ANAYASA MAHKEMES\u0130 KARARI <\/p>\n
Esas Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2024\/205<\/p>\n
Karar Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2025\/88<\/p>\n
Karar Tarihi : 27\/3\/2025<\/p>\n
R.G.Tarih-Say\u0131 : 4\/6\/2025-32920<\/p>\n
\u0130T\u0130RAZ YOLUNA BA\u015eVURAN: Sakarya 3. \u0130cra Hukuk Mahkemesi (E.2024\/205, E.2024\/206)<\/p>\n
\u0130T\u0130RAZLARIN KONUSU: 9\/6\/1932 tarihli ve 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130cra ve \u0130flas Kanunu\u2019na 28\/3\/2023 tarihli ve 7445 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 6. maddesiyle eklenen ge\u00e7ici 20. maddenin Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2., 35. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek iptaline ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn durdurulmas\u0131na karar verilmesi talebidir.<\/p>\n
OLAY: Muhafaza i\u015fleminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan haczin sona ermesi \u00fczerine tasfiye i\u015flemlerine ba\u015flanan ara\u00e7lar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin Makine ve Kimya End\u00fcstrisi Anonim \u015eirketine (MKE A.\u015e.) ve yediemine devrine karar verilmesi talepleriyle a\u00e7\u0131lan davalarda itiraz konusu kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varan Mahkeme, iptali i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
I. \u0130PTAL\u0130 \u0130STENEN KANUN H\u00dcK\u00dcM\u00dc<\/p>\n
Kanun\u2019un itiraz konusu ge\u00e7ici 20. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u201cGe\u00e7ici Madde 20- (Ek:28\/3\/2023-7445\/6 md.)<\/p>\n
Bu maddeyi ihdas eden Kanunun y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarih itibar\u0131yla, muhafaza i\u015fleminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan haciz kalkm\u0131\u015f olup da yedieminde bulunan mallar, takibin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer icra dairesince bu madde uyar\u0131nca resen tasfiye edilir. Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tasfiye edilecek mallar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 dikkate alarak takibin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer icra dairelerinden birini veya birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 ya da takibin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerin ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ilin ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan icra dairelerinden birini veya birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 tasfiye i\u015flemlerini y\u00fcr\u00fctmekle g\u00f6revlendirebilir. <\/p>\n
Tasfiye edilecek mallara ili\u015fkin bilgiler, icra dairesince Ulusal Yarg\u0131 A\u011f\u0131 Bili\u015fim Sisteminde duyurulur.<\/p>\n
Bu maddenin uygulanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin usul ve esaslar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihten itibaren on g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde g\u00fcmr\u00fck idaresi, 4458 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun kapsam\u0131nda serbest dola\u015f\u0131mda olmayan tasfiye konusu mal\u0131, g\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemlerini yapmak \u00fczere teslim almazsa, m\u00fcteakip f\u0131kralar uyar\u0131nca mal tasfiye edilir. <\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131daki f\u0131kra uyar\u0131nca mal tasfiye edilmez ve tahsil dairesi, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kradaki s\u00fcreyi takip eden on g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde, 6183 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun uyar\u0131nca \u00fczerinde haciz bulunan tasfiye konusu mal\u0131 muhafaza ve\/veya sat\u0131\u015f i\u015flemlerini yapmak \u00fczere teslim almazsa, m\u00fcteakip f\u0131kralar uyar\u0131nca mal tasfiye edilir.<\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131daki f\u0131kra uyar\u0131nca mal tasfiye edilmez ve bor\u00e7lu, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kradaki s\u00fcreyi takip eden on g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde, tarifeye g\u00f6re belirlenen yedieminlik \u00fccretini \u00f6demek suretiyle mal\u0131 teslim almazsa m\u00fcteakip f\u0131kralar uyar\u0131nca mal tasfiye edilir. <\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131daki f\u0131kra uyar\u0131nca mal tasfiye edilmez ve rehin hakk\u0131 sahibi, be\u015finci f\u0131kradaki s\u00fcreyi takip eden on g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde, rehinden kaynaklanan haklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak bu durumu icra dairesine bildirmezse m\u00fcteakip f\u0131kralar uyar\u0131nca mal tasfiye edilir. <\/p>\n
Sicile kay\u0131tl\u0131 mallar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yukar\u0131daki f\u0131kra uyar\u0131nca mal tasfiye edilmezse icra dairesi, alt\u0131nc\u0131 f\u0131kradaki s\u00fcrenin dolmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcteakip gecikmeksizin mal\u0131n, kanunun elektronik ortamda a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rma suretiyle sat\u0131\u015fa ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca resen sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yapar. Sat\u0131\u015f ilanlar\u0131, sadece elektronik sat\u0131\u015f portal\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131r. Mal\u0131n son iki y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lan k\u0131ymet takdiri yoksa resen k\u0131ymet takdiri yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130kinci art\u0131rmada mal\u0131n sat\u0131lamamas\u0131 halinde, art\u0131rma sonu\u00e7 tutana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ilan edildi\u011fi tarih esas al\u0131nmak suretiyle m\u00fcteakip f\u0131kralar uyar\u0131nca mal tasfiye edilir. <\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131daki f\u0131kralar uyar\u0131nca mal\u0131n tasfiye edilememesi halinde yediemin, alt\u0131nc\u0131 ve sicile kay\u0131tl\u0131 mallar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yedinci f\u0131kralarda belirtilen s\u00fcreleri takip eden on g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetini almay\u0131 kabul eder ve varsa mal\u0131n son iki y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lan, yoksa icra dairesince takdir edilen k\u0131ymetinin y\u00fczde otuzu \u00fczerinden, tarifeye g\u00f6re belirlenen yedieminlik \u00fccreti mahsup edildikten sonra bakiye tutar\u0131 \u00f6derse icra dairesi, mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin yediemine devrine y\u00f6nelik karar\u0131n verilmesi i\u00e7in dosyay\u0131 icra mahkemesine g\u00f6nderir.<\/p>\n
Sicile kay\u0131tl\u0131 mallar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yedieminin mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin devrini kabul etmemesi halinde Makine ve Kimya End\u00fcstrisi Anonim \u015eirketi, sekizinci f\u0131kradaki s\u00fcreyi takip eden bir ay i\u00e7inde mal\u0131n 7330 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun 4 \u00fcnc\u00fc maddesinin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131 uyar\u0131nca belirlenen hurda bedelini \u00f6deyece\u011fini bildirmesi ve bildirimde bulundu\u011fu tarihten itibaren \u00fc\u00e7 ay i\u00e7inde hurda bedelini \u00f6demesi halinde icra dairesi, hurdaya ay\u0131rma i\u015flemlerini tamamlayarak mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin \u015eirkete devrine y\u00f6nelik karar\u0131n verilmesi i\u00e7in dosyay\u0131 icra mahkemesine g\u00f6nderir.<\/p>\n
Yukar\u0131daki f\u0131kralar uyar\u0131nca mal\u0131n tasfiye edilememesi halinde icra dairesi, mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin bedelsiz olarak T\u00fcrkiye K\u0131z\u0131lay Derne\u011fine devrine y\u00f6nelik karar\u0131n verilmesi i\u00e7in dosyay\u0131 icra mahkemesine g\u00f6nderir.<\/p>\n
\u0130cra mahkemesi, m\u00fclkiyetin devri i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderilen dosyalarda, en ge\u00e7 on g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde dosya \u00fczerinden yapaca\u011f\u0131 inceleme sonunda talebin kabul\u00fcne veya reddine kesin olarak karar verir. Kabul karar\u0131yla, mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti ilgiliye ge\u00e7er; t\u00fcm haciz ve rehinler kald\u0131r\u0131larak devir ve teslim i\u015flemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.<\/p>\n
Tasfiye konusu mal\u0131n vergi, ceza, prim gibi bor\u00e7lar\u0131, bor\u00e7luya ait olup m\u00fclkiyet ilgiliye, t\u00fcm bor\u00e7 ve y\u00fcklerinden \u00e2ri olarak ge\u00e7er. Devir ve tescil i\u015flemleri her t\u00fcrl\u00fc vergi, resim ve har\u00e7tan m\u00fcstesnad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Devir i\u015flemlerine kar\u015f\u0131 yedieminlik alaca\u011f\u0131na dayan\u0131larak hapis hakk\u0131 kullan\u0131lamaz. Yedieminlik \u00fccretinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, m\u00fclkiyetin devri ve buna ili\u015fkin i\u015flemlerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131na engel te\u015fkil etmez.<\/p>\n
