\u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kapsam\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i, pozisyonu gere\u011fi i\u015fyerindeki \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131na, i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131na veya m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresine eri\u015febilir. Bu bilgiler, i\u015fveren i\u00e7in korunmas\u0131 gereken de\u011ferli varl\u0131klard\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015f ili\u015fkisi s\u00fcresince sadakat borcu nedeniyle bu bilgileri kendi lehine kullanamaz. \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erdi\u011finde sadakat borcu biter ve i\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015fverenin s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak rakip bir i\u015fletme kurabilir, rakip i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir veya ba\u015fka bir menfaat ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7ine girebilir. Bu durumda i\u015fverenin korunmaya de\u011fer hakl\u0131 menfaati do\u011far ve i\u015fveren, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle kendini koruyabilir.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7i, Anayasa ile g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahiptir; bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7inin korunmaya de\u011fer hakl\u0131 menfaatini olu\u015fturur. \u0130\u015fverenin ise s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n rakip i\u015fletmelerce kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemede menfaati vard\u0131r. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan menfaatleri dengelemeyi ama\u00e7lar. \u0130\u015fverenin rekabeti engellemesini sa\u011flarken, i\u015f\u00e7inin ge\u00e7imini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilece\u011fi alan\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in yasa\u011f\u0131n yer, zaman ve konu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015far.<\/p>\n
K\u00fcreselle\u015fme ve teknolojinin h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fimi, i\u015fletmelerin rekabet ortam\u0131nda ayakta kalabilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemleri ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir m\u00fc\u015fteri portf\u00f6y\u00fc olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131yor. \u0130\u015fletmelerin \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131, i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131 ve m\u00fc\u015fteri bilgileri, rakiplerden korunmas\u0131 gereken de\u011ferli varl\u0131klard\u0131r. T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu\u2019nun (TTK) haks\u0131z rekabet h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, bu s\u0131rlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131nda tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunar. Ancak, i\u015fverene ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7iler, pozisyonlar\u0131na g\u00f6re bu bilgilere eri\u015febilir ve bu, i\u015fveren i\u00e7in risk olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi s\u00fcresince sadakat borcu gere\u011fi i\u015fvereniyle rekabet edemez, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu, T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun (TBK) 396. maddesindeki d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erdi\u011finde ise sadakat borcu biter ve i\u015f\u00e7i, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 48. maddesiyle korunan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda ayn\u0131 sekt\u00f6rde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir, kendi i\u015fletmesini kurabilir veya ortak olabilir. \u0130\u015fverenin yaln\u0131zca sona ermi\u015f bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye dayanarak bunu engellemesi hukuken m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7inin bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te i\u015fverenin s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131, i\u015fverenin faaliyetlerini olumsuz etkileyebilir ve korunmaya de\u011fer hakl\u0131 menfaatlerine zarar verebilir. \u00d6te yandan, eme\u011fiyle ge\u00e7inen i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131, Anayasa\u2019ya ve ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olabilir. Bu nedenle, i\u015f\u00e7inin serbest\u00e7e \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam etmesi \u00f6nemli bir menfaattir. \u0130\u015fverenin ise s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n rakip i\u015fletmelerce kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemede hakl\u0131 menfaatleri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu menfaat \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in TBK\u2019n\u0131n 444-447. maddeleri, i\u015f\u00e7i ve i\u015fveren aras\u0131nda denge kurmay\u0131 hedefler. \u0130\u015fverene, i\u015f ili\u015fkisi sona erdikten sonra i\u015f\u00e7inin rekabetini engelleme hakk\u0131 tan\u0131rken, i\u015f\u00e7inin ge\u00e7imini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi i\u00e7in yasa\u011f\u0131n yer, zaman ve konu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015far. \u00d6\u011fretide, kar\u015f\u0131 edim (i\u015fverenin i\u015f\u00e7iye ek \u00f6deme yapmas\u0131) de menfaat dengesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan menfaatler adil bir \u015fekilde dengelenir.<\/p>\n
I. Genel Olarak Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/p>\n
Serbest piyasa ekonomisinde, ticari ili\u015fkilerin geli\u015fip b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini destekleyen birtak\u0131m ilkeler kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fme serbestisi ilkesi gelir. Bir ba\u015fka anlat\u0131mla piyasada bulunan akt\u00f6rler, kanunla yasaklanmam\u0131\u015f hususlar\u0131n tamam\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmada serbesttirler. S\u00f6zle\u015fme serbestisinin do\u011fal sonucu rekabet serbestisidir. Liberal ekonomilerde rekabet desteklenir. Fakat baz\u0131 hallerde rekabet, ekonomik i\u015fleyi\u015fe, piyasaya faydadan \u00e7ok zarar getirebilmektedir. Bu gibi durumlar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek maksad\u0131yla kanunlarda baz\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131larak[1] kanun veya s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerle rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 getirme imkan\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[2].<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f hukuku anlam\u0131nda rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler ise, hizmet (i\u015f) s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi devam etti\u011fi m\u00fcddet boyunca ge\u00e7erli olan rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ve hizmet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erdikten sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r[3].<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f hukuku dahilinde, i\u015f ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7erisinde bulunan i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6zen ve sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsam\u0131na rekabet etmeme borcu da girer. 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu m. 396\/3\u2019e g\u00f6re: \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7i, hizmet ili\u015fkisi devam etti\u011fi s\u00fcrece, sadakat borcuna ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye hizmette bulunamaz ve \u00f6zellikle kendi i\u015fvereni ile rekabete giri\u015femez.\u201d S\u00f6z konusu madde ile ayr\u0131ca i\u015f\u00e7inin rekabet olu\u015fturacak davran\u0131\u015flardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi hususunda bir d\u00fczenlemeye gerek kalmam\u0131\u015f, kanundan do\u011fan rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[4].<\/p>\n
\u00d6\u011fretide baz\u0131 yazarlar taraf\u0131ndan, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fvereni ile rekabet te\u015fkil edecek \u015fekilde i\u015f yeri a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131n kanunda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yasaklanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, bu durumun ancak haks\u0131z rekabet olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131 savunulmu\u015ftur[5]. Di\u011fer bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re ise rekabetin haks\u0131z olmas\u0131na gerek kalmadan sadece rekabet olu\u015fturan hareketler sadakat borcunu ihlal edecektir[6].<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden kaynaklanan bir d\u00fczenleme olarak \u00f6zellikle i\u015f ili\u015fkisinin sona ermesinden sonra \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r[7]. Bu ba\u011flamda, i\u015f ili\u015fkisi ba\u015flarken i\u015f\u00e7inin s\u00f6zle\u015fme bitiminde rekabetten ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak bir madde i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine eklenebilir ya da ayr\u0131 bir anla\u015fma yoluyla bu konuda gerekli d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131labilir[8].<\/p>\n
A. Konusu, Hukuki Dayanak, Rekabet Etmeme Borcu<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015fverenin yan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, her iki taraf i\u00e7in de di\u011ferinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 koruma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar[9]. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu, sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn temelini d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck ilkesi olu\u015fturur[10]. D\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck ilkesi, TMK m. 2\u2019de \u201cHerkes, haklar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131rken ve bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirirken d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na uymakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr\u201d \u015feklinde ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Bu ilke, genel ahlaki de\u011ferler, gelenekler ve ili\u015fkilerin amac\u0131na uygun olarak toplum bireylerinin sergilemesi beklenen namuslu ve d\u00fcr\u00fcst davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imini yans\u0131t\u0131r[11].<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi boyunca i\u015f\u00e7iden beklenen sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, rekabet etmeme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de i\u00e7erir ve bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck, TBK 396. maddesinin 3. f\u0131kras\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r: \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7i, hizmet ili\u015fkisi s\u00fcresince sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015fiye hizmet sunamaz ve \u00f6zellikle i\u015fvereniyle rekabet edecek faaliyetlerde bulunamaz.\u201d<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f hukuku uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131nda da ge\u00e7erli olan bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131k ifadesine g\u00f6re, i\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015f ili\u015fkisi devam ederken i\u015fverene zarar verebilecek nitelikte ba\u015fka bir i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz veya kendi ad\u0131na i\u015f yapamaz. Ancak i\u015f\u00e7inin, i\u015f g\u00f6rme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc aksatmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece rekabet olu\u015fturmayan bir i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131lmaz[12]. \u0130\u015f\u00e7isinin rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 faaliyetlerde bulundu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenen i\u015fveren, \u0130\u015f Kanunu\u2019nun 25\/2-e maddesi uyar\u0131nca, \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7inin, i\u015fverenin g\u00fcvenini k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmas\u0131, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k yapmas\u0131, i\u015fverenin meslek s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 if\u015fa etmesi gibi do\u011fruluk ve ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ayk\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flarda bulunmas\u0131\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcne dayanarak i\u015f ili\u015fkisini hakl\u0131 nedenle feshedebilir ve tazminat talep edebilir[13].<\/p>\n
Sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, olumlu ve olumsuz y\u00f6nleriyle kendini g\u00f6sterir; olumlu y\u00f6n\u00fc, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fi i\u015fverenin menfaatine uygun \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fctmesi iken, \u0130\u015f Kanunu\u2019nun 25. maddesi sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn olumsuz y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturur[14]. \u0130\u015f ili\u015fkisi s\u00fcresince ge\u00e7erli olan rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131, taraflar\u0131n ayr\u0131ca bir d\u00fczenleme yapmas\u0131na gerek kalmadan h\u00fck\u00fcm ve sonu\u00e7 do\u011furur[15]. Ancak h\u00fckm\u00fcn do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi, taraflar aralar\u0131nda aksi bir anla\u015fma yaparak rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 etkisiz k\u0131labilirler.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erdikten sonra ise durum bunun tam tersidir; burada rekabet serbestisi as\u0131l olup, yasa\u011f\u0131 istisna te\u015fkil eder. Taraflar\u0131n i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi bittikten sonra rekabetin k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu konuda bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmalar\u0131 gerekmektedir. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131yla ilgili i\u015f mevzuat\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k bir d\u00fczenleme bulunmamas\u0131 nedeniyle, TBK\u2019daki h\u00fck\u00fcmler bu alanda da ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 444. maddesine g\u00f6re, i\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015fvereniyle rekabet etmemeyi taahh\u00fct edebilir; bu, \u00f6zellikle kendi ad\u0131na rakip bir i\u015fletme kurarak, rakip bir i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak ya da rakip i\u015fletmeyle ba\u015fka bir \u00e7\u0131kar ili\u015fkisi kurarak rekabet etmeme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7erir. H\u00fck\u00fcmde \u201ckendi hesab\u0131na\u201d ifadesi yer alsa da bu, i\u015f\u00e7inin kendi nam ve hesab\u0131na bir i\u015fletme a\u00e7mas\u0131 \u015feklinde anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r[16]. Rakip bir i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ise geni\u015f bir \u015fekilde yorumlanmal\u0131; acentelik, dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k gibi ili\u015fkiler de bu kapsamda de\u011ferlendirilmelidir[17]. Ancak hat\u0131r i\u00e7in verilen yard\u0131mlar ya da dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k, bir i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olarak nitelendirilmeyebilir[18].<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7i, rakip bir i\u015fletmeyle menfaat ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7indeyken, bu i\u015fletmede do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 olarak etkili bir rol \u00fcstlenmelidir. \u0130\u015fletmeye sermaye sa\u011flama, giri\u015fimlerini destekleme, k\u00e2r ve zarara ortak olma, \u00f6nceki i\u015finde edindi\u011fi bilgilerle i\u015fletmenin y\u00f6netimine katk\u0131da bulunma, teknik bilgi veya dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k sunma gibi faaliyetler bu kapsamda ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r[19].<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 444. maddesindeki \u201c\u2026herhangi bir bi\u00e7imde onunla rekabet etmekten, \u00f6zellikle kendi hesab\u0131na rakip bir i\u015fletme a\u00e7maktan, ba\u015fka bir rakip i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan veya bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, rakip i\u015fletmeyle ba\u015fka t\u00fcrden bir menfaat ili\u015fkisine giri\u015fmekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmay\u0131\u2026\u201d ifadesinden a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, i\u015f\u00e7i, kanunda belirtilenlerin \u00f6tesinde herhangi bir \u015fekilde i\u015fvereniyle rekabete girebilir ve bu durum rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturabilir.<\/p>\n
B. Ge\u00e7erlilik \u015eartlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, as\u0131l i\u015f ili\u015fkisine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir yan s\u00f6zle\u015fme niteli\u011findedir[20]. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, i\u015f\u00e7i ile i\u015fveren aras\u0131nda i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin eki olarak veya ayr\u0131 bir \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlenen rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, yaln\u0131zca i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece h\u00fck\u00fcm ve sonu\u00e7 do\u011furur. Bu durum, TBK\u2019da rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hizmet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r[21].<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin t\u00fcr\u00fc (belirli veya belirsiz, tam zamanl\u0131 veya k\u0131smi) rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan herhangi bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturmaz[22]. Deneme s\u00fcreli i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde, deneme s\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde i\u015f ili\u015fkisinin sona ermesi durumunda, genel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin deneme s\u00fcresinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda imzalanmas\u0131yla rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da bu tarihten itibaren edinilen bilgiler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir; ancak, i\u015f\u00e7inin deneme s\u00fcresi boyunca i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131na ve m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresine ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde eri\u015fti\u011fi, her bir somut olay \u00f6zelinde de\u011ferlendirilmelidir[23].<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin hangi anda yap\u0131labilece\u011fi konusunda kesin bir netlik yoktur. \u0130\u015f ili\u015fkisinin sona ermesinden sonra d\u00fczenlenen rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131, i\u015fverenin korunmaya de\u011fer hakl\u0131 bir menfaati bulunmamas\u0131 nedeniyle TBK\u2019n\u0131n 444. maddesi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine tabi olmayacakt\u0131r[24].<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f ili\u015fkisinin ihbar s\u00fcresine uyularak feshedilmesi halinde, ihbar s\u00fcresi boyunca i\u015f ili\u015fkisi devam etti\u011fi i\u00e7in rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f s\u00fcresince oldu\u011fu gibi ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r[25]. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n durumu i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olsa da, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7ersiz olmas\u0131, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini etkilemeyecektir[26].<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 444. maddesinde rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin genel kurallar d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup, maddeye g\u00f6re: \u201cFiil ehliyetine sahip olan i\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin bitiminden sonra herhangi bir \u015fekilde onunla rekabetten, \u00f6zellikle kendi ad\u0131na rakip bir i\u015fletme kurmaktan, ba\u015fka bir rakip i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan veya rakip i\u015fletmeyle ba\u015fka t\u00fcr bir \u00e7\u0131kar ili\u015fkisi kurmaktan yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak ka\u00e7\u0131nmay\u0131 taahh\u00fct edebilir.\u201d<\/p>\n
Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, eski 818 say\u0131l\u0131 Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 348. maddesi uyar\u0131nca rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erli olabilmesi i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7inin re\u015fit olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 aranmaktayd\u0131; ancak kanun de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle bu \u015fart kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz hukuk sistemine g\u00f6re, i\u015f\u00e7inin rekabet etmeme taahh\u00fcd\u00fcnde bulunabilmesi i\u00e7in re\u015fit olmas\u0131, ay\u0131rt etme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip olmas\u0131 ve k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olmamas\u0131 yeterlidir. Bu ba\u011flamda, ki\u015finin r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcn\u00fc evlenme yoluyla veya mahkeme karar\u0131yla elde etmesi gibi durumlar bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturmaz[27]. Ayr\u0131ca, fiil ehliyeti bulunmayan bir i\u015f\u00e7i ad\u0131na, yasal temsilcisi taraf\u0131ndan veya yasal temsilcinin onay\u0131yla dahi rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi akdedilemez[28]. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin fiil ehliyetine sahip olmamas\u0131 durumunda, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ge\u00e7ersizdir ve i\u015f\u00e7i sonradan fiil ehliyeti kazansa bile bu ge\u00e7ersiz s\u00f6zle\u015fme ge\u00e7erli hale gelmez[29].<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak yap\u0131lmamas\u0131, kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck sonucunu do\u011furur[30]. TBK\u2019n\u0131n 444. maddesindeki yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekil \u015fart\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7inin s\u00f6zl\u00fc anla\u015fmalara k\u0131yasla daha dikkatli davranmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7iyi korumak i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr[31]. Bu ba\u011flamda, adi yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekil yeterli kabul edilir[32].<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde yaln\u0131zca i\u015f\u00e7i y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck alt\u0131na giriyorsa i\u015f\u00e7inin imzas\u0131 yeterlidir; ancak i\u015fverenin de y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck \u00fcstlenmesi durumunda her iki taraf\u0131n imzas\u0131 gereklidir[33]. Olas\u0131 bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kta, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispat etme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u015fverene aittir[34].<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesine g\u00f6re, belirli bir \u015fekil \u015fart\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kurulan i\u015flemlerin \u015fartlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilmek istendi\u011finde ayn\u0131 \u015fekil \u015fartlar\u0131na uyulmal\u0131d\u0131r; ancak rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin i\u015f\u00e7inin menfaatlerini koruma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 nedeniyle, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin sona erdirilmesi i\u00e7in yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekil \u015fart\u0131 aranmaz[35].<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, i\u015f\u00e7inin \u015fahs\u0131yla s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmedir. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131na eri\u015febilece\u011fi bir i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Bu nedenle, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde standart bir \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlenemez ya da i\u015fyeri i\u00e7 y\u00f6netmelikleriyle h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131namaz[36].<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 444\/2. maddesi, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini, hizmet ili\u015fkisinin i\u015f\u00e7iye m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi, \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131 veya i\u015fverenin faaliyetleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinme olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 ve bu bilgilerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda i\u015fverenin \u00f6nemli bir zarara u\u011framas\u0131 ko\u015fuluna ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[37]. Hakl\u0131 menfaatin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispat etme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u015fverene aittir.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay ve B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi uygulamalar\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda mahkemelerin, i\u015f ili\u015fkisi, ehliyet ve \u015fekil incelemelerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, hizmet ili\u015fkisinin i\u015f\u00e7iye m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi, \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131 veya i\u015fverenin faaliyetleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131p sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu bilgilerin kullan\u0131m\u0131yla i\u015fverenin \u00f6nemli bir zarara u\u011fray\u0131p u\u011framayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir[38]. Ayr\u0131ca, mahkemeler bu incelemeler neticesinde tazminat veya cezai \u015fart \u00f6denip \u00f6denmeyece\u011fine karar vermektedir.<\/p>\n
Kanunun a\u00e7\u0131k ifadesinde, i\u015f\u00e7inin m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi, \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131 veya i\u015fverenin faaliyetleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinme imk\u00e2n\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131 ve bu bilgilerin kullan\u0131m\u0131yla i\u015fverenin \u00f6nemli bir zarara u\u011framas\u0131 durumunda rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin ge\u00e7erli olaca\u011f\u0131 belirtildi\u011finden, Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n bir karar\u0131nda[39] da benzer ifadeler kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada i\u015f ili\u015fkisi, ehliyet, \u015fekil, m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi, i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131na eri\u015fim ve i\u015fverenin zarara u\u011frama unsurlar\u0131, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erlilik ko\u015fullar\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda birlikte ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
