\u00d6z\u00fc<\/p>\n
[Bu makalede, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu madde 79 kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen \u201cG\u00f6\u00e7men Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d su\u00e7unun se\u00e7imlik hareketlerinden biri olan \u201cimk\u00e2n sa\u011flama\u201d fiili bak\u0131m\u0131ndan inceleme yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.]<\/p>\n
1.\u00a0G\u00f6\u00e7men Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Su\u00e7unun \u0130rdelenmesi (Maddi Menfaat Elde Etmek Maksad\u0131yla Yasal Olmayan Yollardan Bir Yabanc\u0131n\u0131n \u00dclkede Kalmas\u0131na \u0130mk\u00e2n Sa\u011flama Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan)<\/p>\n
TCK madde 79\/1 uyar\u0131nca do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 olarak maddi menfaat sa\u011flama amac\u0131yla yasal olmayan yollardan; bir yabanc\u0131y\u0131 \u00fclkeye sokan veya \u00fclkede kalmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flayan, T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 veya yabanc\u0131n\u0131n yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flayan ki\u015fi 5 y\u0131ldan 8 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 ve bin g\u00fcnden on bin g\u00fcne kadar adl\u00ee para cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Su\u00e7 te\u015febb\u00fcs a\u015famas\u0131nda kalsa dahi tamamlanm\u0131\u015f gibi cezaya h\u00fckmolunur.<\/p>\n
\u201cG\u00f6\u00e7men Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda TCK m.79 kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen su\u00e7, soyut tehlike su\u00e7u olup se\u00e7imlik hareketlerle i\u015flenebilmektedir. Bu makalede incelenecek olan se\u00e7imlik hareket, maddi menfaat elde etmek maksad\u0131yla yasal olmayan yollardan bir yabanc\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkede kalmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama hareketidir.<\/p>\n
Se\u00e7imlik hareket kapsam\u0131nda su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kanun koyucunun arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kriterler \u015fu \u015fekildedir: Dolayl\u0131 veya do\u011frudan maddi menfaat sa\u011flanmas\u0131 amac\u0131 ve yasal olmayan yollarla \u00fclkede bulunan yabanc\u0131n\u0131n kalma fiiline devam etmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde imk\u00e2n sa\u011flanmas\u0131. Su\u00e7un manevi unsurunun \u00f6zel kast (menfaat) oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u0130ncelenen su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Yarg\u0131tay, se\u00e7imlik hareketin makul s\u00fcre boyunca s\u00fcreklilik arz etmesi e\u015f deyi\u015fle devam etmesi kriterini aramaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2.\u00a0\u0130mk\u00e2n Sa\u011flama Fiili Hakk\u0131nda Detayl\u0131 \u0130nceleme ve Suriye Arap Cumhuriyeti Uyruklu Ki\u015filerin Durumunun De\u011ferlendirilmesi<\/p>\n
Kanundaki imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama ifadesi olduk\u00e7a mu\u011flak olup yasa koyucu taraf\u0131ndan tahdidi olarak say\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tahdidi say\u0131lmayan imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama se\u00e7imlik hareketinin; T\u00fcrkiye’de yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 bulunmayan yabanc\u0131 uyruklu ki\u015filere, yine T\u00fcrkiye’de ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 idame ettirme bak\u0131m\u0131ndan etkili olacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde veya \u00f6nemde imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama unsurunu sa\u011flamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un ma\u011fduru ise tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Su\u00e7un ma\u011fdurunun devlet, g\u00f6\u00e7men yahut toplum oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler oldu\u011fu gibi Yarg\u0131tay kabul\u00fcne g\u00f6re g\u00f6\u00e7menler su\u00e7un konusunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Su\u00e7un vuku bulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131na sahip olmayan yabanc\u0131lara yasal olmayan yollardan imk\u00e2n sa\u011flamak fiili s\u00fcbut etmelidir.<\/p>\n
\u015eayet yabanc\u0131n\u0131n yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 varsa (\u00f6rne\u011fin vize muafiyet s\u00fcresi, ge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc yahut ikamet izni vd.) su\u00e7 olu\u015fmayacakt\u0131r. Bu noktada, yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 kavram\u0131n\u0131n da irdelenmesi elzemdir. Yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 \u00fclkede bulunan ki\u015fiye me\u015fru kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 veren stat\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu hak vize muafiyet s\u00fcresi, ge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc, ikamet izni, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma izni gibi yollar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla sa\u011flanabilir.<\/p>\n
Uygulamada savc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, Sulh Ceza H\u00e2kimliklerinin ve mahkemelerin teknik bir alan olan yabanc\u0131lar hukuku mevzuat\u0131na dair detayl\u0131 bilgiye sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahede edilmekte ve bu nedenle incelenen su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fclkede hangi hukuksal stat\u00fc do\u011frultusunda bulundu\u011funun detayl\u0131 olarak irdelenmedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
Hatta Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n incelenen su\u00e7a bakmakla g\u00f6revli ilgili ceza dairesinin dahi \u201cge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d ile ilgili birbirinden farkl\u0131 kararlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Suriye Arap Cumhuriyeti uyruklu ki\u015filere \u00fclkemizde \u201cge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d ile bulunma hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay 4. Ceza Dairesi taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131k tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir husus Suriye uyruklu ki\u015filerin “ge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc” hakk\u0131n\u0131n mutlak olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususudur.<\/p>\n
Ge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenleyen kanun olduk\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Kanunda, ge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc ba\u015fvurusu sonras\u0131 herhangi bir ret mekanizmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. Ge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan istisnai durumlar da tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ter\u00f6r eylemlerine kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, ciddi su\u00e7 i\u015flemi\u015f, kamu d\u00fczenine tehdit olu\u015fturan gibi belirli kriterlere uyan yabanc\u0131lar ge\u00e7ici koruma kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutulabilir. Kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131 tutulacaklar kanunla de\u011fil y\u00f6netmelik kapsam\u0131nda belirlenmi\u015ftir. Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n ilgili ceza dairesi kimi kararlar\u0131nda, ge\u00e7ici koruma kimlik kart\u0131 alman\u0131n yaln\u0131zca tan\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 yani hakk\u0131 d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya g\u00f6steren nitelikte oldu\u011fu kanaatindedir.<\/p>\n
Bu minvalde Suriye uyruklu ki\u015filerin kategorik olarak ge\u00e7ici koruma kimlik kart\u0131 alabilme haklar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6zetilerek fiilen bahsedilen koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fcne dair ba\u015fvurular\u0131 bulunmasa dahi -yani yabanc\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ici koruma kimlik kart\u0131 olmasa bile- \u00fclkemizde kendisine tan\u0131nan stat\u00fcde yasal zeminde kalmaya hakk\u0131 olanlardan oldu\u011funun kabul\u00fc gerekebilir. Nitekim i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz 2025 senesine kadar G\u00f6\u00e7 \u0130daresi uygulamas\u0131nda, bu ki\u015filerin \u00fclkeye giri\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda (hatta ka\u00e7ak yollardan girmi\u015f olsalar bile) uygun merkezlerde kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131p ge\u00e7ici koruma kimlik sahibi yap\u0131lmalar\u0131 esas idi.<\/p>\n
Ge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc hakk\u0131n\u0131n -\u015fartlar\u0131 varsa- mutlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131k bir yorum olup somut olaya g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, yakalanan bir Suriye uyruklu ki\u015finin hi\u00e7 kayd\u0131 olmasa bile stat\u00fcye ba\u015fvuru hakk\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu ve hakk\u0131nda \u201cgeri g\u00f6nderilmeme\u201d ilkesinin i\u015fledi\u011fi (2025 y\u0131l\u0131na dek) g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak su\u00e7un unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna var\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