Tasfiye masraflar\u0131, \u00f6ncelikle dosyadaki avanstan, avans\u0131n bulunmamas\u0131 halinde Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7esinden kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r. <\/p>\n
Tasfiye kapsam\u0131nda dosyaya \u00f6denen tutardan; s\u0131ras\u0131yla avanstan kar\u015f\u0131lanan masraflar, Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7esinden kar\u015f\u0131lanan masraflar ve vergi, resim, har\u00e7 gibi mal\u0131n ayn\u0131ndan kaynaklanan kamu alacaklar\u0131 \u00f6denir. Kalan tutar, 9 uncu madde uyar\u0131nca muhafaza edilir, bankalarda nemaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve talep halinde nemalar\u0131yla birlikte hak sahiplerine \u00f6denir.<\/p>\n
Dosyaya \u00f6denen tutar\u0131n, Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7esinden yap\u0131lan masraf\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamamas\u0131 halinde icra dairesi, bakiye masraf\u0131n, 6183 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun uyar\u0131nca bor\u00e7ludan tahsili i\u00e7in tahsil dairesine bildirimde bulunur.<\/p>\n
\u0130cra daireleri, bu maddenin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihten itibaren alt\u0131 ay i\u00e7inde yedieminlerde bulunan mallar\u0131n tespiti i\u00e7in gerekli i\u015flemleri yapar. Bu h\u00e2lde kolluktan yard\u0131m istenebilir. Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu f\u0131krada belirtilen tespit i\u015flemlerinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli tedbirleri al\u0131r ve d\u00fczenlemeleri yapar.<\/p>\n
Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu maddenin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihten itibaren alt\u0131 ay i\u00e7inde, bu maddenin uygulanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin usul ve esaslar\u0131 belirler ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koyar. Usul ve esaslar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihten itibaren bu maddenin uygulanmas\u0131na ba\u015flan\u0131r. Bu husus Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n resmi internet sitesinde duyurulur.\u201d<\/p>\n
II. \u0130LK \u0130NCELEME<\/p>\n
A. E.2024\/205 Say\u0131l\u0131 Ba\u015fvuru Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden<\/p>\n
1. Anayasa Mahkemesi \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA, Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN, Basri BA\u011eCI, Engin YILDIRIM, R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7, Recai AKYEL, Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ, Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU, Selahaddin MENTE\u015e, \u0130rfan F\u0130DAN, Kenan YA\u015eAR, Muhterem \u0130NCE, Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L, \u00d6mer \u00c7INAR ve Metin KIRATLI\u2019n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla 4\/12\/2024 tarihinde yap\u0131lan ilk inceleme toplant\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6ncelikle uygulanacak kural ve ba\u015fvurunun y\u00f6ntemine uygunlu\u011fu sorunlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
2. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 152. ile 30\/3\/2011 tarihli ve 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 40. maddelerine g\u00f6re bir davaya bakmakta olan mahkeme, bu dava sebebiyle uygulanacak bir kanunun veya Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararnamesinin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6rmesi veya taraflardan birinin ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k iddias\u0131n\u0131n ciddi oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varmas\u0131 durumunda bu h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin iptalleri i\u00e7in Anayasa Mahkemesine ba\u015fvurmaya yetkilidir. Ancak an\u0131lan maddeler uyar\u0131nca bir mahkemenin Anayasa Mahkemesine ba\u015fvurabilmesi i\u00e7in elinde y\u00f6ntemince a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve mahkemenin g\u00f6revine giren bir davan\u0131n bulunmas\u0131, iptali talep edilen kural\u0131n da o davada uygulanacak olmas\u0131 gerekir. Uygulanacak kural ise bak\u0131lmakta olan davan\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik evrelerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde veya davay\u0131 sonu\u00e7land\u0131rmada olumlu ya da olumsuz y\u00f6nde etki yapacak nitelikte kurallard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
3. \u0130tiraz yoluna ba\u015fvuran Mahkeme, 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un ge\u00e7ici 20. maddesinin iptalini talep etmi\u015ftir. \u0130tiraz konusu maddede bu maddeyi ihdas eden Kanun\u2019un y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarih itibar\u0131yla muhafaza i\u015fleminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan haciz kalkm\u0131\u015f olup da yedieminde bulunan mallar\u0131n tasfiyesine ili\u015fkin usul ve esaslar d\u00fczenlenmektedir.<\/p>\n
4. Bak\u0131lmakta olan davan\u0131n konusu muhafaza i\u015fleminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan icra takibine konu arac\u0131n \u00fczerindeki haczin kalkmas\u0131 nedeniyle arac\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin MKE A.\u015e.ye devrine ili\u015fkindir.<\/p>\n
5. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kural\u0131n g\u00fcmr\u00fck idaresinin 27\/10\/1999 tarihli ve 4458 say\u0131l\u0131 G\u00fcmr\u00fck Kanunu kapsam\u0131nda serbest dola\u015f\u0131mda olmayan tasfiye konusu mallar\u0131n g\u00fcmr\u00fck i\u015flemlerini yapmak \u00fczere teslim al\u0131nmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde m\u00fcteakip f\u0131kralara g\u00f6re mal\u0131n tasfiye edilece\u011fini d\u00fczenleyen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n, bu f\u0131kra uyar\u0131nca tasfiye edilmeyen mal\u0131n 21\/7\/1953 tarihli ve 6183 say\u0131l\u0131 Amme Alacaklar\u0131n\u0131n Tahsil Usul\u00fc Hakk\u0131nda Kanun uyar\u0131nca \u00fczerinde haciz bulunan tasfiye konusu mal\u0131n tahsil dairesi taraf\u0131ndan teslim al\u0131nmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde m\u00fcteakip f\u0131kralara g\u00f6re mal\u0131n tasfiye edilece\u011fini d\u00fczenleyen d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n, s\u00f6z konusu f\u0131kraya g\u00f6re tasfiye edilmeyen mal\u0131n tarifeye g\u00f6re belirlenen yedieminlik \u00fccretini \u00f6demek suretiyle bor\u00e7lu taraf\u0131ndan teslim al\u0131nmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde m\u00fcteakip f\u0131kralara g\u00f6re mal\u0131n tasfiye edilece\u011fini d\u00fczenleyen be\u015finci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n, bu f\u0131kra uyar\u0131nca da mal\u0131n tasfiye edilmemesi h\u00e2linde rehin hakk\u0131 sahibi taraf\u0131ndan teslim al\u0131nmayan mal\u0131n m\u00fcteakip f\u0131kralara g\u00f6re tasfiye edilece\u011fini d\u00fczenleyen alt\u0131nc\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n bak\u0131lmakta olan davada uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu itibarla an\u0131lan f\u0131kralara ili\u015fkin ba\u015fvurunun Mahkemenin yetkisizli\u011fi nedeniyle reddi gerekir.<\/p>\n
6. Ayr\u0131ca kural\u0131n yedinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u00f6nceki f\u0131kralar uyar\u0131nca tasfiyesi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilemeyen mal\u0131n icra dairesi taraf\u0131ndan elektronik ortamda a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rma yoluyla sat\u0131\u015f usul\u00fc, sekizinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise bu y\u00f6ntemle de sat\u0131lamayan mal\u0131n yediemine sat\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve onuncu f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u00f6nceki f\u0131kralara g\u00f6re tasfiye edilemeyen mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin bedelsiz olarak T\u00fcrkiye K\u0131z\u0131lay Derne\u011fine devrine ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenlemelere yer verilmi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fvuran Mahkemede bak\u0131lmakta olan davan\u0131n mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin MKE A.\u015e.ye devrine ili\u015fkin oldu\u011fu dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kural\u0131n yedinci, sekizinci ve onuncu f\u0131kralar\u0131n\u0131n da davada uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u00f6z konusu f\u0131kralara ili\u015fkin ba\u015fvurunun da Mahkemenin yetkisizli\u011fi nedeniyle reddi gerekir.<\/p>\n
