Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada dizi halinde \u00a0toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131 ile bu hakka y\u00f6nelik kamu m\u00fcdahalesi ve bu m\u00fcdahalenin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 incelenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Dizinin 1. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131, 2. b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, 3. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde genel olarak toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131na kamu m\u00fcdahalesi kavram\u0131, 4. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131lmadan \u00f6nceki m\u00fcdahaleler, 5. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131radaki m\u00fcdahaleler, 6. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ise toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonraki m\u00fcdahaleler incelenecektir. Konular incelenirken Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi (A\u0130HM) ve Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin (AYM) yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 esas al\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
TOPLANTI VE G\u00d6STER\u0130 Y\u00dcR\u00dcY\u00dc\u015e\u00dc HAKKI<\/p>\n
Aristoteles\u2019e g\u00f6re, s\u00fcr\u00fc halinde ya\u015fayan politik\u00a0 (sosyal) bir hayvan olan\u00a0 insan, di\u011fer hayvanlardan farkl\u0131 olarak konu\u015fma yetene\u011fine sahiptir. \u0130nsan, bu yetene\u011fi sayesinde yararl\u0131 ve zararl\u0131y\u0131, do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131 ifade edebilmektedir. \u0130nsan ve di\u011fer hayvanlar aras\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck fark insanlar\u0131n do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131, iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fcy\u00fc ay\u0131rt edebilmeleridir.[i] \u0130nsanlar\u0131n en temel \u00f6zelli\u011finin do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131, iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fcy\u00fc ay\u0131rt edebilmeleri oldu\u011fu tespiti do\u011fru olmakla birlikte bu de\u011ferlerin insandan insana, gruptan gruba de\u011fi\u015febilmesi ortak paydada bulu\u015fmay\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir grup insan i\u00e7in fok bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 end\u00fcstriyel bir faaliyetin par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktayken, baz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in ise bir vah\u015feti temsil etmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir\u00e7ok konuda insanlar\u0131n ortak do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015fta, iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fcde bulu\u015fabilmeleri her zaman m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamamaktad\u0131r. Bu gibi durumlarda ise, insanlar\u0131n kendi do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc di\u011fer insanlara ve karar verici otoritelere iletme ya da tepkisel davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterme ihtiyac\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bireylerin, y\u00f6netime ve y\u00f6netenlere kar\u015f\u0131 dilek, \u00f6neri ve istekleriyle \u015fik\u00e2yet, ele\u015ftiri ve uyar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 sunma ihtiyac\u0131, insan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n ve ayn\u0131 zamanda insan\u0131n sosyal bir varl\u0131k olu\u015funun sonucu olup bu ihtiya\u00e7 tek ya da toplu olarak \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u00e7lardan yararlan\u0131larak yerine getirilmektedir.[ii] \u00a0Demokratik toplumlarda, bu ihtiyac\u0131 gidermenin en temel yolu toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fleridir. Bu ihtiyac\u0131n gereklili\u011fi, zaman i\u00e7erisinde evrensel de\u011ferlere sahip toplumlar\u0131 g\u00f6steri ve toplant\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc bir hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck olarak kabul etme noktas\u0131na getirmi\u015ftir. Bireyler, adaletsiz oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri \u00a0durumlarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldiklerinde yerle\u015fik normlara meydan okuyan eylem bi\u00e7imlerini benimsemekte ve karar vericileri etkilemek i\u00e7in protesto y\u00f6ntemini kullanmakta, bu \u015fekilde g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz akt\u00f6rler daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc gruplar\u0131n deste\u011fini harekete ge\u00e7irmeyi, kitle ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla karar vericilerin referans ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 halka ula\u015fmay\u0131 hedeflemektedir.[iii] Bir karar, olay ya da uygulamay\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerinin de, \u00f6z\u00fcnde,\u00a0 karar, olay ya da uygulamay\u0131 desteklemeyen ki\u015filere y\u00f6nelik bir protestoyu bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n
