Ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda ispat\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc, vicdani kanaattir. Anayasam\u0131z\u0131n 138. maddesi uyar\u0131nca yarg\u0131\u00e7lar, vicdani kanaatlerine g\u00f6re karar verirler. Yarg\u0131lama yasam\u0131z\u0131n 217. maddesi uyar\u0131nca ceza yarg\u0131c\u0131, delilleri vicdani kanaatine g\u00f6re serbest\u00e7e takdir eder. Buna g\u00f6re, maddi olay\u0131n ispat\u0131, yani eylemin san\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flenip i\u015flenmedi\u011fi, vicdani kanaate g\u00f6re belirlenir.<\/p>\n
Beccaria\u2019ya g\u00f6re, vicdani kanaatin olu\u015ftu\u011funu sezmek, onu tan\u0131mlamaktan daha kolayd\u0131r[1]. Ger\u00e7ekten de vicdani kanaatin tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapmak olduk\u00e7a zordur.<\/p>\n
Tan\u0131mlamaya, iki kelimenin s\u00f6zl\u00fck anlam\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rarak ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131z. Kanaat, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f demektir. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f de bir olay \u00fczerine var\u0131lan yarg\u0131d\u0131r[2]. Yarg\u0131c\u0131n g\u00f6revi zaten budur: yarg\u0131lama konusu olay hakk\u0131nda bir yarg\u0131ya varmak. O halde buradaki mesele, yarg\u0131c\u0131n bu yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n vicdana dayanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Vicdan kavram\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki tan\u0131m\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cKi\u015fiyi kendi davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir yarg\u0131da bulunmaya iten, ki\u015finin kendi ahlak de\u011ferleri \u00fczerine dolays\u0131z ve kendili\u011finden yarg\u0131lama yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan duygu[3]\u201d.<\/p>\n
Buna g\u00f6re vicdan, bir duygudur. Bu duygu, do\u011fruluk duygusudur. \u0130nsan\u0131n, vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucun do\u011frulu\u011funu d\u00fcr\u00fcst bir bi\u00e7imde sorgulamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u201cCeza Davalar\u0131nda \u0130spat\u201d isimli eserimizde a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczere, kan\u0131m\u0131zca mahk\u00fbmiyet i\u00e7in yeterli ve gerekli olan vicdani kanaat, kesinlik hissidir. Karar verme \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc en iyi anlatan kavram budur. Bu kavram, yabanc\u0131 dillerden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mahk\u00fbmiyet i\u00e7in gerekli kanaat, \u0130ngilizcede conviction olarak ifade edilmektedir ve bu kelimenin k\u00f6k\u00fc \u00e7o\u011fu dilde ayn\u0131d\u0131r (bkz. Fr., \u0130t, \u0130sp.). Bu kavram\u0131n anlam\u0131 ise, bir olay hakk\u0131nda edinilen kesinlik hissidir.<\/p>\n
Ceza yarg\u0131c\u0131, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n su\u00e7lu oldu\u011funa kesin bir \u015fekilde inanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Onun su\u00e7lulu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda, vicdani olarak kendini sorgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kesin bir duyguya sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyle, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n su\u00e7lu olmayabilece\u011fine dair yarg\u0131c\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde makul bir ku\u015fku kalmam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ku\u015fku, makul bir ku\u015fkudur. Zira, bir olay hakk\u0131nda %100 bir kanaat edinmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu soyut ku\u015fku, epistemolojinin konusu olabilir.<\/p>\n
Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar ba\u011flam\u0131nda vicdani kanaat, subjektiftir. Ancak, bu subjektiflik s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z de\u011fildir. Yarg\u0131c\u0131n vicdani kanaati, denetime tabidir. Bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n vicdan\u0131n\u0131 denetlemek, zorunlu olarak bunun objektif k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131n\u0131 da sonu\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131c\u0131n vicdani kanaati, somut delillere ve mant\u0131k kurallar\u0131na dayanmak zorundad\u0131r. Varsay\u0131ma dayal\u0131 veya mant\u0131k kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 verilen mahk\u00fbmiyet h\u00fckm\u00fc, bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle denetime tabidir.<\/p>\n