7. Ayr\u0131ca kural\u0131n tasfiye masraflar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l kar\u015f\u0131lanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen on d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n, tasfiye kapsam\u0131nda dosyaya \u00f6denen tutar\u0131n payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bakiyenin nemaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile hak sahiplerine \u00f6denmesini d\u00fczenleyen on be\u015finci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ve dosyaya \u00f6denen tutar\u0131n tasfiye masraflar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde bakiye masraf\u0131n 6183 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re bor\u00e7ludan tahsil edilmesi i\u00e7in tahsil dairesine bildirimde bulunulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen on alt\u0131nc\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n mal\u0131n tasfiye s\u00fcrecine ili\u015fkin icra m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u015flemlerine y\u00f6nelik oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bak\u0131lmakta olan davada uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu itibarla an\u0131lan f\u0131kralara ili\u015fkin ba\u015fvurunun Mahkemenin yetkisizli\u011fi nedeniyle reddi gerekir.<\/p>\n
8. \u00d6te yandan 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un \u201cAnayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n mahkemelerce ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 40. maddesinde Anayasa Mahkemesine itiraz yoluyla yap\u0131lacak ba\u015fvurularda izlenecek y\u00f6ntem d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6z konusu maddenin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda bir davaya bakmakta olan mahkemenin bu davada uygulanacak bir kanun veya Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararnamesinin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6rmesi h\u00e2linde veya taraflardan birinin ileri s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k iddias\u0131n\u0131n ciddi oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varmas\u0131 durumunda bu f\u0131krada say\u0131lan belgeleri dizi listesine ba\u011flayarak Anayasa Mahkemesine g\u00f6nderece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015f; an\u0131lan f\u0131kran\u0131n (a) bendinde de \u201c\u0130ptali istenen kurallar\u0131n Anayasan\u0131n hangi maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klayan gerek\u00e7eli ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131n\u0131n asl\u0131\u201d Anayasa Mahkemesine g\u00f6nderilecek belgeler aras\u0131nda say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Maddenin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda ise a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde dayanaktan yoksun veya y\u00f6ntemine uygun olmayan itiraz ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131n Anayasa Mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan esas incelemeye ge\u00e7ilmeksizin gerek\u00e7eleriyle reddedilece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
9. An\u0131lan \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn 46. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) bendinde de itiraz yoluna ba\u015fvuran Mahkemenin gerek\u00e7eli karar\u0131nda, Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin her birinin Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n hangi maddelerine hangi nedenlerle ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funun ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ve gerek\u00e7eleriyle birlikte a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6sterilmesi gerekti\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
10. \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn 49. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (b) bendinde ise Anayasa Mahkemesince yap\u0131lan ilk incelemede, ba\u015fvuruda eksikliklerin bulundu\u011fu tespit edilirse itiraz yoluna ili\u015fkin i\u015flerde esas incelemeye ge\u00e7ilmeksizin ba\u015fvurunun reddine karar verilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
11. Yap\u0131lan incelemede itiraz yoluna ba\u015fvuran Mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan kural\u0131n birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinin, on birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinde yer alan \u201c\u2026t\u00fcm haciz ve rehinler kald\u0131r\u0131larak devir ve teslim i\u015flemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.\u201d ibaresinin, on ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesi ile on \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc, on yedinci ve on sekizinci f\u0131kralar\u0131n\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2., 35. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funun ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ancak hangi nedenlerle an\u0131lan h\u00fck\u00fcmlere ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa dair herhangi bir gerek\u00e7eye yer verilmedi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
12. Bu itibarla kural\u0131n birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesine, on birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinde yer alan \u201c\u2026t\u00fcm haciz ve rehinler kald\u0131r\u0131larak devir ve teslim i\u015flemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.\u201d ibaresine, on ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesi ile on \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc, on yedinci ve on sekizinci f\u0131kralar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik ba\u015fvurunun 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 40. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) bendi ile \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn 46. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) bendine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle ayn\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 40. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince y\u00f6ntemine uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan reddi gerekir.<\/p>\n
13. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle 9\/6\/1932 tarihli ve 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130cra ve \u0130flas Kanunu\u2019na 28\/3\/2023 tarihli ve 7445 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 6. maddesiyle eklenen ge\u00e7ici 20. maddenin;<\/p>\n
A. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc, be\u015finci, alt\u0131nc\u0131, yedinci, sekizinci, onuncu, on d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc, on be\u015finci ve on alt\u0131nc\u0131 f\u0131kralar\u0131n\u0131n itiraz ba\u015fvurusunda bulunan Mahkemenin bakmakta oldu\u011fu davada uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu f\u0131kralara ili\u015fkin ba\u015fvurunun Mahkemenin yetkisizli\u011fi nedeniyle REDD\u0130NE,<\/p>\n
B. Birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinin, on birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinde yer alan \u201c\u2026t\u00fcm haciz ve rehinler kald\u0131r\u0131larak devir ve teslim i\u015flemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.\u201d ibaresinin, on ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesi ile on \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc, on yedinci ve on sekizinci f\u0131kralar\u0131n\u0131n iptallerine y\u00f6nelik ba\u015fvurunun 30\/3\/2011 tarihli ve 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 40. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince y\u00f6ntemine uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan REDD\u0130NE,<\/p>\n
C. Kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn durdurulmas\u0131 talebinin esas incelemesinden karara ba\u011flanmas\u0131na,<\/p>\n
OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
B. E.2024\/206 Say\u0131l\u0131 Ba\u015fvuru Y\u00f6n\u00fcnden<\/p>\n
14. \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fck h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA, Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN, Basri BA\u011eCI, Engin YILDIRIM, R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7, Recai AKYEL, Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ, Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU, Selahaddin MENTE\u015e, \u0130rfan F\u0130DAN, Kenan YA\u015eAR, Muhterem \u0130NCE, Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L, \u00d6mer \u00c7INAR ve Metin KIRATLI\u2019n\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla 4\/12\/2024 tarihinde yap\u0131lan ilk inceleme toplant\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6ncelikle uygulanacak kural ve ba\u015fvurunun y\u00f6ntemine uygunlu\u011fu sorunlar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
15. Bak\u0131lmakta olan davan\u0131n konusu muhafaza i\u015fleminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan haczin kalkmas\u0131 nedeniyle mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin yediemine devredilmesine ili\u015fkindir. \u0130tiraz yoluna ba\u015fvuran Mahkeme 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un ge\u00e7ici 20. maddesinin iptalini talep etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