Say\u0131lan nedenler do\u011frultusunda incelenen su\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hen\u00fcz soru\u015fturma a\u015famas\u0131nda \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00f6\u00e7 \u0130daresi Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurumuna m\u00fczekkere yaz\u0131lmak suretiyle yabanc\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkemizdeki hukuksal durumu \u00f6\u011frenilmelidir. Zira se\u00e7imlik fiil bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kanun h\u00fckm\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere su\u00e7 ancak \u201cyasal olmayan yollarla\u201d \u00fclkede bulunan yabanc\u0131lara imk\u00e2n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 fiiliyle olu\u015fabilecektir.<\/p>\n
Maddi menfaat kavram\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ise su\u00e7un ger\u00e7ek failinin yabanc\u0131n\u0131n yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilerek ve g\u00f6rerek (isteyerek) yabanc\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu zor durumundan istifade etmesidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin ucuz i\u015f\u00e7i temini amac\u0131yla \u00fclkemizde yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan bilindi\u011fi yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 b\u00f6yledir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zellikle k\u0131rsal alanlarda \u00e7oban olarak, sanayi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde i\u015f\u00e7i olarak ucuz i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc niyetiyle yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131na sahip olmayan yabanc\u0131lardan faydalanma yoluna gidilmektedir. Burada i\u015fveren hem sigorta y\u00fck\u00fcnden kurtulmakta hem de yabanc\u0131 ka\u00e7ak i\u015f\u00e7iye emsal i\u015f\u00e7ilere nazaran olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maa\u015f \u00f6demektedir.\u00a0<\/p>\n
Say\u0131lan \u00f6rneklerde i\u015fveren \u201cka\u00e7ak\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan yani yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 bulunmayan stat\u00fcdeki yabanc\u0131lardan maddi olarak faydalanmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fczenli i\u015f vermek suretiyle de \u00fclkede kal\u0131\u015flar\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Verilen \u00f6rnekler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan menfaat kriterinin sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadad\u0131r. Ancak her dosya bak\u0131m\u0131ndan do\u011frudan yahut dolayl\u0131 menfaatin ne \u015fekilde sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koyulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay incelenen su\u00e7 i\u00e7in imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama fiili bak\u0131m\u0131ndan m\u00fctemadi (s\u00fcrekli) olma h\u00e2lini aramaktad\u0131r. Say\u0131lan nedenler uyar\u0131nca g\u00fcn\u00fcbirlik i\u015f sa\u011flama faaliyetleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan -yani s\u00fcreklilik kriterinin sa\u011flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olaylar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan- su\u00e7un olu\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131 ihtimaller mevcuttur. Hukuk uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 bulunmayan yabanc\u0131ya temin edilen i\u015fin mahiyetine yani s\u00fcreklilik kriterine de dikkat etmelidir.<\/p>\n
\u0130mk\u00e2n sa\u011flama fiili yaln\u0131zca \u201ci\u015f vermek\u201d suretiyle olmayabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Yarg\u0131tay, \u201cd\u00fczenli kalacak yer temini\u201d gibi h\u00e2lleri de imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama kapsam\u0131nda g\u00f6rmektedir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u015fartlar\u0131 sa\u011flayan ev sahipleri de su\u00e7un faili olabilecektir. \u0130mk\u00e2n sa\u011flama, makalenin giri\u015finde de belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere \u00f6ylesine mu\u011flak bir kavramd\u0131r ki yorum yoluyla geni\u015fletilmeye olduk\u00e7a m\u00fcsaittir.<\/p>\n
Uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n failin yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n ka\u00e7ak olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmesi noktas\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirme yapmas\u0131 hayati \u00f6nemdedir. Zira incelenen su\u00e7 yaln\u0131zca kasten i\u015flenebilen bir su\u00e7tur. Bu nedenle failin, yabanc\u0131n\u0131n \u201cka\u00e7ak\u201d stat\u00fcde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bulundu\u011funu bilmesi laz\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un konusu yani su\u00e7un maddi unsurlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin hususlar\u0131 bilerek ve isteyerek ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeyen ki\u015filerin kasten davranmad\u0131klar\u0131 kabul edilir. G\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 su\u00e7unun taksirli h\u00e2li de kanunda d\u00fczenlenmedi\u011finden kasten davranmayan kimselerin incelenen su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ceza almamalar\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
Failin yabanc\u0131n\u0131n durumunu bilip bilmedi\u011fi her zaman tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n sahte ya da yanl\u0131\u015f belgelerle kendini yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131na sahip olarak g\u00f6stermesi h\u00e2linde imk\u00e2n sa\u011flayan ki\u015finin ger\u00e7ekten durumu anlay\u0131p anlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmeye muhta\u00e7t\u0131r. Bu konuda Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar olabilmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin, bir olayda san\u0131k, yan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yabanc\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7ak oldu\u011funu bilmedi\u011fini savunmu\u015f ve ilk derece mahkemesi san\u0131k hakk\u0131nda beraat karar\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Yarg\u0131tay 4. Daire ise \u00e7o\u011funluk karar\u0131yla yerel mahkeme h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc bozmu\u015ftur. Dairenin bir \u00fcyesi kar\u015f\u0131 oy yazarak san\u0131\u011f\u0131n kast\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmi\u015ftir. Kar\u015f\u0131 oyda; san\u0131\u011f\u0131n Afganistan uyruklu \u015fahs\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 g\u00fcn \u00e7oban olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu \u015fahs\u0131n zaten olay \u00f6ncesinde de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bar\u0131nma imk\u00e2n\u0131 buldu\u011fu ve san\u0131\u011f\u0131n onun ka\u00e7ak oldu\u011funu bilmedi\u011fi vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu \u00f6rnek failin bilgi eksikli\u011finin su\u00e7un olu\u015fumunu engelleyebilece\u011fine dair \u00f6nemli bir i\u00e7tihat \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak kabul edilmelidir. TCK kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen \u201chata h\u00fck\u00fcmleri\u201d burada devreye girebilir. Fail, yabanc\u0131n\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fc konusunda ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir hataya d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ise (\u00f6rne\u011fin yabanc\u0131y\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131namayaca\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131na sahip sanm\u0131\u015f ise) ki\u015finin kast unsuru yoktur ve su\u00e7un taksirli h\u00e2li d\u00fczenlenmedi\u011finden cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere \u00fclkemiz ger\u00e7ekli\u011finde otomobil tamirat\u0131 i\u015flerinde, a\u011f\u0131r bedeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma gerektiren i\u015flerde, tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde faaliyet g\u00f6steren i\u015f\u00e7ilerin tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 yabanc\u0131 uyrukludur. Yabanc\u0131 ki\u015filer; \u00fclkemize hangi yollarla girdikleri, yasal kal\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmeksizin bu i\u015flerde yo\u011fun olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yine yasal kal\u0131\u015f\u0131 bulunmayan ki\u015filere y\u00fcksek fiyatlara evler kiralanmakta, bu ki\u015filer bir evde 20-30 ki\u015fi kalacak \u015fekilde oturmaktad\u0131rlar. Evlerini kiralayan ev sahipleri, i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran i\u015f yeri sahipleri davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n “G\u00f6\u00e7men Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131” su\u00e7una sebebiyet verece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemektedir. Oysa bu ki\u015filerin di\u011fer \u015fartlar sa\u011fland\u0131ysa ceza olarak olduk\u00e7a a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fail olmalar\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