Esas\u0131nda toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6zel bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc niteli\u011findedir. A\u0130HM, toplant\u0131 d\u00fczenleme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi bir toplumu toplum yapan de\u011ferlerden oldu\u011funu belirterek s\u00f6zle\u015fmede d\u00fczenlenen ki\u015fisel fikirlerin korunmas\u0131n\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l toplant\u0131 d\u00fczenleme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan birisi oldu\u011funu ve ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn, toplant\u0131 yapma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemeyece\u011fi tespitini yapmaktad\u0131r (Djavit An\/T\u00fcrkiye Davas\u0131).<\/p>\n
AYM de A\u0130HM\u2019e benzer \u015fekilde, toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenleme hakk\u0131n\u0131n, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi ifade bi\u00e7imlerinden birini olu\u015fturdu\u011funu ve bu hakk\u0131n bireylerin bir fikri a\u00e7\u0131klamak, ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 savunmak, belli fikir ve kanaatler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kamuoyu olu\u015fturmak ve siyasal karar organlar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemek i\u00e7in bir araya gelebilmeleri amac\u0131na hizmet etti\u011fini, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle de yak\u0131ndan ilgili olup ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile birlikte demokratik toplumun temelini olu\u015fturdu\u011funu, demokratik bir toplumda ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne g\u00f6sterilen \u00f6nem ve hassasiyetin, toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenleme hakk\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtmektedir (E.2020\/12, K.2020\/46, 10\/09\/2020).<\/p>\n
Toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131 da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 koruma ve geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlardan yaralanmak zorundad\u0131r. \u0130fade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin gerek ulusal gerekse uluslararas\u0131 metinlerde yer alan geni\u015f \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fleri i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Bu durumu AYM, toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenleme hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steriyi tertip edenlerin savundu\u011fu ve ifade etti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin i\u00e7eri\u011finin bir \u00f6neminin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenleme hakk\u0131n\u0131n, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu gibi sadece toplumun geneli taraf\u0131ndan savunulan ve kabul g\u00f6ren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve fikirleri korumakla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilemeyece\u011fini belirtip, bunun yan\u0131nda toplumun genelini rahats\u0131z edebilecek, endi\u015felendirecek, hatta \u015fok edecek veya onlar\u0131n belirli d\u00fczeyde tepkilerini \u00e7ekebilecek fikirleri savunmak amac\u0131yla da toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenlenebilece\u011fi, bu durumun da bu hakka dahil oldu\u011fu, bir toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131klanan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin s\u0131rf \u00e7o\u011funluk ya da siyasal iktidar taraf\u0131ndan benimsenmemesi veya onlarda rahats\u0131zl\u0131k uyand\u0131rmas\u0131 nedeniyle yasaklanmas\u0131 veyahut s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ifade edilen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve ele\u015ftiriler ne derece sert ve rahats\u0131z edici olursa olsun \u015fiddet i\u00e7ermedi\u011fi ve bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l niteli\u011fini korudu\u011fu m\u00fcddet\u00e7e, yetkili makamlar\u0131n her t\u00fcrl\u00fc toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne tahamm\u00fcl g\u00f6stermesi ve ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcyle yakla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n demokrasinin bir gere\u011fi oldu\u011fu \u015feklinde ifade etmi\u015ftir (E.2014\/101, K.2017\/142, 28.09.2017). AYM\u2019nin bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 A\u0130HM yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 ile \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmektedir \u00a0(bkz. Handys\u0131de\/Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k davas\u0131).<\/p>\n
Toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, g\u00f6stericiler taraf\u0131ndan taleplerinin halka ve kamu otoritelerine ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir ara\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte iken, genellikle y\u00f6netenler ve \u00a0kamu otoriteleri taraf\u0131ndan\u00a0 ise\u00a0 kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve d\u00fczenine y\u00f6nelik tehditleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Kamu otoritelerinin bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda, toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn, kamuoyu olu\u015fturma, di\u011fer g\u00fc\u00e7 sahiplerini, karar vericileri ve \u00a0halk\u0131 etkileme fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, kalabal\u0131klar\u0131n kontrolden \u00e7\u0131karak \u015fiddet eylemlerine ba\u015fvurma potansiyellerinin bulunmas\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131t g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f sahiplerinin reaksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n yaratabilece\u011fi olumsuzluklar ve yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct ve yap\u0131lar\u0131n zaman zaman toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerini propaganda ya da korku panik yaratmak amac\u0131yla kullanmalar\u0131 da \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir.<\/p>\n
Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunan mevzuat\u0131m\u0131zda, 1981 Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n 34. maddesinde yer alan \u201cHerkes, \u00f6nceden izin almadan, silahs\u0131z ve sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131z toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6ster y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenleme hakk\u0131na sahiptir\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fc, toplanma hakk\u0131n\u0131 anayasal teminat alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f ve bu hakk\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 ise 2911 say\u0131l\u0131 TVGYK ile d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
——————<\/p>\n
* Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yazar\u0131n \u201cToplumsal Olaylarda Adli Sorunlar\u201d (Kara, Ey\u00fcp, Toplumsal Olaylarda Adli Sorunlar, Adli Bil. ve Kriminalistik Ansiklopedisi, 7. Cilt, s. 3639-3656, Adalet Yay\u0131nevi, 2023) adl\u0131 makalesinden yararlan\u0131larak\u00a0haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
[i] Aristoteles, Politika, Say Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2020, s.26-27<\/p>\n
[ii] Anayurt, \u00d6., Toplanma H\u00fcrriyeti Kavram\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk Anayasa Hukukunda Toplanma H\u00fcrriyeti, 1996, (Tez) http:\/\/nek.istanbul.edu.tr:4444\/ekos\/TEZ\/29341.pdf Eri\u015fim Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021, s. 1,<\/p>\n
[iii] Porta; DD., D\u0131an\u0131, M., Toplumsal Hareketler, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2020, s. 231 \u2013 233<\/p>\n
At\u0131f yap\u0131lan kararlar:<\/p>\n
Djavit An \u2013 T\u00fcrkiye Davas\u0131, https:\/\/www.kararara.com\/aihm\/turkce3\/aihm11897.htm Eri\u015fim Tarihi 1 May\u0131s 2021<\/p>\n
E. 2014\/101, K. 2017\/142, 28\/09\/2017, https:\/\/normkararlarbilgibankasi.anayasa.gov.tr\/ND\/2017\/142 Eri\u015fim Tarihi 1 May\u0131s 2021<\/p>\n
E. 2020\/12, K. 2020\/46, 10\/09\/2020, https:\/\/normkararlarbilgibankasi.anayasa.gov.tr\/ND\/2020\/46 Eri\u015fim Tarihi 1 May\u0131s 2021<\/p>\n
Handdys\u0131de – Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k Davas\u0131, https:\/\/cdn.istanbul.edu.tr\/FileHandler2.ashx?f=handyside.pdf Eri\u015fim Tarihi 1 May\u0131s 2021<\/p>\n
\u200bBu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada dizi halinde \u00a0toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131 ile bu hakka y\u00f6nelik kamu m\u00fcdahalesi ve bu m\u00fcdahalenin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 incelenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Dizinin 1. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131, 2. b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, 3. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde genel olarak toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131na kamu m\u00fcdahalesi kavram\u0131, 4. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131lmadan \u00f6nceki m\u00fcdahaleler, 5. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131radaki m\u00fcdahaleler, 6. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ise toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonraki m\u00fcdahaleler incelenecektir. Konular incelenirken Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi (A\u0130HM) ve Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin (AYM) yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 esas al\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
TOPLANTI VE G\u00d6STER\u0130 Y\u00dcR\u00dcY\u00dc\u015e\u00dc HAKKI<\/p>\n