16. E.2024\/205 say\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015fvurunun ilk incelemesinde kural\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc, be\u015finci, alt\u0131nc\u0131, yedinci, onuncu, on d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc, on be\u015finci ve on alt\u0131nc\u0131 f\u0131kralar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik gerek\u00e7eler bu ba\u015fvuru y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de ge\u00e7erlidir. Bu itibarla s\u00f6z konusu f\u0131kralar\u0131n davada uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu f\u0131kralara ili\u015fkin ba\u015fvurunun Mahkemenin yetkisizli\u011fi nedeniyle reddi gerekir.<\/p>\n
17. Ayr\u0131ca bak\u0131lmakta olan davan\u0131n konusunun tasfiye konusu arac\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin yediemine devredilmesi talebine ili\u015fkin oldu\u011fu dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tasfiye edilemeyen mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin 30\/6\/2021 tarihli ve 7330 say\u0131l\u0131 Makine ve Kimya End\u00fcstrisi Anonim \u015eirketi Hakk\u0131nda Kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re tespit edilen hurda bedeli \u00fczerinden MKE A.\u015e.ye devrini d\u00fczenleyen dokuzuncu f\u0131kran\u0131n davada uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu f\u0131kraya ili\u015fkin ba\u015fvurunun da Mahkemenin yetkisizli\u011fi nedeniyle reddi gerekir.<\/p>\n
18. \u00d6te yandan E.2024\/205 say\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015fvurunun ilk incelemesinde kural\u0131n birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesi, on birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinde yer alan \u201c\u2026t\u00fcm haciz ve rehinler kald\u0131r\u0131larak devir ve teslim i\u015flemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.\u201d ibaresi, on ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesi ile on \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc, on yedinci ve on sekizinci f\u0131kralar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik gerek\u00e7eler bu ba\u015fvuru y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de ge\u00e7erlidir. Buna g\u00f6re s\u00f6z konusu ibare ve f\u0131kralar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2., 35. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funun ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ancak hangi nedenlerle an\u0131lan h\u00fck\u00fcmlere ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa dair herhangi bir gerek\u00e7eye yer verilmedi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu ibare ve f\u0131kralara y\u00f6nelik ba\u015fvurunun 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 40. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince y\u00f6ntemine uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan reddi gerekir.<\/p>\n
19. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle 9\/6\/1932 tarihli ve 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130cra ve \u0130flas Kanunu\u2019na 28\/3\/2023 tarihli ve 7445 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 6. maddesiyle eklenen ge\u00e7ici 20. maddenin;<\/p>\n
A. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc, be\u015finci, alt\u0131nc\u0131, yedinci, dokuzuncu, onuncu, on d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc, on be\u015finci ve on alt\u0131nc\u0131 f\u0131kralar\u0131n\u0131n itiraz ba\u015fvurusunda bulunan Mahkemenin bakmakta oldu\u011fu davada uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bu f\u0131kralara ili\u015fkin ba\u015fvurunun Mahkemenin yetkisizli\u011fi nedeniyle REDD\u0130NE,<\/p>\n
B. Birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinin, on birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinde yer alan \u201c\u2026t\u00fcm haciz ve rehinler kald\u0131r\u0131larak devir ve teslim i\u015flemleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilir.\u201d ibaresinin, on ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesi ile on \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc, on yedinci ve on sekizinci f\u0131kralar\u0131n\u0131n iptallerine y\u00f6nelik ba\u015fvurunun 30\/3\/2011 tarihli ve 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 40. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince y\u00f6ntemine uygun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan REDD\u0130NE,<\/p>\n
C. Kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn durdurulmas\u0131 talebinin esas inceleme a\u015famas\u0131nda karara ba\u011flanmas\u0131na,<\/p>\n
OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
III. B\u0130RLE\u015eT\u0130RME KARARI<\/p>\n
20. 9\/6\/1932 tarihli ve 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130cra ve \u0130flas Kanunu\u2019na 28\/3\/2023 tarihli ve 7445 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 6. maddesiyle eklenen ge\u00e7ici 20. maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesi, ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131, dokuzuncu f\u0131kras\u0131, on birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesi ile ikinci c\u00fcmlesinde yer alan \u201cKabul karar\u0131yla, mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti ilgiliye ge\u00e7er;…\u201d ibaresi ve on ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinin iptallerine ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin durdurulmas\u0131na karar verilmesi talebiyle yap\u0131lan itiraz ba\u015fvurusuna ili\u015fkin E.2024\/206 say\u0131l\u0131 davan\u0131n, aralar\u0131ndaki hukuki irtibat nedeniyle E.2024\/205 say\u0131l\u0131 dava ile B\u0130RLE\u015eT\u0130R\u0130LMES\u0130NE, esas\u0131n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131na, esas incelemenin E.2024\/205 say\u0131l\u0131 dosya \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine 4\/12\/2024 tarihinde OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verildi.<\/p>\n
IV. ESASIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130<\/p>\n
21. Ba\u015fvuru kararlar\u0131 ve ekleri, Raport\u00f6r \u00d6zge ULUKAYA taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan i\u015fin esas\u0131na ili\u015fkin rapor, itiraz konusu kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, dayan\u0131lan ve ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fclen Anayasa kurallar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n gerek\u00e7eleri ile di\u011fer yasama belgeleri okunup incelendikten sonra gere\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcp d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc:<\/p>\n
A. Genel A\u00e7\u0131klama <\/p>\n
22. Haciz; bir alaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n elde edilmesi i\u00e7in bor\u00e7luya ait mal, hak ve alacaklara hukuken el konulmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bor\u00e7luya ait ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallar ve ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar ile di\u011fer haklar ve alacaklar haczin konusunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
23. Haczedilen ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallar\u0131n ne \u015fekilde muhafaza edilece\u011fi 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 88. maddesinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. An\u0131lan maddenin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda haczedilen paralar\u0131n, banknotlar\u0131n, hamiline ait senetlerin, poli\u00e7elerin ve sair cirosu kabil senetler ile alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve di\u011fer k\u0131ymetli \u015feylerin bizzat icra dairesi taraf\u0131ndan muhafaza edilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
24. Maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda di\u011fer ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallar\u0131n muhafaza alt\u0131na al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 ve alacakl\u0131n\u0131n muvafakat etmesi h\u00e2linde istenildi\u011fi zaman verilmek \u015fart\u0131yla ge\u00e7ici olarak bor\u00e7lu yedinde veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015finin nezdinde b\u0131rak\u0131labilece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
25. Be\u015finci f\u0131kran\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinde ise haczedilen mallar\u0131n, Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yetki verilen ger\u00e7ek veya t\u00fczel ki\u015filere ait lisansl\u0131 yediemin depolar\u0131nda muhafaza edilmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Buna g\u00f6re alacakl\u0131n\u0131n muvafakat etmemesi h\u00e2linde an\u0131lan birinci f\u0131krada say\u0131lanlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan haczedilmi\u015f ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallar yediemin depolar\u0131nda muhafaza edilecektir.<\/p>\n
