ANAYASA MAHKEMES\u0130 KARARI<\/p>\n
Esas Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2019\/21<\/p>\n
Karar Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2020\/51<\/p>\n
Karar Tarihi : 24\/9\/2020<\/p>\n
R.G. Tarih-Say\u0131s\u0131 : 15\/12\/2020-31335<\/p>\n
\u0130PTAL DAVASINI A\u00c7AN: T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcyeleri Engin ALTAY, \u00d6zg\u00fcr \u00d6ZEL, Engin \u00d6ZKO\u00c7 ile birlikte 138 milletvekili<\/p>\n
\u0130PTAL DAVASININ KONUSU: 27\/12\/2018 tarihli ve 7159 say\u0131l\u0131 Karayollar\u0131 Trafik Kanunu ile Baz\u0131 Kanunlarda De\u011fi\u015fiklik Yap\u0131lmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un;<\/p>\n
A. 1. maddesiyle 4\/6\/1937 tarihli ve 3201 say\u0131l\u0131 Emniyet Te\u015fkilat Kanunu\u2019nun 90. maddesine eklenen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kran\u0131n,<\/p>\n
B. 4. maddesiyle 3\/5\/1985 tarihli ve 3194 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130mar Kanunu\u2019nun ge\u00e7ici 16. maddesinin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131na eklenen \u201c\u2026ve 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2026\u201d ibaresinin ve bu maddeye ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilen 18\/11\/1983 tarihli ve 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Kanunu\u2019nda tan\u0131mlanan Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i sahil \u015feridi ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesine ait Kroki ile S\u0131n\u0131r ve Koordinat Listesi\u2019nin,<\/p>\n
Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2., 10., 13., 48., 56. ve 63. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek iptallerine ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin durdurulmas\u0131na karar verilmesi talebidir.<\/p>\n
I. \u0130PTAL\u0130 \u0130STENEN KANUN H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130<\/p>\n
Kanun\u2019un;<\/p>\n
1. 1. maddesiyle \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kran\u0131n eklendi\u011fi 3201 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un iptali talep edilen kural\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 90. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u201cMadde 90- (De\u011fi\u015fik: 20\/1\/1960 – 7410\/1 md.)<\/p>\n
Emniyet Umum M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 ve varidat\u0131, Emniyet Umum M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadrosuna dahil maa\u015fl\u0131 ve \u00fccretli memurlardan, Sand\u0131\u011fa ortak olanlar taraf\u0131ndan temin edilmek \u00fczere bir (Polis Bak\u0131m ve Yard\u0131m Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131) kurulur.<\/p>\n
Bu Sand\u0131k h\u00fckmi \u015fahsiyeti haiz olup ortaklar\u0131n\u0131n hizmet esnas\u0131nda ve emekliliklerinde, nizamnamesinde tesbit edilen hususlarla birlikte, Sand\u0131k idare binalar\u0131, talebe yurtlar\u0131, dinlenme kamplar\u0131 ve ortaklar\u0131n mesken ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere gayrimenkullere tasarruf edebilir.<\/p>\n
(Ek f\u0131kra:27\/12\/2018-7159\/1 md.) Bu f\u0131kran\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihten sonra Emniyet Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadrosunda g\u00f6reve ba\u015flayan memurlar g\u00f6revleri s\u00fcresince Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n daimi orta\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n mevcutlar\u0131 ve alacaklar\u0131 Devlet mallar\u0131na ait hak ve r\u00fc\u00e7hanlar\u0131 haizdir.<\/p>\n
Evvelce kurulmu\u015f olan Polis Bak\u0131m ve Yard\u0131m Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fbu 90 \u0131nc\u0131 madde h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine tabidir.\u201d<\/p>\n
2. 4. maddesiyle ibarenin eklendi\u011fi ve ba\u011fl\u0131 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019da tan\u0131mlanan Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i sahil \u015feridi ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesine ait Kroki ile S\u0131n\u0131r ve Koordinat Listesi\u2019nin de\u011fi\u015ftirildi\u011fi 3194 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un iptali talep edilen kural\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7ici 16. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir:<\/p>\n
\u201cGe\u00e7ici Madde 16- (Ek: 11\/5\/2018-7143\/16 md.) <\/p>\n
Afet risklerine haz\u0131rl\u0131k kapsam\u0131nda ruhsats\u0131z veya ruhsat ve eklerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve imar bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla, 31\/12\/2017 tarihinden \u00f6nce yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yap\u0131lar i\u00e7in \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yetkilendirece\u011fi kurum ve kurulu\u015flara 31\/10\/2018 tarihine kadar ba\u015fvurulmas\u0131, bu maddedeki \u015fartlar\u0131n yerine getirilmesi ve 31\/12\/2018 tarihine kadar kay\u0131t bedelinin \u00f6denmesi halinde Yap\u0131 Kay\u0131t Belgesi verilebilir. Ba\u015fvuruya konu yap\u0131n\u0131n ve arsas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet durumu, yap\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f ve grubu ve di\u011fer hususlar Bakanl\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan Yap\u0131 Kay\u0131t Sistemine yap\u0131 sahibinin beyan\u0131na g\u00f6re kaydedilir.<\/p>\n
Yap\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu arsan\u0131n 29\/7\/1970 tarihli ve 1319 say\u0131l\u0131 Emlak Vergisi Kanununa g\u00f6re belirlenen emlak vergi de\u011feri ile yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7evre ve \u015eehircilik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nca belirlenen yakla\u015f\u0131k maliyet bedelinin toplam\u0131 \u00fczerinden konutlarda y\u00fczde \u00fc\u00e7, ticari kullan\u0131mlarda y\u00fczde be\u015f oran\u0131nda al\u0131nacak kay\u0131t bedeli ba\u015fvuru sahibi taraf\u0131ndan genel b\u00fct\u00e7enin (B) i\u015faretli cetveline gelir kaydedilmek \u00fczere merkez muhasebe birimi hesab\u0131na yat\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. 6306 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun kapsam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere kaydedilen gelirler kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Bakanl\u0131k b\u00fct\u00e7esine \u00f6denek eklemeye Maliye Bakan\u0131 yetkilidir. Bu \u00f6denek, d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm projeleri \u00f6zel hesab\u0131na aktar\u0131larak kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kay\u0131t bedeline ili\u015fkin oran\u0131 iki kat\u0131na kadar art\u0131rmaya, yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar azaltmaya, yap\u0131n\u0131n niteli\u011fine ve b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6re kademelendirmeye, ayr\u0131ca ba\u015fvuru ve \u00f6deme s\u00fcresini bir y\u0131la kadar uzatmaya Bakanlar Kurulu yetkilidir.<\/p>\n
Yap\u0131 Kay\u0131t Belgesi yap\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131m amac\u0131na y\u00f6neliktir. Yap\u0131 Kay\u0131t Belgesi alan yap\u0131lara, talep halinde ilgili mevzuatta tan\u0131mlanan ait oldu\u011fu abone grubu dikkate al\u0131narak ge\u00e7ici olarak su, elektrik ve do\u011falgaz ba\u011flanabilir.<\/p>\n
Yap\u0131 Kay\u0131t Belgesi verilen yap\u0131larla ilgili bu Kanun ve 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun uyar\u0131nca al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f y\u0131k\u0131m kararlar\u0131 ile tahsil edilemeyen idari para cezalar\u0131 iptal edilir.<\/p>\n
Yap\u0131 ruhsat\u0131 al\u0131p da yap\u0131 kullanma izin belgesi almam\u0131\u015f veya yap\u0131 ruhsat\u0131 bulunmayan yap\u0131larda, Yap\u0131 Kay\u0131t Belgesi ile maliklerin tamam\u0131n\u0131n muvafakatinin bulunmas\u0131 ve imar planlar\u0131nda umumi hizmet alanlar\u0131na denk gelen alanlar\u0131n terk edilmesi halinde yap\u0131 kullanma izin belgesi aranmaks\u0131z\u0131n cins de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve kat m\u00fclkiyeti tesis edilebilir. Bu durumda, ikinci f\u0131krada belirtilen bedelin iki kat\u0131 \u00f6denir.<\/p>\n
Be\u015finci f\u0131kra uyar\u0131nca kat m\u00fclkiyetine ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 6306 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun ek 1 inci maddesinin uygulanmas\u0131na engel te\u015fkil etmez.<\/p>\n
Yap\u0131 Kay\u0131t Belgesi al\u0131nan yap\u0131lar\u0131n, Hazineye ait ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 halinde, bu ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar Bakanl\u0131\u011fa tahsis edilir. Yap\u0131 Kay\u0131t Belgesi sahipleri ile bunlar\u0131n kanuni veya akdi haleflerinin 31\/12\/2019 tarihine kadar yapacaklar\u0131 sat\u0131n alma talepleri \u00fczerine ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar Bakanl\u0131k\u00e7a rayi\u00e7 bedel \u00fczerinden do\u011frudan sat\u0131l\u0131r. Bu durumda elde edilen gelirler bu maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re genel b\u00fct\u00e7eye gelir kaydedilir. Ayr\u0131ca bu gelirler hakk\u0131nda 29\/6\/2001 tarihli ve 4706 say\u0131l\u0131 Hazineye Ait Ta\u015f\u0131nmaz Mallar\u0131n De\u011ferlendirilmesi ve Katma De\u011fer Vergisi Kanununda De\u011fi\u015fiklik Yap\u0131lmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanunun 5 inci maddesinin be\u015finci f\u0131kras\u0131, yap\u0131 ve tesisler hakk\u0131nda ise onbirinci f\u0131kras\u0131 h\u00fckm\u00fc uygulanmaz. (Ek c\u00fcmleler:4\/7\/2019-7181\/14 md.) Yap\u0131 kay\u0131t belgesine konu ta\u015f\u0131nmaz i\u00e7in 24\/2\/1984 tarihli ve 2981 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130mar ve Gecekondu Mevzuat\u0131na Ayk\u0131r\u0131 Yap\u0131lara Uygulanacak Baz\u0131 \u0130\u015flemler ve 6785 Say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130mar Kanununun Bir Maddesinin De\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi Hakk\u0131nda Kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re tapu tahsis belgesi al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve bu belgeye esas arsa bedellerinin \u00f6denmi\u015f olmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde bu madde uyar\u0131nca ayr\u0131ca sat\u0131\u015f bedeli al\u0131nmaz. Yap\u0131 kay\u0131t belgesi al\u0131nan ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar\u0131n sat\u0131\u015fa konu edilen k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131ndan yap\u0131 kay\u0131t belgesi tarihi ile sat\u0131\u015f tarihi aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in ecrimisil al\u0131nmaz, tahakkuk ettirilen ecrimisiller terkin edilir, sat\u0131\u015f tarihi itibar\u0131yla tahsil edilen ecrimisil tutar\u0131 sat\u0131\u015f bedelinden mahsup edilir, bu tutardan fazlas\u0131 iade edilmez. <\/p>\n
Yap\u0131 Kay\u0131t Belgesi al\u0131nan yap\u0131lar\u0131n belediyelere ait ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar \u00fczerine in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olmas\u0131 halinde, Yap\u0131 Kay\u0131t Belgesi sahipleri ile bunlar\u0131n kanuni veya akdi haleflerinin talepleri \u00fczerine bedeli ilgili belediyesine \u00f6denmek kayd\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131nmazlar rayi\u00e7 bedel \u00fczerinden belediyelerce do\u011frudan sat\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n
\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere ait \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete konu ta\u015f\u0131nmazlarda bulunan yap\u0131lar ile Hazineye ait sosyal donat\u0131 i\u00e7in tahsisli araziler \u00fczerinde bulunan yap\u0131lar bu madde h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinden yararland\u0131r\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n
Yap\u0131 Kay\u0131t Belgesi, yap\u0131n\u0131n yeniden yap\u0131lmas\u0131na veya kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm uygulamas\u0131na kadar ge\u00e7erlidir. Yap\u0131 Kay\u0131t Belgesi d\u00fczenlenen yap\u0131lar\u0131n yenilenmesi durumunda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olan imar mevzuat\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulan\u0131r. Yap\u0131n\u0131n depreme dayan\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususu malikin sorumlulu\u011fundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu madde h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, 18\/11\/1983 tarihli ve 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Kanununda tan\u0131mlanan Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i sahil \u015feridi ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7inde ekli kroki ile listede s\u0131n\u0131r ve koordinatlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilen alan ile \u0130stanbul tarihi yar\u0131mada i\u00e7inde ekli kroki ile listede s\u0131n\u0131r ve koordinatlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilen alanlarda ve ayr\u0131ca 19\/6\/2014 tarihli ve 6546 say\u0131l\u0131 \u00c7anakkale Sava\u015flar\u0131 Gelibolu Tarihi Alan Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kurulmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanunun 2 nci maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (e) bendinde belirlenmi\u015f Tarihi Alanda uygulanmaz. <\/p>\n
Bu maddenin uygulanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin usul ve esaslar Bakanl\u0131k ve Maliye Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fc\u015ftereken belirlenir.\u201d<\/p>\n
II. \u0130LK \u0130NCELEME<\/p>\n
1. Anayasa Mahkemesi \u0130\u00e7t\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca Z\u00fcht\u00fc ARSLAN, Burhan \u00dcST\u00dcN, Engin YILDIRIM, Serdar \u00d6ZG\u00dcLD\u00dcR, Serruh KALEL\u0130, Recep K\u00d6M\u00dcRC\u00dc, Hicabi DURSUN, Celal M\u00fcmtaz AKINCI, Muammer TOPAL, M. Emin KUZ, Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN, Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA, R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7, Recai AKYEL, Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ ve Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU\u2019nun kat\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131yla 14\/3\/2019 tarihinde yap\u0131lan ilk inceleme toplant\u0131s\u0131nda dosyada eksiklik bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan i\u015fin esas\u0131n\u0131n incelenmesine, y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durdurma talebinin esas inceleme a\u015famas\u0131nda karara ba\u011flanmas\u0131na OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
III. ESASIN \u0130NCELENMES\u0130<\/p>\n
2. Dava dilek\u00e7esi ve ekleri, Raport\u00f6r Ergin ERG\u00dcL taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanan i\u015fin esas\u0131na ili\u015fkin rapor, dava konusu kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, dayan\u0131lan ve ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fclen Anayasa kurallar\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n gerek\u00e7eleri ile di\u011fer yasama belgeleri okunup incelendikten sonra gere\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcl\u00fcp d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc:<\/p>\n
A. Kanun\u2019un 1. Maddesiyle 3201 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 90. Maddesine Eklenen \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc F\u0131kran\u0131n incelenmesi <\/p>\n
1. Anlam ve Kapsam<\/p>\n
3. Dava konusu kural, kural\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihten sonra Emniyet Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (EGM) kadrosunda g\u00f6reve ba\u015flayan memurlar\u0131n g\u00f6revleri s\u00fcresince Polis Bak\u0131m ve Yard\u0131m Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n (POLSAN) daim\u00ee orta\u011f\u0131 olmalar\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re kural\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihten \u00f6nce EGM kadrolar\u0131nda g\u00f6rev yapanlar\u0131n \u00fcyeli\u011fi ihtiyari iken yeni g\u00f6reve ba\u015flayan emniyet mensubu memurlar\u0131n POLSAN\u2019a \u00fcye olmalar\u0131 zorunlu h\u00e2le getirilmektedir.<\/p>\n