3.\u00a0\u0130mk\u00e2n Sa\u011flama Fiilinin Mu\u011flakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Anayasa\u2019ya Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k Sorunu \u00dczerine<\/p>\n
\u00dclkemizde son y\u0131llarda artan d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7men sorunu, siyasetin ve toplumun \u00f6nemli konular\u0131ndan biri h\u00e2line gelmi\u015f, \u00fclke g\u00fcndemi de ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak ceza hukuku alan\u0131n\u0131 etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131 ve ceza mevzuat\u0131 da bu do\u011frultuda de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f, “TCK m.79\/1-a” bendi yorum yoluyla fazlaca geni\u015fletilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f, son olarak 2023 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Mart ay\u0131nda incelenen su\u00e7un alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ldan be\u015f y\u0131la \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00dc\u00e7 adet se\u00e7imlik hareket ile i\u015flenebilen bu su\u00e7un ikinci se\u00e7imlik hareketini olu\u015fturan “yasal olmayan yollardan bir yabanc\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkede kalmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama” \u015feklindeki d\u00fczenlemede yer alan “imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama” ifadesinin su\u00e7lar\u0131n ve cezalar\u0131n belirli, a\u00e7\u0131k ve se\u00e7ik olma \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanaatini ta\u015f\u0131maktay\u0131m.<\/p>\n
Hi\u00e7bir a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k i\u00e7ermeyen, yorum yoluyla geni\u015fletilmede s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 bulunmayan incelenen d\u00fczenlemenin kanunilik ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla adil yarg\u0131lama hakk\u0131n\u0131 ihlal etti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeyim. Ceza hukukunda bireylerin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir kurallarla ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131, hangi fiilin su\u00e7 say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kanundan net bi\u00e7imde anlayabilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Oysa \u201cimk\u00e2n sa\u011flama\u201d ifadesi, s\u0131radan vatanda\u015f bir yana, uygulay\u0131c\u0131 hukuk\u00e7ular i\u00e7in bile gri alanlar bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir taksi \u015fof\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn, arac\u0131nda bulunan m\u00fc\u015fterinin yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haricen \u00f6\u011frenmesine veya h\u00e2lin gere\u011fi \u015f\u00fcphe etmesine ra\u011fmen para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir seferlik bir yerden bir yere g\u00f6t\u00fcrmesi \u201cimk\u00e2n sa\u011flama\u201d m\u0131d\u0131r? Kanun d\u00fczenlemesi \u201cs\u00fcreklilik\u201d kriterini kapsamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu gibi sorulara a\u00e7\u0131k cevaplar vermemektedir.<\/p>\n
Kanunda su\u00e7un icrai hareketlerini tek tek saymak yerine mu\u011flak bir kavrama yer verilmesi, bu bo\u015flu\u011fun yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131yla doldurulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Elbette her somut fiili kanunda tek tek saymak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayabilir ancak en az\u0131ndan \u00f6rnekleyici bir say\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131 veya uygulamaya \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutacak kriterlerin belirtilmesi beklenirdi.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin, kanun koyucu \u201cimk\u00e2n sa\u011flama\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7arak \u201cbar\u0131nma, d\u00fczenli istihdam, \u00fclkede kalma ad\u0131na sahte belge temini gibi davran\u0131\u015flarla\u201d s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 tutabilirdi. Bu yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, incelenen kanun h\u00fckm\u00fcnde hukuki \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan sak\u0131ncalar mevcuttur.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n getirdi\u011fi \u201cs\u00fcreklilik kriteri\u201d gibi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler esasen kanunun a\u00e7\u0131k olmayan y\u00f6nlerini doldurma \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r ancak bu da her somut olayda farkl\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilme sonucunu do\u011furabilir.<\/p>\n
\u0130lgili h\u00fck\u00fcmde d\u00fczenlenen cezan\u0131n alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da s\u0131ralanan ve \u201cG\u00f6\u00e7men Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d su\u00e7undan -ba\u015fta korunan hukuki de\u011ferin \u00f6nemi olmak \u00fczere- daha a\u011f\u0131r olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilecek su\u00e7lar i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen cezalar\u0131n alt s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 incelendi\u011finde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Organ ticareti su\u00e7u: Alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 be\u015f y\u0131l<\/p>\n
\u00c7ocuk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrtme su\u00e7u: Alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 be\u015f y\u0131l<\/p>\n
K\u0131s\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131rma su\u00e7u: Alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 be\u015f y\u0131l<\/p>\n
Bahsi ge\u00e7en su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, en az\u0131ndan her bir se\u00e7imlik hareket i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ve kademeli bir \u015fekilde artan ceza d\u00fczenlemeleri yap\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131. Bu \u00f6rnekler g\u00f6steriyor ki, insan onuru ve v\u00fccut dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok ciddi ihlaller ile g\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 su\u00e7u ayn\u0131 alt s\u0131n\u0131ra sahip ceza miktar\u0131yla cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Hatta \u00f6nceki h\u00e2linde alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 3 y\u0131l olan bu su\u00e7 art\u0131k organ ticaretiyle e\u015f d\u00fczeye getirilmi\u015ftir. Oysa g\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle \u201cimk\u00e2n sa\u011flama\u201d suretiyle i\u015flenen \u015feklinde, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yukar\u0131daki su\u00e7lardan farkl\u0131 bir toplumsal tehlike d\u00fczeyi vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin organ ticareti do\u011frudan bir ki\u015finin v\u00fccut b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne a\u011f\u0131r bir sald\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r; g\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise (a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 h\u00e2lleri bir yana) \u00e7o\u011funlukla g\u00f6\u00e7menler r\u0131zalar\u0131yla belirli menfaatler kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu s\u00fcrece dahil olmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6yle olmakla birlikte incelenen su\u00e7un da dolayl\u0131 zararlar\u0131 (d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn artmas\u0131, emek s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc, kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vb.) vard\u0131r ancak cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n 5 y\u0131ldan ba\u015flamas\u0131, failin somut eyleminin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re h\u00e2kimin esnekli\u011fini azaltmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131ca \u015fayet su\u00e7un kanuni tan\u0131mlamas\u0131nda “imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama” ifadesi bu denli geni\u015f tutulduysa bile bu durumda en az\u0131ndan cezan\u0131n alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ile \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki makas\u0131n, h\u00e2kime takdir yetkisi verecek ve b\u00f6ylece somut olay adaletini sa\u011flamaya imk\u00e2n verecek \u015fekilde geni\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmekteydi. Zira su\u00e7un i\u015fleni\u015f bi\u00e7imleri farkl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k derecelerine