26. An\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 110. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda haczedilen bir mal\u0131n sat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n Kanun\u2019da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde istenmemesi veya sat\u0131\u015f talebi geri al\u0131n\u0131p da yine \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde yenilenmemesi h\u00e2linde mal \u00fczerindeki haczin kalkaca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu maddenin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131nda birinci f\u0131kra gere\u011fince haczin kalkmas\u0131na sebebiyet veren alacakl\u0131n\u0131n mala y\u00f6nelik olarak haczin konulmas\u0131 ve muhafazas\u0131 gibi t\u00fcm giderlerden sorumlu olaca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
27. Muhafaza i\u015fleminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan haczin kalkmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen yedieminde bulunan mallar\u0131n tasfiyesine ili\u015fkin usul ve esaslar Kanun\u2019un 88\/a maddesinde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. \u0130tiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7ici 20. maddede ise 7445 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarih itibar\u0131yla muhafaza i\u015fleminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan haciz i\u015flemi kalkmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen yedieminde bulunan mallar\u0131n tasfiye usul\u00fcne ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmlere yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
28. Buna g\u00f6re yedieminde bulunan mallar\u0131n tasfiyesi, muhafaza i\u015fleminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan haczin 7445 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihten \u00f6nce kalkm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un ge\u00e7ici 20. maddesi; 7445 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihten sonra kalkm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde ise 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 88\/a maddesi kapsam\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecektir.<\/p>\n
29. An\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 88\/a ve ge\u00e7ici 20. maddelerinin yedieminde bulunan mallar\u0131n tasfiyesini d\u00fczenledi\u011fi dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda her iki madde kapsam\u0131nda tasfiyeye tabi tutulacak mallar\u0131n para, banknot, hamiline ait senet, poli\u00e7e ve sair cirosu kabil senet ile alt\u0131n, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve di\u011fer k\u0131ymetli \u015feyler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan bor\u00e7luya ait ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallar oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B. Anlam ve Kapsam <\/p>\n
30. 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un ge\u00e7ici 20. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n itiraz konusu birinci c\u00fcmlesinde 7445 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarih itibar\u0131yla, muhafaza i\u015fleminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan haciz kalkm\u0131\u015f olup da yedieminde bulunan mallar\u0131n takibin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer icra dairesince ge\u00e7ici 20. madde uyar\u0131nca resen tasfiye edilece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
31. An\u0131lan maddenin itiraz konusu ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda tasfiye edilecek mallara ili\u015fkin bilgilerin icra dairesi taraf\u0131ndan Ulusal Yarg\u0131 A\u011f\u0131 Bili\u015fim Sistemi\u2019nde (UYAP) duyurulaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re tasfiye konusu mala ili\u015fkin bilgiler UYAP arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla duyurulacak ancak tasfiye konusu mal\u0131n maliki olan bor\u00e7luya veya mal \u00fczerinde hak sahibi olan ilgili ki\u015filere mal\u0131n tasfiyesine ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayr\u0131ca bildirilmeyecektir.<\/p>\n
32. Maddenin be\u015finci f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u00f6nceki f\u0131kralara g\u00f6re mal\u0131n tasfiyesinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemesi h\u00e2linde bor\u00e7lunun tasfiye idaresine verilen s\u00fcreyi takip eden on g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde tarifeye g\u00f6re belirlenen yedieminlik \u00fccretini \u00f6deyerek mal\u0131 teslim alabilece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f, benzer \u015fekilde alt\u0131nc\u0131 f\u0131krada rehin hakk\u0131 sahibinin \u00f6nceki f\u0131kralara g\u00f6re tasfiye edilemeyen mal i\u00e7in be\u015finci f\u0131krada bor\u00e7luya verilen s\u00fcrenin bitiminden itibaren on g\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde rehinden kaynakl\u0131 haklar\u0131n\u0131 icra dairesine bildirebilece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. Rehin hakk\u0131 sahibinin an\u0131lan d\u00fczenleme kapsam\u0131nda bildirimde bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde tasfiye s\u00fcrecinin sona erece\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
33. Yedinci f\u0131krada sicile kay\u0131tl\u0131 mallar\u0131n \u00f6nceki f\u0131kralara g\u00f6re tasfiye edilememesi durumunda, icra dairesi taraf\u0131ndan gecikilmeksizin Kanun\u2019un elektronik a\u00e7\u0131k art\u0131rma suretiyle sat\u0131\u015f\u0131na ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmleri kapsam\u0131nda resen sat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
34. \u0130tiraz konusu sekizinci f\u0131krada yedieminin \u00f6nceki f\u0131kralara g\u00f6re tasfiye edilemeyen mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetini yine \u00f6nceki f\u0131kralar uyar\u0131nca belirlenen s\u00fcreyi takiben on g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde almay\u0131 kabul edebilece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kural\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesine g\u00f6re mal\u0131n yediemine teslim edilebilmesi i\u00e7in tasfiyeye konu mal\u0131n iki y\u0131l i\u00e7inde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u0131ymet takdiriyle tespit edilen bedelin, belirtilen \u015fekilde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir k\u0131ymet takdirinin bulunmamas\u0131 durumunda ise icra dairesi taraf\u0131ndan takdir edilen bedelin y\u00fczde otuzu \u00fczerinden tarifeye g\u00f6re belirlenen yedieminlik \u00fccreti mahsup edildikten sonra tespit edilen tutar\u0131n yediemin taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6denmesi gerekmektedir. Tespit edilen tutar\u0131n \u00f6denmesi h\u00e2linde icra dairesi tasfiyeye konu mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin yediemine devredilmesine karar verilmesi talebiyle icra mahkemesine ba\u015fvuracakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
35. \u0130tiraz konusu dokuzuncu f\u0131krada sicile kay\u0131tl\u0131 mallar\u0131n yediemin taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fclkiyetin devrini kabul etmemesi durumunda MKE A.\u015e.nin sekizinci f\u0131krada belirtilen s\u00fcreyi takiben bir ay i\u00e7inde 7330 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 4. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda belirlenen h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re tespit edilen hurda de\u011feri \u00fczerinden mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetini kabul edebilece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
36. Bu itibarla ge\u00e7ici 20. maddede kademeli bir tasfiye usul\u00fcn\u00fcn benimsendi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Muhafaza i\u015fleminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan haczin kalkmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen yedieminde bulunan mal\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu maddede d\u00fczenlenen ve \u00f6ncelikli olarak uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan usulle tasfiye edilememesi h\u00e2linde takip eden usullere g\u00f6re tasfiyenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi gerekecektir. Ba\u015fka bir anlat\u0131mla bir mal\u0131n an\u0131lan maddede d\u00fczenlenen bir y\u00f6ntemle tasfiye edilebilmesi bu y\u00f6ntemden \u00f6nce uygulanmas\u0131 gereken usullerle tasfiyenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fememesine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
37. Maddenin on birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n itiraz konusu birinci c\u00fcmlesinde icra mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan ge\u00e7ici 20. madde kapsam\u0131nda m\u00fclkiyetin devri i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderilen dosyalarda en ge\u00e7 on g\u00fc\u00e7 i\u00e7inde ve dosya \u00fczerinden talebin kabul\u00fcne veya reddine kesin olarak karar verilece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re icra mahkemesi m\u00fclkiyetin devrine y\u00f6nelik icra dairesinin ba\u015fvurular\u0131n\u0131 on g\u00fc\u00e7 i\u00e7inde duru\u015fma yapmaks\u0131z\u0131n karara ba\u011flayacak ve icra mahkemesi karar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 kanun yoluna ba\u015fvurulamayacakt\u0131r. Belirtilen f\u0131kran\u0131n ikinci c\u00fcmlesinde ise kabul karar\u0131yla mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin ilgili ki\u015fiye ge\u00e7ece\u011fi ve m\u00fclkiyetin devrinin mal \u00fczerinde bulunan t\u00fcm haciz ve rehinler kald\u0131r\u0131lmak suretiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir. An\u0131lan c\u00fcmlede yer alan \u201cKabul karar\u0131yla, mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti ilgiliye ge\u00e7er; \u2026\u201d ibaresi itiraz konusu bir di\u011fer kural\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