4. Gerek\u00e7esinde kural\u0131n amac\u0131, \u201cKamu d\u00fczeni ve g\u00fcvenli\u011finden sorumlu Emniyet Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc mensuplar\u0131na sosyal ve ekonomik yard\u0131mlar sa\u011flamak \u00fczere kurulan Polis Bak\u0131m ve Yard\u0131m Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir mali yap\u0131ya kavu\u015fturularak ortaklar\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yard\u0131mlar\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla Emniyet Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadrolar\u0131nda g\u00f6revli t\u00fcm memurlar\u0131n Sand\u0131\u011fa ortak olmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren bir d\u00fczenleme Teklife Yeni \u00c7er\u00e7eve 1 inci madde olarak eklenmi\u015ftir\u201d \u015feklinde ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
5. Yard\u0131mla\u015fma sand\u0131\u011f\u0131, ki\u015filerin kendi aralar\u0131nda yard\u0131mla\u015fma, dayan\u0131\u015fma ve baz\u0131 zorunlu ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 uygun ko\u015fullarla kar\u015f\u0131lamak amac\u0131yla olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fterek mal toplulu\u011fudur. T\u00fcrk hukukunda 4\/11\/2004 tarihli ve 5253 say\u0131l\u0131 Dernekler Kanunu\u2019nun 12. maddesi uyar\u0131nca dernekler b\u00fcnyesinde kurulanlar, kanunla kurulanlar ve kanunun yetkilendirmesiyle kurulmu\u015f olanlar olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 t\u00fcr yard\u0131mla\u015fma sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 mevcuttur.<\/p>\n
6. 15\/2\/1913 tarihinde Polislerle Polis \u0130dare Memurlar\u0131 Tasarruf Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 Nizamnamesi ile kurulan POLSAN 3201 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 90. maddesinin ilk h\u00e2linde yer alan \u201cMeslek memurlar\u0131n\u0131n hizmet esnas\u0131nda ve teka\u00fcdl\u00fcklerinde her t\u00fcrl\u00fc zarur\u00ee ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak ve varidat\u0131 sand\u0131\u011fa dahil olanlar taraf\u0131ndan temin edilmek \u00fczere Emniyet umum m\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnce bir (Polis bak\u0131m ve yard\u0131m sand\u0131\u011f\u0131) kurulabilir.\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fc ile yasal dayana\u011fa kavu\u015fmu\u015ftur. An\u0131lan maddede 20\/1\/1960 tarihli ve 7410 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 1. maddesiyle yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikle de \u201cEmniyet Umum M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 ve varidat\u0131, Emniyet Umum M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadrosuna dahil maa\u015fl\u0131 ve \u00fccretli memurlardan, Sand\u0131\u011fa ortak olanlar taraf\u0131ndan temin edilmek \u00fczere bir (Polis Bak\u0131m ve Yard\u0131m Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131) kurulur.\/ Bu Sand\u0131k h\u00fckmi \u015fahsiyeti haiz olup ortaklar\u0131n\u0131n hizmet esnas\u0131nda ve emekliliklerinde, nizamnamesinde tespit edilen hususlarla birlikte, Sand\u0131k \u0130dare Binalar\u0131, Talebe Yurtlar\u0131, Dinlenme Kamplar\u0131 ve ortaklar\u0131n Mesken ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere gayrimenkullere tasarruf edebilir.\/ Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n mevcutlar\u0131 ve alacaklar\u0131 Devlet mallar\u0131na ait hak ve r\u00fc\u00e7hanlar\u0131 haizdir.\/ Evvelce kurulmu\u015f olan Polis Bak\u0131m ve Yard\u0131m Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fbu 90. madde h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine tabidir\u201d h\u00fck\u00fcmleri \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu kapsamda an\u0131lan maddeye dayan\u0131larak 4\/8\/1998 tarihli ve 23423 say\u0131l\u0131 Resm\u00ee Gazete\u2019de yay\u0131mlanan Polis Bak\u0131m ve Yard\u0131m Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (T\u00fcz\u00fck) ile POLSAN\u2019\u0131n kurulu\u015f ve g\u00f6revleriyle \u00fcyelerinin sosyal g\u00fcvencelerine katk\u0131da bulunacak yard\u0131m ve hizmetlerin yerine getirilmesine ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmler d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
7. T\u00fcz\u00fck\u2019\u00fcn 18. maddesine g\u00f6re ortakl\u0131k aidat\u0131, ortaklar\u0131n Emekli Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya Sosyal Sigortalar Kurumu kesintisine esas olan br\u00fct maa\u015f veya \u00fccretlerinin y\u00fczde be\u015fi tutar\u0131nda olup bu miktar, Genel Kurul karar\u0131yla y\u00fczde ona kadar artt\u0131r\u0131labilir. 23. madde uyar\u0131nca, POLSAN ortaklar\u0131na veya \u00f6l\u00fcmleri h\u00e2linde miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na bir defada ve toptan olarak emeklilik, maluliyet ve \u00f6l\u00fcm yard\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan an\u0131lan maddenin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda bu yard\u0131mlarla ilgili olarak T\u00fcz\u00fck\u2019te yer almayan di\u011fer esaslar\u0131n y\u00f6netmelikle d\u00fczenlenece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede POLSAN, \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda sosyal ve ekonomik dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeyi ama\u00e7layan bir t\u00fczel ki\u015filik olarak faaliyette bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
8. Dava konusu kural, EGM kadrosunda h\u00e2len g\u00f6revde olanlar\u0131 kapsamay\u0131p kural\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihten sonra EGM kadrosunda kamu g\u00f6revine ba\u015flayan memurlar\u0131n g\u00f6revleri s\u00fcresince POLSAN\u2019\u0131n daim\u00ee orta\u011f\u0131 olmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p>\n
2. \u0130ptal Talebinin Gerek\u00e7esi<\/p>\n
9. Ba\u015fvuru karar\u0131nda \u00f6zetle; kural\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesinden sonra yeni g\u00f6reve ba\u015flayan b\u00fct\u00fcn emniyet personelinin POLSAN \u00fcyeli\u011finin zorunlu h\u00e2le getirildi\u011fi, h\u00e2lbuki an\u0131lan \u00fcyeli\u011fin \u00f6zel hukuk kurallar\u0131na tabi bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme ili\u015fkisi niteli\u011finde oldu\u011fu, Anayasa ile g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bulunan s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapman\u0131n yan\u0131nda yapmama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de i\u00e7erdi\u011fi, kuralla belirli bir tarihten sonra g\u00f6reve ba\u015flayan emniyet mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n POLSAN\u2019a \u00fcyeliklerinin zorunlu tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcne dokundu\u011fu belirtilerek kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 48. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
3. Anayasa\u2019ya Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k Sorunu<\/p>\n
10. 30\/3\/2011 tarihli ve 6216 say\u0131l\u0131 Anayasa Mahkemesinin Kurulu\u015fu ve Yarg\u0131lama Usulleri Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un 43. maddesi uyar\u0131nca kural, ilgisi nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 35. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de incelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
11. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n \u201c\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fcrriyeti\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 48. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n birinci c\u00fcmlesinde \u201cHerkes, diledi\u011fi alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fcrriyetlerine sahiptir\u201d denilmek suretiyle s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
12. \u00d6zel hukuk, ki\u015filerin birbirleriyle olan ili\u015fkilerini e\u015fitlik ve irade serbestisi esas\u0131na g\u00f6re d\u00fczenleyen hukuk kurallar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00d6zel hukukta irade \u00f6zerkli\u011fi, ki\u015filerin yasal s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde istedikleri hukuki sonuca bu yoldaki iradelerini yeterince a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurarak ula\u015fabilmelerini ifade etmektedir. S\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ise \u00f6zel hukuktaki irade \u00f6zerkli\u011fi ilkesinin anayasa hukuku alan\u0131ndaki dayana\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Anayasa a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc; devletin ki\u015filerin istedikleri hukuki sonu\u00e7lara ula\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 ve bu ba\u011flamda ki\u015filerin belirli hukuki sonu\u00e7lara y\u00f6nelen iradelerini ge\u00e7erli olarak tan\u0131mas\u0131, onlar\u0131n iradelerinin y\u00f6neldi\u011fi hukuki sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n do\u011faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilke olarak benimsemesi ve korumas\u0131 demektir. S\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc uyar\u0131nca ki\u015filer, hukuksal ili\u015fkilerini \u00f6zg\u00fcr iradeleriyle ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerle d\u00fczenlemekte serbesttir. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 48. maddesinde koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nan s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, s\u00f6zle\u015fme yap\u0131p yapmama serbestisinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan m\u00fcdahale yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n
13. S\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kural olarak \u00f6zel hukuk alan\u0131nda ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00f6ncelikle POLSAN \u00fcyeli\u011finin \u00f6zel hukuk kurallar\u0131na tabi olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n
14. POLSAN \u00fcyeleri EGM kadrosuna d\u00e2hil memurlard\u0131r. Maa\u015flar\u0131 EGM b\u00fct\u00e7esinden \u00f6denen \u00fcyelerin kamu g\u00f6revlisi oldu\u011fu ku\u015fkusuzdur. Kamu g\u00f6revlileri ile kamu y\u00f6netimleri aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler kural tasarruflarla d\u00fczenlenmektedir. Nitekim kuralda da POLSAN ile memurlar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin an\u0131lan stat\u00fc hukuku \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde kanunla kuruldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
15. Kamu personeli, belirli bir stat\u00fcde ve nesnel kurallara g\u00f6re hizmet y\u00fcr\u00fctmekte; o stat\u00fcn\u00fcn sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fccret, atanma, y\u00fckselme gibi kimi haklara sahip olmaktad\u0131r. Kamu hizmetine giri\u015f, hizmet i\u00e7inde y\u00fckselme ve bulunulan stat\u00fcn\u00fcn sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklar stat\u00fc hukukunun gere\u011fi olarak kanunlarla belirlenmektedir. Kanun koyucu; stat\u00fc hukuku \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen memuriyet hizmetine girmeye, memuriyette y\u00fckselmeye, \u00f6zl\u00fck haklar\u0131na ve bunun gibi di\u011fer hususlara ili\u015fkin ko\u015fullar\u0131 anayasal ilkelere uygun olarak belirleme yetkisine sahiptir.<\/p>\n
16. Kanun\u2019da POLSAN\u2019\u0131n t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fe sahip oldu\u011fu belirtilmesine kar\u015f\u0131n t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011finin hangi hukuk h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine tabi olaca\u011f\u0131 konusunda a\u00e7\u0131k bir d\u00fczenleme bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bu durumda ancak POLSAN\u2019\u0131n kurulu\u015fu, te\u015fkilat\u0131, yetki ve ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 gibi \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurulmak suretiyle tabi oldu\u011fu hukuki rejim tespit edilebilir.<\/p>\n
17. Kanun\u2019un 90. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201cEmniyet Umum M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 ve varidat\u0131, Emniyet Umum M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadrosuna dahil maa\u015fl\u0131 ve \u00fccretli memurlardan, Sand\u0131\u011fa ortak olanlar taraf\u0131ndan temin edilmek \u00fczere bir (Polis Bak\u0131m ve Yard\u0131m Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131) kurulur.\u201d denilmi\u015f, ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda POLSAN\u2019\u0131n h\u00fckmi \u015fahsiyetinin bulundu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015f, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131nda da \u201cSand\u0131\u011f\u0131n mevcutlar\u0131 ve alacaklar\u0131 Devlet mallar\u0131na ait hak ve r\u00fc\u00e7hanlar\u0131 haizdir.\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcne yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
18. T\u00fcz\u00fck ile de POLSAN\u2019n\u0131n kurulu\u015fu, te\u015fkilat\u0131, g\u00f6revleri, i\u015fleyi\u015fi, denetimi ve \u00fcyelerinin sosyal g\u00fcvencelerine katk\u0131da bulunacak yard\u0131m ve hizmetlerin yerine getirilmesi d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
19. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede POLSAN\u2019\u0131n Emniyet Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak faaliyet g\u00f6stermek \u00fczere Kanun\u2019la kurulmu\u015f bir t\u00fczel ki\u015filik oldu\u011fu, \u00fcyelerinin EGM kadrosuna d\u00e2hil maa\u015fl\u0131 memurlardan olu\u015ftu\u011fu, POLSAN \u00fczerinde EGM vas\u0131tas\u0131yla \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n idari vesayet yetkisinin bulundu\u011fu, kurulu\u015funun, te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131n, i\u015fleyi\u015finin ve tabi oldu\u011fu esaslar\u0131n Kanun ve Bakanlar Kurulunca \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan T\u00fcz\u00fck ile belirlendi\u011fi, mevcutlar\u0131n\u0131n ve alacaklar\u0131n\u0131n devlet mallar\u0131na ait hak ve \u00f6nceliklere sahip oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
20. EGM b\u00fct\u00e7esinden maa\u015f alan memurlar\u0131n stat\u00fc hukukuna tabi kamu g\u00f6revlisi ve POLSAN\u2019\u0131n, \u00fcyelerinin sosyal ve ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 koruma ve \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 te\u015fvik etme amac\u0131yla kanunla kurulan ve yukar\u0131daki esaslara tabi bir kurum oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde POLSAN \u00fcyeli\u011fi ili\u015fkisinin bir t\u00fcr s\u00f6zle\u015fme olmay\u0131p kamu hukuku ilke ve kurallar\u0131na tabi oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu itibarla POLSAN \u00fcyeli\u011fi konusunda irade serbestisinin ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan zorunlu \u00fcyelik esas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren kural\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
21. \u00d6te yandan Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 35. maddesinde \u201cHerkes, m\u00fclkiyet ve miras haklar\u0131na sahiptir.\/ Bu haklar, ancak kamu yarar\u0131 amac\u0131yla, kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir.\/ M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 toplum yarar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamaz.\u201d denilmektedir. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n an\u0131lan maddesiyle g\u00fcvenceye ba\u011flanan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131, ekonomik de\u011fer ifade eden ve parayla de\u011ferlendirilebilen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hakk\u0131n\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
22. Kuralda POLSAN\u2019a zorunlu \u00fcyelik d\u00fczenlendi\u011finden bu \u00fcyeli\u011fin tabi sonucu olarak \u00fcyelerin POLSAN\u2019a belirli bir ortakl\u0131k aidat\u0131 \u00f6demesi gerekmektedir. Nitekim Kanun\u2019un 90. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda gelirlerinin POLSAN\u2019\u0131n \u00fcyesi olan ortaklardan temin edilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmi\u015ftir. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle kuralla m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
23. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde \u201cTemel hak ve h\u00fcrriyetler, \u00f6zlerine dokunulmaks\u0131z\u0131n yaln\u0131zca Anayasan\u0131n ilgili maddelerinde belirtilen sebeplere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ve ancak kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, Anayasan\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne ve ruhuna, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin ve l\u00e2ik Cumhuriyetin gereklerine ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamaz\u201d denilmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere s\u0131n\u0131rlama getiren kanuni d\u00fczenlemelerin Anayasa\u2019da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlama sebebine uygun ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
24. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 35. maddesinde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131 mutlak bir hak olarak d\u00fczenlenmemi\u015f, an\u0131lan hakk\u0131n kamu yarar\u0131 amac\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilece\u011fi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Polislik mesle\u011fini icra eden memurlar\u0131n sosyal ve ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 koruma ve aralar\u0131ndaki dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme amac\u0131yla kurulan yard\u0131mla\u015fma sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n faaliyetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli olan gelire sahip olmas\u0131nda kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez. Buna g\u00f6re zorunlu \u00fcyelik esas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren kural\u0131n m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131 kamu yarar\u0131 amac\u0131yla dolay\u0131s\u0131yla anayasal ba\u011flamda me\u015fru bir amaca dayanarak s\u0131n\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya uygun oldu\u011funun s\u00f6ylenebilmesi i\u00e7in kuralla getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n anayasal ba\u011flamda me\u015fru bir amaca dayanmas\u0131 yeterli olmay\u0131p \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmas\u0131 da gerekir.<\/p>\n
25. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesi elveri\u015flilik, gereklilik ve orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 alt ilkeden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Elveri\u015flilik \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n ula\u015f\u0131lmak istenen amac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeye elveri\u015fli olmas\u0131n\u0131, gereklilik ula\u015f\u0131lmak istenen ama\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n zorunlu olmas\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer bir ifadeyle ayn\u0131 amaca daha hafif bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama ile ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmamas\u0131n\u0131, orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k ise hakka getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlama ile ula\u015f\u0131lmak istenen ama\u00e7 aras\u0131nda makul bir dengenin g\u00f6zetilmesi gereklili\u011fini ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n
26. Polislik mesle\u011fini icra eden memurlar\u0131n sosyal ve ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 koruma ve aralar\u0131ndaki dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirme amac\u0131yla kurulan yard\u0131mla\u015fma sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n faaliyetlerini etkin bir \u015fekilde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilmesi geni\u015f bir kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 gerektirdi\u011finden, kuralla \u00fcyeli\u011fin zorunlu tutulmas\u0131n\u0131n an\u0131lan amac\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli ve gerekli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
27. Kural; ge\u00e7mi\u015fte POLSAN\u2019a \u00fcye olmay\u0131 veya olmamay\u0131 se\u00e7mi\u015f memurlar i\u00e7in herhangi bir zorunluluk getirmemekte, sadece EGM kadrolar\u0131na yeni atanacak memurlar\u0131 kapsamaktad\u0131r. Bu ki\u015filer EGM\u2019de g\u00f6reve ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131nda ayn\u0131 zamanda POLSAN\u2019\u0131n mevzuat\u0131nda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklere tabi olacaklar\u0131n\u0131 bildiklerinden kuralla \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilir olmayan bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck getirilmesi s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. Di\u011fer taraftan kuralla getirilen ekonomik k\u00fclfet sonucu \u00f6denecek miktar sonu\u00e7 itibar\u0131yla bu \u00f6demede bulunan ki\u015filerin orta\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu POLSAN\u2019\u0131n malvarl\u0131\u011f\u0131na aktar\u0131lmakta ve bundan ortaklar yararlanmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca idarenin ortakl\u0131k aidat\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi i\u015flemlerine kar\u015f\u0131 yarg\u0131 yolu a\u00e7\u0131k olup mevzuatta kural\u0131n amac\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kullan\u0131larak ki\u015filere a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u00fclfet y\u00fckleyecek miktarda aidatlar belirlenmesini \u00f6nleyecek usul\u00fc g\u00fcvence de sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r. An\u0131lan hususlar dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kuralla getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n orant\u0131l\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da s\u00f6ylenemez.<\/p>\n
28. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle kural, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13., 35. ve 48. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 de\u011fildir. \u0130ptal talebinin reddi gerekir.<\/p>\n
Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN, Engin YILDIRIM, M. Emin KUZ ile Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
B. Kanun\u2019un 4. Maddesiyle 3194 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un Ge\u00e7ici 16. Maddesinin D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc F\u0131kras\u0131na Eklenen \u201c\u2026ve 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2026\u201d \u0130baresi ile Bu Maddeye Ba\u011fl\u0131 De\u011fi\u015ftirilen 2960 Say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019da Tan\u0131mlanan Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Sahil \u015eeridi ve \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm B\u00f6lgesine Ait Kroki ile S\u0131n\u0131r ve Koordinat Listesi\u2019nin \u0130ncelenmesi <\/p>\n
1. Anlam ve Kapsam<\/p>\n
29. 7159 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 4. maddesiyle, 3194 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un ge\u00e7ici 16. maddesinde ve maddeye ba\u011fl\u0131 kroki ve listede de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu de\u011fi\u015fiklikler kapsam\u0131nda 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun uyar\u0131nca al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f y\u0131k\u0131m kararlar\u0131 ile tahsil edilemeyen idari para cezalar\u0131n\u0131n iptal edilmesi h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesinde kalan baz\u0131 yerlerdeki ta\u015f\u0131nmaz maliklerinin de yap\u0131 kay\u0131t belgesinden faydalanmas\u0131na izin verilmi\u015ftir. An\u0131lan f\u0131krada yer alan \u201c\u2026ve 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2026\u201d ibaresi ile bu maddeye ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilen 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019da tan\u0131mlanan Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i sahil \u015feridi ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesine ait Kroki ile S\u0131n\u0131r ve Koordinat Listesi dava konusu kurallar\u0131 olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
30. Kurallar\u0131n gerek\u00e7esinde, \u201c2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Kanunu\u2019nda tan\u0131mlanan Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7erisinde belirlenen alanlarda yer alan ta\u015f\u0131nmaz maliklerinin de yap\u0131 kay\u0131t belgesinden faydalanmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131(n\u0131n)\u201d ama\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir.<\/p>\n
31. Kurallar\u0131n Plan ve B\u00fct\u00e7e Komisyonundaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda teklif sahibi taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda; imar bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 uygulamas\u0131yla vatanda\u015flar\u0131n yap\u0131lar\u0131na yap\u0131 kay\u0131t belgesi alma imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n getirildi\u011fi, bu \u015fekilde hem vatanda\u015flar\u0131n ma\u011fduriyetlerinin giderildi\u011fi hem de yap\u0131lar\u0131n kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, daha \u00f6nceki kanuni d\u00fczenlemede Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i b\u00f6lgesinin kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutuldu\u011fu, kurallarla ise Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i b\u00f6lgesinin sadece yap\u0131la\u015fman\u0131n yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n belirlenerek imar bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu \u015fekilde Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i sahil \u015feridini koruman\u0131n daha m\u00fcmk\u00fcn h\u00e2le gelece\u011fi, bu alanda verilecek yap\u0131 kay\u0131t belgelerinin kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm \u00f6n\u00fcnde bir engel te\u015fkil etmeyece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
32. Kurallara ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda de\u011finilen imar bar\u0131\u015f\u0131na ili\u015fkin d\u00fczenleme 3194 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019a 7143 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019la eklenen ge\u00e7ici 16. maddede yer almaktad\u0131r. An\u0131lan madde ile afet risklerine haz\u0131rl\u0131k gerek\u00e7esiyle ruhsats\u0131z veya ruhsat ve eklerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 ve imar bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla 31\/12\/2017 tarihinden \u00f6nce yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yap\u0131lar i\u00e7in yap\u0131 kay\u0131t belgesinin verilmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Emlak vergi de\u011feri ile yap\u0131n\u0131n idare taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen yakla\u015f\u0131k maliyet bedelinin toplam\u0131 \u00fczerinden konutlarda %3, ticari kullan\u0131mlarda %5 oran\u0131nda bir bedel kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda verilecek olan bu belge ruhsata ayk\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131ya su, elektrik ve do\u011fal gaz ba\u011flanabilme imk\u00e2n\u0131 ile an\u0131lan yap\u0131y\u0131 kullanabilme hakk\u0131 sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Maddenin onuncu f\u0131kras\u0131 uyar\u0131nca yap\u0131 kay\u0131t belgesi, yap\u0131n\u0131n yeniden yap\u0131lmas\u0131na veya kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm uygulamas\u0131na kadar ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n
33. Ge\u00e7ici 16. maddenin gerek\u00e7esinde; \u201cAfet risklerine haz\u0131rl\u0131k kapsam\u0131nda ruhsats\u0131z, ruhsat ve eklerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 veya imar mevzuat\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 ile d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm projelerine finans sa\u011flanarak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve etkin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla 31\/12\/2017 tarihinden \u00f6nce yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yap\u0131lar\u0131n, yap\u0131 sahiplerinin m\u00fcracaatlar\u0131 \u00fczerine ve beyan\u0131na g\u00f6re haz\u0131rlanacak Yap\u0131 Kay\u0131t Sistemine i\u015flenmesi, bu yap\u0131lara su, elektrik ve do\u011falgaz ba\u011flanabilmesi, yarg\u0131 ve belediyelerdeki i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fcn\u00fcn azalt\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f y\u0131k\u0131m kararlar\u0131ndan ve tahsil edilmeyen para cezalar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ilmesi, maliklerin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n muvafakatinin bulunmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde yap\u0131 kullanma izin belgesi aranmaks\u0131z\u0131n cins de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ve kat m\u00fclkiyetinin tesis edilebilmesi, Yap\u0131 Kay\u0131t Belgesinden elde edilecek gelirin genel b\u00fct\u00e7eye gelir kaydedilmesi, bu gelirin de \u015fehirlerin yeniden in\u015fas\u0131 ve imar\u0131nda kulland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
34. Kanun teklifinin Plan ve B\u00fct\u00e7e Komisyonu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda teklif metnine bu madde h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin, 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019da tan\u0131mlanan Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i sahil \u015feridi ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7inde ekli kroki ile listede s\u0131n\u0131r ve koordinatlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilen alan ile \u0130stanbul tarih\u00ee yar\u0131mada i\u00e7inde ekli kroki ile listede s\u0131n\u0131r ve koordinatlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterilen alanlarda ve ayr\u0131ca 19\/6\/2014 tarihli ve 6546 say\u0131l\u0131 \u00c7anakkale Sava\u015flar\u0131 Gelibolu Tarihi Alan Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kurulmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanunun 2. maddesinin (1) numaral\u0131 f\u0131kras\u0131nda belirlenmi\u015f Tarihi Alanda uygulanmayaca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcm eklenmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6z konusu h\u00fckm\u00fcn gerek\u00e7esi Komisyon raporunda, \u201c\u0130stanbul Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i sahil \u015feridi ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesi ile \u0130stanbul Tarihi Yar\u0131mada\u2019n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve tarihi de\u011ferlerini ve do\u011fal g\u00fczelliklerini kamu yarar\u0131 g\u00f6zetilerek korumak ve geli\u015ftirmek ve bu alandaki n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011funu art\u0131racak yap\u0131lanmay\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131ran bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn maddeye yeni f\u0131kra olarak eklenmesi,\u2026\u201d \u015feklinde ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
35. \u0130stanbul Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Alan\u0131nda yap\u0131lanma yasa\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren Kanun\u2019un 1. maddesinde Kanun\u2019un amac\u0131, \u201c\u0130stanbul Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Alan\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve tarihi de\u011ferlerini ve do\u011fal g\u00fczelliklerini kamu yarar\u0131 g\u00f6zetilerek korumak ve geli\u015ftirmek ve bu alandaki n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011funu art\u0131racak \u00e7e\u015fitli yap\u0131lanma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamak i\u00e7in uygulanacak imar mevzuat\u0131n\u0131 belirlemek ve d\u00fczenlemek\u201d olarak ifade edilmi\u015ftir. 20. maddede ise \u0130mar Kanunu\u2019nun ve di\u011fer kanunlar\u0131n bu Kanun\u2019a ayk\u0131r\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin uygulanmayaca\u011f\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