sahiptir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin, bir yabanc\u0131y\u0131 botla denizden ka\u00e7ak sokmak veya organize \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rdan ge\u00e7irmek fiili bir ka\u00e7ak g\u00f6\u00e7meni bir at\u00f6lyede \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktan muhtemelen daha tehlikeli ve profesyonelce bir eylemdir. Buna ra\u011fmen her ikisi de kural olarak 5 ile 8 y\u0131l aras\u0131nda cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130stanbul’da 2025 tarihi itibar\u0131yla yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 olan yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyon yabanc\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130stanbul’da yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kalan toplam yabanc\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 ise h\u00e2liyle bilinmemektedir. Olduk\u00e7a iyimser bir tahminle \u0130stanbul’da yakla\u015f\u0131k 300.000 (\u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz bin) yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 bulunmayan yabanc\u0131 oldu\u011funu kabul etsek dahi, bu yabanc\u0131lara bilin\u00e7li yahut bilin\u00e7siz \u015fekilde, -\u00f6rne\u011fin taksiyle bir yerden bir yere para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mak gibi- imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama mahiyetinde olabilecek hareketler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren potansiyel en az 300.000 (\u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz bin) ki\u015finin oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n
Bu durum “g\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131” su\u00e7lamas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda 300.000 ki\u015finin potansiyel \u015f\u00fcpheli olabilmesi demektir. Zira soru\u015fturma a\u015famas\u0131nda \u201ckast\u201d unsurunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 net olarak anla\u015f\u0131lamayacakt\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n ilgili ceza dairesinin incelenen se\u00e7imlik hareket bak\u0131m\u0131ndan arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cs\u00fcreklilik\u201d kriteri olmasa yani yaln\u0131zca kanunda yer alan laf\u0131z do\u011frultusunda soru\u015fturma y\u00fcr\u00fctme cihetine gidilirse “g\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131” su\u00e7lamas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda 300.000 potansiyel \u015f\u00fcpheli olu\u015facakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Oysa \u0130stanbul’da 2025 senesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ya\u015fanan adli olaylar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 250 bin olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum kanun maddesinde yer alan imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama ifadesinin mu\u011flakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kanun yapma dinamiklerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
\u0130ncelenen kanun h\u00fckm\u00fc hen\u00fcz Anayasa Mahkemesi incelemesine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f de\u011fildir. H\u00fckm\u00fcn uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir davada somut norm incelemesinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n talep edilmesi ve talebin ciddi g\u00f6r\u00fclerek Anayasa Mahkemesi incelemesine g\u00f6nderilmesi h\u00e2linde Anayasa Mahkemesi h\u00fckm\u00fcn ilgili k\u0131sm\u0131 hakk\u0131nda iptal karar\u0131 verebilir.<\/p>\n
4.\u00a0Sonu\u00e7<\/p>\n
TCK m.79 kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d su\u00e7u, \u00fclkemizde artan d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7 olgusuyla daha da \u00f6nem kazanan bir yapt\u0131r\u0131m arac\u0131 h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. Bu su\u00e7un \u201cyabanc\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkede kalmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama\u201d \u015feklindeki se\u00e7imlik hareketi, \u00f6zellikle ka\u00e7ak g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin emek s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc ve bar\u0131nma gibi sorunlar\u0131yla da yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkilidir.<\/p>\n
G\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla m\u00fccadele hem ulusal g\u00fcvenlik hem toplumsal d\u00fczen a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ilmezdir. An\u0131lan m\u00fccadele s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrken, hukuk devleti ilkeleri g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemelidir. Makalede belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 bulunan ile bulunmayan yabanc\u0131 ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n titizlikle yap\u0131lmas\u0131, failin kast\u0131n\u0131n ortaya konmas\u0131, fiilin s\u00fcreklili\u011finin aranmas\u0131 gibi unsurlar adil bir uygulaman\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 bu y\u00f6nleri geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015fsa da kanaatime g\u00f6re h\u00fck\u00fcmde bulunan mu\u011flakl\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan nihai \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm merci yasama organ\u0131d\u0131r. Kanun koyucu, TCK madde 79 kapsam\u0131nda mevcut olan mu\u011flakl\u0131k ve orant\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 giderecek d\u00fczenlemeleri yapmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u201cimk\u00e2n sa\u011flama\u201d fiilini daha net tan\u0131mlamak ve yasal \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi buna g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlemek \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Son tahlilde, g\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 su\u00e7u kapsam\u0131ndaki \u201cimk\u00e2n sa\u011flama\u201d olgusu incelikli bir denge gerektirmektedir. Bir yanda devletin egemenlik hakk\u0131 ve g\u00f6\u00e7 kontrol\u00fc, di\u011fer yanda ekonomik zorluklar i\u00e7inde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f insanlar ve onlarla temas eden toplum kesimleri vard\u0131r. \u00a0Bu dengeyi adil bi\u00e7imde kurmak ne su\u00e7u g\u00f6rmezden gelmek ne de mu\u011flak d\u00fczenlemeler yapmak suretiyle sa\u011flanabilir.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fru \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm mevzuat\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k, uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131n\u0131 temin etmek; Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n da vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini g\u00f6zeterek adaleti ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektir. B\u00f6ylece hem kanunilik ilkesi hem orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k prensibi korunacakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca ger\u00e7ekten su\u00e7un faili olan ve ekonomik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olan incelenen su\u00e7tan haks\u0131z kazan\u00e7 elde eden ki\u015filer hak ettikleri cezalar ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Anahtar Kelimeler<\/p>\n
G\u00f6\u00e7men Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Su\u00e7u, TCK madde 79, Se\u00e7imlik Hareket, \u0130mk\u00e2n Sa\u011flama Fiili<\/p>\n
\u200b\u00d6z\u00fc<\/p>\n
[Bu makalede, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu madde 79 kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen \u201cG\u00f6\u00e7men Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d su\u00e7unun se\u00e7imlik hareketlerinden biri olan \u201cimk\u00e2n sa\u011flama\u201d fiili bak\u0131m\u0131ndan inceleme yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.]<\/p>\n
1.\u00a0G\u00f6\u00e7men Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Su\u00e7unun \u0130rdelenmesi (Maddi Menfaat Elde Etmek Maksad\u0131yla Yasal Olmayan Yollardan Bir Yabanc\u0131n\u0131n \u00dclkede Kalmas\u0131na \u0130mk\u00e2n Sa\u011flama Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan)<\/p>\n
TCK madde 79\/1 uyar\u0131nca do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 olarak maddi menfaat sa\u011flama amac\u0131yla yasal olmayan yollardan; bir yabanc\u0131y\u0131 \u00fclkeye sokan veya \u00fclkede kalmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flayan, T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 veya yabanc\u0131n\u0131n yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flayan ki\u015fi 5 y\u0131ldan 8 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 ve bin g\u00fcnden on bin g\u00fcne kadar adl\u00ee para cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Su\u00e7 te\u015febb\u00fcs a\u015famas\u0131nda kalsa dahi tamamlanm\u0131\u015f gibi cezaya h\u00fckmolunur.<\/p>\n