38. Maddenin on ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n itiraz konusu birinci c\u00fcmlesinde tasfiye konusu mal\u0131n vergi, cezai prim gibi bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n bor\u00e7luya ait oldu\u011fu h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f, mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin ilgili ki\u015fiye t\u00fcm bor\u00e7 ve y\u00fcklerinden \u00e2ri olarak ge\u00e7ece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
C. \u0130tiraz\u0131n Gerek\u00e7esi<\/p>\n
39. Ba\u015fvuru kararlar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; itiraz konusu kurallarla muhafaza i\u015fleminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan haciz i\u015flemi sona ermesine ra\u011fmen yedieminde bulunan mallar\u0131n takibin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer icra dairesince resen tasfiye edilece\u011finin d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi ancak tasfiye s\u00fcrecinde bor\u00e7luya ve rehin hakk\u0131 sahibine tebligat yap\u0131lma zorunlulu\u011funun \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmedi\u011fi, bor\u00e7lunun mal\u0131 teslim almas\u0131n\u0131n yediemin \u00fccretinin \u00f6denmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, mal\u0131n de\u011ferinin y\u00fczde otuzu \u00fczerinden yediemine, hurda bedeli \u00fczerinden MKE A.\u015e.ye, bedelsiz olarak da T\u00fcrkiye K\u0131z\u0131lay Derne\u011fine devir hakk\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n devrine ili\u015fkin karar\u0131n dosya \u00fczerinden ve kesin olarak verilmesinin hak arama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilerek kurallar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2., 35. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\u00c7. Anayasa\u2019ya Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k Sorunu<\/p>\n
1. Kanun\u2019un Ge\u00e7ici 20. Maddesinin Birinci F\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n Birinci C\u00fcmlesi ile \u0130kinci F\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
40. 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesi uyar\u0131nca kurallar, ilgisi nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 5. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
41. \u0130tiraz konusu kurallar 7445 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarih itibar\u0131yla, muhafaza i\u015fleminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan haciz kalkm\u0131\u015f olup da yedieminde bulunan mallar\u0131n icra dairesi taraf\u0131ndan 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un ge\u00e7ici 20. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda resen tasfiye edilece\u011fini ve tasfiye edilecek mallara ili\u015fkin bilgilerin icra dairesi taraf\u0131ndan UYAP\u2019ta duyurulaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p>\n
42. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 35. maddesinde \u201cHerkes, m\u00fclkiyet ve miras haklar\u0131na sahiptir.\/ Bu haklar, ancak kamu yarar\u0131 amac\u0131yla, kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir.\/ M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 toplum yarar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamaz.\u201d denilmek suretiyle m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 g\u00fcvenceye ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
43. Anayasal anlamda m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 ekonomik de\u011fer ifade eden ve de\u011feri parayla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclebilen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r (AYM, E.2018\/106, K.2019\/80, 16\/10\/2019, \u00a7 14). Bu ba\u011flamda m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131, maddi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunan ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r ve ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi maddi bir varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmayan hak ve alacaklar\u0131 da i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n
44. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n an\u0131lan maddesinde bir temel hak olarak g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131; ki\u015fiye -ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n hakk\u0131na zarar vermemek ve kanunlar\u0131n koydu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalara uymak ko\u015fuluyla- sahibi oldu\u011fu \u015feyi diledi\u011fi gibi kullanma ve tasarruf etme, onun semerelerinden yararlanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 veren bir hakt\u0131r (AYM, E.2022\/128, K.2023\/136, 26\/7\/2023, \u00a7 18; Mehmet Akdo\u011fan ve di\u011ferleri [1. B.], B. No: 2013\/817, 19\/12\/2013, \u00a7 32).<\/p>\n
45. Muhafaza i\u015fleminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan haciz kalkm\u0131\u015f olup da yedieminde bulunan bor\u00e7luya ait ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r mallar\u0131n tasfiyesine ili\u015fkin kurallar\u0131n bor\u00e7lu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fi konusunda teredd\u00fct bulunmamaktad\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan kurallarla, bor\u00e7luya ait olan mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin devrinin her t\u00fcrl\u00fc haciz ve rehin kald\u0131r\u0131lmak suretiyle devredilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden ta\u015f\u0131nmaz \u00fczerinde lehine haciz i\u015flemi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiren ki\u015filer ile rehin hakk\u0131 sahibi ki\u015filerin alacaklar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n da etkilendi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
46. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 5. maddesi insan\u0131n maddi ve manevi varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesi i\u00e7in gerekli \u015fartlar\u0131 haz\u0131rlamay\u0131 devletin temel ama\u00e7 ve g\u00f6revleri aras\u0131nda saym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Devlet, ki\u015filerin m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131ndan tam anlam\u0131yla yararlanabilmeleri ve etkili bir \u015fekilde m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla yasal, idari, mali, yarg\u0131sal ve di\u011fer \u00f6nlemleri almak zorundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
47. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 35. maddesinde bir temel hak olarak g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n etkili bir \u015fekilde korunabilmesi yaln\u0131zca devletin bu hakka m\u00fcdahaleden ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131yla sa\u011flanamaz. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 5. ve 35. maddeleri uyar\u0131nca devletin m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri de bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler kimi durumlarda \u00f6zel ki\u015filer aras\u0131ndaki uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar da d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in belirli tedbirlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmektedir (AYM, E.2021\/82, K.2022\/167, 29\/12\/2022, \u00a7 17; E.2019\/11, K.2019\/86, 14\/11\/2019, \u00a7 13; Eyy\u00fcp Boynukara [1. B.], B. No: 2013\/7842, 17\/2\/2016, \u00a7\u00a7 39-40; Osmano\u011flu \u0130n\u015faat E\u011fitim G\u0131da Temizlik Hizmetleri Petrol \u00dcr\u00fcnleri Sanayi Ticaret Limited \u015eirketi [2. B.], B. No: 2014\/8649, 15\/2\/2017, \u00a7 44).<\/p>\n
48. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n an\u0131lan maddeleri uyar\u0131nca devletin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde -\u00f6zel ki\u015filer aras\u0131 uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarla ilgili olsun ya da olmas\u0131n- yarg\u0131 kararlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 ve ki\u015filerin alacaklar\u0131na kavu\u015fmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan etkili bir icra sistemi kurma sorumlulu\u011fu bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zel ki\u015filer aras\u0131ndaki uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda devletin m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na ili\u015fkin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 hak ve menfaatler dengesine dayanmaktad\u0131r. Alacaklar\u0131n icras\u0131na ili\u015fkin s\u00fcre\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da durum b\u00f6yledir (Hesna Funda Baltal\u0131 ve Baltal\u0131 G\u0131da Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k San. ve Tic. Ltd. \u015eti. [GK], B. No: 2014\/17196, 25\/10\/2018, \u00a7 71; AYM, E.2019\/11, K.2019\/86, 14\/11\/2019, \u00a7 14).<\/p>\n
