ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
Nitekim, \u015fufa davalar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131labilen bir di\u011fer sorun da sat\u0131\u015f i\u015flemlerinin muvazaal\u0131 bi\u00e7imde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesidir. Sat\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6sterilen devir i\u015flemlerinin asl\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131\u015f veya bor\u00e7 tasfiyesi gibi farkl\u0131 hukuki i\u015flemleri gizleme amac\u0131 ile yap\u0131lmas\u0131, hakk\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc zedelemektedir. Bu noktada yarg\u0131n\u0131n, muvazaa tespitine ili\u015fkin yerle\u015fik i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. \u00d6nal\u0131m davas\u0131nda muvazaa iddias\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir olaya ili\u015fkin olarak Yarg\u0131tay 3. Hukuk Dairesi 2015\/9329 E. 2016\/6885 K. Say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131 \u201cSomut olayda; daval\u0131 yasal hakk\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak \u015fufa davas\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f, \u015fufa davas\u0131n\u0131n yarg\u0131lamas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda mahkeme taraflar\u0131n ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bedelde muvazaa ve fiili taksim iddialar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmak durumunda kalm\u0131\u015f, daval\u0131 \u00f6n al\u0131m bedelini mahkemece verilen s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde mahkeme veznesine depo ederek \u00f6demi\u015ftir. Daval\u0131n\u0131n \u015fufa davas\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 16\/05\/2011 tarihi ile mahkeme karar\u0131n\u0131n kesinle\u015fti\u011fi 08\/05\/2014 tarihine kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde yarg\u0131laman\u0131n uzamas\u0131na neden olacak hi\u00e7 bir kusuru da yoktur. Di\u011fer anlat\u0131m ile somut olayda sebepsiz zenginle\u015fmenin ko\u015fullar\u0131 olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dairemizin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc bu y\u00f6ndedir. (3.H.D. 2015\/7480 E\u20132015\/15720 K.say\u0131l\u0131 ve 14\/10\/2015 tarihli karar\u0131). Mahkemece, an\u0131lan nedenler ile davan\u0131n reddine karar verilmesi gerekirken, yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde davan\u0131n kabul\u00fcne karar verilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 usul ve yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olup, bozma nedenidir. SONU\u00c7: Yukar\u0131da a\u00e7\u0131klanan esaslar g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmaks\u0131z\u0131n yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde h\u00fck\u00fcm tesisi isabetsiz, temyiz itirazlar\u0131 bu nedenlerle yerinde oldu\u011fundan kabul\u00fc ile h\u00fckm\u00fcn HUMK.nun 428.maddesi gere\u011fince BOZULMASINA ve pe\u015fin al\u0131nan temyiz harc\u0131n\u0131n istek halinde temyiz edene iadesine, 02.05.2016 tarihinde oybirli\u011fiyle karar verildi.\u201d \u015feklindedir. Bu kararda da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere mahkemenin muvazaa iddialar\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131, \u015fufa davalar\u0131nda \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 ihlalinin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ebilmektedir. Bu tutum hem bireysel m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131n\u0131 hem de ta\u015f\u0131nmaz hukukunun genel ilkelerini dengeleyen bir tutumdur. Ancak bu dengenin korunabilmesi sadece kanuni \u00e7er\u00e7evenin de\u011fil, uygulamaya ili\u015fkin ara\u00e7lar\u0131n ve yarg\u0131sal i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131n da e\u015fg\u00fcd\u00fcml\u00fc \u015fekilde geli\u015ftirilmesi ile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sonu\u00e7 olarak m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, ortakl\u0131k yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz al\u0131m-sat\u0131mlar\u0131nda istikrarl\u0131 bir g\u00fcven ortam\u0131 sa\u011flanmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6neme sahip olan \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131, hukuki g\u00fcvenli\u011fin de teminidir. Bu sebeple hem kanun koyucu hem de uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar bu hakk\u0131n kullan\u0131m\u0131 konusunda hassasiyet g\u00f6stermelidir. Gelecekte, bu hakk\u0131n k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6nelik daha detayl\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelere ihtiya\u00e7 duyulabilece\u011fi kanaatindeyiz.<\/p>\n
Av. F\u0131rat ACAR<\/p>\n
Ferhat \u00c7ALI\u015eKAN (E) Huk. Bnb.<\/p>\n
Stj. Av. Esma PAMUK\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u00d6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131, di\u011fer bir ad\u0131yla \u015fufa hakk\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131nmaz m\u00fclkiyetine ili\u015fkin olarak T\u00fcrk Medeni Hukuku\u2019nda d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f, \u00f6zellikle payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinde ortaklar aras\u0131ndaki dengeyi korumay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bir kanuni al\u0131m hakk\u0131d\u0131r. Payda\u015flardan birinin ta\u015f\u0131nmaz \u00fczerindeki hissesini \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015fiye satmak istemesi halinde di\u011fer payda\u015flara ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullarla s\u00f6z konusu hisseyi sat\u0131n alma imkan\u0131 tan\u0131yan bu hak; ta\u015f\u0131nmaz\u0131n ekonomik b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve payda\u015flar aras\u0131ndaki ortakl\u0131k ili\u015fkisini koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131r. \u00d6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131, T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun 732. ve devam\u0131 maddelerinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. Payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyetin kurulmas\u0131yla do\u011fan ve pay\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere sat\u0131\u015f\u0131yla kullan\u0131labilir hale gelen bu hak, yenilik do\u011furucu hak niteli\u011findedir. Payda\u015flardan birinin \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131, sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n kendisine bildirildi\u011fi tarihten itibaren \u00fc\u00e7 ay ve her halde sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n \u00fczerinden iki y\u0131l ge\u00e7mekle sona erer. Bu s\u00fcreler hak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u00fcre niteli\u011findedir ve mahkemece resen dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eufa hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131labilmesi belirli \u015fekil ve \u015fartlara ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu ve Yarg\u0131tay \u0130\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda bu \u015fartlar \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralanabilir: a. Payl\u0131 M\u00fclkiyetin Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131: \u00d6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 yaln\u0131zca payl\u0131 m\u00fclkiyet ili\u015fkilerinde ge\u00e7erli olmakla beraber kat irtifak\u0131 veya kat m\u00fclkiyetine tabi ta\u015f\u0131nmazlarda kullan\u0131lamaz. b. Ge\u00e7erli Bir Sat\u0131\u015f \u0130\u015flemi: \u015eufa hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131labilmesi, ger\u00e7ek ve resmi \u015fekilde tapuda tescil edilmi\u015f bir sat\u0131\u015f i\u015flemine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Ba\u011f\u0131\u015f, trampa, miras intikali gibi i\u015flemlerde \u00f6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131lamaz. c. Pay\u0131n \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Ki\u015fiye Sat\u0131lmas\u0131: \u00d6nal\u0131m hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-88880","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n