Bu denetimi sa\u011flayacak olan \u015fey h\u00fckm\u00fcn gerek\u00e7esidir. Denetim yarg\u0131c\u0131, h\u00fckm\u00fcn gerek\u00e7esine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yarg\u0131c\u0131n vicdani kanaatini nas\u0131l edindi\u011fini, bunun somut delillere dayan\u0131p dayanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve mant\u0131k kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131p bar\u0131nd\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
E\u011fer h\u00fckm\u00fcn gerek\u00e7esinde, bariz bir mant\u0131ks\u0131zl\u0131k yoksa ve somut delillere dayan\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa, yaln\u0131zca hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k denetimi yapan temyiz yarg\u0131c\u0131 bunun \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ememelidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bizim Yarg\u0131tay\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n yaln\u0131zca tutanaklar\u0131 okuyarak kendi edindi\u011fi kanaati, olay mahkemesinde delillerle do\u011frudan y\u00fczle\u015fen yarg\u0131\u00e7lara dikte etmesi, modern hukuk devletlerinin hi\u00e7birisinde yap\u0131lmayan, bariz \u015fekilde hatal\u0131 bir uygulamadan ibarettir.\u00a0<\/p>\n
Son olarak, kan\u0131m\u0131zca vicdani kanaati en iyi anlatan, d\u00fcnya yarg\u0131lama yasalar\u0131n\u0131n en g\u00fczel maddesi olan Frans\u0131z ceza yarg\u0131lama yasas\u0131n\u0131n 353. maddesini al\u0131nt\u0131lamakla yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 bitiriyoruz:<\/p>\n
\u201cMahkeme ba\u015fkan\u0131, heyet m\u00fczakere i\u00e7in odaya \u00e7ekildi\u011finde, odada yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fu c\u00fcmleleri okur: \u2018Yasa, yarg\u0131\u00e7lardan ve j\u00fcrilerden nas\u0131l ikna olduklar\u0131n\u0131n hesab\u0131n\u0131 vermelerini istemez; onlar\u0131, karar verirken \u00f6zellikle delillerin yeterlili\u011fi konusunda izlenecek herhangi bir kuralla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc k\u0131lmaz. Onlardan; san\u0131\u011fa ve savunmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sunulan delillerin, ak\u0131llar\u0131nda nas\u0131l bir izlenim b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sessiz ve derin bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f i\u00e7erisinde samimi vicdanlar\u0131nda aramalar\u0131n\u0131 ister. Yasa onlara, g\u00f6revlerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kapsayan tek bir soruyu y\u00f6neltir: \u0130\u00e7ten bir bi\u00e7imde kesin kanaat getirdiniz mi?\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n
————-<\/p>\n
[1] \u0130brahim Burak \u015een, Ceza Davalar\u0131nda \u0130spat, Ankara, Se\u00e7kin, 2024, s. 103 naklen Sami Sel\u00e7uk, Su\u00e7 Yarg\u0131lama S\u00fcreci Hukuku, s. 160.<\/p>\n
[2] https:\/\/sozluk.gov.tr\/.<\/p>\n
[3] https:\/\/sozluk.gov.tr\/.<\/p>\n
\u200bCeza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda ispat\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc, vicdani kanaattir. Anayasam\u0131z\u0131n 138. maddesi uyar\u0131nca yarg\u0131\u00e7lar, vicdani kanaatlerine g\u00f6re karar verirler. Yarg\u0131lama yasam\u0131z\u0131n 217. maddesi uyar\u0131nca ceza yarg\u0131c\u0131, delilleri vicdani kanaatine g\u00f6re serbest\u00e7e takdir eder. Buna g\u00f6re, maddi olay\u0131n ispat\u0131, yani eylemin san\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flenip i\u015flenmedi\u011fi, vicdani kanaate g\u00f6re belirlenir.<\/p>\n
Beccaria\u2019ya g\u00f6re, vicdani kanaatin olu\u015ftu\u011funu sezmek, onu tan\u0131mlamaktan daha kolayd\u0131r[1]. Ger\u00e7ekten de vicdani kanaatin tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapmak olduk\u00e7a zordur.<\/p>\n
Tan\u0131mlamaya, iki kelimenin s\u00f6zl\u00fck anlam\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rarak ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131z. Kanaat, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f demektir. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f de bir olay \u00fczerine var\u0131lan yarg\u0131d\u0131r[2]. Yarg\u0131c\u0131n g\u00f6revi zaten budur: yarg\u0131lama konusu olay hakk\u0131nda bir yarg\u0131ya varmak. O halde buradaki mesele, yarg\u0131c\u0131n bu yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n vicdana dayanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Vicdan kavram\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki tan\u0131m\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cKi\u015fiyi kendi davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir yarg\u0131da bulunmaya iten, ki\u015finin kendi ahlak de\u011ferleri \u00fczerine dolays\u0131z ve kendili\u011finden yarg\u0131lama yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan duygu[3]\u201d.<\/p>\n