Aristoteles\u2019e g\u00f6re, s\u00fcr\u00fc halinde ya\u015fayan politik\u00a0 (sosyal) bir hayvan olan\u00a0 insan, di\u011fer hayvanlardan farkl\u0131 olarak konu\u015fma yetene\u011fine sahiptir. \u0130nsan, bu yetene\u011fi sayesinde yararl\u0131 ve zararl\u0131y\u0131, do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131 ifade edebilmektedir. \u0130nsan ve di\u011fer hayvanlar aras\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck fark insanlar\u0131n do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131, iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fcy\u00fc ay\u0131rt edebilmeleridir.[i] \u0130nsanlar\u0131n en temel \u00f6zelli\u011finin do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131, iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fcy\u00fc ay\u0131rt edebilmeleri oldu\u011fu tespiti do\u011fru olmakla birlikte bu de\u011ferlerin insandan insana, gruptan gruba de\u011fi\u015febilmesi ortak paydada bulu\u015fmay\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir grup insan i\u00e7in fok bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 end\u00fcstriyel bir faaliyetin par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktayken, baz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in ise bir vah\u015feti temsil etmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir\u00e7ok konuda insanlar\u0131n ortak do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015fta, iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fcde bulu\u015fabilmeleri her zaman m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olamamaktad\u0131r. Bu gibi durumlarda ise, insanlar\u0131n kendi do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131, iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc di\u011fer insanlara ve karar verici otoritelere iletme ya da tepkisel davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterme ihtiyac\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bireylerin, y\u00f6netime ve y\u00f6netenlere kar\u015f\u0131 dilek, \u00f6neri ve istekleriyle \u015fik\u00e2yet, ele\u015ftiri ve uyar\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 sunma ihtiyac\u0131, insan do\u011fas\u0131n\u0131n ve ayn\u0131 zamanda insan\u0131n sosyal bir varl\u0131k olu\u015funun sonucu olup bu ihtiya\u00e7 tek ya da toplu olarak \u00e7e\u015fitli ara\u00e7lardan yararlan\u0131larak yerine getirilmektedir.[ii] \u00a0Demokratik toplumlarda, bu ihtiyac\u0131 gidermenin en temel yolu toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fleridir. Bu ihtiyac\u0131n gereklili\u011fi, zaman i\u00e7erisinde evrensel de\u011ferlere sahip toplumlar\u0131 g\u00f6steri ve toplant\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc bir hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck olarak kabul etme noktas\u0131na getirmi\u015ftir. Bireyler, adaletsiz oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri \u00a0durumlarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldiklerinde yerle\u015fik normlara meydan okuyan eylem bi\u00e7imlerini benimsemekte ve karar vericileri etkilemek i\u00e7in protesto y\u00f6ntemini kullanmakta, bu \u015fekilde g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz akt\u00f6rler daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc gruplar\u0131n deste\u011fini harekete ge\u00e7irmeyi, kitle ileti\u015fim ara\u00e7lar\u0131 arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla karar vericilerin referans ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 halka ula\u015fmay\u0131 hedeflemektedir.[iii] Bir karar, olay ya da uygulamay\u0131 desteklemek i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerinin de, \u00f6z\u00fcnde,\u00a0 karar, olay ya da uygulamay\u0131 desteklemeyen ki\u015filere y\u00f6nelik bir protestoyu bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n
Esas\u0131nda toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6zel bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc niteli\u011findedir. A\u0130HM, toplant\u0131 d\u00fczenleme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi bir toplumu toplum yapan de\u011ferlerden oldu\u011funu belirterek s\u00f6zle\u015fmede d\u00fczenlenen ki\u015fisel fikirlerin korunmas\u0131n\u0131n bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l toplant\u0131 d\u00fczenleme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn ama\u00e7lar\u0131ndan birisi oldu\u011funu ve ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn, toplant\u0131 yapma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemeyece\u011fi tespitini yapmaktad\u0131r (Djavit An\/T\u00fcrkiye Davas\u0131).<\/p>\n