36. 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 2. maddesinde Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Alan\u0131; \u201cBo\u011fazi\u00e7i k\u0131y\u0131 ve sahil \u015feridinden, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesinden, geri g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesinden ve etkilenme b\u00f6lgelerinden olu\u015fan ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve koordinatlar\u0131 bu Kanuna ekli krokide i\u015faretli ve 22\/7\/1983 onay tarihli naz\u0131m planda g\u00f6sterilen alan\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
37. Kanun\u2019un \u201cGenel esaslar:\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 3. maddesinde, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Alan\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve geli\u015ftirilmesinde ve imar mevzuat\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131nda esas al\u0131nacak ilkelere yer verilmektedir. An\u0131lan maddenin (a) bendinde \u201cBo\u011fazi\u00e7i Alan\u0131nda yeralan k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve tarihi de\u011ferler ve do\u011fal g\u00fczellikler muhafaza edilir ve do\u011fal yap\u0131 korunur\u201d, (e) bendinde ise \u201cBo\u011fazi\u00e7i Alan\u0131ndaki yap\u0131lar bu Kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine ve imar planlar\u0131 esaslar\u0131na g\u00f6re yap\u0131l\u0131r, ayk\u0131r\u0131 olanlar derhal y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r veya y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.\u201d h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
38. Kanun\u2019un 13. maddesine g\u00f6re ise y\u0131k\u0131lacak veya y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131lacak yap\u0131lar; in\u015faat ruhsat\u0131 olmayan yap\u0131lar, yap\u0131n\u0131n in\u015faat ruhsat\u0131 ve eklerine ve imar mevzuat\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u0130mar M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnce m\u00fch\u00fcrlenerek yap\u0131m\u0131 durdurulmu\u015f yap\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fch\u00fcrlendikten sonra yap\u0131lan ilaveleri ve yap\u0131larda kullanma izni verildikten sonra imar mevzuat\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak yap\u0131lan de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ve eklentileri olarak say\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6te yandan 3194 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 42. maddesinde say\u0131lan idari yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 an\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 4. maddesinde yap\u0131lan at\u0131f uyar\u0131nca 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun kapsam\u0131ndaki imara ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131klarda da uygulanabilmektedir.<\/p>\n
39. Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Alan\u0131n\u0131 ilgilendiren di\u011fer bir kanun ise 21\/7\/1983 tarihli ve 2863 say\u0131l\u0131 K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Tabiat Varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Koruma Kanunu\u2019dur. An\u0131lan Kanun\u2019un 16. maddesine g\u00f6re \u201ckorunmas\u0131 gerekli ta\u015f\u0131nmaz k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tabiat varl\u0131klar\u0131 ile bunlar\u0131n korunma alanlar\u0131nda ruhsats\u0131z olarak in\u015faat yapmak yasakt\u0131r.\u201d Maddede ayr\u0131ca ruhsats\u0131z olarak yap\u0131lacak in\u015faatlar ile koruma ama\u00e7l\u0131 imar planlar\u0131nda, plana; sitlerde ise sit \u015fartlar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak in\u015fa edilen yap\u0131lar hakk\u0131nda imar mevzuat\u0131na g\u00f6re i\u015flem yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 da ifade edilmektedir.<\/p>\n
2. \u0130ptal Talebinin Gerek\u00e7esi<\/p>\n
40. Dava dilek\u00e7esinde \u00f6zetle; imar bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmayaca\u011f\u0131 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun kapsam\u0131nda kalan alan\u0131n kurallarla daralt\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu b\u00f6lgede bulunan \u00e7ok say\u0131da ka\u00e7ak yap\u0131 hakk\u0131nda daha \u00f6nce verilmi\u015f y\u0131k\u0131m kararlar\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131ndan ve verilmi\u015f idari para cezalar\u0131n\u0131n tahsilinden vazge\u00e7ildi\u011fi, \u00e7ok say\u0131da ka\u00e7ak yap\u0131n\u0131n yasal olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Alan\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve tarih\u00ee de\u011ferlerinin ve do\u011fal g\u00fczelliklerinin korunmas\u0131n\u0131n devletin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc oldu\u011fu, 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019da bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn gere\u011finin yerine getirilmesi amac\u0131yla imar konusunda \u00f6zel d\u00fczenlemelere yer verildi\u011fi, hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n normalle\u015ftirilmesinin ve hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilmesinin hukuk devleti ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu, 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun kapsam\u0131ndaki baz\u0131 binalar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan imar bar\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan yararlanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 getirilirken ayn\u0131 stat\u00fcde olan di\u011fer baz\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden b\u00f6yle bir imk\u00e2n tan\u0131nmamas\u0131n\u0131n e\u015fitlik ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu, d\u00fczenlemenin devletin tarih, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tabiat varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 koruma \u00f6deviyle ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, imar bar\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan yararlanacak binalar i\u00e7in asgari g\u00fcvenlik standartlar\u0131na sahip olma \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n dahi aranmamas\u0131 nedeniyle imar bar\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan yararlanarak y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7ilecek yap\u0131lar\u0131n insan sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tehlike te\u015fkil etti\u011fi, bu durumun devletin \u00e7evreyi geli\u015ftirme ve \u00e7evre sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruma \u00f6devine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturdu\u011fu belirtilerek kurallar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2., 10., 56. ve 63. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
3. Anayasa\u2019ya Ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k Sorunu<\/p>\n
41. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 56. maddesinin birinci ve ikinci f\u0131kralar\u0131nda \u201cHerkes, sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve dengeli bir \u00e7evrede ya\u015fama hakk\u0131na sahiptir.\/ \u00c7evreyi geli\u015ftirmek, \u00e7evre sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve \u00e7evre kirlenmesini \u00f6nlemek Devletin ve vatanda\u015flar\u0131n \u00f6devidir.\u201d h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine yer verilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re \u00e7evrenin geli\u015ftirilmesi, \u00e7evre sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ve \u00e7evre kirlenmesinin \u00f6nlenmesine y\u00f6nelik tedbiri almak devletin temel \u00f6devlerindendir. Bu ama\u00e7la devlet, \u00e7evrenin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in etkili bir hukuk d\u00fczeni olu\u015fturmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
42. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n an\u0131lan maddesinde ifade edilen sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve dengeli \u00e7evre kavram\u0131na, do\u011fal g\u00fczelliklerin korundu\u011fu, kentle\u015fme ve sanayile\u015fmenin getirdi\u011fi hava ve su kirlili\u011finin \u00f6nlendi\u011fi bir \u00e7evre kadar, belirli bir plan ve programa g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f \u00e7evrenin de girece\u011fi ku\u015fkusuzdur.<\/p>\n
43. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n \u201cTarih, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tabiat varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 63. maddesinde ise devletin, tarih, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tabiat varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ve de\u011ferlerinin korunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flama ve bu ama\u00e7la destekleyici ve te\u015fvik edici tedbirleri alma \u00f6devlerine yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
44. Kurallarda 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019da tan\u0131mlanan Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7inde belirlenen alanlarda imara ayk\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131lar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden imara ayk\u0131r\u0131 durumlar\u0131n yeniden yap\u0131l\u0131ncaya veya kentsel d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme kadar muhafaza edilmesine izin verilmesi ile an\u0131lan Kanun uyar\u0131nca al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f y\u0131k\u0131m kararlar\u0131 ve tahsil edilemeyen idari para cezalar\u0131n\u0131n iptal edilmesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
45. Kanun koyucunun devletin Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 56. maddesinde belirtilen g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirmek amac\u0131yla, ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu d\u00fczenlemeyi yapma ve bu konuda gerekli olan ara\u00e7lar\u0131 belirleme konusunda takdir yetkisine sahip oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Ancak bu yap\u0131l\u0131rken d\u00fczenlemeyi gerekli k\u0131lan kamu yarar\u0131 ile an\u0131lan b\u00f6lgedeki do\u011fal g\u00fczellikler ile tarih\u00ee ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlerin korunmas\u0131 ve geli\u015ftirilmesi bi\u00e7imindeki kamu yarar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki makul dengenin kurulmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/p>\n
46. \u0130li\u015fkili oldu\u011fu imar bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 d\u00fczenlemesinin gerek\u00e7esi de dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda kurallarla afet risklerine haz\u0131rl\u0131k kapsam\u0131nda ruhsats\u0131z, ruhsat ve eklerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 veya imar mevzuat\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n kay\u0131t alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 ile d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm projelerine finans sa\u011flanarak d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcn daha h\u0131zl\u0131 ve etkin yap\u0131lmas\u0131, yap\u0131 kay\u0131t belgesinden elde edilecek gelirin genel b\u00fct\u00e7eye gelir kaydedilmesi, bu gelirin de \u015fehirlerin yeniden in\u015fas\u0131 ve imar\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ama\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu itibarla d\u00fczenleme ile nihai olarak \u015fehirlerin yeniden in\u015fas\u0131 ve imar\u0131 i\u00e7in kaynak temini hedeflendi\u011finden kurallar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 56. maddesinde belirtilen sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ve dengeli bir \u00e7evrede ya\u015fama hakk\u0131na ili\u015fkin devletin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinin yerine getirilmesine y\u00f6nelik bir d\u00fczenleme oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n
47. Bununla birlikte an\u0131lan d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131l\u0131rken kurallarla Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Alan\u0131nda yap\u0131lan imara ayk\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesinin ve bu alana yap\u0131lan imara ayk\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131lar nedeniyle verilen idari para cezalar\u0131n\u0131n iptal edilmesinin \u00e7evre ile k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tabiat varl\u0131klar\u0131na verece\u011fi zarar\u0131n da g\u00f6zetilmesi gerekir. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede kurallarla \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen kamu yarar\u0131 ile kurallar\u0131n neden olaca\u011f\u0131 zarar\u0131n tart\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131larak Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 56. ve 63. maddelerdeki pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklere ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir d\u00fczenleme yap\u0131l\u0131p yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirlenmelidir.<\/p>\n
48. Tarih, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve do\u011fa varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n zenginli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyada \u00f6zel bir yere sahip olan \u00fclkemizde, medeniyetlerin be\u015fi\u011fi bir kent olan \u0130stanbul\u2019un ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir yeri bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u0130stanbul Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Alan\u0131 ise i\u00e7erdi\u011fi do\u011fal g\u00fczellikler, tarih\u00ee, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tabiat varl\u0131klar\u0131yla \u00f6nemli bir de\u011fer olup bu alana tarihin her d\u00f6neminde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem atfedilmi\u015ftir. Bu e\u015fsiz b\u00f6lge do\u011fal g\u00fczelli\u011finin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra mill\u00ee tarih ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli eser ve de\u011ferler bar\u0131nd\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de en \u00e7ok kay\u0131tl\u0131 tescilli k\u00fclt\u00fcr varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunan \u015fehir olan \u0130stanbul\u2019da Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i, tescilli binalar\u0131n en yayg\u0131n bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelmektedir. B\u00f6lge, insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ortak miras\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan \u00f6nemli k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tabiat varl\u0131klar\u0131na sahiptir. Bundan dolay\u0131 Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i sahil \u015feridi ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesinin korunmas\u0131, hayatta olan bireylerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra gelecek ku\u015faklar\u0131 da ilgilendirmektedir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu nedenlerle Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i sahil \u015feridi ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesinin do\u011fal g\u00fczellikleri ile k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve tarih\u00ee de\u011ferlerinin korunmas\u0131 ve geli\u015ftirilmesinde \u00f6nemli bir kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu a\u015fik\u00e2rd\u0131r. <\/p>\n
49. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede kurallarla \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen \u015fehirlerin yeniden in\u015fas\u0131 ve imar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kaynak temininin ba\u015fka y\u00f6ntemlerle de elde edilmesinin m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011fu, bunun i\u00e7in ender bir do\u011fal g\u00fczellik ile tarihi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferlere sahip olan Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Alan\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131yla ba\u011fda\u015fmayacak d\u00fczenlemeler getirilmesinin menfaatler aras\u0131nda makul bir denge kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 engelledi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle \u00e7evre ile k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tabiat varl\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden neden olunacak zarar ile sa\u011flanacak yarar g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde kurallarda \u00e7evre ile k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tabiat varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 koruma ve geli\u015ftirmeye ili\u015fkin devletin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri aras\u0131ndaki adil dengenin kurulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (benzer y\u00f6ndeki kararlar\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz. E.1985\/11, K.1986\/29, 11\/12\/1986; E.1988\/61, K.1989\/28, 28\/6\/1989).<\/p>\n
50. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle kurallar Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 56. ve 63. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130ptalleri gerekir.<\/p>\n
Serdar \u00d6ZG\u00dcLD\u00dcR bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe ek gerek\u00e7eyle kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kurallar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ise de bu ba\u011flamda belirtilen hususlar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 56. ve 63. maddeleri y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yap\u0131lan de\u011ferlendirmeler kapsam\u0131nda ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ayr\u0131ca bir inceleme yap\u0131lmas\u0131na gerek g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Kurallar Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 56. ve 63. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclerek iptal edildi\u011finden ayr\u0131ca Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 10. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden incelenmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
IV. Y\u00dcR\u00dcRL\u00dc\u011e\u00dcN DURDURULMASI TALEB\u0130<\/p>\n
51. Dava dilek\u00e7esinde \u00f6zetle; dava konusu kurallar\u0131n uygulanmalar\u0131 h\u00e2linde telafisi g\u00fc\u00e7 veya imk\u00e2ns\u0131z zararlar\u0131n do\u011fabilece\u011fi belirtilerek y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin durdurulmas\u0131na karar verilmesi talep edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
27\/12\/2018 tarihli ve 7159 say\u0131l\u0131 Karayollar\u0131 Trafik Kanunu ile Baz\u0131 Kanunlarda De\u011fi\u015fiklik Yap\u0131lmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un;<\/p>\n
A. 4. maddesiyle 3\/5\/1985 tarihli ve 3194 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130mar Kanunu\u2019nun ge\u00e7ici 16. maddesinin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131na eklenen \u201c\u2026ve 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2026\u201d ibaresine ve bu maddeye ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilen 18\/11\/1983 tarihli ve 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Kanunu\u2019nda tan\u0131mlanan Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i sahil \u015feridi ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesine ait Kroki ile S\u0131n\u0131r ve Koordinat Listesi\u2019ne y\u00f6nelik y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn durdurulmas\u0131 taleplerinin ko\u015fullar\u0131 olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan REDD\u0130NE,<\/p>\n
B. 1. maddesiyle 4\/6\/1937 tarihli ve 3201 say\u0131l\u0131 Emniyet Te\u015fkilat Kanunu\u2019nun 90. maddesine eklenen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kraya y\u00f6nelik iptal talebi 24\/9\/2020 tarihli ve E.2019\/21, K.2020\/51 say\u0131l\u0131 kararla reddedildi\u011finden bu f\u0131kraya ili\u015fkin y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn durdurulmas\u0131 talebinin REDD\u0130NE,<\/p>\n
24\/9\/2020 tarihinde OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
V. H\u00dcK\u00dcM<\/p>\n
27\/12\/2018 tarihli ve 7159 say\u0131l\u0131 Karayollar\u0131 Trafik Kanunu ile Baz\u0131 Kanunlarda De\u011fi\u015fiklik Yap\u0131lmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un;<\/p>\n
A. 1. maddesiyle 4\/6\/1937 tarihli ve 3201 say\u0131l\u0131 Emniyet Te\u015fkilat Kanunu\u2019nun 90. maddesine eklenen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kran\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve iptal talebinin REDD\u0130NE, Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN, Engin YILDIRIM, M. Emin KUZ ile Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ\u2019in kar\u015f\u0131oylar\u0131 ve OY\u00c7OKLU\u011eUYLA,<\/p>\n
B. 4. maddesiyle 3\/5\/1985 tarihli ve 3194 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130mar Kanunu\u2019nun ge\u00e7ici 16. maddesinin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131na eklenen \u201c\u2026ve 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2026\u201d ibaresinin ve bu maddeye ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilen 18\/11\/1983 tarihli ve 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Kanunu\u2019nda tan\u0131mlanan Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i sahil \u015feridi ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesine ait Kroki ile S\u0131n\u0131r ve Koordinat Listesi\u2019nin Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olduklar\u0131na ve \u0130PTALLER\u0130NE, OYB\u0130RL\u0130\u011e\u0130YLE,<\/p>\n
24\/9\/2020 tarihinde karar verildi.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Kadir \u00d6ZKAYA<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Serdar \u00d6ZG\u00dcLD\u00dcR<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Burhan \u00dcST\u00dcN<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Engin YILDIRIM<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Hicabi DURSUN<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Celal M\u00fcmtaz AKINCI<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Muammer TOPAL<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
M. Emin KUZ<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
R\u0131dvan G\u00dcLE\u00c7<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Recai AKYEL<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Y\u0131ld\u0131z SEFER\u0130NO\u011eLU<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Selahaddin MENTE\u015e<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Basri BA\u011eCI<\/p>\n
KAR\u015eIOY GEREK\u00c7ES\u0130<\/p>\n
1. 3201 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun, 7159 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun 1. maddesiyle de\u011fi\u015fik 90. maddesine eklenen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kra ile; bu d\u00fczenlemeden sonra Emniyet Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadrosunda g\u00f6reve ba\u015flayan memurlar\u0131n Polis Bak\u0131m ve Yard\u0131m Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n zorunlu ve daimi orta\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fu h\u00fckme ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kural\u0131n anayasal denetiminde \u00f6ncelikle Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n hukuki niteli\u011finin belirlenmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
2. \u0130\u015ftirak\u00e7ilerinin sosyal ve ekonomik dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in 2013 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan Sand\u0131\u011fa \u00fcyelik ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta ihtiyari kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Kanunun Plan ve B\u00fct\u00e7e Komisyonu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerinde amac\u0131n, Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir mali yap\u0131ya kavu\u015fturularak ortaklar\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yard\u0131mlar\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 oldu\u011fu belirtilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011fe g\u00f6re Sand\u0131k ortaklar\u0131na veya \u00f6l\u00fcmleri halinde miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na bir defada ve toptan; \u201cemeklilik yard\u0131m\u0131, maluliyet yard\u0131m\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcm yard\u0131m\u0131\u201d yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte Kanunda POLSAN\u2019\u0131n sosyal g\u00fcvenlik amac\u0131yla kuruldu\u011fu veya bu i\u015flevi g\u00f6rece\u011fi belirtilmemektedir. Nitekim Anayasan\u0131n 60. maddesi uyar\u0131nca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n sosyal g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Kurumu kurulmu\u015f ve ilgili kanunu gere\u011fi t\u00fcm sosyal g\u00fcvenlik konular\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6stermektedir. Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n amac\u0131 ise belki ek baz\u0131 sosyal g\u00fcvencelerin sa\u011flanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Fakat yasal d\u00fczenlemeye g\u00f6re zorunlu \u00fcyelik d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00fcyeler \u00fczerinde bir kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc ayr\u0131cal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fundan s\u00f6z edilememektedir. Sand\u0131\u011fa \u00fcyelik ve ilgili yard\u0131mlar i\u00e7in Kurum mensubu olma ve \u00fcyelik ba\u011f\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yap\u0131lan g\u00f6revle bir ba\u011f da kurulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131lan kamu g\u00f6revinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 oldu\u011fu da s\u00f6ylenemez. Ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle Sand\u0131k, \u00fcye olan g\u00f6revlilerin kamu g\u00f6revlisi olma nitelikleri ve \u00f6zl\u00fck haklar\u0131yla ilgili de\u011fildir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kanunla kurulma, zorunlu \u00fcyelik ve y\u00f6netim \u015fekli y\u00f6n\u00fcnden baz\u0131 kamusal ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 POLSAN\u2019\u0131 bir sosyal g\u00fcvenlik kurumu ya da kamu hizmeti ama\u00e7l\u0131 kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir kamu t\u00fczelki\u015fisi yapmamaktad\u0131r. Ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle mevcut d\u00fczenleme kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6zel hukuk h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re faaliyet g\u00f6stermesi gerekti\u011fi kabul edilmelidir.<\/p>\n
3. \u00d6zel hukuk alan\u0131nda faaliyet g\u00f6steren Sand\u0131kla \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin de s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekir. S\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Anayasan\u0131n 48. maddesinde koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. An\u0131lan anayasal g\u00fcvence, s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapma serbestisi ile birlikte taraflar\u0131n iradesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak s\u00f6zle\u015fme ili\u015fkilerine m\u00fcdahale yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7ermektedir. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc uyar\u0131nca Devlete m\u00fcdahale etmeme \u015feklinde negatif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck y\u00fcklenmektedir. Ki\u015filerin s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmaya zorlanmas\u0131 da bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe m\u00fcdahale olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. \u0130ncelenen kuralda ise ki\u015filerin s\u00f6zle\u015fme yap\u0131p yapmama konusundaki iradelerine anayasal g\u00fcvenceye ayk\u0131r\u0131 bi\u00e7imde m\u00fcdahale edilmektedir. S\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6rne\u011fin Anayasan\u0131n 60. maddesi uyar\u0131nca Devletin pozitif y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gere\u011fi sosyal g\u00fcvenlik kurumuna \u00fcyelik gibi me\u015fru nedenlerle s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir. Ancak s\u00f6z konusu Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n bu kapsamda olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Di\u011fer taraftan Devletin kolluk faaliyetini y\u00fcr\u00fcten kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmas\u0131nda kamu yarar\u0131 bulundu\u011fu tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131zd\u0131r. Ancak kuralda s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahalenin dengelenmesine y\u00f6nelik olarak belirli bir s\u00fcre sonra cayma hakk\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131 gibi bir unsur da yer almamaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahalenin Anayasan\u0131n 13. maddesi kapsam\u0131nda demokratik toplumda gerekli ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc oldu\u011fu da s\u00f6ylenememektedir.<\/p>\n
4. \u00d6te yandan Sand\u0131\u011fa zorunlu \u00fcyelik sonucunda \u00fcyelerin ayl\u0131k \u00fccretlerinden belirli oranda bir kesinti yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Her ne kadar bu kesintiler \u00fcyelerin ad\u0131na sakl\u0131 tutulmakta ise de kural\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131yla m\u00fclkiyet haklar\u0131na bir m\u00fcdahale yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve mal varl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fczerinde tasarruf yetkilerinin uzun bir s\u00fcre kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kural Anayasan\u0131n 35. maddesinde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na da m\u00fcdahale olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Yine s\u00f6z\u00fc edildi\u011fi \u00fczere kuralda ki\u015filere bir s\u00fcre sonra cayma hakk\u0131 gibi dengeleyici bir yetkinin de tan\u0131nmamas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na yap\u0131lan m\u00fcdahale de \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz niteliktedir.<\/p>\n
5. A\u00e7\u0131klanan hukuki nedenlerle kural\u0131n Anayasan\u0131n 48., 35. ve 13. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle iptal edilmesi gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndeyim.<\/p>\n
Ba\u015fkanvekili<\/p>\n
Hasan Tahsin G\u00d6KCAN<\/p>\n
EK GEREK\u00c7E<\/p>\n
27.12.2018 tarih ve 7159 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 4. maddesiyle 3.5.1985 tarih ve 3194 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130mar Kanunu\u2019nun ge\u00e7ici 16. maddesinin 4. f\u0131kras\u0131na \u201cbu Kanun\u201d ibaresinden sonra gelmek \u00fczere eklenen \u201cve 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u201d ibaresinin ve bu maddeye ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilen 18.11.1983 tarih ve 2960 Say\u0131l\u0131 Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Kanununda tan\u0131mlanan Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i sahil \u015feridi ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesine ait \u201cKroki ile S\u0131n\u0131r ve Koordinat Listesi\u201dnin Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2., 56. ve 63. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 itibariyle iptaline dair karar ile gerek\u00e7elerine, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ek; 10. maddesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de ilave gerek\u00e7e ile kat\u0131l\u0131yorum:<\/p>\n