M\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi ve i\u015f\u00e7inin m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin ge\u00e7erlilik ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan biridir. T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu\u2019na g\u00f6re m\u00fc\u015fteri, hizmet veya mal sat\u0131n alan ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fccret \u00f6deyen ki\u015fidir. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda ise m\u00fc\u015fteri, bir sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 ile belirli bir s\u00fcre boyunca az ya da \u00e7ok ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde bulunan ki\u015fidir. Tek seferlik al\u0131m sat\u0131m ili\u015fkisi kuranlar veya potansiyel al\u0131c\u0131lar m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmez[40].<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7inin yaln\u0131zca m\u00fc\u015fterilerin isimlerini bilmesi yeterli olmay\u0131p; m\u00fc\u015fterilerin ad-soyad, meslek, telefon numaras\u0131, i\u015fverenle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri i\u015flemlerin kapsam\u0131, ald\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin t\u00fcr\u00fc ve miktar\u0131 ile al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bilgileri bilmesi ve bu bilgileri kendi ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullanabilecek durumda olmas\u0131 gerekir[41]. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin bu bilgilere eri\u015fiminin de\u011ferlendirilmesinde i\u015f\u00e7inin pozisyonu \u00f6nemli bir rol oynar. Vas\u0131fl\u0131 ya da y\u00f6netici pozisyonundaki i\u015f\u00e7ilerin, i\u015fin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in gerekli oldu\u011fundan, bu t\u00fcr bilgilere eri\u015fimi daha kolay ve kapsaml\u0131d\u0131r[42].<\/p>\n
Uygulamada, baz\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin bu bilgilere eri\u015fimi ola\u011fan olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, onlar ad\u0131na yap\u0131lan rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri hukuki sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmaz[43]. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7inin bu bilgilere fiilen eri\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 aranmaz; bu bilgilere eri\u015fme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 yeterlidir[44]. Ayr\u0131ca, i\u015f\u00e7inin ki\u015fisel nitelikleri veya sosyal \u00e7evresi yoluyla olu\u015fturdu\u011fu m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresinin bu kapsama girip girmeyece\u011fi de dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durumda, \u00f6rne\u011fin bir avukat, doktor ya da kuaf\u00f6r gibi i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015ften ayr\u0131lmas\u0131yla i\u015fverenin zarar g\u00f6rmesi kuvvetle muhtemel olsa bile, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131l\u0131r[45].<\/p>\n
Bir di\u011fer \u015fart, \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131 ve i\u015fverenin i\u015fleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r. TBK\u2019da bu d\u00fczenleme, \u201ci\u015fverenin i\u015fleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibi olmak\u201d \u015feklinde ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelerinin genel yap\u0131s\u0131 gere\u011fi, bu ifade dar bir \u015fekilde yorumlanmal\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcretim s\u0131rr\u0131, i\u015fverenin i\u015fletmesine ili\u015fkin bilimsel, teknik ve ticari bilgiler olup, yaln\u0131zca s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir ki\u015fi ya da grup taraf\u0131ndan bilinen ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131nca kolayca \u00f6\u011frenilemeyen bilgilerdir. K\u0131sacas\u0131, i\u015fletmenin mahremiyetiyle ilgili ve i\u015fverenin gizli kalmas\u0131nda menfaati bulunan bilgiler bu kapsamdad\u0131r[46]. \u00d6rne\u011fin; i\u015fverenin kredi anla\u015fmalar\u0131, yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i bulu\u015flar\u0131, i\u015fletme organizasyonu, kullan\u0131lan yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar, envanter ve muhasebe kay\u0131tlar\u0131, yat\u0131r\u0131m planlar\u0131, fiyat listeleri, \u00f6zellikle kimya ve makine sekt\u00f6rlerinde kullan\u0131lan \u00f6zel \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemleri ve tedarik bilgileri bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede de\u011ferlendirilebilir[47].<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, ancak i\u015f\u00e7inin sahip oldu\u011fu bilgileri kullanmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fverene \u00f6nemli bir zarar verme potansiyeli ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 durumunda ge\u00e7erli olur[48]. \u00d6nemli zarar kavram\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik gelece\u011fini hafif bir zarar ihtimali nedeniyle k\u0131s\u0131tlamamakt\u0131r. Bu zarar ile i\u015f\u00e7inin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgiler aras\u0131nda, objektif ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda bir nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131 bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r[49]. Zarar\u0131n somut olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi \u015fart olmay\u0131p, zarar tehlikesinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeterlidir[50].<\/p>\n
\u00d6nemli zarara \u00f6rnek olarak, i\u015fverene ait bilgilerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n kazan\u00e7larda veya sipari\u015flerde ciddi bir azalmaya yol a\u00e7mas\u0131, piyasadaki rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn belirgin \u015fekilde azalmas\u0131, i\u015f yapma imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 ya da zarar\u0131n kolayca telafi edilememesi gibi durumlar g\u00f6sterilebilir[51].<\/p>\n
II. Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n
S\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, uygun ko\u015fullar olu\u015ftu\u011funda rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yap\u0131labilir. Bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmede, i\u015f\u00e7i ve i\u015fveren a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan iki temel kavram \u00e7at\u0131\u015f\u0131r: i\u015fverenin korunmas\u0131 gereken hakl\u0131 menfaati ile i\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik gelece\u011fi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. \u0130\u015fverenin, s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kullanarak keyfi bir rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 getirip i\u015f\u00e7inin ge\u00e7imini riske atmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in, TBK rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine \u00f6zel s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
TBK m. 445\u2019e g\u00f6re: \u201cRekabet yasa\u011f\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik gelece\u011fini hakkaniyete ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak tehlikeye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrecek bi\u00e7imde yer, zaman ve i\u015flerin t\u00fcr\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uygun olmayan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar i\u00e7eremez ve s\u00fcresi, \u00f6zel durum ve ko\u015fullar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda iki y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015famaz. Hakim, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 nitelikteki rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn durum ve ko\u015fullar\u0131 serbest\u00e7e de\u011ferlendirmek ve i\u015fverenin \u00fcstlenmi\u015f olabilece\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131 edimi de hakkaniyete uygun bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutmak suretiyle, kapsam\u0131 ve s\u00fcresi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlayabilir\u201d<\/p>\n
Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm uyar\u0131nca, i\u015fverenin korunmaya de\u011fer hakl\u0131 menfaatine kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve ge\u00e7imi korunmaktad\u0131r. H\u00fckm\u00fcn ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re, h\u00e2kimin rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcre veya kapsam a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daraltabilmesi, her olay\u0131n \u00f6zel ve somut ko\u015fullar\u0131yla ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmesi \u015feklinde anla\u015f\u0131labilir. TBK m. 445\/2 gere\u011fi h\u00e2kim, somut olay\u0131 t\u00fcm ko\u015fullar\u0131yla inceleyerek, s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 adil bir \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n
A. Taraflarca S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n
1. Yer Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan S\u0131n\u0131rlama<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 445\/1. maddesi uyar\u0131nca, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yer a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131labilir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlama, co\u011frafi bir k\u0131s\u0131tlamad\u0131r ve i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 hangi b\u00f6lgelerde rekabet olu\u015fturacak davran\u0131\u015flardan ka\u00e7\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesini ifade eder[52]. \u00d6nemli olan, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 nerede rekabet te\u015fkil eden bir eyleme giri\u015fmedi\u011fidir. Bu nedenle, co\u011frafi s\u0131n\u0131rlama, i\u015fverenin faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi pazar alan\u0131yla uyumlu olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
M\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi, \u00fcretim ve i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu alan, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi olu\u015fturmal\u0131 ve bu alanla s\u0131n\u0131rlanmal\u0131d\u0131r[53]. Ancak, i\u015fverenin korunmaya de\u011fer hakl\u0131 menfaatinin nas\u0131l veya ne \u015fekilde ihlal edilebilece\u011fi belirlenmeli ve yer s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 buna g\u00f6re yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r[54]. E\u011fer rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temelinde m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi bilgisi varsa, yasak, m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresinin etkili oldu\u011fu alanla k\u0131s\u0131tlanmal\u0131d\u0131r[55]. \u00dcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131yla ilgili bir rekabet olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusuysa, s\u00f6zle\u015fme, i\u015fverenin \u00fcretim faaliyetinin bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde dikkat edilmesi gereken, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fverene rakip i\u015fletmeyle ili\u015fkisinin etkisinin hangi co\u011frafi alanda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r[56]. \u0130\u015fverene rakip i\u015fletmenin konumu de\u011fil, i\u015f\u00e7inin yeni i\u015fvereniyle ili\u015fkisinin etkiledi\u011fi co\u011frafi alan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n