49. 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 88\/a maddesinde genel olarak muhafaza i\u015fleminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan haczin kalkmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen yedieminde bulunan mallar\u0131n tasfiye usul\u00fc d\u00fczenlenmi\u015fken an\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un ge\u00e7ici 20. maddesinde 7445 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihten \u00f6nce muhafaza alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ancak muhafaza i\u015fleminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan haczin kalkm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen yedieminde bulunan mallar\u0131n tasfiyesine ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
50. Her iki tasfiye usul\u00fcnde de yedieminde bulunan mallar\u0131n tasfiyesinin takibin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 icra dairesi taraf\u0131ndan resen ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilece\u011fi ve tasfiyeye konu mallara ili\u015fkin bilgilerin UYAP \u00fczerinden duyurulaca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 88\/a maddesinde ilgili tasfiye a\u015famas\u0131na gelindi\u011finde bor\u00e7luya, tasfiyeye konu mal \u00fczerinde rehin hakk\u0131 bulunmas\u0131 durumunda rehin hakk\u0131 sahibine, yediemine ve MKE A.\u015e.ye mal\u0131n teslim al\u0131nabilece\u011fi, aksi h\u00e2lde m\u00fcteakip f\u0131kra h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re tasfiyeye devam edilece\u011fi ihtar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7erecek \u015fekilde tebligat yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
51. An\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un ge\u00e7ici 20. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen tasfiye usul\u00fcnde ise ilgili ki\u015filere tebligat yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131lan bir d\u00fczenlemeye yer verilmemi\u015ftir. S\u00f6z konusu tasfiye usulleri aras\u0131ndaki bir di\u011fer fark yediemin taraf\u0131ndan tasfiyeye konu mal\u0131n teslim al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6denmesi gereken miktara y\u00f6neliktir. Kanun\u2019un 88\/a maddesinin alt\u0131nc\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda yediemin taraf\u0131ndan mal\u0131n teslim al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6denmesi gereken bedelin k\u0131ymet takdirinin y\u00fczde k\u0131rk\u0131 \u00fczerinden hesaplanaca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015fken ge\u00e7ici 20. maddenin sekizinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda bu oran y\u00fczde otuz olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir. Bu itibarla ge\u00e7ici 20. maddede d\u00fczenlenen tasfiye usul\u00fcn\u00fcn 88\/a maddesinde yer alan genel tasfiye usul\u00fcnden farkl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
52. Kanun\u2019un itiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7ici 20. maddesinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen tasfiye sistemiyle yedieminde bulundu\u011fu s\u00fcrece kullan\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan mallar\u0131n kullan\u0131ma kazand\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, ayn\u0131 zamanda mal\u0131n muhafaza s\u00fcresi ve kullan\u0131lmama nedeniyle zarar g\u00f6rmesinin engellenmesinin ama\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan muhafaza sebebi ortadan kalkan mal\u0131n tasfiyesiyle birlikte muhafaza edilmesi gereken di\u011fer mallar i\u00e7in yediemin nezdinde yer temin edilmesi de sa\u011flanabilecektir.<\/p>\n
53. Haciz ve sonras\u0131nda mallar\u0131n tasfiye s\u00fcrecinin devletin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde olu\u015fturulan icra sisteminin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Nitekim kurallar muhafaza sebebi olan haczin sona erdi\u011fi mallar\u0131n tasfiyesini d\u00fczenlemektedir.<\/p>\n
54. Devlet bu sistemi kurarken gerek alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n gerekse de bor\u00e7lu ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filerin hak ve menfaatlerini g\u00f6zetmek, ki\u015filerin m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli tedbirleri almak durumundad\u0131r (AYM, E.2021\/82, K.2022\/167, \u00a7 21).<\/p>\n
55. Ge\u00e7ici 20. maddede tasfiyeye konu mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin bor\u00e7lu taraf\u0131ndan teslim al\u0131nmamas\u0131 h\u00e2linde bor\u00e7lu d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere devrine ili\u015fkin usul ve esaslar d\u00fczenlenmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu maddenin on birinci f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince mal\u0131n devir ve teslim i\u015flemlerinin t\u00fcm haciz ve rehinler kald\u0131r\u0131larak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda tasfiye konusu mal \u00fczerinde lehine haciz bulunan alacakl\u0131lar\u0131n veya rehin hakk\u0131 sahibi ki\u015filerin hak kayb\u0131na u\u011framas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
56. Anayasal g\u00fcvence alt\u0131nda olan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n devlete y\u00fckledi\u011fi pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler, icra s\u00fcrecinin t\u00fcm a\u015famalar\u0131nda alacakl\u0131n\u0131n, bor\u00e7lunun ve di\u011fer hak sahiplerinin hak ve menfaatlerinin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak mekanizmalar\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmektedir. M\u00fclkiyetin devriyle sonu\u00e7lanabilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen, ayr\u0131ca devir durumunda t\u00fcm haciz ve rehinlerin kald\u0131r\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenlenen tasfiye sisteminde; tasfiye konusu mal\u0131n maliki olan bor\u00e7luya, rehin hakk\u0131 sahibine ve di\u011fer haciz alacakl\u0131lar\u0131 ile ilgili di\u011fer ki\u015filere tasfiye i\u015flemlerinin keyf\u00ee veya hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrerek itiraz edebilme imk\u00e2n\u0131 tan\u0131nmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. An\u0131lan ki\u015filerin bu s\u00fcre\u00e7teki i\u015flemlere itiraz etme imk\u00e2n\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131 tasfiye s\u00fcrecinden haberdar olmalar\u0131na ve bu s\u00fcrece etkin \u015fekilde kat\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak \u015fekilde d\u00e2hil edilmelerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
57. \u0130tiraz konusu kurallarda tasfiye s\u00fcrecinin resen ba\u015flat\u0131laca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda menfaati etkilenen ki\u015filerin s\u00fcrece m\u00fcdahil olabilmesi i\u00e7in \u00f6ncelikle tasfiyeden haberdar edilmeleri gerekmektedir. Kurallarda tasfiyeye konu mallara ili\u015fkin bilgilerin UYAP \u00fczerinden ilan edilece\u011fi belirtilmesine ra\u011fmen resen i\u015fleyece\u011fi belirtilen tasfiye usul\u00fcnde tasfiyeye konu mal\u0131n maliki olan bor\u00e7lu d\u00e2hil olmak \u00fczere menfaati etkilenecek ilgili ki\u015filerin s\u00fcrece d\u00e2hil olmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak bir mekanizma \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle kurallarda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen tasfiye s\u00fcreci, mal\u0131n tasfiyesinin bor\u00e7ludan habersiz \u015fekilde m\u00fclkiyetin devriyle sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131na ve devirle birlikte mal \u00fczerindeki rehin hakk\u0131n\u0131n ve di\u011fer hacizlerin hak sahiplerinden habersiz olarak kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7abilecek niteliktedir. Bu ba\u011flamda tasfiyeye konu mallara ili\u015fkin bilgilerin UYAP\u2019ta ilan edilmesiyle bor\u00e7lu ve di\u011fer ki\u015filere hak ve menfaatlerinin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak \u015fekilde tasfiye s\u00fcrecine d\u00e2hil olma imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
58. Tasfiye konusu mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin malik olan bor\u00e7lunun bilgisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda devredilebilece\u011fi, benzer \u015fekilde m\u00fclkiyetin devriyle birlikte mal \u00fczerindeki rehin hakk\u0131n\u0131n ve di\u011fer hacizlerin kald\u0131r\u0131labilece\u011fi dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bor\u00e7lunun ve di\u011fer hak sahiplerinin tasfiyeden haberdar edilerek hak ve menfaatlerinin korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan i\u015flemlere itiraz etme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak bir s\u00fcrecin \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemesi m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n devlete y\u00fckledi\u011fi pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerle ba\u011fda\u015fmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
59. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle kurallar, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 5. ve 35. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ptalleri gerekir.<\/p>\n
Kurallar, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 5. ve 35. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclerek iptal edildi\u011finden Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 36. maddeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ayr\u0131ca incelenmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
2. Kanun\u2019un Ge\u00e7ici 20. Maddesinin Sekizinci ve Dokuzuncu F\u0131kralar\u0131n\u0131n, On Birinci F\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n Birinci C\u00fcmlesi ile \u0130kinci C\u00fcmlesinde Yer Alan \u201cKabul karar\u0131yla, mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti ilgiliye ge\u00e7er;\u2026\u201d \u0130baresinin ve On \u0130kinci F\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n Birinci C\u00fcmlesinin \u0130ncelenmesi<\/p>\n
60. 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un ge\u00e7ici 20. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesi ile ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n iptalleri nedeniyle an\u0131lan maddenin sekizinci ve dokuzuncu f\u0131kralar\u0131n\u0131n, on birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesi ile ikinci c\u00fcmlesinde yer alan \u201cKabul karar\u0131yla, mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti ilgiliye ge\u00e7er;\u2026\u201d ibaresinin ve on ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinin uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle s\u00f6z konusu f\u0131kralar, c\u00fcmle ve ibare 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015f ve bu kurallar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Anayasa\u2019ya uygunluk denetiminin yap\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
V. \u0130PTAL\u0130N D\u0130\u011eER KURALLARA ETK\u0130S\u0130<\/p>\n
61. 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda kanunun, Cumhurba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararnamesinin veya T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn belirli kurallar\u0131n\u0131n iptali, di\u011fer kurallar\u0131n\u0131n veya t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn uygulanmamas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furuyorsa bunlar\u0131n da Anayasa Mahkemesince iptaline karar verilebilece\u011fi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
62. 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un ge\u00e7ici 20. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinin ve ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n iptalleri nedeniyle uygulanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 kalmayan an\u0131lan maddenin kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince iptali gerekir.<\/p>\n
VI. Y\u00dcR\u00dcRL\u00dc\u011e\u00dcN DURDURULMASI TALEB\u0130<\/p>\n
63. Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle, itiraz konusu kurallar\u0131n uygulanmalar\u0131 h\u00e2linde telafisi g\u00fc\u00e7 veya imk\u00e2ns\u0131z zararlar\u0131n do\u011fabilece\u011fi belirtilerek y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin durdurulmas\u0131na karar verilmesi talep edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
9\/6\/1932 tarihli ve 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130cra ve \u0130flas Kanunu\u2019na 28\/3\/2023 tarihli ve 7445 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 6. maddesiyle eklenen ge\u00e7ici 20. maddenin;<\/p>\n
A. Birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesine,<\/p>\n
B. \u0130kinci f\u0131kras\u0131na,<\/p>\n
C. Sekizinci ve dokuzuncu f\u0131kralar\u0131na,<\/p>\n
\u00c7. On birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n;<\/p>\n
1. Birinci c\u00fcmlesine,<\/p>\n
2. \u0130kinci c\u00fcmlesinde yer alan \u201cKabul karar\u0131yla, mal\u0131n m\u00fclkiyeti ilgiliye ge\u00e7er;…\u201d ibaresine,<\/p>\n
D. On ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesine,<\/p>\n
y\u00f6nelik y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn durdurulmas\u0131 taleplerinin, ko\u015fullar\u0131 olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan REDD\u0130NE 27\/3\/2025 tarihinde OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
VII. H\u00dcK\u00dcM<\/p>\n
9\/6\/1932 tarihli ve 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130cra ve \u0130flas Kanunu\u2019na 28\/3\/2023 tarihli ve 7445 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 6. maddesiyle eklenen ge\u00e7ici 20. maddenin;<\/p>\n
A. 1. Birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinin,<\/p>\n
2. \u0130kinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n,<\/p>\n
Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olduklar\u0131na ve \u0130PTALLER\u0130NE,<\/p>\n
B. Kalan k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n 30\/3\/2011 tarihli ve 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesinin (4) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131 gere\u011fince \u0130PTAL\u0130NE,<\/p>\n
27\/3\/2025 tarihinde OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verildi.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkan<\/p>\n
Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Basri BA\u011eCI<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Engin YILDIRIM<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Recai AKYEL<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Selahaddin MENTE\u015e<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u0130rfan F\u0130DAN<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Kenan YA\u015eAR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Muhterem \u0130NCE<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131lmaz AK\u00c7\u0130L<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
\u00d6mer \u00c7INAR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Metin KIRATLI<\/p>\n
\u200bAnayasa Mahkemesi’nin 27\/3\/2025 tarihli, 2024\/205 esas – 2025\/88 karar say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
ANAYASA MAHKEMES\u0130 KARARI Esas Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2024\/205 Karar Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2025\/88 Karar Tarihi : 27\/3\/2025 R.G.Tarih-Say\u0131 : 4\/6\/2025-32920 \u0130T\u0130RAZ YOLUNA BA\u015eVURAN: Sakarya 3. \u0130cra Hukuk Mahkemesi (E.2024\/205, E.2024\/206) \u0130T\u0130RAZLARIN KONUSU: 9\/6\/1932 tarihli ve 2004 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130cra ve \u0130flas Kanunu\u2019na 28\/3\/2023 tarihli ve 7445 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 6. maddesiyle eklenen ge\u00e7ici 20. maddenin Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2., 35. ve 36. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek iptaline ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn durdurulmas\u0131na karar verilmesi talebidir. OLAY: Muhafaza i\u015fleminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan haczin sona ermesi \u00fczerine tasfiye i\u015flemlerine ba\u015flanan ara\u00e7lar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetinin Makine ve Kimya End\u00fcstrisi Anonim \u015eirketine (MKE A.\u015e.) ve yediemine devrine karar verilmesi talepleriyle a\u00e7\u0131lan davalarda itiraz konusu kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu kan\u0131s\u0131na varan Mahkeme, iptali i\u00e7in ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur. I. \u0130PTAL\u0130 \u0130STENEN KANUN H\u00dcK\u00dcM\u00dc Kanun\u2019un itiraz konusu ge\u00e7ici 20. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cGe\u00e7ici Madde 20- (Ek:28\/3\/2023-7445\/6 md.) Bu maddeyi ihdas eden Kanunun y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarih itibar\u0131yla, muhafaza i\u015fleminin dayana\u011f\u0131 olan haciz kalkm\u0131\u015f olup da yedieminde bulunan mallar, takibin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer icra dairesince bu madde uyar\u0131nca resen tasfiye edilir. Adalet Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, tasfiye edilecek mallar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 dikkate alarak takibin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer icra dairelerinden birini veya birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 ya da takibin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerin ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011fu ilin ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan icra dairelerinden birini veya birka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131 tasfiye i\u015flemlerini y\u00fcr\u00fctmekle g\u00f6revlendirebilir. Tasfiye edilecek mallara ili\u015fkin bilgiler, icra dairesince Ulusal …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-106169","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n