Buna g\u00f6re vicdan, bir duygudur. Bu duygu, do\u011fruluk duygusudur. \u0130nsan\u0131n, vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucun do\u011frulu\u011funu d\u00fcr\u00fcst bir bi\u00e7imde sorgulamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u201cCeza Davalar\u0131nda \u0130spat\u201d isimli eserimizde a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczere, kan\u0131m\u0131zca mahk\u00fbmiyet i\u00e7in yeterli ve gerekli olan vicdani kanaat, kesinlik hissidir. Karar verme \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc en iyi anlatan kavram budur. Bu kavram, yabanc\u0131 dillerden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mahk\u00fbmiyet i\u00e7in gerekli kanaat, \u0130ngilizcede conviction olarak ifade edilmektedir ve bu kelimenin k\u00f6k\u00fc \u00e7o\u011fu dilde ayn\u0131d\u0131r (bkz. Fr., \u0130t, \u0130sp.). Bu kavram\u0131n anlam\u0131 ise, bir olay hakk\u0131nda edinilen kesinlik hissidir.<\/p>\n
Ceza yarg\u0131c\u0131, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n su\u00e7lu oldu\u011funa kesin bir \u015fekilde inanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Onun su\u00e7lulu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda, vicdani olarak kendini sorgulad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, kesin bir duyguya sahip olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Aksi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyle, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n su\u00e7lu olmayabilece\u011fine dair yarg\u0131c\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde makul bir ku\u015fku kalmam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu ku\u015fku, makul bir ku\u015fkudur. Zira, bir olay hakk\u0131nda %100 bir kanaat edinmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu soyut ku\u015fku, epistemolojinin konusu olabilir.<\/p>\n
Bu a\u00e7\u0131klamalar ba\u011flam\u0131nda vicdani kanaat, subjektiftir. Ancak, bu subjektiflik s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z de\u011fildir. Yarg\u0131c\u0131n vicdani kanaati, denetime tabidir. Bir ba\u015fkas\u0131n\u0131n vicdan\u0131n\u0131 denetlemek, zorunlu olarak bunun objektif k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131n\u0131 da sonu\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131c\u0131n vicdani kanaati, somut delillere ve mant\u0131k kurallar\u0131na dayanmak zorundad\u0131r. Varsay\u0131ma dayal\u0131 veya mant\u0131k kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 verilen mahk\u00fbmiyet h\u00fckm\u00fc, bu y\u00f6n\u00fcyle denetime tabidir.<\/p>\n
Bu denetimi sa\u011flayacak olan \u015fey h\u00fckm\u00fcn gerek\u00e7esidir. Denetim yarg\u0131c\u0131, h\u00fckm\u00fcn gerek\u00e7esine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yarg\u0131c\u0131n vicdani kanaatini nas\u0131l edindi\u011fini, bunun somut delillere dayan\u0131p dayanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve mant\u0131k kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131p bar\u0131nd\u0131rmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlamal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
E\u011fer h\u00fckm\u00fcn gerek\u00e7esinde, bariz bir mant\u0131ks\u0131zl\u0131k yoksa ve somut delillere dayan\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa, yaln\u0131zca hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k denetimi yapan temyiz yarg\u0131c\u0131 bunun \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ememelidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bizim Yarg\u0131tay\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n yaln\u0131zca tutanaklar\u0131 okuyarak kendi edindi\u011fi kanaati, olay mahkemesinde delillerle do\u011frudan y\u00fczle\u015fen yarg\u0131\u00e7lara dikte etmesi, modern hukuk devletlerinin hi\u00e7birisinde yap\u0131lmayan, bariz \u015fekilde hatal\u0131 bir uygulamadan ibarettir.\u00a0<\/p>\n