Bu bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, i\u015fverenin m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi veya \u00fcretim alan\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesindeki b\u00f6lgelerde rakip faaliyetlerde bulunulmas\u0131, i\u015fverenin hakl\u0131 menfaatini do\u011furmaz. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin amac\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz hale getirmek de\u011fil, i\u015f\u00e7inin yasakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu alan\u0131 net bir \u015fekilde bilmesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r[57]. Bu nedenle, s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki ifadeler a\u00e7\u0131k, somut ve taraflarca anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r olmal\u0131d\u0131r; belirsiz ve soyut ifadeler yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmalara yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik gelece\u011fini korumak i\u00e7in rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131nda yer s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131, co\u011frafi b\u00f6lge, \u015fehir veya hatta il\u00e7e baz\u0131nda belirtilebilir[58]. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin ge\u00e7imini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ve gelir elde etmeye devam etmesi gerekti\u011finden, bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar i\u015f\u00e7iyi ekonomik olarak zorlamamal\u0131d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 durumlarda s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00fclke geneli bir yasak i\u00e7erebilir; bu durumda TBK m. 445\/2, h\u00e2kime s\u0131n\u0131rlama yetkisi tan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Co\u011frafi s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n geni\u015fli\u011fi artt\u0131k\u00e7a, i\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik durumu daha fazla zorlanabilir. Ancak, i\u015fverenin hakl\u0131 menfaati de g\u00f6zetilmeli ve somut olaylar her iki taraf\u0131n perspektifinden de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Geni\u015f bir co\u011frafi alanda uygulanan rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde, i\u015f\u00e7inin pozisyonu ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fin niteli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, yasak konusu daralt\u0131l\u0131p s\u00fcresi k\u0131salt\u0131larak i\u015f\u00e7i ve i\u015fveren aras\u0131nda denge sa\u011flanabilir[59]. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Marmara B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde ge\u00e7erli bir rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131, b\u00f6lgedeki yo\u011fun sanayi ve i\u015f imkanlar\u0131 nedeniyle i\u015f\u00e7inin ge\u00e7imini zorla\u015ft\u0131rabilece\u011finden, s\u00fcre ve i\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan daralt\u0131larak adil bir denge kurulabilir.<\/p>\n
2. Zaman Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan S\u0131n\u0131rlama<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 445\/1. maddesi, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin s\u00fcresinin, \u00f6zel durumlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda iki y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek zaman s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lar. Bu k\u0131s\u0131tlama, i\u015f\u00e7inin ge\u00e7imini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi ve ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirebilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Aksi halde, s\u00fcresiz bir yasa\u011f\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ciddi bi\u00e7imde k\u0131s\u0131tlar[60]. Ancak, kanundaki d\u00fczenlemeye ra\u011fmen, \u00f6zel durumlarda s\u00fcre s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7in istisnalar \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr[61]. Bu \u00f6zel durumlar, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fyerindeki pozisyonuna ve uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, i\u015fverenin \u00fcretim veya teknik s\u0131rlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda sahip oldu\u011fu bilgi d\u00fczeyinin niteli\u011fiyle ilgilidir[62].<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde zaman s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemine vurgu yapar. Her olay kendi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda incelendi\u011fi i\u00e7in s\u00fcre k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir kararda alt\u0131 ayl\u0131k s\u00fcre uygun bulunurken[63], ba\u015fka bir kararda iki y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre olay\u0131n niteli\u011fine uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu kararlarda, i\u015fverenin hakl\u0131 menfaati ile i\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bir arada de\u011ferlendirilir. TBK m. 445\/1\u2019de \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen iki y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, Yarg\u0131tay taraf\u0131ndan genellikle ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131l\u0131r[64]. Kanunda \u00f6zel durumlar i\u00e7in net bir tan\u0131m bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, her olay ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele al\u0131narak s\u00fcre k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131 belirlenir ve b\u00f6ylece taraflar\u0131n hakl\u0131 menfaatleri aras\u0131nda denge sa\u011flan\u0131r[65].<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda, patent veya know-how gibi i\u015fletmenin maddi olmayan varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yasaklar, m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi bilgisine y\u00f6nelik yasaklardan daha uzun s\u00fcreli d\u00fczenlenebilir[66]. Bunun nedeni, m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi bilgisinin \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131na k\u0131yasla daha de\u011fi\u015fken olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcn bir \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemi geli\u015ftirmek, uzun y\u0131llar s\u00fcren birikim gerektirir. \u0130\u015fletmeler, reklam ve promosyonlarla m\u00fc\u015fteri kitlesini k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede geni\u015fletebilir ve \u00fcr\u00fcn kalitesiyle bu m\u00fc\u015fterileri kal\u0131c\u0131 yapabilir. Ancak, \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemlerinin i\u015fletmeye katk\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 daha uzun zaman al\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi, \u00fcretim ve i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha dinamik bir alan olup, bu bilgilerin korunmas\u0131 daha kolayd\u0131r[67]. Ekonomik sistemlerin geli\u015fmesi ve m\u00fc\u015fteri taleplerindeki h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim, m\u00fc\u015fteri portf\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fc etkiler. Ancak bu genellemeler her i\u015fletme i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir, bu nedenle her olay somut olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. TBK m. 445\/1\u2019deki \u201c\u00f6zel durum ve ko\u015fullar\u201d ifadesi, i\u015f\u00e7inin eski i\u015fyerindeki pozisyonuna g\u00f6re anlam kazan\u0131r[68]. \u00d6rne\u011fin, sat\u0131\u015f temsilcisi olan bir i\u015f\u00e7i ile sat\u0131\u015f m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc olan bir i\u015f\u00e7inin bildi\u011fi m\u00fc\u015fteri, i\u015f ve \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcreleri de farkl\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
TBK m. 445\/1\u2019de belirtilen iki y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre, en \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131r ve nispi emredici niteliktedir; yani, aksi yaln\u0131zca i\u015f\u00e7inin lehine kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir. Bu nedenle, toplu i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleriyle bu s\u00fcre k\u0131salt\u0131labilir[69]. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcresi, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erdikten sonra ba\u015flar ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te a\u00e7\u0131lan di\u011fer davalar, \u00f6rne\u011fin i\u015f\u00e7ilik alacaklar\u0131 veya k\u0131dem tazminat\u0131 davalar\u0131, yasa\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcresinin i\u015flemesini engellemez[70].<\/p>\n
3. \u0130\u015fin T\u00fcr\u00fc Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan S\u0131n\u0131rlama.<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 445\/1. maddesine g\u00f6re, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi i\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uygunsuz s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar i\u00e7eremez. \u0130\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131, konu s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131yla ayn\u0131 anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r ve TBK\u2019da \u201ct\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan\u201d ifadesiyle yer al\u0131r[71]. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlama, i\u015f\u00e7inin rekabetten ka\u00e7\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n i\u015fverenin faaliyet alan\u0131yla k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder[72]. \u0130\u015fverenin faaliyet alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki konularda getirilen k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesini ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131lar. Bu nedenle, s\u00f6zle\u015fmede t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131n\u0131n taraflarca net anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in genel ifadelerden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131 ve hangi alanlarda k\u0131s\u0131tlama oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmelidir. Genel ifadeler, \u015firketin yaln\u0131zca faaliyet alan\u0131 olarak alg\u0131lanabilir ve bu, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131ndan ziyade meslek yasa\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir[73].<\/p>\n
T\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlama i\u00e7in, \u00f6ncelikle i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erdi\u011finde o anki i\u015fverenin faaliyet alan\u0131 belirlenmeli ve rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcr k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131 bu \u00e7er\u00e7eveye uygun olmal\u0131d\u0131r[74]. \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erdikten sonra i\u015fverenin faaliyet alan\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik olursa, bu, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 etkilemez. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi devam ederken i\u015fverenin faaliyetten \u00e7ekildi\u011fi alanlar da rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nmamal\u0131d\u0131r[75].<\/p>\n
T\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlamada, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fletmedeki g\u00f6revi ve bildi\u011fi bilgilerle getirilen k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar orant\u0131l\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r[76]. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin g\u00f6rev alan\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir fabrikan\u0131n lojistik biriminde ambalajlama yapan i\u015f\u00e7iye t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 getirilmesi anlams\u0131zd\u0131r, ancak tedarik zincirinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir i\u015f\u00e7iye t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 daha uygundur. Yine de, i\u015f\u00e7inin g\u00f6rev alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olsa bile do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 olarak i\u015fverenin m\u00fc\u015fteri, i\u015f veya \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmesi durumunda, i\u015fverenin hakl\u0131 menfaati do\u011far ve t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 yeniden d\u00fczenlenmelidir[77]. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, g\u00f6revi gere\u011fi s\u0131rlara do\u011frudan eri\u015fmese bile bir \u015fekilde bu s\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015fse, t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131 geni\u015fletilebilir.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fletmeler, ticari ili\u015fkilerini geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in di\u011fer i\u015fletmelerle i\u015f birli\u011fi yapabilir. \u0130\u015f birli\u011fi yap\u0131lan i\u015fletmenin faaliyet alan\u0131, do\u011frudan i\u015fverenin faaliyet alan\u0131na dahil olmasa da dolayl\u0131 olarak ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Somut olay\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re, i\u015fverenin hakl\u0131 menfaati varsa, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, i\u015f\u00e7inin yaln\u0131zca i\u015fverenin de\u011fil, i\u015f birli\u011fi yap\u0131lan i\u015fletmenin faaliyet alan\u0131nda da rekabetten ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 kapsayabilir[78]. Ancak, somut olay ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fverenin i\u015f birli\u011fi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fletmelerin faaliyet alanlar\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmayabilir[79]. \u0130\u015fverenin hakl\u0131 menfaatinin olu\u015fup olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilerek karar verilmelidir. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin kapsam\u0131 geni\u015fletilerek, somut olayda i\u015fletmenin i\u015ftirakleri i\u00e7in de t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 getirilebilir[80]. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir \u015firketler toplulu\u011funda orta-\u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6netici olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir i\u015f\u00e7iye yap\u0131lan rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, topluluktaki di\u011fer \u015firketlerin m\u00fc\u015fteri, \u00fcretim ve i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131na eri\u015fim ihtimaline kar\u015f\u0131, t\u00fcm topluluk \u015firketlerinin faaliyet alanlar\u0131n\u0131 kapsayacak \u015fekilde t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 i\u00e7erebilir[81].<\/p>\n