1. Anayasa Mahkemesinin bir \u00e7ok karar\u0131nda da ifade edildi\u011fi \u00fczere, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesinde yer alan hukuk devletinin temel ilkelerinden biri \u201cbelirlilik\u201dtir. Bu ilkeye g\u00f6re, kanun d\u00fczenlemelerinin hem ki\u015filer hem de idare y\u00f6n\u00fcnden herhangibir teredd\u00fcde ve \u015f\u00fcpheye yer vermeyecek \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131k, net, anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r ve uygulanabilir olmas\u0131, ayr\u0131ca kamu otoritelerinin keyfi uygulamalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koruyucu tedbirler i\u00e7ermesi de gereklidir. (Any. Mah.nin 14.10.2015 tarih ve E. 2015\/94, K. 2016\/27 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131). 7159 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un Ekindeki \u201cKroki ile S\u0131n\u0131r ve Koordinat Listesi\u201d incelendi\u011finde; 15 sahifeden ibaret bu \u201cEk\u201d in ilk sahifesinin \u0130stanbul Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yar\u0131m bir krokisi ile 14 sayfa halinde \u201cTransversal Merkator Projeksiyonu\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda \u201cS\u0131ra No\u201d, \u201cSa\u011fa\u201d ve \u201cYukar\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplam 2448 koordinata yer verildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Tamamen teknik ve uzmanl\u0131k gerektiren bu listelere bakarak Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Kanununun \u201c\u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm B\u00f6lgesi\u201dnde yer almakla birlikte \u201c\u0130mar bar\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d kapsam\u0131na sokulan, di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle konut yapma yasa\u011f\u0131 belli ko\u015fullarda kald\u0131r\u0131lan b\u00f6lge ve semtlerin nereleri oldu\u011funu anlamaya imk\u00e2n yoktur. Ancak konuya ili\u015fkin internet sitelerine gidildi\u011finde, Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Kanunu\u2019na t\u00e2bi olan yerlerden yakla\u015f\u0131k 40 mahallenin bu af kapsam\u0131na girdi\u011finin, tek tek say\u0131lmak suretiyle belirtildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu haliyle an\u0131lan kroki ile s\u0131n\u0131r ve koordinat listesinin ne anlama geldi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan; iptal istemine konu kurallar\u0131n \u015f\u00fcpheye yer vermeyecek \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131k, net, anla\u015f\u0131labilir, dolay\u0131siyle \u201cbelirli\u201d oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. Yaln\u0131z belli uzmanlar\u0131n (harita m\u00fchendisleri, \u015fehir pl\u00e2nc\u0131lar\u0131 vb.) anlayabilece\u011fi bir yasal d\u00fczenleme ise hukuk devleti ilkesiyle uyumlu de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2. maddesine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k sonucuna bu ek gerek\u00e7eyle kat\u0131l\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n
2. An\u0131lan kurallar Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 10. maddesindeki e\u015fitlik ilkesine de uygun d\u00fc\u015fmemektedir. Ger\u00e7ekten s\u00f6zkonusu d\u00fczenleme, 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Kanunu\u2019nun uygulamas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u015fu e\u015fitsizlikleri de beraberinde getirmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n
(a) 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019da \u201csahil \u015feridi b\u00f6lgesi\u201d ile \u201c\u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesi\u201dnde kesin konut yapma yasa\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr; gerek\u00e7esiz bi\u00e7imde \u201csahil \u015feridi b\u00f6lgesi\u201d nde yer alan konutlar imar bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutularak bir e\u015fitsizlik yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
(b) 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un \u201c\u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesi\u201dnde yer alan b\u00f6lgelerin (semtlerin) bir k\u0131sm\u0131 (internet bilgilerine g\u00f6re 40 mahalle) imar bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 kapsam\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131rken, Bo\u011faz\u2019\u0131n kalan \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgeleri kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131larak, bu iki grup y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de bir e\u015fitsizlik yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, kurallar uygulamas\u0131 itibariyle ayn\u0131 zamanda Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 10. maddesine de ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden; iptal gerek\u00e7esine bu hususun ilavesi gerekti\u011fi kanaatindeyim.<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Serdar \u00d6ZG\u00dcLD\u00dcR<\/p>\n
KAR\u015eIOY G\u00d6R\u00dc\u015e\u00dc<\/p>\n
1. \u0130ptali istenen kural, 7159 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 1. maddesiyle 3201 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 90. maddesine eklenen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131krada yer almaktad\u0131r. Dava konusu kural, kural\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihten sonra Emniyet Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadrosunda g\u00f6reve ba\u015flayan memurlar\u0131n g\u00f6revleri s\u00fcresince Polis Yard\u0131m ve Bak\u0131m Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (POLSAN) daimi orta\u011f\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Kanun\u2019un y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihten \u00f6nce g\u00f6rev yapan memurlar\u0131n \u00fcyeli\u011fi kendi tercihlerine b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015fken bu tarihten sonra g\u00f6reve ba\u015flayanlar\u0131n POLSAN\u2019a \u00fcye olmalar\u0131 zorunlu tutulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
2. POLSAN\u2019a \u00fcyeli\u011fin hukuki niteli\u011fine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcyelerinin sosyal ve ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak ve \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 te\u015fvik etmek oldu\u011fu, \u00fcyeli\u011fin g\u00f6revin icras\u0131na y\u00f6nelik kamusal bir boyut i\u00e7ermedi\u011fini ve Sand\u0131k \u00fcyelerinin temel sosyal g\u00fcvenlik ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Kurumuna \u00fcyelik yoluyla kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrsek Sand\u0131k \u00fcyeli\u011finin ana hedefinin \u00f6zel \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 korumak oldu\u011fu ve bu nedenle \u00f6zel hukuk y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu ba\u011flam i\u00e7erisinde de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde POLSAN \u00fcyeli\u011finin bir t\u00fcr s\u00f6zle\u015fme oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n
3. \u00d6zel hukuk kurallar\u0131na tabi olan POLSAN \u00fcyeli\u011fi konusunda esas olan, irade \u00f6zerkli\u011fi ve bunun anayasa hukukundaki dayana\u011f\u0131 olan s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00d6zel hukuk alan\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kalan yard\u0131mla\u015fma sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcyeli\u011finin, ki\u015filerin \u00fcye olup olmama iradesi ve iste\u011fi dikkate al\u0131nmaks\u0131z\u0131n zorunlu tutulmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, itiraz konusu kural\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik bir m\u00fcdahale oldu\u011fu ve bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kullan\u0131lamaz h\u00e2le getirdi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Zira itiraz konusu kuralla, Emniyet Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00fcnyesinde g\u00f6rev yapan memurlar\u0131n serbest iradeleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, belli bir mal toplulu\u011fu ile hukuki ili\u015fkiye girme\/s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapma zorunlulu\u011fu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerek bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn negatif g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc olan s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ellerinden al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
4. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 48. maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda, \u201dHerkes, diledi\u011fi alanda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fcrriyetine sahiptir…\u201d denilmektedir. Bu maddenin gerek\u00e7esinde, h\u00fcrriyet temeline dayal\u0131 bir toplumda irade serbestli\u011fi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ferdin s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapma, meslek se\u00e7me ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma h\u00fcrriyetlerinin garanti alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n tabi\u00ee oldu\u011fu ve bu h\u00fcrriyetlerin ancak, kamu yarar\u0131 amac\u0131yla ve kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilece\u011fi ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
5. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesinde, temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerin, \u00f6zlerine dokunulmaks\u0131z\u0131n yaln\u0131zca Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n ilgili maddelerinde belirtilen sebeplere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ve ancak kanunla s\u0131n\u0131rlanabilece\u011fi, bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fcne ve ruhuna, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin ve l\u00e2ik Cumhuriyetin gereklerine ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fck ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olamayaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
6. S\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc uyar\u0131nca ki\u015filer, hukuksal ili\u015fkilerini \u00f6zg\u00fcr iradeleriyle ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerle d\u00fczenlemekte serbesttir. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 48. maddesinde koruma alt\u0131na al\u0131nan s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapma serbestisinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fmelere d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan m\u00fcdahale yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7erir.<\/p>\n
7. Anayasa Mahkemesi 8.10.2015 tarihli ve E.2014\/126, K.2015\/86 say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131yla T\u00fcrk Eczac\u0131lar\u0131 Birli\u011fine \u00fcye eczac\u0131lar\u0131n, 6643 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 58. maddesi gere\u011fince kurulan yard\u0131mla\u015fma sand\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00fcye olmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve bu \u00fcyelikle ilgili y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini yerine getirmelerini zorunlu tutan kural\u0131 iptal etmi\u015ftir. Mahkeme, \u201c\u2026\u00d6zel hukuk kurallar\u0131na tabi olan yard\u0131mla\u015fma sand\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00fcyelik konusunda esas olan irade \u00f6zerkli\u011fi ve bunun anayasa hukukundaki dayana\u011f\u0131 olan s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u00d6zel hukuk alan\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kalan yard\u0131mla\u015fma sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fcyeli\u011finin, ki\u015filerin \u00fcye olup olmama iradesi ve iste\u011fi dikkate al\u0131nmaks\u0131z\u0131n zorunlu tutulmas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, itiraz konusu kural\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik bir m\u00fcdahale oldu\u011fu ve bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kullan\u0131lamaz h\u00e2le getirdi\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Zira itiraz konusu kuralla, bireylerin serbest iradeleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, belli bir mal toplulu\u011fu ile hukuki ili\u015fkiye girme\/s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapma zorunlulu\u011fu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerek, bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn negatif g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc olan s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ellerinden al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Belirtilen niteli\u011fiyle s\u00f6z konusu d\u00fczenleme, s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcne dokunmakta ve Anayasa\u2019da \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen \u00f6ze dokunma yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ihlal etmektedir.\u201d bi\u00e7imindeki gerek\u00e7eyle itiraz konusu kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. ve 48. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
8. \u0130tiraz konusu kural s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne de ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 33. maddesinin ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131nda \u201chi\u00e7 kimse bir derne\u011fe \u00fcye olmaya ve dernekte \u00fcye kalmaya zorlanamaz\u201d ibaresi yer al\u0131rken, yedinci f\u0131krada derneklere ili\u015fkin maddede yer alan h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin vak\u0131flar hakk\u0131nda da uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir. Yard\u0131mla\u015fma sand\u0131\u011f\u0131, dernek ya da vak\u0131f stat\u00fcs\u00fcnde olmamakla beraber mal toplulu\u011fu olmas\u0131 ve kurulu\u015f ve i\u015fleyi\u015f bi\u00e7imi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan vak\u0131flarla benzerlikler ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
9. Bilindi\u011fi \u00fczere Anayasam\u0131zda \u00f6zel olarak d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc maddesi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Her ne kadar POLSAN bir dernek veya vak\u0131f olmasa da ona \u00fcyeli\u011fin \u00f6zel hukuk \u00f6zelliklerinin bask\u0131n oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde dernek ve vak\u0131flarla ilgili olan 33. maddedeki h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin bu yard\u0131mla\u015fma sand\u0131\u011f\u0131na zorunlu \u00fcyelik i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erli olabilece\u011fini iddia etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
10. Anayasada yer alan kavramlar ve korunan haklara verilecek anlamlar demokratik toplumlar\u0131n de\u011ferleri ve bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131yla belirlenmeli ve geni\u015f anlamda yorumlanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Derneklere ili\u015fkin h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin vak\u0131flara da uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirtilmesi ve modern toplumlarda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerin \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve boyutlar ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 33. maddesindeki dernek kavram\u0131n\u0131n di\u011fer insan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerini kapsayacak \u015fekilde yorumlanabilece\u011fini ifade edebiliriz.<\/p>\n
11. Anayasa koyucu sadece dernekler ve vak\u0131flar i\u00e7in de\u011fil sendika (51. madde) ve siyasi partiler (68. madde) i\u00e7in de \u00fcyelikten serbest\u00e7e ayr\u0131lmay\u0131 g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar\u0131 dikkate ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda anayasa koyucunun \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korurken e\u015f anl\u0131 olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtebiliriz. \u00d6rg\u00fctlenmeme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131ran \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6zerk bir kavram olarak zorunlu \u00fcyeliklerin \u00f6zel hukuk y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kurallarda ve durumlarda 33. madde ba\u011flam\u0131nda anayasal denetimde kullan\u0131labilmelidir. Dava konusu kuralla, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn negatif y\u00f6n\u00fcne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmayan bir m\u00fcdahalede bulunulmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
12. Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi de Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019nin 11. maddesinde \u00f6rg\u00fct olarak sadece dernek ve sendikalara yer verilmi\u015f olsa da di\u011fer \u00f6rg\u00fctler i\u00e7in de \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n maddenin esas\u0131nda bulundu\u011funa dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.1 Nitekim bir ba\u015fka davada S\u00f6zle\u015fme\u2019nin 11. maddesinde g\u00fcvenceye kavu\u015fturulan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn maddenin lafz\u0131nda ge\u00e7memesine ra\u011fmen siyasi partileri de kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131na h\u00fckmetmi\u015ftir.2<\/p>\n
13. Bireylerin herhangi bir kurulu\u015fa, ama\u00e7 ne kadar ulvi olursa olsun, s\u0131rf stat\u00fc hukuku i\u00e7inde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kendi isteklerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 \u015fekilde devlet taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcye olmaya zorlanmalar\u0131 ki\u015fi hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerine demokratik toplumda gerekli ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmayan bir m\u00fcdahalede bulunmayla e\u015fde\u011ferdedir.<\/p>\n
14. Paternalist ve korporatist bir devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n tezah\u00fcr\u00fc olan bu t\u00fcr zora dayal\u0131 uygulamalar \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe zarar vermektedir. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck bireylerin yapt\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc tercihler i\u00e7in ba\u015fkalar\u0131na zarar vermedik\u00e7e kamu otoritesinden bask\u0131 ve zorlama g\u00f6rmeden \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn risklerini anlama ve kabul etmeleri anlam\u0131na gelir. \u00d6zerk ve \u00f6zg\u00fcr bireyin ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n, \u00f6zellikle de kamu otoritelerinin, koruyup kollamas\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131 oldu\u011funu varsaymak onun iradesini ve tercih \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc hi\u00e7e sayan paternalist bir de\u011ferlendirmedir. Burada \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc k\u0131s\u0131tlanan insan\u0131n mutlulu\u011fu, \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131, refah\u0131 ve iyili\u011fi i\u00e7in ki\u015finin iradesinin ba\u015fka bir ki\u015fi veya kurum taraf\u0131ndan hi\u00e7e say\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur.<\/p>\n
15. Bir yard\u0131mla\u015fma sand\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00fcyeli\u011fi zorunlu tutman\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli me\u015fru ama\u00e7lar\u0131 olabilir ve bu \u00fcyelik ki\u015filer i\u00e7in birtak\u0131m yararlar da sa\u011flayabilir. Baz\u0131 insanlar bu yararlar\u0131 k\u0131sa d\u00f6nemli \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek veya ba\u015fka baz\u0131 nedenlerle \u00f6ng\u00f6remeyebilirler. Bu durumda devletin yapmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe ve bireysel tercihlere sayg\u0131 duymaya en az zarar\u0131 verecek uygulamalara gitmek olmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130nsanlar\u0131 belli bir y\u00f6nde se\u00e7imler ve tercihler yapmaya y\u00f6nlendirmek i\u00e7in te\u015fvik edici, se\u00e7imi kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelere gitmek zorlamalardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak gerekmektedir. Tercih ve se\u00e7im \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131s\u0131tlamadan bir \u201cse\u00e7im mimarisi\u201d \u015feklinde politikalar tasarlayarak ki\u015fileri \u201cd\u00fcrtmek\u201d hem \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc korumak hem de kamusal ama\u00e7lar\u0131 sa\u011flamak a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en optimal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.3<\/p>\n
16. A\u00e7\u0131klanan nedenlerle itiraz konusu kural\u0131n, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. 33. ve 48. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu gerek\u00e7esiyle karara muhalif kald\u0131m.<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Engin YILDIRIM<\/p>\n
KAR\u015eIOY GEREK\u00c7ES\u0130<\/p>\n
3201 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunun 90. maddesine eklenen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kran\u0131n Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve iptal talebinin reddine karar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
Red karar\u0131n\u0131n gerek\u00e7esinde; Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n kanunla kuruldu\u011fu ve ba\u011fl\u0131 bulundu\u011fu esaslar g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde Sand\u0131\u011fa \u00fcyeli\u011fin kamu hukuku ilke ve kurallar\u0131na t\u00e2bi oldu\u011fu, bu itibarla Sand\u0131k \u00fcyeli\u011fi konusunda irade serbestisinin ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilemeyece\u011fi, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kural\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, Sand\u0131\u011fa \u00fcyeli\u011fin tabi\u00ee sonucu olarak aidat \u00f6denmesi gerekti\u011finden kuralla m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirildi\u011fi kabul edilse de me\u015fru bir amaca dayanan ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olan bu s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n da m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
An\u0131lan Kanuna 7159 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanunla eklenen f\u0131krada Emniyet Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadrosunda g\u00f6reve ba\u015flayan memurlar\u0131n g\u00f6revleri s\u00fcresince Polis Bak\u0131m ve Yard\u0131m Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131na (Sand\u0131k) ortak olmalar\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lgili T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011fe ve Y\u00f6netmeli\u011fe g\u00f6re ortaklar\u0131ndan br\u00fct maa\u015f veya \u00fccretlerinin y\u00fczde be\u015fi oran\u0131nda ortakl\u0131k aidat\u0131 alan (Sand\u0131k Genel Kurulunun karar\u0131yla bu oran y\u00fczde ona kadar art\u0131r\u0131labilir) ve ortaklar\u0131na (veya bunlar\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc h\u00e2linde miras\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na) emeklilik, mal\u00fbliyet ve \u00f6l\u00fcm yard\u0131m\u0131 yapan Sand\u0131k, ortaklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda sosyal ve ekonomik dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek amac\u0131yla faaliyette bulunan bir yard\u0131mla\u015fma sand\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi itibariyle Sand\u0131k esas olarak \u00f6zel hukuk h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine t\u00e2bi bir mal toplulu\u011fudur.<\/p>\n
Sadece kanunla kurulmu\u015f olmas\u0131 Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kamu t\u00fczelki\u015fisi h\u00e2line getirmedi\u011fi gibi yukar\u0131da belirtilen ama\u00e7lar\u0131 ve faaliyet konular\u0131 da Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir kamu t\u00fczelki\u015fisi veya sosyal g\u00fcvenlik kurulu\u015fu oldu\u011funa h\u00fckmetmek i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Kamu t\u00fczelki\u015fili\u011finden s\u00f6z edilebilmesi i\u00e7in kanunla kurulma \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda kurulu\u015f kanununda t\u00fczelki\u015fili\u011fin bu niteli\u011finin belirtilmesi, kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc ile donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, vesayet ili\u015fkisine t\u00e2bi bulunmas\u0131, mallar\u0131n\u0131n ve gelirlerinin kamu mallar\u0131 ile gelirlerine tan\u0131nan himayeden yararlanmas\u0131 ve personelinin \u00f6zellikle ceza hukuku a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Devlet memurlar\u0131 gibi g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde h\u00fck\u00fcmlere yer verilmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n kanunla kurulmu\u015f olmas\u0131 itibariyle yukar\u0131da belirtilen kanunla kurulma \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn bulundu\u011fu ve mallar\u0131 ile alacaklar\u0131n\u0131n Devlet mallar\u0131na ait himayeden yararlanmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k kurulu\u015f kanununda Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n kamu t\u00fczelki\u015fili\u011fine sahip oldu\u011fu belirtilmedi\u011fi gibi yukar\u0131da belirtilen di\u011fer kriterleri de ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya bunlar\u0131n Kanunda de\u011fil, T\u00fcz\u00fckte ve Y\u00f6netmelikte d\u00fczenlendi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu nedenle, ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en Sand\u0131k bir kamu t\u00fczelki\u015fisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bir sosyal g\u00fcvenlik kurumu da de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Ku\u015fkusuz, Anayasan\u0131n 48. maddesinde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fcrriyeti mutlak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan baz\u0131 durumlarda kanunla s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapma zorunlulu\u011fu getirilebilir. Ancak bu d\u00fczenlemenin de, Anayasan\u0131n 13. maddesine g\u00f6re me\u015fru bir amac\u0131n\u0131n bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin gereklerine uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu kapsamda s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n zorlay\u0131c\u0131 bir toplumsal ihtiyaca kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelip gelmedi\u011fi, ayr\u0131ca elveri\u015fli, gerekli ve orant\u0131l\u0131 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilerek sonuca var\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Di\u011fer taraftan Sand\u0131\u011fa zorunlu ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011fe g\u00f6re br\u00fct maa\u015f ve \u00fccretlerin y\u00fczde be\u015fi tutar\u0131nda aidat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc getirdi\u011fi ve bu oran\u0131n Sand\u0131k Genel Kurulunun karar\u0131yla y\u00fczde ona y\u00fckseltilebilece\u011fi de dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fcrriyeti yan\u0131nda m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na getirilen bu s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n da Anayasan\u0131n 13. maddesine uygun olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan incelenmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n amac\u0131n\u0131n sosyal ve ekonomik dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek oldu\u011fu kabul edilse bile, Sand\u0131\u011fa \u00fcyeli\u011fin mesle\u011fin yerine getirilmesine y\u00f6nelik bir i\u015flevinin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fcyelerin sosyal g\u00fcvenliklerinin Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Kurumuna i\u015ftirak\u00e7ilik yoluyla kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda, Sand\u0131k \u00fcyeli\u011finin sadece baz\u0131 ek imk\u00e2nlar sa\u011flayan ve temel hedefi \u00f6zel menfaatleri korumak olan bir hukuk\u00ee ili\u015fki oldu\u011fu, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6zel hukuk ili\u015fkisi oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede, dava konusu kuralla s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fcrriyetine getirilen s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n zorlay\u0131c\u0131 bir toplumsal ihtiyaca kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geldi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenemeyece\u011fi gibi gereklilik ve orant\u0131l\u0131l\u0131k unsurlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 sebeplerle, mezk\u00fbr d\u00fczenleme m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na da, maa\u015flardan yap\u0131lacak kesintilerin ve bunlar\u0131n oran\u0131 ile alt s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n (veya en az\u0131ndan bunlara ili\u015fkin kriterlerin ve d\u00fczenleyici i\u015flemlerle yap\u0131lacak d\u00fczenlemenin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n) Kanunda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemesinden dolay\u0131 kanun\u00eelik unsuru a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da dayanaktan yoksun ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirmektedir.<\/p>\n
Sand\u0131\u011fa zorunlu \u00fcyelik \u00e7o\u011funluk taraf\u0131ndan Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulunmam\u0131\u015f ise de, \u00fcyelerin Sand\u0131kla ili\u015fkileri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da belirtilen karar\u0131m\u0131zdan ayr\u0131lmay\u0131 gerektiren bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
Bilindi\u011fi gibi, Anayasan\u0131n \u201cCumhuriyetin Temel Organlar\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc K\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n \u201cY\u00fcr\u00fctme\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 \u0130kinci B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde \u201c\u0130dare\u201d altba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen ve 135. maddesinde temel ilkeleri belirlenen kamu kurumu niteli\u011findeki meslek kurulu\u015flar\u0131ndan biri olan, idare hukukunda da hizmet yerinden y\u00f6netim kurulu\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda say\u0131lan T\u00fcrk Eczac\u0131lar\u0131 Birli\u011fine \u00fcye eczac\u0131lar\u0131n, kurulan yard\u0131mla\u015fma sand\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00fcye olmalar\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fcyelikle ilgili y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini yerine getirmelerini zorunlu k\u0131lan kural\u0131n oybirli\u011fi ile iptaline ili\u015fkin karar\u0131m\u0131zda yard\u0131mla\u015fma sand\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00fcyelerinin sosyal ve ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, yard\u0131mla\u015fma, dayan\u0131\u015fma ve baz\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla olu\u015fturulan mal toplulu\u011fu olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f; s\u00f6z konusu sand\u0131\u011fa \u00fcyelik konusunda esas olan\u0131n irade \u00f6zerkli\u011fi ve bunun Anayasadaki dayana\u011f\u0131 olan s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc oldu\u011fu belirtilerek itiraz konusu kural\u0131n bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kullan\u0131lamaz h\u00e2le getirdi\u011fine, kuralda belli bir mal toplulu\u011fu ile serbest irade d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda hukuk\u00ee ili\u015fkiye girme zorunlulu\u011fu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclerek bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn negatif g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc olan s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve d\u00fczenlemenin, s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6z\u00fcne dokundu\u011fu i\u00e7in Anayasan\u0131n 13. ve 48. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funa h\u00fckmedilmi\u015ftir (8\/10\/2015 tarihli ve E. 2014\/126, K. 2015\/86 say\u0131l\u0131 karar).<\/p>\n
\u0130ncelenen bu kural da mezk\u00fbr karar\u0131m\u0131zda belirtilen gerek\u00e7elerle Anayasan\u0131n 13. ve 48. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu gibi -T\u00fcz\u00fckle olduk\u00e7a y\u00fcksek bir oranda aidat \u00f6deme zorunlulu\u011fu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, bu oran\u0131 iki kat\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karma konusunda da Sand\u0131k Genel Kuruluna yetki tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda- Anayasan\u0131n 35. maddesinde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan m\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131na da kanun\u00ee dayana\u011f\u0131 olmayan ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcz bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirmektedir.<\/p>\n