Son olarak, kan\u0131m\u0131zca vicdani kanaati en iyi anlatan, d\u00fcnya yarg\u0131lama yasalar\u0131n\u0131n en g\u00fczel maddesi olan Frans\u0131z ceza yarg\u0131lama yasas\u0131n\u0131n 353. maddesini al\u0131nt\u0131lamakla yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 bitiriyoruz:<\/p>\n
\u201cMahkeme ba\u015fkan\u0131, heyet m\u00fczakere i\u00e7in odaya \u00e7ekildi\u011finde, odada yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fu c\u00fcmleleri okur: \u2018Yasa, yarg\u0131\u00e7lardan ve j\u00fcrilerden nas\u0131l ikna olduklar\u0131n\u0131n hesab\u0131n\u0131 vermelerini istemez; onlar\u0131, karar verirken \u00f6zellikle delillerin yeterlili\u011fi konusunda izlenecek herhangi bir kuralla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc k\u0131lmaz. Onlardan; san\u0131\u011fa ve savunmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sunulan delillerin, ak\u0131llar\u0131nda nas\u0131l bir izlenim b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sessiz ve derin bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc\u015f i\u00e7erisinde samimi vicdanlar\u0131nda aramalar\u0131n\u0131 ister. Yasa onlara, g\u00f6revlerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kapsayan tek bir soruyu y\u00f6neltir: \u0130\u00e7ten bir bi\u00e7imde kesin kanaat getirdiniz mi?\u2019\u201d<\/p>\n
————-<\/p>\n
[1] \u0130brahim Burak \u015een, Ceza Davalar\u0131nda \u0130spat, Ankara, Se\u00e7kin, 2024, s. 103 naklen Sami Sel\u00e7uk, Su\u00e7 Yarg\u0131lama S\u00fcreci Hukuku, s. 160.<\/p>\n
[2] https:\/\/sozluk.gov.tr\/.<\/p>\n
[3] https:\/\/sozluk.gov.tr\/.\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Ceza yarg\u0131lamas\u0131nda ispat\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fc, vicdani kanaattir. Anayasam\u0131z\u0131n 138. maddesi uyar\u0131nca yarg\u0131\u00e7lar, vicdani kanaatlerine g\u00f6re karar verirler. Yarg\u0131lama yasam\u0131z\u0131n 217. maddesi uyar\u0131nca ceza yarg\u0131c\u0131, delilleri vicdani kanaatine g\u00f6re serbest\u00e7e takdir eder. Buna g\u00f6re, maddi olay\u0131n ispat\u0131, yani eylemin san\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flenip i\u015flenmedi\u011fi, vicdani kanaate g\u00f6re belirlenir. Beccaria\u2019ya g\u00f6re, vicdani kanaatin olu\u015ftu\u011funu sezmek, onu tan\u0131mlamaktan daha kolayd\u0131r[1]. Ger\u00e7ekten de vicdani kanaatin tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 yapmak olduk\u00e7a zordur. Tan\u0131mlamaya, iki kelimenin s\u00f6zl\u00fck anlam\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rarak ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131z. Kanaat, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f demektir. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f de bir olay \u00fczerine var\u0131lan yarg\u0131d\u0131r[2]. Yarg\u0131c\u0131n g\u00f6revi zaten budur: yarg\u0131lama konusu olay hakk\u0131nda bir yarg\u0131ya varmak. O halde buradaki mesele, yarg\u0131c\u0131n bu yarg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n vicdana dayanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Vicdan kavram\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki tan\u0131m\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir: \u201cKi\u015fiyi kendi davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir yarg\u0131da bulunmaya iten, ki\u015finin kendi ahlak de\u011ferleri \u00fczerine dolays\u0131z ve kendili\u011finden yarg\u0131lama yapmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan duygu[3]\u201d. Buna g\u00f6re vicdan, bir duygudur. Bu duygu, do\u011fruluk duygusudur. \u0130nsan\u0131n, vard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucun do\u011frulu\u011funu d\u00fcr\u00fcst bir bi\u00e7imde sorgulamas\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cCeza Davalar\u0131nda \u0130spat\u201d isimli eserimizde a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczere, kan\u0131m\u0131zca mahk\u00fbmiyet i\u00e7in yeterli ve gerekli olan vicdani kanaat, kesinlik hissidir. Karar verme \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc en iyi anlatan kavram budur. Bu kavram, yabanc\u0131 dillerden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mahk\u00fbmiyet i\u00e7in gerekli kanaat, \u0130ngilizcede conviction olarak ifade edilmektedir ve bu kelimenin k\u00f6k\u00fc \u00e7o\u011fu dilde ayn\u0131d\u0131r (bkz. Fr., \u0130t, \u0130sp.). Bu kavram\u0131n anlam\u0131 ise, …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-49412","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n