B. H\u00e2kimin M\u00fcdahalesi<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 444. maddesi, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlerken, 445\/1. maddesi bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n\u0131 belirler. TBK m. 445\/2 ise, 445\/1\u2019de belirtilen s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n, somut olay ve hakkaniyet \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 geni\u015f olmas\u0131 durumunda, h\u00e2kimin bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131 daraltabilece\u011fini ifade eder. TBK m. 445\/1\u2019de \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen yer, zaman ve t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131ndan biri s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer alm\u0131yorsa, s\u00f6zle\u015fme do\u011frudan ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131lmaz; ancak TBK m. 445\/2, h\u00e2kime, taraflar\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 adil bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6zeterek a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 nitelikteki rekabet yasaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlama yetkisi tan\u0131r[82]. Bu m\u00fcdahale, h\u00e2kimin takdir yetkisinden \u00f6te bir g\u00f6revidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc h\u00e2kim, her olayda taraflar\u0131n durumlar\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 inceleyerek s\u0131n\u0131rlama karar\u0131 verebilir.<\/p>\n
Bu ba\u011flamda, TBK m. 444\u2019te yer alan ko\u015fullar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan bir rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde, yer, zaman ve t\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar bulunuyorsa, s\u00f6zle\u015fme otomatik olarak ge\u00e7ersiz olmaz. H\u00e2kim, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin TBK\u2019ya uygun hale getirilmesi i\u00e7in taraflar\u0131n durumlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirerek yer, zaman ve t\u00fcr a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlama yapabilir[83]. H\u00e2kim, bu de\u011ferlendirme sonucunda taraflar\u0131n menfaatlerine g\u00f6re, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi t\u00fcr ve yer bak\u0131m\u0131ndan daraltabilir, s\u00fcresini k\u0131saltabilir ya da yasa\u011f\u0131 tamamen kald\u0131rabilir[84].<\/p>\n
S\u00f6zle\u015fmede a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yasa\u011f\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda, h\u00e2kim, TBK m. 445\/2 gere\u011fince resen de\u011ferlendirme yapabilir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k ya da \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc olarak ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hallerde de h\u00e2kim, ayn\u0131 madde uyar\u0131nca rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine m\u00fcdahale edebilir[85].<\/p>\n
SONU\u00c7<\/p>\n
Rekabet piyasas\u0131nda i\u015fveren, i\u015fletmesinin s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sa\u011flamak ve k\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak ister. Rakip i\u015fletmelerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015fverenin \u00f6zg\u00fcn olmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, ancak bu imk\u00e2ns\u0131z de\u011fildir. Teknolojik ilerlemeler, ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fimler, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, kentle\u015fmenin h\u0131zlanmas\u0131 ve m\u00fc\u015fteri taleplerindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler, i\u015fletmeleri farkl\u0131la\u015fmaya ve rakiplerine g\u00f6re \u00f6zg\u00fcnle\u015fmeye iter. \u00d6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc korumak i\u00e7in, i\u015fletmenin \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemleri, organizasyon yap\u0131s\u0131, \u00fcretim ve i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131 ile m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi bilgilerinin, \u00f6zellikle rakipler gibi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filerce bilinmemesi \u015fartt\u0131r. Bu bilgiler, i\u015fveren i\u00e7in ciddi bir risk ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu riskin en \u00f6nemli unsuru, i\u015fverene ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7idir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7i, bu bilgileri kendi ad\u0131na bir i\u015fletme kurarak, rakip bir i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak veya rakip bir i\u015fletmeyle menfaat ili\u015fkisi kurarak kullanabilir. Her \u00fc\u00e7 durumda da i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 rekabete giri\u015fmi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine dayal\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ger\u00e7ek ki\u015fidir; i\u015fveren ise bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme uyar\u0131nca \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran ger\u00e7ek veya t\u00fczel ki\u015fi ya da t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi olmayan bir kurulu\u015ftur. \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, taraflar aras\u0131nda bir i\u015f ili\u015fkisi olu\u015fturur ve bu ili\u015fki, \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler getirir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinden biri, i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 rekabet etmeme borcudur. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, yetkinliklerine ve i\u015fletmedeki pozisyonuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, i\u015fverene ve i\u015fletmeye ait bilgilere eri\u015febilir. Bu bilgiler, \u00fcretim ve i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131 ile m\u00fc\u015fteri portf\u00f6y\u00fc bilgileri olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin bu bilgilere ne kadar h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu, ileride i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 rekabet etme riskini belirler. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin rekabet etmeme borcu, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi s\u00fcresince sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme sona erdikten sonra da, taraflar\u0131n rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi d\u00fczenlemesiyle devam edebilir.<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erdikten sonra i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 rekabet te\u015fkil edecek eylemlerini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenir ve TBK 444-447. maddelerinde yer al\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin, i\u015fverenin \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131, i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131 veya m\u00fc\u015fteri portf\u00f6y\u00fc bilgilerini kullanarak kendi ad\u0131na rakip bir i\u015fletme a\u00e7mas\u0131, rakip bir i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 veya rakip bir i\u015fletmeyle ba\u015fka bir menfaat ili\u015fkisi kurmas\u0131, bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin konusunu olu\u015fturur. Bu eylemler sonucunda i\u015fveren maddi kayba u\u011frarsa, korunmaya de\u011fer hakl\u0131 menfaati do\u011far. Ancak i\u015f\u00e7i de ge\u00e7imini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek zorundad\u0131r ve Anayasa ile g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahiptir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik gelece\u011finin riske girmesi, onun hakl\u0131 menfaatini olu\u015fturur. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, bu iki taraf\u0131n menfaatleri aras\u0131nda adil bir denge kurmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erlilik ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131, bu dengenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. TBK m. 444\u2019te, i\u015f\u00e7inin fiil ehliyetine sahip olmas\u0131 ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yaz\u0131l\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtilir. Bu, i\u015fverenin keyfi s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler ve i\u015f\u00e7inin s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7eri\u011fini bilmesini sa\u011flar. Ayr\u0131ca, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7erli olabilmesi i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7inin, i\u015fverenin m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi, \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131 veya i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibi olmas\u0131 ve bu bilgilerin i\u015fvereni ciddi bir zarara u\u011fratabilecek nitelikte olmas\u0131 gerekir. Aksi takdirde s\u00f6zle\u015fme ge\u00e7ersizdir. B\u00f6ylece i\u015fveren, yaln\u0131zca bu bilgilere eri\u015fimi olan i\u015f\u00e7ilerle s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapabilir. Ancak, bu ko\u015fullar bile i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve ekonomik gelece\u011fini etkileyebilir. Bu nedenle, TBK m. 445\u2019te, yasa\u011f\u0131n yer, zaman ve t\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar i\u00e7ermemesi ve \u00f6zel durumlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda iki y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fmamas\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015fulur. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, i\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik gelece\u011fi ile i\u015fverenin maddi kayb\u0131n\u0131 dengeleyerek taraflar\u0131n hakl\u0131 menfaatlerini korur.<\/p>\n
TBK m. 445\/2\u2019ye g\u00f6re, h\u00e2kim, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 nitelikteki rekabet yasaklar\u0131n\u0131, t\u00fcm ko\u015fullar\u0131 adil bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirerek ve taraflar\u0131n durumlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zeterek, s\u00fcre veya kapsam a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daraltabilir. Somut olayda, s\u00fcrenin uzun olmas\u0131 durumunda h\u00e2kim s\u00fcreyi k\u0131saltabilir, yer veya t\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131 daraltabilir ya da yasa\u011f\u0131 tamamen kald\u0131rabilir. Bu m\u00fcdahale, i\u015f\u00e7i ve i\u015fveren menfaatlerini hakkaniyetle dengelemek i\u00e7in h\u00e2kimin temel g\u00f6revidir.<\/p>\n
KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/p>\n
Akdo\u011fan \u0130brahim, \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131, Anemon Mu\u015f Alparslan \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C.8 S.3, s. 763-770, 2020.<\/p>\n
Aslan Ert\u00fcrk, Arzu, T\u00fcrk \u0130\u015f Hukukunda \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Sadakat Borcu, 1. B., O \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 2010.<\/p>\n
Atlan Kazan, H\u00fclya, \u0130\u015f \u0130li\u015fkisinde Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Legal \u0130\u015f Hukuku ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukuku Dergisi, C. 9, S. 36, s. 153- 189, 2012.<\/p>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fckdillan Neslihan, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Rekabet Etmeme Borcu (KTO Karatay \u00dcniversitesi, SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), Konya, 2019.<\/p>\n
\u00c7elik Nuri\/ Caniklio\u011flu Nur\u015fen\/ Canbolat Talat, \u0130\u015f Hukuku Dersleri, 31. B., Beta Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 2018.<\/p>\n
Demircio\u011flu Murat, Yarg\u0131tay Kararlar\u0131 I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Sorularla 4857 Say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Yasas\u0131, \u0130stanbul Ticaret Odas\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2.B., \u0130stanbul, 2009.<\/p>\n
Demirta\u015f Nevzer Sebla, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Rekabet Etmeme Borcu, Adalet Yay\u0131nevi, Ankara, 2012.<\/p>\n
Din\u00e7 Canan G\u00f6k\u00e7e, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 (Marmara \u00dcniversitesi SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), \u0130stanbul, 2011.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fan, Sevil, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 \u0130\u015f S\u0131rr\u0131n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131, 1. Bas\u0131m, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara, 2017.<\/p>\n
D\u00f6nmez, Kaz\u0131m Y\u00fccel, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Bor\u00e7lar\u0131, Ankara, 2000.<\/p>\n
Dursun, Yonca, \u0130\u015f Kanunu ve T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu Kapsam\u0131nda \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin \u0130\u015f G\u00f6rme ve Rekabet Etmeme Borcu, Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, Prof. Dr. \u015eeref Erta\u015f\u2019a Arma\u011fan, C. 19, \u00d6zel S., s. 2409-2449, 2017.<\/p>\n
Erdemo\u011flu Deniz, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, Legal \u0130\u015f Hukuku ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukuku Dergisi, S.21, 2009.<\/p>\n
Erta\u015f Kudret, T\u00fcrk Hukukunda \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Sadakat Borcu, Ankara, 1982.<\/p>\n