\u201cG\u00f6\u00e7men Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda TCK m.79 kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen su\u00e7, soyut tehlike su\u00e7u olup se\u00e7imlik hareketlerle i\u015flenebilmektedir. Bu makalede incelenecek olan se\u00e7imlik hareket, maddi menfaat elde etmek maksad\u0131yla yasal olmayan yollardan bir yabanc\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkede kalmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama hareketidir.<\/p>\n
Se\u00e7imlik hareket kapsam\u0131nda su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kanun koyucunun arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kriterler \u015fu \u015fekildedir: Dolayl\u0131 veya do\u011frudan maddi menfaat sa\u011flanmas\u0131 amac\u0131 ve yasal olmayan yollarla \u00fclkede bulunan yabanc\u0131n\u0131n kalma fiiline devam etmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde imk\u00e2n sa\u011flanmas\u0131. Su\u00e7un manevi unsurunun \u00f6zel kast (menfaat) oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u0130ncelenen su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Yarg\u0131tay, se\u00e7imlik hareketin makul s\u00fcre boyunca s\u00fcreklilik arz etmesi e\u015f deyi\u015fle devam etmesi kriterini aramaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
2.\u00a0\u0130mk\u00e2n Sa\u011flama Fiili Hakk\u0131nda Detayl\u0131 \u0130nceleme ve Suriye Arap Cumhuriyeti Uyruklu Ki\u015filerin Durumunun De\u011ferlendirilmesi<\/p>\n
Kanundaki imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama ifadesi olduk\u00e7a mu\u011flak olup yasa koyucu taraf\u0131ndan tahdidi olarak say\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tahdidi say\u0131lmayan imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama se\u00e7imlik hareketinin; T\u00fcrkiye’de yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 bulunmayan yabanc\u0131 uyruklu ki\u015filere, yine T\u00fcrkiye’de ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 idame ettirme bak\u0131m\u0131ndan etkili olacak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde veya \u00f6nemde imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama unsurunu sa\u011flamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi kabul edilmektedir.<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un ma\u011fduru ise tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. Su\u00e7un ma\u011fdurunun devlet, g\u00f6\u00e7men yahut toplum oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler oldu\u011fu gibi Yarg\u0131tay kabul\u00fcne g\u00f6re g\u00f6\u00e7menler su\u00e7un konusunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Su\u00e7un vuku bulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131na sahip olmayan yabanc\u0131lara yasal olmayan yollardan imk\u00e2n sa\u011flamak fiili s\u00fcbut etmelidir.<\/p>\n
\u015eayet yabanc\u0131n\u0131n yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 varsa (\u00f6rne\u011fin vize muafiyet s\u00fcresi, ge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc yahut ikamet izni vd.) su\u00e7 olu\u015fmayacakt\u0131r. Bu noktada, yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 kavram\u0131n\u0131n da irdelenmesi elzemdir. Yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 \u00fclkede bulunan ki\u015fiye me\u015fru kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 veren stat\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu hak vize muafiyet s\u00fcresi, ge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc, ikamet izni, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma izni gibi yollar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla sa\u011flanabilir.<\/p>\n
Uygulamada savc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, Sulh Ceza H\u00e2kimliklerinin ve mahkemelerin teknik bir alan olan yabanc\u0131lar hukuku mevzuat\u0131na dair detayl\u0131 bilgiye sahip olmad\u0131klar\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fahede edilmekte ve bu nedenle incelenen su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00fclkede hangi hukuksal stat\u00fc do\u011frultusunda bulundu\u011funun detayl\u0131 olarak irdelenmedi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
Hatta Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n incelenen su\u00e7a bakmakla g\u00f6revli ilgili ceza dairesinin dahi \u201cge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d ile ilgili birbirinden farkl\u0131 kararlar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Suriye Arap Cumhuriyeti uyruklu ki\u015filere \u00fclkemizde \u201cge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d ile bulunma hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay 4. Ceza Dairesi taraf\u0131ndan s\u0131k tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lan bir husus Suriye uyruklu ki\u015filerin “ge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc” hakk\u0131n\u0131n mutlak olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususudur.<\/p>\n
Ge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenleyen kanun olduk\u00e7a a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Kanunda, ge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc ba\u015fvurusu sonras\u0131 herhangi bir ret mekanizmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. Ge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan istisnai durumlar da tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ter\u00f6r eylemlerine kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, ciddi su\u00e7 i\u015flemi\u015f, kamu d\u00fczenine tehdit olu\u015fturan gibi belirli kriterlere uyan yabanc\u0131lar ge\u00e7ici koruma kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutulabilir. Kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131 tutulacaklar kanunla de\u011fil y\u00f6netmelik kapsam\u0131nda belirlenmi\u015ftir. Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n ilgili ceza dairesi kimi kararlar\u0131nda, ge\u00e7ici koruma kimlik kart\u0131 alman\u0131n yaln\u0131zca tan\u0131t\u0131c\u0131 yani hakk\u0131 d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya g\u00f6steren nitelikte oldu\u011fu kanaatindedir.<\/p>\n
Bu minvalde Suriye uyruklu ki\u015filerin kategorik olarak ge\u00e7ici koruma kimlik kart\u0131 alabilme haklar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6zetilerek fiilen bahsedilen koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fcne dair ba\u015fvurular\u0131 bulunmasa dahi -yani yabanc\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ici koruma kimlik kart\u0131 olmasa bile- \u00fclkemizde kendisine tan\u0131nan stat\u00fcde yasal zeminde kalmaya hakk\u0131 olanlardan oldu\u011funun kabul\u00fc gerekebilir. Nitekim i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz 2025 senesine kadar G\u00f6\u00e7 \u0130daresi uygulamas\u0131nda, bu ki\u015filerin \u00fclkeye giri\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 anda (hatta ka\u00e7ak yollardan girmi\u015f olsalar bile) uygun merkezlerde kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131p ge\u00e7ici koruma kimlik sahibi yap\u0131lmalar\u0131 esas idi.<\/p>\n
Ge\u00e7ici koruma stat\u00fcs\u00fc hakk\u0131n\u0131n -\u015fartlar\u0131 varsa- mutlakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7\u0131k bir yorum olup somut olaya g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, yakalanan bir Suriye uyruklu ki\u015finin hi\u00e7 kayd\u0131 olmasa bile stat\u00fcye ba\u015fvuru hakk\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu ve hakk\u0131nda \u201cgeri g\u00f6nderilmeme\u201d ilkesinin i\u015fledi\u011fi (2025 y\u0131l\u0131na dek) g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131narak su\u00e7un unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna var\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n
Say\u0131lan nedenler do\u011frultusunda incelenen su\u00e7 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hen\u00fcz soru\u015fturma a\u015famas\u0131nda \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00f6\u00e7 \u0130daresi Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurumuna m\u00fczekkere yaz\u0131lmak suretiyle yabanc\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkemizdeki hukuksal durumu \u00f6\u011frenilmelidir. Zira se\u00e7imlik fiil bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kanun h\u00fckm\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere su\u00e7 ancak \u201cyasal olmayan yollarla\u201d \u00fclkede bulunan yabanc\u0131lara imk\u00e2n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 fiiliyle olu\u015fabilecektir.<\/p>\n