Di\u011fer taraftan, Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n bir sosyal g\u00fcvenlik kurulu\u015fu olmamas\u0131 nedeniyle \u00fcyelerin Sand\u0131kla ili\u015fkilerinin hukuk\u00ee mahiyetinin serbest iradeleri ile \u00fcye olmalar\u0131n\u0131 gerektirdi\u011fini ve kural\u0131n -\u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda- bu t\u00fcr \u00f6rg\u00fctlere \u00fcye olmama \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de teminat alt\u0131na alan Anayasan\u0131n 33. maddesine de ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n
Bu sebeplerle, dava konusu kural\u0131n Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu ve iptaline karar verilmesi gerekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun red y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki karar\u0131na kat\u0131lm\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
M. Emin KUZ<\/p>\n
KAR\u015eIOY GEREK\u00c7ES\u0130<\/p>\n
1. Karayollar\u0131 Trafik Kanunu ile Baz\u0131 Kanunlarda De\u011fi\u015fiklik Yap\u0131lmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda 27\/12\/2018 tarihli ve 7159 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un 1. maddesiyle 4\/6\/1937 tarihli ve 3201 say\u0131l\u0131 Emniyet Te\u015fkilat Kanunu\u2019nun 90. maddesine ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131ndan sonra gelmek \u00fczere eklenen f\u0131kran\u0131n Anayasa\u2019ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00e7o\u011funluk karar\u0131na kat\u0131lmamaktay\u0131m.<\/p>\n
2. Daha \u00f6nceden kurulmu\u015f olan Polis Bak\u0131m ve Yard\u0131m Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131na dava konusu f\u0131kra h\u00fckm\u00fc ile bu f\u0131kran\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi\u011fi tarihten sonra Emniyet Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadrosunda g\u00f6reve ba\u015flayan memurlar\u0131n g\u00f6revleri s\u00fcresince Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n daimi orta\u011f\u0131 olarak zorunlu \u00fcyeli\u011fe tabi tutulmas\u0131 esas\u0131 getirilmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ge\u00e7mi\u015ften beri faaliyette bulunan bir yard\u0131m sand\u0131\u011f\u0131na art\u0131k mesle\u011fe yeni kabul edilecek Emniyet Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadrosunda g\u00f6reve ba\u015flayan memurlar mecburi \u015fekilde daimi ortak kabul edileceklerdir.<\/p>\n
3. Anayasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kanaatine ula\u015f\u0131lan Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00e7o\u011funluk karar\u0131ndaki \u015fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe kat\u0131lmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir:<\/p>\n
\u201cEGM b\u00fct\u00e7esinden maa\u015f alan memurlar\u0131n stat\u00fc hukukuna tabi kamu g\u00f6revlisi ve POLSAN\u2019\u0131n, \u00fcyelerinin sosyal ve ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 koruma ve \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 te\u015fvik etme amac\u0131yla kanunla kurulan ve yukar\u0131daki esaslara tabi bir kurum oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zetildi\u011finde POLSAN \u00fcyeli\u011fi ili\u015fkisinin bir t\u00fcr s\u00f6zle\u015fme olmay\u0131p kamu hukuku ilke ve kurallar\u0131na tabi oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu itibarla POLSAN \u00fcyeli\u011fi konusunda irade serbestisinin ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6z etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan zorunlu \u00fcyelik esas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren kural\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenemez.\u201d (\u00a7 20).<\/p>\n
4. Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00e7o\u011funluk karar\u0131nda Polis Bak\u0131m ve Yard\u0131m Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu t\u00fczelki\u015fili\u011fin kamu t\u00fczelki\u015fili\u011fi oldu\u011fu tespitinin hukuken isabetli olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak \u00f6ncelikle \u015fu hususu ifade etmek gerekir: Kanun koyucu taraf\u0131ndan bir t\u00fczel ki\u015filik olu\u015fturulup buna baz\u0131 alanlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin zorunlu bi\u00e7imde \u00fcye olmas\u0131 esas\u0131n\u0131 getirmek ve bu t\u00fczel ki\u015filik ile \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda kamu hukuku ili\u015fkisini tesis etmek, e\u011fer kurulan bu t\u00fczelki\u015filik bir kamu hizmeti sunmuyorsa Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 48. maddesindeki s\u00f6zle\u015fme ve 33. maddesinde g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri ile \u00e7eli\u015fecektir.<\/p>\n
5. Zira idareye sa\u011flanan kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 \u00f6ncelikle ve \u00f6zellikle kamu hizmetini sunmak i\u00e7in tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan hukuki imkanlar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmelidir. Kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 kamu g\u00f6revlilerinin \u201csosyal ve ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 koruma ve \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda dayan\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 te\u015fvik etme\u201d amac\u0131 ile kanun koyucu taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n kamu hizmeti teorisi ve kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n genel mant\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile de ba\u011fda\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fikard\u0131r. \u0130fade etmek gerekir ki kamu g\u00fcc\u00fc ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131 idareye kamu hizmeti sunumunda kamu yarar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla verilen ve \u00f6zel hukuk a\u015fan bir tak\u0131m yetki ve durumlard\u0131r (Kemal G\u00f6zler, \u0130dare Hukuku Cilt: 1, \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Bask\u0131, Ekin Yay., Bursa 2019, s. 96). Bu ba\u011flamda bir kamu t\u00fczelki\u015fili\u011finin kurulu\u015f amac\u0131 kamu yarar\u0131na dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r, olu\u015fturulan bu t\u00fczelki\u015fili\u011fin kamu hizmeti sunmas\u0131 gerekmektedir ve kamu t\u00fczelki\u015filikleri ancak bu ama\u00e7la \u00fcst\u00fcn, ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 yetkilerle donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m \/ Yasin \/ Kaman \/ \u00d6zdemir \/ \u00dcst\u00fcn \/ Okay \/ Tekinsoy, \u0130dare Hukuku, G\u00fcncellenmi\u015f 6. Bask\u0131, Oniki Levha Yay., \u0130stanbul, 2016, s.22).<\/p>\n
6. Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00e7o\u011funluk karar\u0131nda ise kanunla olu\u015fturulan POLSAN ad\u0131ndaki t\u00fczelki\u015fili\u011fe zorunlu \u00fcyelik esas\u0131n\u0131n getirilmesi ve POLSAN ile \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin kamu hukuku ili\u015fkisi oldu\u011fu bir veri olarak kabul edilip bu veriden hareketle Anayasa\u2019ya uygunluk sonucuna ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Oysa burada zaten olu\u015fturulan bu zorunlu \u00fcyelik ve bununla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 kamu hukuku ili\u015fkisi Anayasa\u2019ya uygunluk denetimine tabi tutulmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun bu bi\u00e7imde konuya yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n bu y\u00f6n\u00fc ile de hukuken sorunlu oldu\u011fu ifade edilmelidir.<\/p>\n
7. Dava konusu kuralla, \u00f6nceden kurulmu\u015f olan Polis Bak\u0131m ve Yard\u0131m Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131na dava konusu kanun h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesinden sonra Emniyet Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadrosunda g\u00f6reve yeni ba\u015flayan t\u00fcm memurlar\u0131n \u00fcye olmas\u0131 mecburiyeti getirilmektedir. Bununla birlikte bahse konu t\u00fczelki\u015filik olan Polis Bak\u0131m ve Yard\u0131m Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kendi \u00fcyelerinin memuriyet esnas\u0131nda veya emekliliklerinde birtak\u0131m sosyal ve ekonomik ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lama d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir kamu hizmeti sunmas\u0131 durumu s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
8. Esas\u0131nda bu bi\u00e7imdeki bir zorunlu \u00fcyelik durumu Mahkememizin daha \u00f6nce denetledi\u011fi \u0130LKSAN ile ilgili kanuni d\u00fczenlemeye benzemektedir. O kararda da Anayasa Mahkemesi \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funca Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00e7esinden maa\u015f alan t\u00fcm ilkokul \u00f6\u011fretmenlerinin \u0130LKSAN\u2019a \u00fcye olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren itiraz konusu kural\u0131n iptali istemi reddedilmi\u015fti. O karara ili\u015fkin kar\u015f\u0131oyda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131m gerek\u00e7elerin aynen buraya da uyarlanabilece\u011fi kanaatindeyim. Bu y\u00f6n\u00fc ile dava konusu kural\u0131n \u0130LKSAN ile ilgili d\u00fczenlemenin iptal isteminin reddedildi\u011fi karardaki kar\u015f\u0131oyda ifade etti\u011fim gerek\u00e7elerle Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 48. maddesindeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekteyim (Bkz.: E.: 2016\/192, K.: 2017\/160, K. T.: 29.11.2017 k\u00fcnyeli karardaki kar\u015f\u0131oyum).<\/p>\n
9. Ek olarak dava konusu kural ayn\u0131 zamanda Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 33. maddesindeki \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne de m\u00fcdahale te\u015fkil etmektedir. Zira art\u0131k Emniyet Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadrosunda g\u00f6reve ba\u015flayan memurlar\u0131n tercihlerine b\u0131rak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n zorunlu bi\u00e7imde Polis Bak\u0131m ve Yard\u0131m Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131na ortak olarak kabul\u00fc \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu bak\u0131mdan bahse konu m\u00fcdahalenin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne y\u00f6nelik bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama olarak kabul\u00fc gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n
10. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla memurlar\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirdi\u011fi i\u00e7in bu s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesindeki g\u00fcvencelerle uyumlu olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na da bakmak gerekecektir. Bu ba\u011flamda dava konusu kuralla getirilen zorunlu \u00fcyeli\u011fin me\u015fru bir amac\u0131 oldu\u011fu kabul edilse dahi, demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin gerekleri ile ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebilmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Zira demokratik bir toplumda bir ki\u015finin kamu hizmetine girerken zorunlu bi\u00e7imde bir sosyal yard\u0131mla\u015fma ama\u00e7l\u0131 sand\u0131\u011fa \u00fcye olmas\u0131 kabul edilemez. Zaten Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 60. maddesi ba\u011flam\u0131nda devlet taraf\u0131ndan t\u00fcm memurlar i\u00e7in de sosyal g\u00fcvenlik hakk\u0131n\u0131n tesisi amac\u0131yla sosyal g\u00fcvenlik sistemine girme zorunlulu\u011fu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
11. Sosyal g\u00fcvenlik kurulu\u015funa zorunlu \u00fcyelik mevcut iken, yerindelik boyutu ile fevkalade yararl\u0131 olsa bile, yeni g\u00f6reve giren baz\u0131 memurlara zorunlu bi\u00e7imde bir sosyal yard\u0131mla\u015fma kurulu\u015funa \u00fcye olmay\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren d\u00fczenlemenin demokratik toplum d\u00fczeninin gereklerine uygun oldu\u011funu ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama getirdi\u011fini s\u00f6yleyebilmek imkans\u0131zd\u0131r. Zira bu zorunlu \u00fcyeli\u011fin emniyet mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n birer kamu g\u00f6revlisi olarak sunmakta olduklar\u0131 kamu hizmetinin bir gere\u011fi olarak kabul\u00fc m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
12. Yukar\u0131da s\u0131ralanan gerek\u00e7elerle dava konusu kural\u0131n Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 13., 33. ve 48. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k te\u015fkil etti\u011fi ve iptali gerekti\u011fi kanaatinde oldu\u011fum i\u00e7in \u00e7o\u011funluk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lmamaktay\u0131m.<\/p>\n
\u00dcye<\/p>\n
Yusuf \u015eevki HAKYEMEZ<\/p>\n
————–<\/p>\n
1 Sidiropoulos ve di\u011ferleri \/Yunanistan, B.No: 57\/1997(841\/1047, Karar tarihi: 10\/7\/1998, \u00a7 40.<\/p>\n
2 T\u00fcrkiye Birle\u015fik Kom\u00fcnist Partisi ve di\u011ferleri\/T\u00fcrkiye, B. No: 133\/1996\/752\/951, Karar tarihi: 30\/1\/1998, \u00a7\u00a7 24-31.<\/p>\n
3 2017 Nobel Ekonomi \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00fc alan Richard Thaler, Cass Sunstein ile birlikte yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cD\u00fcrtme\u201d isimli kitab\u0131nda bu konuyu \u00e7e\u015fitli \u00f6rneklerle a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r. Bkz:. Thaler, Richard H. ve Cass R. Sunstein, D\u00fcrtme (Nudge), 2013, \u0130stanbul, Pegasus Yay\u0131nlar\u0131.<\/p>\n
\u200bAnayasa Mahkemesi’nin 24\/9\/2020 tarihli, 2019\/21 esas – 2020\/51 karar say\u0131l\u0131 karar\u0131\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
ANAYASA MAHKEMES\u0130 KARARI Esas Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2019\/21 Karar Say\u0131s\u0131 : 2020\/51 Karar Tarihi : 24\/9\/2020 R.G. Tarih-Say\u0131s\u0131 : 15\/12\/2020-31335 \u0130PTAL DAVASINI A\u00c7AN: T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi \u00fcyeleri Engin ALTAY, \u00d6zg\u00fcr \u00d6ZEL, Engin \u00d6ZKO\u00c7 ile birlikte 138 milletvekili \u0130PTAL DAVASININ KONUSU: 27\/12\/2018 tarihli ve 7159 say\u0131l\u0131 Karayollar\u0131 Trafik Kanunu ile Baz\u0131 Kanunlarda De\u011fi\u015fiklik Yap\u0131lmas\u0131 Hakk\u0131nda Kanun\u2019un; A. 1. maddesiyle 4\/6\/1937 tarihli ve 3201 say\u0131l\u0131 Emniyet Te\u015fkilat Kanunu\u2019nun 90. maddesine eklenen \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kran\u0131n, B. 4. maddesiyle 3\/5\/1985 tarihli ve 3194 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130mar Kanunu\u2019nun ge\u00e7ici 16. maddesinin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kras\u0131na eklenen \u201c\u2026ve 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2026\u201d ibaresinin ve bu maddeye ba\u011fl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilen 18\/11\/1983 tarihli ve 2960 say\u0131l\u0131 Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i Kanunu\u2019nda tan\u0131mlanan Bo\u011fazi\u00e7i sahil \u015feridi ve \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm b\u00f6lgesine ait Kroki ile S\u0131n\u0131r ve Koordinat Listesi\u2019nin, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 2., 10., 13., 48., 56. ve 63. maddelerine ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclerek iptallerine ve y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin durdurulmas\u0131na karar verilmesi talebidir. I. \u0130PTAL\u0130 \u0130STENEN KANUN H\u00dcK\u00dcMLER\u0130 Kanun\u2019un; 1. 1. maddesiyle \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc f\u0131kran\u0131n eklendi\u011fi 3201 say\u0131l\u0131 Kanun\u2019un iptali talep edilen kural\u0131n da yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 90. maddesi \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cMadde 90- (De\u011fi\u015fik: 20\/1\/1960 – 7410\/1 md.) Emniyet Umum M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ba\u011fl\u0131 ve varidat\u0131, Emniyet Umum M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kadrosuna dahil maa\u015fl\u0131 ve \u00fccretli memurlardan, Sand\u0131\u011fa ortak olanlar taraf\u0131ndan temin edilmek \u00fczere bir (Polis Bak\u0131m ve Yard\u0131m Sand\u0131\u011f\u0131) kurulur. Bu Sand\u0131k …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-95380","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n