Esra Baskan, 6098 Say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu H\u00fck\u00fcmleri \u00c7er\u00e7evesinde Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Hacettepe \u00dcni. Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, 2012.<\/p>\n
Fevzi \u015eahlanan, Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Kurulmas\u0131, Ge\u00e7erlilik \u015eartlar\u0131, H\u00fck\u00fcmleri ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, \u0130\u015f Hukuku ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukukuna \u0130li\u015fkin Sorunlar ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00d6nerileri, \u0130stanbul Barosu-Galatasaray \u00dcniversitesi, 2008.<\/p>\n
\u0130zveren Adil\/Ak\u0131 Erol, \u0130\u015f Hukuku C. 1, Bireysel \u0130\u015f Hukuku, 1. B., \u0130zmir, 1999.<\/p>\n
Karag\u00f6z Veli, \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde Cezai \u015eart, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara, 2011.<\/p>\n
Kay\u0131rgan Hasan, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Sadakat Borcunun Genel Bir De\u011ferlendirmesi, Marmara \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Hukuk Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi, C.20 S. 1, s. 459-478, Haziran 2014.<\/p>\n
K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 \u00c7i\u011fdem, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 (Marmara \u00dcniversitesi, SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), \u0130stanbul, 2019.<\/p>\n
Kovanc\u0131, Nuray, T\u00fcrk \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, TAAD, S. 31, s. 769-800.<\/p>\n
Koyuncu Ahmet, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Sadakat Borcu ve \u0130\u015fverenle Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131, Sicil \u0130\u015f Hukuku Dergisi, 2009.<\/p>\n
Manav Eda, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Ge\u00e7erlilik Ko\u015fullar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye Barolar Birli\u011fi Dergisi, S. 87, s. 322-364.<\/p>\n
Mollamahmuto\u011flu Hamdi\/Astarl\u0131, Muhittin\/ Baysal, Ula\u015f, \u0130\u015f Hukuku Ders Kitab\u0131 C.1: Bireysel \u0130\u015f Hukuku, 2. B., Lykeion Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2018.<\/p>\n
O\u011fuzman Kemal\/Barlas Nami, Medeni Hukuk Giri\u015f Kaynaklar Temel Kavramlar, 27. B., On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k A.\u015e., \u0130stanbul, 2021.<\/p>\n
Soyer Polat, Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Ankara, 1994.<\/p>\n
Sulu Muhammed, Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, Marmara \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Hukuk Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi, C. 22, S. 1, s. 575 \u2013 600, 2016.<\/p>\n
S\u00fcmer Haluk Hadi, \u0130\u015f Hukuku, 26. B., Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara, 2022.<\/p>\n
S\u00fczek Sarper, \u0130\u015f Hukuku, 21. B., Beta Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 2021.<\/p>\n
Ta\u015fkent, Sava\u015f ve Mahmut Kabak\u00e7\u0131. \u201cRekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u201d. Sicil \u0130\u015f Hukuku Dergisi. Say\u0131:15, 2009, ss.21-47.<\/p>\n
Topalo\u011flu Pelin Akku\u015f, \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 Kayd\u0131 (\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi, SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), \u0130stanbul, 2018.<\/p>\n
Tun\u00e7oma\u011f Kenan\/ Centel Tankut, \u0130\u015f Hukukunun Esaslar\u0131, 2. B., \u0130stanbul 1999.<\/p>\n
Umut \u00d6zyurt, Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi ve Yasa\u011f\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, (Y\u0131ld\u0131z Teknik \u00dcniversitesi, SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), 2022.<\/p>\n
U\u015fan M. Fatih, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda \u0130\u015f S\u0131rr\u0131n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131, Ankara, 2003.<\/p>\n
Uysal Tuna B\u00fc\u015fra, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, Ankara, 2019.<\/p>\n
Y\u0131lmaz Ejder, Hukuk S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, 4. B., Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2011.<\/p>\n
————-<\/p>\n
[1] Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bak\u0131n\u0131z: K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 \u00c7i\u011fdem, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 (Marmara \u00dcniversitesi, SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), \u0130stanbul, 2019, s. 15-16; B\u00fcy\u00fckdillan Neslihan, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Rekabet Etmeme Borcu (KTO Karatay \u00dcniversitesi, SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), Konya, 2019, s.3-4; Kovanc\u0131, Nuray, T\u00fcrk \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, TAAD, S. 31, s. 769-800; Din\u00e7 Canan G\u00f6k\u00e7e, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 (Marmara \u00dcniversitesi SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), \u0130stanbul, 2011, s. 6.<\/p>\n
[2]Demircio\u011flu Murat, Yarg\u0131tay Kararlar\u0131 I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Sorularla 4857 Say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Yasas\u0131, \u0130stanbul Ticaret Odas\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2.B., \u0130stanbul, 2009, s. 88; Y\u0131lmaz Ejder, Hukuk S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, 4. B., Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2011, s. 625; Aslan Ert\u00fcrk, Arzu, T\u00fcrk \u0130\u015f Hukukunda \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Sadakat Borcu, 1. B., O \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 2010, s. 322.<\/p>\n
[3] S\u00fcmer Haluk Hadi, \u0130\u015f Hukuku, 26. B., Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara, 2022, s. 75; Uysal Tuna B\u00fc\u015fra, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, Ankara, 2019, s. 18.<\/p>\n
[4] Uysal Tuna, s. 21.<\/p>\n
[5] \u0130zveren Adil\/Ak\u0131 Erol, \u0130\u015f Hukuku C. 1, Bireysel \u0130\u015f Hukuku, 1. B., \u0130zmir, 1999, s. 194.<\/p>\n
[6] Erta\u015f Kudret, T\u00fcrk Hukukunda \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Sadakat Borcu, Ankara, 1982, s. 63; Demirta\u015f Nevzer Sebla, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Rekabet Etmeme Borcu, Adalet Yay\u0131nevi, Ankara, 2012, s. 53.<\/p>\n
[7] U\u015fan M. Fatih, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda \u0130\u015f S\u0131rr\u0131n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131, Ankara, 2003, s. 47.<\/p>\n
[8] U\u015fan, s. 47; \u00c7elik Nuri\/ Caniklio\u011flu Nur\u015fen\/ Canbolat Talat, \u0130\u015f Hukuku Dersleri, 31. B., Beta Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 2018, s. 300; S\u00fczek Sarper, \u0130\u015f Hukuku, 21. B., Beta Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 2021, s. 362; Mollamahmuto\u011flu Hamdi\/Astarl\u0131, Muhittin\/ Baysal, Ula\u015f, \u0130\u015f Hukuku Ders Kitab\u0131 C.1: Bireysel \u0130\u015f Hukuku, 2. B., Lykeion Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2018, s. 153; Manav Eda, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Ge\u00e7erlilik Ko\u015fullar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye Barolar Birli\u011fi Dergisi, S. 87, s. 322-364.<\/p>\n
[9] Mollamahmuto\u011flu vd. s. 149.<\/p>\n
[10] Demirta\u015f, s. 59.<\/p>\n
[11] O\u011fuzman Kemal\/Barlas Nami, Medeni Hukuk Giri\u015f Kaynaklar Temel Kavramlar, 27. B., On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k A.\u015e., \u0130stanbul, 2021, s. 173.<\/p>\n
[12] Demirta\u015f, s. 53.<\/p>\n
[13] Karag\u00f6z Veli, \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde Cezai \u015eart, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara, 2011, s. 240; Tun\u00e7oma\u011f Kenan\/ Centel Tankut, \u0130\u015f Hukukunun Esaslar\u0131, 2. B., \u0130stanbul 1999, s. 98-100.<\/p>\n
[14] \u00c7elik vd. s. 295.<\/p>\n
[15] \u00c7elik vd. s. 299.<\/p>\n
[16] Topalo\u011flu Pelin Akku\u015f, \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 Kayd\u0131 (\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi, SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), \u0130stanbul, 2018, s. 17.<\/p>\n
[17] Soyer Polat, Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Ankara, 1994, s. 32; U\u015fan, s. 255.<\/p>\n
[18] Soyer, s. 32.<\/p>\n
[19] Topalo\u011flu, s. 18<\/p>\n
[20] U\u015fan, s. 55; Do\u011fan Sevil, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 \u0130\u015f S\u0131rr\u0131n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131, 1. Bas\u0131m, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara, 2017, s. 84.<\/p>\n
[21] Do\u011fan, s. 84.<\/p>\n
[22] \u00c7elik vd. s. 300; Ta\u015fkent, Sava\u015f ve Mahmut Kabak\u00e7\u0131. \u201cRekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u201d. Sicil \u0130\u015f Hukuku Dergisi. Say\u0131:15, 2009, ss.21-47, s. 36; U\u015fan, s. 101<\/p>\n
[23] Ta\u015fkent\/ Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s. 34; Do\u011fan, s. 190; Sulu Muhammed, Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, Marmara \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Hukuk Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi, C. 22, S. 1, s. 575 \u2013 600, 2016, s. 595.<\/p>\n
[24] Ta\u015fkent\/Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s. 34.<\/p>\n
[25] Ta\u015fkent\/Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s. 34; Do\u011fan, s. 87.<\/p>\n
[26] Manav, s. 326.<\/p>\n
[27] U\u015fan, s. 57; Do\u011fan, s. 99<\/p>\n
[28] Soyer, s. 46; S\u00fczek, 2021, s. 363.<\/p>\n
[29] B\u00fcy\u00fckdillan, s. 113<\/p>\n
[30] Soyer, s. 39; S\u00fczek, 2021, s. 363; Manav, s. 326.<\/p>\n
[31] Soyer, s. 42; U\u015fan, s. 59; Kovanc\u0131, s. 777.<\/p>\n
[32] U\u015fan, s. 59; Kovanc\u0131, s. 777<\/p>\n
[33] Ta\u015fkent\/Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s. 35; Do\u011fan, s. 85.<\/p>\n
[34] Do\u011fan, s. 85; Ta\u015fkent\/Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s. 35<\/p>\n
[35] Yarg\u0131tay 9.HD, 2010\/25792 E., 2013\/10539 K., KT: 28.03.2013, https:\/\/karararama.yargitay.gov.tr\/ (Eri\u015fim Tarihi 08.04.2025); Kovanc\u0131, s. 777; Atlan Kazan, H\u00fclya, \u0130\u015f \u0130li\u015fkisinde Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Legal \u0130\u015f Hukuku ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukuku Dergisi, C. 9, S. 36, s. 153- 189, 2012, s. 162.<\/p>\n
[36] S\u00fczek, 2014, s. 458; Dursun, Yonca, \u0130\u015f Kanunu ve T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu Kapsam\u0131nda \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin \u0130\u015f G\u00f6rme ve Rekabet Etmeme Borcu, Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, Prof. Dr. \u015eeref Erta\u015f\u2019a Arma\u011fan, C. 19, \u00d6zel S., s. 2409-2449, 2017, s. 2433;<\/p>\n
[37] Soyer, s. 49; Sulu, s. 582.<\/p>\n
[38] \u201c\u2026 daval\u0131n\u0131n, davac\u0131 \u015firkette \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdeki g\u00f6revi gere\u011fi davac\u0131n\u0131n ticari s\u0131r say\u0131labilecek bilgilerine vak\u0131f olma imk\u00e2n\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, daval\u0131n\u0131n, i\u015fverenin m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi veya i\u015fverenin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fler hakk\u0131nda edindi\u011fi bilginin i\u015fverene \u00f6nemli bir zarar verecek nitelikte olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015fverene \u00f6nemli derecede zarar verildi\u011fine ili\u015fkin somut bir delilin dosyada bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle davan\u0131n reddine karar verilmesi gerekirken\u2026\u201d Yarg\u0131tay 11. HD., 2021\/610 E. 2022\/3148 K. T. 19.4.2022 https:\/\/karararama.yargitay.gov.tr\/ (Eri\u015fim Tarihi 10.04.2025).<\/p>\n
[39] \u201c\u2026 Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada i\u015f\u00e7i fiil ehliyetine sahip de\u011filse, yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekil \u015fart\u0131na uyulmam\u0131\u015fsa, i\u015f\u00e7inin, i\u015fverenin m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi, \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131 veya i\u015fyerinde yap\u0131lan i\u015fler hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinme olana\u011f\u0131 bulunmuyorsa ya da i\u015fverene \u00f6nemli bir zarar verme ihtimali yoksa rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ge\u00e7ersizdir\u2026\u201d HGK., 2019\/447 E. 2022\/315 K., T. 15.3.2022 https:\/\/karararama.yargitay.gov.tr\/ (Eri\u015fim Tarihi 10.04.2025).<\/p>\n
[40] U\u015fan, s. 231; D\u00f6nmez, Kaz\u0131m Y\u00fccel, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Bor\u00e7lar\u0131, Ankara, 2000, s. 232.<\/p>\n
[41] D\u00f6nmez, s. 233.<\/p>\n
[42] D\u00f6nmez, s. 233.<\/p>\n
[43] \u201c\u2026Dosyadaki bilgi ve belgelerden daval\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7inin evde bak\u0131m hem\u015firesi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revi itibar\u0131yla davac\u0131 i\u015fverenin m\u00fc\u015fterilerini tan\u0131mak veya i\u015flerin esrar\u0131na n\u00fcfuz etmek gibi belirtilen bir konumda bulundu\u011fu ve i\u015fverene \u00f6nemli bir zarar verilmesi ihtimalinin oldu\u011fu kan\u0131tlanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sebeple davan\u0131n reddi gerekir\u201d 9. HD., 2009\/1286 E. 2011\/3918 K. T. 18.02.2011 https:\/\/karararama.yargitay.gov.tr\/ (Eri\u015fim Tarihi 10.04.2025).<\/p>\n