Maddi menfaat kavram\u0131ndan anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ise su\u00e7un ger\u00e7ek failinin yabanc\u0131n\u0131n yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilerek ve g\u00f6rerek (isteyerek) yabanc\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu zor durumundan istifade etmesidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin ucuz i\u015f\u00e7i temini amac\u0131yla \u00fclkemizde yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan bilindi\u011fi yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 b\u00f6yledir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zellikle k\u0131rsal alanlarda \u00e7oban olarak, sanayi sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde i\u015f\u00e7i olarak ucuz i\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc niyetiyle yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131na sahip olmayan yabanc\u0131lardan faydalanma yoluna gidilmektedir. Burada i\u015fveren hem sigorta y\u00fck\u00fcnden kurtulmakta hem de yabanc\u0131 ka\u00e7ak i\u015f\u00e7iye emsal i\u015f\u00e7ilere nazaran olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck maa\u015f \u00f6demektedir.\u00a0<\/p>\n
Say\u0131lan \u00f6rneklerde i\u015fveren \u201cka\u00e7ak\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan yani yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 bulunmayan stat\u00fcdeki yabanc\u0131lardan maddi olarak faydalanmaktad\u0131r. D\u00fczenli i\u015f vermek suretiyle de \u00fclkede kal\u0131\u015flar\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Verilen \u00f6rnekler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan menfaat kriterinin sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ortadad\u0131r. Ancak her dosya bak\u0131m\u0131ndan do\u011frudan yahut dolayl\u0131 menfaatin ne \u015fekilde sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koyulmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay incelenen su\u00e7 i\u00e7in imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama fiili bak\u0131m\u0131ndan m\u00fctemadi (s\u00fcrekli) olma h\u00e2lini aramaktad\u0131r. Say\u0131lan nedenler uyar\u0131nca g\u00fcn\u00fcbirlik i\u015f sa\u011flama faaliyetleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan -yani s\u00fcreklilik kriterinin sa\u011flanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olaylar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan- su\u00e7un olu\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131 ihtimaller mevcuttur. Hukuk uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131, yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 bulunmayan yabanc\u0131ya temin edilen i\u015fin mahiyetine yani s\u00fcreklilik kriterine de dikkat etmelidir.<\/p>\n
\u0130mk\u00e2n sa\u011flama fiili yaln\u0131zca \u201ci\u015f vermek\u201d suretiyle olmayabilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Yarg\u0131tay, \u201cd\u00fczenli kalacak yer temini\u201d gibi h\u00e2lleri de imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama kapsam\u0131nda g\u00f6rmektedir. Bu a\u00e7\u0131dan \u015fartlar\u0131 sa\u011flayan ev sahipleri de su\u00e7un faili olabilecektir. \u0130mk\u00e2n sa\u011flama, makalenin giri\u015finde de belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere \u00f6ylesine mu\u011flak bir kavramd\u0131r ki yorum yoluyla geni\u015fletilmeye olduk\u00e7a m\u00fcsaittir.<\/p>\n
Uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n failin yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n ka\u00e7ak olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmesi noktas\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirme yapmas\u0131 hayati \u00f6nemdedir. Zira incelenen su\u00e7 yaln\u0131zca kasten i\u015flenebilen bir su\u00e7tur. Bu nedenle failin, yabanc\u0131n\u0131n \u201cka\u00e7ak\u201d stat\u00fcde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bulundu\u011funu bilmesi laz\u0131md\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Su\u00e7un konusu yani su\u00e7un maddi unsurlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin hususlar\u0131 bilerek ve isteyerek ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeyen ki\u015filerin kasten davranmad\u0131klar\u0131 kabul edilir. G\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 su\u00e7unun taksirli h\u00e2li de kanunda d\u00fczenlenmedi\u011finden kasten davranmayan kimselerin incelenen su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ceza almamalar\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
Failin yabanc\u0131n\u0131n durumunu bilip bilmedi\u011fi her zaman tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n sahte ya da yanl\u0131\u015f belgelerle kendini yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131na sahip olarak g\u00f6stermesi h\u00e2linde imk\u00e2n sa\u011flayan ki\u015finin ger\u00e7ekten durumu anlay\u0131p anlamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmeye muhta\u00e7t\u0131r. Bu konuda Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131nda farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar olabilmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin, bir olayda san\u0131k, yan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 yabanc\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7ak oldu\u011funu bilmedi\u011fini savunmu\u015f ve ilk derece mahkemesi san\u0131k hakk\u0131nda beraat karar\u0131 vermi\u015ftir. Yarg\u0131tay 4. Daire ise \u00e7o\u011funluk karar\u0131yla yerel mahkeme h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc bozmu\u015ftur. Dairenin bir \u00fcyesi kar\u015f\u0131 oy yazarak san\u0131\u011f\u0131n kast\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmi\u015ftir. Kar\u015f\u0131 oyda; san\u0131\u011f\u0131n Afganistan uyruklu \u015fahs\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 g\u00fcn \u00e7oban olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu \u015fahs\u0131n zaten olay \u00f6ncesinde de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bar\u0131nma imk\u00e2n\u0131 buldu\u011fu ve san\u0131\u011f\u0131n onun ka\u00e7ak oldu\u011funu bilmedi\u011fi vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu \u00f6rnek failin bilgi eksikli\u011finin su\u00e7un olu\u015fumunu engelleyebilece\u011fine dair \u00f6nemli bir i\u00e7tihat \u00f6rne\u011fi olarak kabul edilmelidir. TCK kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen \u201chata h\u00fck\u00fcmleri\u201d burada devreye girebilir. Fail, yabanc\u0131n\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fc konusunda ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir hataya d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ise (\u00f6rne\u011fin yabanc\u0131y\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131namayaca\u011f\u0131 \u015fekilde yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131na sahip sanm\u0131\u015f ise) ki\u015finin kast unsuru yoktur ve su\u00e7un taksirli h\u00e2li d\u00fczenlenmedi\u011finden cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere \u00fclkemiz ger\u00e7ekli\u011finde otomobil tamirat\u0131 i\u015flerinde, a\u011f\u0131r bedeni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma gerektiren i\u015flerde, tekstil sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde faaliyet g\u00f6steren i\u015f\u00e7ilerin tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 yabanc\u0131 uyrukludur. Yabanc\u0131 ki\u015filer; \u00fclkemize hangi yollarla girdikleri, yasal kal\u0131\u015f haklar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00e2lihaz\u0131rda bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zetilmeksizin bu i\u015flerde yo\u011fun olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yine yasal kal\u0131\u015f\u0131 bulunmayan ki\u015filere y\u00fcksek fiyatlara evler kiralanmakta, bu ki\u015filer bir evde 20-30 ki\u015fi kalacak \u015fekilde oturmaktad\u0131rlar. Evlerini kiralayan ev sahipleri, i\u015f\u00e7i \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran i\u015f yeri sahipleri davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n “G\u00f6\u00e7men Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131” su\u00e7una sebebiyet verece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmemektedir. Oysa bu ki\u015filerin di\u011fer \u015fartlar sa\u011fland\u0131ysa ceza olarak olduk\u00e7a a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan fail olmalar\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
3.\u00a0\u0130mk\u00e2n Sa\u011flama Fiilinin Mu\u011flakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Anayasa\u2019ya Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k Sorunu \u00dczerine<\/p>\n