AYM de A\u0130HM\u2019e benzer \u015fekilde, toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenleme hakk\u0131n\u0131n, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi ifade bi\u00e7imlerinden birini olu\u015fturdu\u011funu ve bu hakk\u0131n bireylerin bir fikri a\u00e7\u0131klamak, ortak \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 savunmak, belli fikir ve kanaatler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kamuoyu olu\u015fturmak ve siyasal karar organlar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemek i\u00e7in bir araya gelebilmeleri amac\u0131na hizmet etti\u011fini, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle de yak\u0131ndan ilgili olup ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile birlikte demokratik toplumun temelini olu\u015fturdu\u011funu, demokratik bir toplumda ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne g\u00f6sterilen \u00f6nem ve hassasiyetin, toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenleme hakk\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtmektedir (E.2020\/12, K.2020\/46, 10\/09\/2020).<\/p>\n
Toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131 da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yararland\u0131\u011f\u0131 koruma ve geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlardan yaralanmak zorundad\u0131r. \u0130fade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ili\u015fkin gerek ulusal gerekse uluslararas\u0131 metinlerde yer alan geni\u015f \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fleri i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Bu durumu AYM, toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenleme hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steriyi tertip edenlerin savundu\u011fu ve ifade etti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncenin i\u00e7eri\u011finin bir \u00f6neminin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenleme hakk\u0131n\u0131n, ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde oldu\u011fu gibi sadece toplumun geneli taraf\u0131ndan savunulan ve kabul g\u00f6ren d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve fikirleri korumakla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilemeyece\u011fini belirtip, bunun yan\u0131nda toplumun genelini rahats\u0131z edebilecek, endi\u015felendirecek, hatta \u015fok edecek veya onlar\u0131n belirli d\u00fczeyde tepkilerini \u00e7ekebilecek fikirleri savunmak amac\u0131yla da toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenlenebilece\u011fi, bu durumun da bu hakka dahil oldu\u011fu, bir toplant\u0131 veya g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde a\u00e7\u0131klanan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin s\u0131rf \u00e7o\u011funluk ya da siyasal iktidar taraf\u0131ndan benimsenmemesi veya onlarda rahats\u0131zl\u0131k uyand\u0131rmas\u0131 nedeniyle yasaklanmas\u0131 veyahut s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ifade edilen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve ele\u015ftiriler ne derece sert ve rahats\u0131z edici olursa olsun \u015fiddet i\u00e7ermedi\u011fi ve bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l niteli\u011fini korudu\u011fu m\u00fcddet\u00e7e, yetkili makamlar\u0131n her t\u00fcrl\u00fc toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne tahamm\u00fcl g\u00f6stermesi ve ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcyle yakla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n demokrasinin bir gere\u011fi oldu\u011fu \u015feklinde ifade etmi\u015ftir (E.2014\/101, K.2017\/142, 28.09.2017). AYM\u2019nin bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 A\u0130HM yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 ile \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmektedir \u00a0(bkz. Handys\u0131de\/Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k davas\u0131).<\/p>\n
Toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, g\u00f6stericiler taraf\u0131ndan taleplerinin halka ve kamu otoritelerine ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir ara\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte iken, genellikle y\u00f6netenler ve \u00a0kamu otoriteleri taraf\u0131ndan\u00a0 ise\u00a0 kamu g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve d\u00fczenine y\u00f6nelik tehditleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Kamu otoritelerinin bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda, toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn, kamuoyu olu\u015fturma, di\u011fer g\u00fc\u00e7 sahiplerini, karar vericileri ve \u00a0halk\u0131 etkileme fonksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda, kalabal\u0131klar\u0131n kontrolden \u00e7\u0131karak \u015fiddet eylemlerine ba\u015fvurma potansiyellerinin bulunmas\u0131, kar\u015f\u0131t g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f sahiplerinin reaksiyonlar\u0131n\u0131n yaratabilece\u011fi olumsuzluklar ve yasa d\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6rg\u00fct ve yap\u0131lar\u0131n zaman zaman toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015flerini propaganda ya da korku panik yaratmak amac\u0131yla kullanmalar\u0131 da \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir.<\/p>\n
Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte bulunan mevzuat\u0131m\u0131zda, 1981 Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n 34. maddesinde yer alan \u201cHerkes, \u00f6nceden izin almadan, silahs\u0131z ve sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131z toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6ster y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc d\u00fczenleme hakk\u0131na sahiptir\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fc, toplanma hakk\u0131n\u0131 anayasal teminat alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f ve bu hakk\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 ise 2911 say\u0131l\u0131 TVGYK ile d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
——————<\/p>\n
* Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yazar\u0131n \u201cToplumsal Olaylarda Adli Sorunlar\u201d (Kara, Ey\u00fcp, Toplumsal Olaylarda Adli Sorunlar, Adli Bil. ve Kriminalistik Ansiklopedisi, 7. Cilt, s. 3639-3656, Adalet Yay\u0131nevi, 2023) adl\u0131 makalesinden yararlan\u0131larak\u00a0haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
[i] Aristoteles, Politika, Say Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2020, s.26-27<\/p>\n
[ii] Anayurt, \u00d6., Toplanma H\u00fcrriyeti Kavram\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk Anayasa Hukukunda Toplanma H\u00fcrriyeti, 1996, (Tez) http:\/\/nek.istanbul.edu.tr:4444\/ekos\/TEZ\/29341.pdf Eri\u015fim Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021, s. 1,<\/p>\n
[iii] Porta; DD., D\u0131an\u0131, M., Toplumsal Hareketler, T\u00fcrkiye \u0130\u015f Bankas\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2020, s. 231 \u2013 233<\/p>\n
At\u0131f yap\u0131lan kararlar:<\/p>\n
Djavit An \u2013 T\u00fcrkiye Davas\u0131, https:\/\/www.kararara.com\/aihm\/turkce3\/aihm11897.htm Eri\u015fim Tarihi 1 May\u0131s 2021<\/p>\n
E. 2014\/101, K. 2017\/142, 28\/09\/2017, https:\/\/normkararlarbilgibankasi.anayasa.gov.tr\/ND\/2017\/142 Eri\u015fim Tarihi 1 May\u0131s 2021<\/p>\n
E. 2020\/12, K. 2020\/46, 10\/09\/2020, https:\/\/normkararlarbilgibankasi.anayasa.gov.tr\/ND\/2020\/46 Eri\u015fim Tarihi 1 May\u0131s 2021<\/p>\n
Handdys\u0131de – Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k Davas\u0131, https:\/\/cdn.istanbul.edu.tr\/FileHandler2.ashx?f=handyside.pdf Eri\u015fim Tarihi 1 May\u0131s 2021\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada dizi halinde \u00a0toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131 ile bu hakka y\u00f6nelik kamu m\u00fcdahalesi ve bu m\u00fcdahalenin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 incelenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Dizinin 1. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131, 2. b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, 3. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde genel olarak toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131na kamu m\u00fcdahalesi kavram\u0131, 4. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131lmadan \u00f6nceki m\u00fcdahaleler, 5. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131radaki m\u00fcdahaleler, 6. b\u00f6l\u00fcmde ise toplant\u0131 ve g\u00f6steri y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonraki m\u00fcdahaleler incelenecektir. Konular incelenirken Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi (A\u0130HM) ve Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin (AYM) yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 esas al\u0131nmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. TOPLANTI VE G\u00d6STER\u0130 Y\u00dcR\u00dcY\u00dc\u015e\u00dc HAKKI Aristoteles\u2019e g\u00f6re, s\u00fcr\u00fc halinde ya\u015fayan politik\u00a0 (sosyal) bir hayvan olan\u00a0 insan, di\u011fer hayvanlardan farkl\u0131 olarak konu\u015fma yetene\u011fine sahiptir. \u0130nsan, bu yetene\u011fi sayesinde yararl\u0131 ve zararl\u0131y\u0131, do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131 ifade edebilmektedir. \u0130nsan ve di\u011fer hayvanlar aras\u0131ndaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck fark insanlar\u0131n do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131, iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fcy\u00fc ay\u0131rt edebilmeleridir.[i] \u0130nsanlar\u0131n en temel \u00f6zelli\u011finin do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f\u0131, iyi ve k\u00f6t\u00fcy\u00fc ay\u0131rt edebilmeleri oldu\u011fu tespiti do\u011fru olmakla birlikte bu de\u011ferlerin insandan insana, gruptan gruba de\u011fi\u015febilmesi ortak paydada bulu\u015fmay\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin bir grup insan i\u00e7in fok bal\u0131\u011f\u0131 avc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 end\u00fcstriyel bir faaliyetin par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktayken, baz\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in ise bir vah\u015feti temsil etmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bir\u00e7ok konuda insanlar\u0131n ortak do\u011fru …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37222","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n