[44] Ta\u015fkent\/ Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s. 25.<\/p>\n
[45] U\u015fan, s. 231.<\/p>\n
[46] S\u00fczek, 2014, s. 459; Kay\u0131rgan Hasan, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Sadakat Borcunun Genel Bir De\u011ferlendirmesi, Marmara \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Hukuk Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi, C.20 S. 1, s. 459-478, Haziran 2014, s. 470; Akdo\u011fan \u0130brahim, \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131, Anemon Mu\u015f Alparslan \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C.8 S.3, s. 763-770, 2020, s. 768.<\/p>\n
[47] U\u015fan, s. 23.<\/p>\n
[48] S\u00fczek, 2014, s. 460; Demirta\u015f, s. 73; Kovanc\u0131, s. 782.<\/p>\n
[49] Ta\u015fkent\/Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s. 28.<\/p>\n
[50] Ta\u015fkent\/Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s. 27.<\/p>\n
[51] S\u00fczek, 2014, s. 460; Kay\u0131rgan, s. 470.<\/p>\n
[52] Erdemo\u011flu Deniz, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, Legal \u0130\u015f Hukuku ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukuku Dergisi, S.21, 2009, s.151<\/p>\n
[53] Ahmet Koyuncu, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Sadakat Borcu ve \u0130\u015fverenle Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131, Sicil \u0130\u015f Hukuku Dergisi, 2009, s.91<\/p>\n
[54] Erdemo\u011flu, s.151<\/p>\n
[55] Yarg\u0131tay 11.HD., T. 04.11.2015, 2015\/4570 E., 2015\/11551 K.<\/p>\n
[56] Soyer, s.67.<\/p>\n
[57] Uysal, s.94.<\/p>\n
[58] Ayr\u0131ca bkz. \u0130stanbul B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi 13.HD., 2017\/1062 E., 2018\/592 K., T. 13.06.2018.<\/p>\n
[59] Manav, s.348.<\/p>\n
[60] Ta\u015fkent\/Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s.30<\/p>\n
[61] Esra Baskan, 6098 Say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu H\u00fck\u00fcmleri \u00c7er\u00e7evesinde Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Hacettepe \u00dcni. Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, 2012, s.121.<\/p>\n
[62] Fevzi \u015eahlanan, Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Kurulmas\u0131, Ge\u00e7erlilik \u015eartlar\u0131, H\u00fck\u00fcmleri ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, \u0130\u015f Hukuku ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukukuna \u0130li\u015fkin Sorunlar ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00d6nerileri, \u0130stanbul Barosu-Galatasaray \u00dcniversitesi, 2008, s.80.<\/p>\n
[63] Uysal, s.89.<\/p>\n
[64] Yarg\u0131tay 11.HD., 2016\/11049 E., 2018\/3315 K., T: 05.05.2018: \u201c\u2026Davac\u0131 vekili, daval\u0131 taraf\u0131n m\u00fcvekkili firmada belirsiz s\u00fcreli i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile orta d\u00fczeyde y\u00f6netici konumunda “Silindir Haz\u0131rlama Eleman\u0131” olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sigortal\u0131yken i\u015f ili\u015fkisinin emeklilik nedeniyle sona erdi\u011fini, daval\u0131 yan\u0131n m\u00fcvekkili \u015firkette i\u015fe ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihte m\u00fcvekkili \u015firket ile daval\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir \u201cRekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u201d imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye g\u00f6re daval\u0131 yan\u0131n her ne sebeple olursa olsun i\u015ften ayr\u0131lmas\u0131ndan itibaren 3 y\u0131l s\u00fcre ile ambalaj sekt\u00f6r\u00fcyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmak \u00fczere m\u00fcvekkili i\u015fverenin i\u015ftigal etti\u011fi i\u015f dal\u0131nda kendi nam\u0131na i\u015f kurmamay\u0131, rakip bir firmada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmamay\u0131, rakip firmalarda ortak olmamay\u0131 kabul ve taahh\u00fct etti\u011fini, m\u00fcvekkili \u015firketin i\u015ftigal konusunun ambalaj sekt\u00f6r\u00fc oldu\u011funu, daval\u0131 yan\u0131n m\u00fcvekkil \u015firketten ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra m\u00fcvekkil \u015firket gibi ambalaj sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde i\u015ftigal eden …. Ambalaj San. ve Tic. A.\u015e unvanl\u0131 i\u015f yerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ileri s\u00fcrerek karar verilmesini talep ve dava etmi\u015ftir. Daval\u0131 vekili, m\u00fcvekkilinin …\u2019de kurulu olan …Ambalaj San. ve Tic. A.\u015e unvanl\u0131 i\u015f yerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, davac\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fin \u00fclkemizdeki t\u00fcm ambalaj sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn bas\u0131m b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde birbirinin ayn\u0131 olan, her i\u015f yerinde ayn\u0131 usul ve teknikle yap\u0131lan, ayr\u0131 bir tekni\u011fi ve s\u0131rr\u0131 olmayan, s\u0131radan mekanik bir i\u015f oldu\u011funu, m\u00fcvekkilinin herhangi bir s\u0131r ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bildi\u011fi mesle\u011fi icra etti\u011fini savunarak davan\u0131n reddini istemi\u015ftir. Mahkemece t\u00fcm dosya kapsam\u0131na g\u00f6re; taraflar aras\u0131ndaki rekabet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin TBK’n\u0131n 445\/1. maddesinde yer alan emredici nitelikteki 2 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcreyi a\u015far \u015fekilde 3 y\u0131l i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f oldu\u011fundan ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu, daval\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmede \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen …. B\u00f6lgeleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu herkes\u00e7e bilinen … ilinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmede \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen cezai \u015fart alaca\u011f\u0131ndan sorumlu tutulmas\u0131na da hukuki olanak bulunamayaca\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle davan\u0131n reddine karar verilmi\u015ftir\u2026\u201d Yarg\u0131tay Karar Arama Bilgi Bankas\u0131, Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 16.04.2025.<\/p>\n
[65] Do\u011fan, s.109.<\/p>\n
[66] Manav, s.364.<\/p>\n
[67] Soyer, s.65.<\/p>\n
[68] U\u015fan, s.240<\/p>\n
[69] Uysal, s.92.<\/p>\n
[70] Soyer, s.65<\/p>\n
[71] Uysal, s.99<\/p>\n
[72] Ayr\u0131ca Bkz.Yarg\u0131tay 9.HD., 2009\/26954 E., 2009\/36971 K., T. 24.12.2009.<\/p>\n
[73] Soyer, s.68.<\/p>\n
[74] Koyuncu, s.93.<\/p>\n
[75] Soyer, s.67.<\/p>\n
[76] Umut \u00d6zyurt, Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi ve Yasa\u011f\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, (Y\u0131ld\u0131z Teknik \u00fcniversitesi, SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), 2022, s. 57.<\/p>\n
[77] U\u015fan, s.247.<\/p>\n
[78] Soyer, s.68<\/p>\n
[79] Yarg\u0131tay 11.HD., 2015\/6056 E., 2015\/13417 K., T. 14.12.2015: \u201c\u2026Daval\u0131 vekili, m\u00fcvekkilinin dava d\u0131\u015f\u0131… Metal Mak. San. Tic. Ltd. \u015eti. firmas\u0131nda sadece yedi g\u00fcn s\u00fcreyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda sadece firman\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fi ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fler ile ilgili e\u011fitim seminerlerine kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, firman\u0131n hi\u00e7bir m\u00fc\u015fterisine yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve s\u00f6zl\u00fc olarak bir teklif vermedi\u011fini, davac\u0131 \u015firket ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u015firketin ana faaliyet alanlar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunarak, davan\u0131n reddini istemi\u015ftir. Mahkemece iddia, savunma, toplanan deliller ve dosya kapsam\u0131na g\u00f6re, daval\u0131n\u0131n davac\u0131 \u015firkette pazarlama yetkilisi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, davac\u0131 \u015firketten ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre dava d\u0131\u015f\u0131… Metal Mak. San. Tic. Ltd. \u015eti’nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, her iki \u015firketin faaliyet alanlar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, davac\u0131n\u0131n rakip firmalara teklif g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, gizlilik h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve haks\u0131z rekabette bulundu\u011fu iddia edilmi\u015f ise de, bu iddialar\u0131 ispatlar delil ve belge sunulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, davac\u0131n\u0131n sadece on g\u00fcn…. Metal Mak. San. Ltd. \u015eti’nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n gizlilik yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ihlali ve haks\u0131z rekabet olu\u015fturmayaca\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle, davan\u0131n reddine karar verilmi\u015ftir\u2026\u201d Yarg\u0131tay Karar Arama Bilgi Bankas\u0131, Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 29.04.2025.<\/p>\n
[80] Manav, s.350.<\/p>\n
[81] U\u015fan, s.247.<\/p>\n
[82] Uysal, s.102.<\/p>\n
[83] Soyer, s.73.<\/p>\n
[84] Yarg\u0131tay 11.HD., 2015\/12450 E., 2016\/6672 K., T.16.06.2016: \u201c\u2026Mahkemece, iddia, savunma ve t\u00fcm dosya kapsam\u0131na g\u00f6re, davac\u0131 ile daval\u0131lar aras\u0131nda imzalanan ”Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi”nin 4. maddesinde rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n co\u011frafi s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ”T\u00fcm D\u00fcnya” olarak belirlendi\u011fi, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin …’n\u0131n 27 maddesi gere\u011fince kesin olarak h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz oldu\u011fu, davac\u0131 vekili dava dilek\u00e7esinde BK’n\u0131n 445\/2 maddesi gere\u011fince rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131nda yer s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n, davac\u0131 \u015firket merkezinin ve ana faaliyet yerinin … ili olmas\u0131 nedeniyle … ili ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini beyan etmi\u015f ise de an\u0131lan maddenin uygulanabilmesi, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin hakim taraf\u0131ndan hakkaniyete uygun bi\u00e7imde kapsam ve s\u00fcresinin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck haline ula\u015fmayacak \u015fekilde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 nitelikte rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri i\u00e7ermesi gerekti\u011fi, somut olayda …’n\u0131n 27.maddesi gere\u011fince s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin akdedildi\u011fi andan itibaren kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck hali i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu, bu nedenle ayn\u0131 Yasa’n\u0131n 445\/2. maddesinin somut olayda uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle davan\u0131n reddine karar verilmi\u015ftir\u2026\u201d Yarg\u0131tay Karar Arama Bilgi Bankas\u0131, Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 21.11.2021.<\/p>\n
[85] Uysal, s.105.<\/p>\n
\u200b\u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kapsam\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i, pozisyonu gere\u011fi i\u015fyerindeki \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131na, i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131na veya m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresine eri\u015febilir. Bu bilgiler, i\u015fveren i\u00e7in korunmas\u0131 gereken de\u011ferli varl\u0131klard\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015f ili\u015fkisi s\u00fcresince sadakat borcu nedeniyle bu bilgileri kendi lehine kullanamaz. \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erdi\u011finde sadakat borcu biter ve i\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015fverenin s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak rakip bir i\u015fletme kurabilir, rakip i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir veya ba\u015fka bir menfaat ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7ine girebilir. Bu durumda i\u015fverenin korunmaya de\u011fer hakl\u0131 menfaati do\u011far ve i\u015fveren, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle kendini koruyabilir.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7i, Anayasa ile g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahiptir; bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7inin korunmaya de\u011fer hakl\u0131 menfaatini olu\u015fturur. \u0130\u015fverenin ise s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n rakip i\u015fletmelerce kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemede menfaati vard\u0131r. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan menfaatleri dengelemeyi ama\u00e7lar. \u0130\u015fverenin rekabeti engellemesini sa\u011flarken, i\u015f\u00e7inin ge\u00e7imini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilece\u011fi alan\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in yasa\u011f\u0131n yer, zaman ve konu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015far.<\/p>\n