\u00dclkemizde son y\u0131llarda artan d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7men sorunu, siyasetin ve toplumun \u00f6nemli konular\u0131ndan biri h\u00e2line gelmi\u015f, \u00fclke g\u00fcndemi de ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olarak ceza hukuku alan\u0131n\u0131 etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131 ve ceza mevzuat\u0131 da bu do\u011frultuda de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f, “TCK m.79\/1-a” bendi yorum yoluyla fazlaca geni\u015fletilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f, son olarak 2023 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Mart ay\u0131nda incelenen su\u00e7un alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131ldan be\u015f y\u0131la \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00dc\u00e7 adet se\u00e7imlik hareket ile i\u015flenebilen bu su\u00e7un ikinci se\u00e7imlik hareketini olu\u015fturan “yasal olmayan yollardan bir yabanc\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkede kalmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama” \u015feklindeki d\u00fczenlemede yer alan “imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama” ifadesinin su\u00e7lar\u0131n ve cezalar\u0131n belirli, a\u00e7\u0131k ve se\u00e7ik olma \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanaatini ta\u015f\u0131maktay\u0131m.<\/p>\n
Hi\u00e7bir a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k i\u00e7ermeyen, yorum yoluyla geni\u015fletilmede s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 bulunmayan incelenen d\u00fczenlemenin kanunilik ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla adil yarg\u0131lama hakk\u0131n\u0131 ihlal etti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeyim. Ceza hukukunda bireylerin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir kurallarla ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131, hangi fiilin su\u00e7 say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kanundan net bi\u00e7imde anlayabilmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Oysa \u201cimk\u00e2n sa\u011flama\u201d ifadesi, s\u0131radan vatanda\u015f bir yana, uygulay\u0131c\u0131 hukuk\u00e7ular i\u00e7in bile gri alanlar bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir taksi \u015fof\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn, arac\u0131nda bulunan m\u00fc\u015fterinin yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haricen \u00f6\u011frenmesine veya h\u00e2lin gere\u011fi \u015f\u00fcphe etmesine ra\u011fmen para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir seferlik bir yerden bir yere g\u00f6t\u00fcrmesi \u201cimk\u00e2n sa\u011flama\u201d m\u0131d\u0131r? Kanun d\u00fczenlemesi \u201cs\u00fcreklilik\u201d kriterini kapsamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu gibi sorulara a\u00e7\u0131k cevaplar vermemektedir.<\/p>\n
Kanunda su\u00e7un icrai hareketlerini tek tek saymak yerine mu\u011flak bir kavrama yer verilmesi, bu bo\u015flu\u011fun yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131yla doldurulmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Elbette her somut fiili kanunda tek tek saymak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayabilir ancak en az\u0131ndan \u00f6rnekleyici bir say\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131 veya uygulamaya \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutacak kriterlerin belirtilmesi beklenirdi.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin, kanun koyucu \u201cimk\u00e2n sa\u011flama\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7arak \u201cbar\u0131nma, d\u00fczenli istihdam, \u00fclkede kalma ad\u0131na sahte belge temini gibi davran\u0131\u015flarla\u201d s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 tutabilirdi. Bu yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, incelenen kanun h\u00fckm\u00fcnde hukuki \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan sak\u0131ncalar mevcuttur.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n getirdi\u011fi \u201cs\u00fcreklilik kriteri\u201d gibi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctler esasen kanunun a\u00e7\u0131k olmayan y\u00f6nlerini doldurma \u00e7abas\u0131d\u0131r ancak bu da her somut olayda farkl\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilme sonucunu do\u011furabilir.<\/p>\n
\u0130lgili h\u00fck\u00fcmde d\u00fczenlenen cezan\u0131n alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da s\u0131ralanan ve \u201cG\u00f6\u00e7men Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d su\u00e7undan -ba\u015fta korunan hukuki de\u011ferin \u00f6nemi olmak \u00fczere- daha a\u011f\u0131r olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilecek su\u00e7lar i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen cezalar\u0131n alt s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 incelendi\u011finde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Organ ticareti su\u00e7u: Alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 be\u015f y\u0131l<\/p>\n
\u00c7ocuk d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrtme su\u00e7u: Alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 be\u015f y\u0131l<\/p>\n
K\u0131s\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131rma su\u00e7u: Alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 be\u015f y\u0131l<\/p>\n
Bahsi ge\u00e7en su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, en az\u0131ndan her bir se\u00e7imlik hareket i\u00e7in ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ve kademeli bir \u015fekilde artan ceza d\u00fczenlemeleri yap\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131. Bu \u00f6rnekler g\u00f6steriyor ki, insan onuru ve v\u00fccut dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok ciddi ihlaller ile g\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 su\u00e7u ayn\u0131 alt s\u0131n\u0131ra sahip ceza miktar\u0131yla cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Hatta \u00f6nceki h\u00e2linde alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 3 y\u0131l olan bu su\u00e7 art\u0131k organ ticaretiyle e\u015f d\u00fczeye getirilmi\u015ftir. Oysa g\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle \u201cimk\u00e2n sa\u011flama\u201d suretiyle i\u015flenen \u015feklinde, \u00e7o\u011fu zaman yukar\u0131daki su\u00e7lardan farkl\u0131 bir toplumsal tehlike d\u00fczeyi vard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin organ ticareti do\u011frudan bir ki\u015finin v\u00fccut b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne a\u011f\u0131r bir sald\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r; g\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise (a\u011f\u0131rla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 h\u00e2lleri bir yana) \u00e7o\u011funlukla g\u00f6\u00e7menler r\u0131zalar\u0131yla belirli menfaatler kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bu s\u00fcrece dahil olmaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6yle olmakla birlikte incelenen su\u00e7un da dolayl\u0131 zararlar\u0131 (d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn artmas\u0131, emek s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc, kay\u0131t d\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vb.) vard\u0131r ancak cezai yapt\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n 5 y\u0131ldan ba\u015flamas\u0131, failin somut eyleminin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re h\u00e2kimin esnekli\u011fini azaltmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Ayr\u0131ca \u015fayet su\u00e7un kanuni tan\u0131mlamas\u0131nda “imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama” ifadesi bu denli geni\u015f tutulduysa bile bu durumda en az\u0131ndan cezan\u0131n alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 ile \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki makas\u0131n, h\u00e2kime takdir yetkisi verecek ve b\u00f6ylece somut olay adaletini sa\u011flamaya imk\u00e2n verecek \u015fekilde geni\u015f b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmekteydi. Zira su\u00e7un i\u015fleni\u015f bi\u00e7imleri farkl\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k derecelerine sahiptir.<\/p>\n
\u00d6rne\u011fin, bir yabanc\u0131y\u0131 botla denizden ka\u00e7ak sokmak veya organize \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rdan ge\u00e7irmek fiili bir ka\u00e7ak g\u00f6\u00e7meni bir at\u00f6lyede \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktan muhtemelen daha tehlikeli ve profesyonelce bir eylemdir. Buna ra\u011fmen her ikisi de kural olarak 5 ile 8 y\u0131l aras\u0131nda cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u0130stanbul’da 2025 tarihi itibar\u0131yla yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 olan yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyon yabanc\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130stanbul’da yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 kalan toplam yabanc\u0131 say\u0131s\u0131 ise h\u00e2liyle bilinmemektedir. Olduk\u00e7a iyimser bir tahminle \u0130stanbul’da yakla\u015f\u0131k 300.000 (\u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz bin) yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 bulunmayan yabanc\u0131 oldu\u011funu kabul etsek dahi, bu yabanc\u0131lara bilin\u00e7li yahut bilin\u00e7siz \u015fekilde, -\u00f6rne\u011fin taksiyle bir yerden bir yere para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mak gibi- imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama mahiyetinde olabilecek hareketler ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren potansiyel en az 300.000 (\u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz bin) ki\u015finin oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n
Bu durum “g\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131” su\u00e7lamas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda 300.000 ki\u015finin potansiyel \u015f\u00fcpheli olabilmesi demektir. Zira soru\u015fturma a\u015famas\u0131nda \u201ckast\u201d unsurunun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 net olarak anla\u015f\u0131lamayacakt\u0131r. Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n ilgili ceza dairesinin incelenen se\u00e7imlik hareket bak\u0131m\u0131ndan arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cs\u00fcreklilik\u201d kriteri olmasa yani yaln\u0131zca kanunda yer alan laf\u0131z do\u011frultusunda soru\u015fturma y\u00fcr\u00fctme cihetine gidilirse “g\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131” su\u00e7lamas\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda 300.000 potansiyel \u015f\u00fcpheli olu\u015facakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Oysa \u0130stanbul’da 2025 senesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ya\u015fanan adli olaylar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 250 bin olarak a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum kanun maddesinde yer alan imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama ifadesinin mu\u011flakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kanun yapma dinamiklerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n
\u0130ncelenen kanun h\u00fckm\u00fc hen\u00fcz Anayasa Mahkemesi incelemesine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f de\u011fildir. H\u00fckm\u00fcn uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir davada somut norm incelemesinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n talep edilmesi ve talebin ciddi g\u00f6r\u00fclerek Anayasa Mahkemesi incelemesine g\u00f6nderilmesi h\u00e2linde Anayasa Mahkemesi h\u00fckm\u00fcn ilgili k\u0131sm\u0131 hakk\u0131nda iptal karar\u0131 verebilir.<\/p>\n
4.\u00a0Sonu\u00e7<\/p>\n
TCK m.79 kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d su\u00e7u, \u00fclkemizde artan d\u00fczensiz g\u00f6\u00e7 olgusuyla daha da \u00f6nem kazanan bir yapt\u0131r\u0131m arac\u0131 h\u00e2line gelmi\u015ftir. Bu su\u00e7un \u201cyabanc\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkede kalmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama\u201d \u015feklindeki se\u00e7imlik hareketi, \u00f6zellikle ka\u00e7ak g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin emek s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc ve bar\u0131nma gibi sorunlar\u0131yla da yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkilidir.<\/p>\n
G\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla m\u00fccadele hem ulusal g\u00fcvenlik hem toplumsal d\u00fczen a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ilmezdir. An\u0131lan m\u00fccadele s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrken, hukuk devleti ilkeleri g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmemelidir. Makalede belirtildi\u011fi \u00fczere yasal kal\u0131\u015f hakk\u0131 bulunan ile bulunmayan yabanc\u0131 ayr\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n titizlikle yap\u0131lmas\u0131, failin kast\u0131n\u0131n ortaya konmas\u0131, fiilin s\u00fcreklili\u011finin aranmas\u0131 gibi unsurlar adil bir uygulaman\u0131n \u015fartlar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay i\u00e7tihatlar\u0131 bu y\u00f6nleri geli\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015fsa da kanaatime g\u00f6re h\u00fck\u00fcmde bulunan mu\u011flakl\u0131k bak\u0131m\u0131ndan nihai \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm merci yasama organ\u0131d\u0131r. Kanun koyucu, TCK madde 79 kapsam\u0131nda mevcut olan mu\u011flakl\u0131k ve orant\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 giderecek d\u00fczenlemeleri yapmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u201cimk\u00e2n sa\u011flama\u201d fiilini daha net tan\u0131mlamak ve yasal \u00e7er\u00e7eveyi buna g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlemek \u015fartt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Son tahlilde, g\u00f6\u00e7men ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 su\u00e7u kapsam\u0131ndaki \u201cimk\u00e2n sa\u011flama\u201d olgusu incelikli bir denge gerektirmektedir. Bir yanda devletin egemenlik hakk\u0131 ve g\u00f6\u00e7 kontrol\u00fc, di\u011fer yanda ekonomik zorluklar i\u00e7inde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f insanlar ve onlarla temas eden toplum kesimleri vard\u0131r. \u00a0Bu dengeyi adil bi\u00e7imde kurmak ne su\u00e7u g\u00f6rmezden gelmek ne de mu\u011flak d\u00fczenlemeler yapmak suretiyle sa\u011flanabilir.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fru \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm mevzuat\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k, uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131n\u0131 temin etmek; Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n da vurgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini g\u00f6zeterek adaleti ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektir. B\u00f6ylece hem kanunilik ilkesi hem orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k prensibi korunacakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca ger\u00e7ekten su\u00e7un faili olan ve ekonomik sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 olan incelenen su\u00e7tan haks\u0131z kazan\u00e7 elde eden ki\u015filer hak ettikleri cezalar ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Anahtar Kelimeler<\/p>\n
G\u00f6\u00e7men Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Su\u00e7u, TCK madde 79, Se\u00e7imlik Hareket, \u0130mk\u00e2n Sa\u011flama Fiili\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u00d6z\u00fc [Bu makalede, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu madde 79 kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen \u201cG\u00f6\u00e7men Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d su\u00e7unun se\u00e7imlik hareketlerinden biri olan \u201cimk\u00e2n sa\u011flama\u201d fiili bak\u0131m\u0131ndan inceleme yap\u0131lacakt\u0131r.] 1.\u00a0G\u00f6\u00e7men Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Su\u00e7unun \u0130rdelenmesi (Maddi Menfaat Elde Etmek Maksad\u0131yla Yasal Olmayan Yollardan Bir Yabanc\u0131n\u0131n \u00dclkede Kalmas\u0131na \u0130mk\u00e2n Sa\u011flama Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan) TCK madde 79\/1 uyar\u0131nca do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 olarak maddi menfaat sa\u011flama amac\u0131yla yasal olmayan yollardan; bir yabanc\u0131y\u0131 \u00fclkeye sokan veya \u00fclkede kalmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flayan, T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 veya yabanc\u0131n\u0131n yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flayan ki\u015fi 5 y\u0131ldan 8 y\u0131la kadar hapis cezas\u0131 ve bin g\u00fcnden on bin g\u00fcne kadar adl\u00ee para cezas\u0131 ile cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Su\u00e7 te\u015febb\u00fcs a\u015famas\u0131nda kalsa dahi tamamlanm\u0131\u015f gibi cezaya h\u00fckmolunur. \u201cG\u00f6\u00e7men Ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda TCK m.79 kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen su\u00e7, soyut tehlike su\u00e7u olup se\u00e7imlik hareketlerle i\u015flenebilmektedir. Bu makalede incelenecek olan se\u00e7imlik hareket, maddi menfaat elde etmek maksad\u0131yla yasal olmayan yollardan bir yabanc\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkede kalmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n sa\u011flama hareketidir. Se\u00e7imlik hareket kapsam\u0131nda su\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kanun koyucunun arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kriterler \u015fu \u015fekildedir: Dolayl\u0131 veya do\u011frudan maddi menfaat sa\u011flanmas\u0131 amac\u0131 ve yasal olmayan yollarla \u00fclkede bulunan yabanc\u0131n\u0131n kalma fiiline devam etmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde imk\u00e2n sa\u011flanmas\u0131. Su\u00e7un manevi unsurunun \u00f6zel kast (menfaat) oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u0130ncelenen su\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Yarg\u0131tay, se\u00e7imlik hareketin makul s\u00fcre boyunca s\u00fcreklilik arz etmesi e\u015f deyi\u015fle devam etmesi kriterini aramaktad\u0131r. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-56189","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n