K\u00fcreselle\u015fme ve teknolojinin h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fimi, i\u015fletmelerin rekabet ortam\u0131nda ayakta kalabilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemleri ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir m\u00fc\u015fteri portf\u00f6y\u00fc olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131yor. \u0130\u015fletmelerin \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131, i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131 ve m\u00fc\u015fteri bilgileri, rakiplerden korunmas\u0131 gereken de\u011ferli varl\u0131klard\u0131r. T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu\u2019nun (TTK) haks\u0131z rekabet h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, bu s\u0131rlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131nda tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunar. Ancak, i\u015fverene ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7iler, pozisyonlar\u0131na g\u00f6re bu bilgilere eri\u015febilir ve bu, i\u015fveren i\u00e7in risk olu\u015fturur.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi s\u00fcresince sadakat borcu gere\u011fi i\u015fvereniyle rekabet edemez, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu, T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun (TBK) 396. maddesindeki d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck ilkesine ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erdi\u011finde ise sadakat borcu biter ve i\u015f\u00e7i, Anayasa\u2019n\u0131n 48. maddesiyle korunan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda ayn\u0131 sekt\u00f6rde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir, kendi i\u015fletmesini kurabilir veya ortak olabilir. \u0130\u015fverenin yaln\u0131zca sona ermi\u015f bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye dayanarak bunu engellemesi hukuken m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7inin bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te i\u015fverenin s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmas\u0131, i\u015fverenin faaliyetlerini olumsuz etkileyebilir ve korunmaya de\u011fer hakl\u0131 menfaatlerine zarar verebilir. \u00d6te yandan, eme\u011fiyle ge\u00e7inen i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131, Anayasa\u2019ya ve ahlaka ayk\u0131r\u0131 olabilir. Bu nedenle, i\u015f\u00e7inin serbest\u00e7e \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam etmesi \u00f6nemli bir menfaattir. \u0130\u015fverenin ise s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n rakip i\u015fletmelerce kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemede hakl\u0131 menfaatleri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Bu menfaat \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in TBK\u2019n\u0131n 444-447. maddeleri, i\u015f\u00e7i ve i\u015fveren aras\u0131nda denge kurmay\u0131 hedefler. \u0130\u015fverene, i\u015f ili\u015fkisi sona erdikten sonra i\u015f\u00e7inin rekabetini engelleme hakk\u0131 tan\u0131rken, i\u015f\u00e7inin ge\u00e7imini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi i\u00e7in yasa\u011f\u0131n yer, zaman ve konu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015far. \u00d6\u011fretide, kar\u015f\u0131 edim (i\u015fverenin i\u015f\u00e7iye ek \u00f6deme yapmas\u0131) de menfaat dengesi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan menfaatler adil bir \u015fekilde dengelenir.<\/p>\n
I. Genel Olarak Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi<\/p>\n
Serbest piyasa ekonomisinde, ticari ili\u015fkilerin geli\u015fip b\u00fcy\u00fcmesini destekleyen birtak\u0131m ilkeler kabul edilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fme serbestisi ilkesi gelir. Bir ba\u015fka anlat\u0131mla piyasada bulunan akt\u00f6rler, kanunla yasaklanmam\u0131\u015f hususlar\u0131n tamam\u0131nda s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmada serbesttirler. S\u00f6zle\u015fme serbestisinin do\u011fal sonucu rekabet serbestisidir. Liberal ekonomilerde rekabet desteklenir. Fakat baz\u0131 hallerde rekabet, ekonomik i\u015fleyi\u015fe, piyasaya faydadan \u00e7ok zarar getirebilmektedir. Bu gibi durumlar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek maksad\u0131yla kanunlarda baz\u0131 d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131larak[1] kanun veya s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerle rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 getirme imkan\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[2].<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f hukuku anlam\u0131nda rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler ise, hizmet (i\u015f) s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi devam etti\u011fi m\u00fcddet boyunca ge\u00e7erli olan rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ve hizmet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erdikten sonra y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131lmaktad\u0131r[3].<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f hukuku dahilinde, i\u015f ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7erisinde bulunan i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00f6zen ve sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kapsam\u0131na rekabet etmeme borcu da girer. 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu m. 396\/3\u2019e g\u00f6re: \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7i, hizmet ili\u015fkisi devam etti\u011fi s\u00fcrece, sadakat borcuna ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak bir \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015fiye hizmette bulunamaz ve \u00f6zellikle kendi i\u015fvereni ile rekabete giri\u015femez.\u201d S\u00f6z konusu madde ile ayr\u0131ca i\u015f\u00e7inin rekabet olu\u015fturacak davran\u0131\u015flardan ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi hususunda bir d\u00fczenlemeye gerek kalmam\u0131\u015f, kanundan do\u011fan rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc halini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[4].<\/p>\n
\u00d6\u011fretide baz\u0131 yazarlar taraf\u0131ndan, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fvereni ile rekabet te\u015fkil edecek \u015fekilde i\u015f yeri a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131n kanunda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a yasaklanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, bu durumun ancak haks\u0131z rekabet olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131 savunulmu\u015ftur[5]. Di\u011fer bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re ise rekabetin haks\u0131z olmas\u0131na gerek kalmadan sadece rekabet olu\u015fturan hareketler sadakat borcunu ihlal edecektir[6].<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden kaynaklanan bir d\u00fczenleme olarak \u00f6zellikle i\u015f ili\u015fkisinin sona ermesinden sonra \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r[7]. Bu ba\u011flamda, i\u015f ili\u015fkisi ba\u015flarken i\u015f\u00e7inin s\u00f6zle\u015fme bitiminde rekabetten ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak bir madde i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine eklenebilir ya da ayr\u0131 bir anla\u015fma yoluyla bu konuda gerekli d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131labilir[8].<\/p>\n
A. Konusu, Hukuki Dayanak, Rekabet Etmeme Borcu<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015fverenin yan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, her iki taraf i\u00e7in de di\u011ferinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 koruma y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar[9]. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu, sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn temelini d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck ilkesi olu\u015fturur[10]. D\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck ilkesi, TMK m. 2\u2019de \u201cHerkes, haklar\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131rken ve bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 yerine getirirken d\u00fcr\u00fcstl\u00fck kurallar\u0131na uymakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr\u201d \u015feklinde ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Bu ilke, genel ahlaki de\u011ferler, gelenekler ve ili\u015fkilerin amac\u0131na uygun olarak toplum bireylerinin sergilemesi beklenen namuslu ve d\u00fcr\u00fcst davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imini yans\u0131t\u0131r[11].<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi boyunca i\u015f\u00e7iden beklenen sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, rekabet etmeme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc de i\u00e7erir ve bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck, TBK 396. maddesinin 3. f\u0131kras\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r: \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7i, hizmet ili\u015fkisi s\u00fcresince sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak \u00fccret kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir ki\u015fiye hizmet sunamaz ve \u00f6zellikle i\u015fvereniyle rekabet edecek faaliyetlerde bulunamaz.\u201d<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f hukuku uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131nda da ge\u00e7erli olan bu h\u00fckm\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131k ifadesine g\u00f6re, i\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015f ili\u015fkisi devam ederken i\u015fverene zarar verebilecek nitelikte ba\u015fka bir i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz veya kendi ad\u0131na i\u015f yapamaz. Ancak i\u015f\u00e7inin, i\u015f g\u00f6rme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc aksatmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece rekabet olu\u015fturmayan bir i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131 say\u0131lmaz[12]. \u0130\u015f\u00e7isinin rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 faaliyetlerde bulundu\u011funu \u00f6\u011frenen i\u015fveren, \u0130\u015f Kanunu\u2019nun 25\/2-e maddesi uyar\u0131nca, \u201c\u0130\u015f\u00e7inin, i\u015fverenin g\u00fcvenini k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullanmas\u0131, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k yapmas\u0131, i\u015fverenin meslek s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 if\u015fa etmesi gibi do\u011fruluk ve ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ayk\u0131r\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flarda bulunmas\u0131\u201d h\u00fckm\u00fcne dayanarak i\u015f ili\u015fkisini hakl\u0131 nedenle feshedebilir ve tazminat talep edebilir[13].<\/p>\n
Sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, olumlu ve olumsuz y\u00f6nleriyle kendini g\u00f6sterir; olumlu y\u00f6n\u00fc, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fi i\u015fverenin menfaatine uygun \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fctmesi iken, \u0130\u015f Kanunu\u2019nun 25. maddesi sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn olumsuz y\u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc olu\u015fturur[14]. \u0130\u015f ili\u015fkisi s\u00fcresince ge\u00e7erli olan rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131, taraflar\u0131n ayr\u0131ca bir d\u00fczenleme yapmas\u0131na gerek kalmadan h\u00fck\u00fcm ve sonu\u00e7 do\u011furur[15]. Ancak h\u00fckm\u00fcn do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi, taraflar aralar\u0131nda aksi bir anla\u015fma yaparak rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 etkisiz k\u0131labilirler.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erdikten sonra ise durum bunun tam tersidir; burada rekabet serbestisi as\u0131l olup, yasa\u011f\u0131 istisna te\u015fkil eder. Taraflar\u0131n i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi bittikten sonra rekabetin k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu konuda bir s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmalar\u0131 gerekmektedir. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131yla ilgili i\u015f mevzuat\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k bir d\u00fczenleme bulunmamas\u0131 nedeniyle, TBK\u2019daki h\u00fck\u00fcmler bu alanda da ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 444. maddesine g\u00f6re, i\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015fvereniyle rekabet etmemeyi taahh\u00fct edebilir; bu, \u00f6zellikle kendi ad\u0131na rakip bir i\u015fletme kurarak, rakip bir i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak ya da rakip i\u015fletmeyle ba\u015fka bir \u00e7\u0131kar ili\u015fkisi kurarak rekabet etmeme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7erir. H\u00fck\u00fcmde \u201ckendi hesab\u0131na\u201d ifadesi yer alsa da bu, i\u015f\u00e7inin kendi nam ve hesab\u0131na bir i\u015fletme a\u00e7mas\u0131 \u015feklinde anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r[16]. Rakip bir i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ise geni\u015f bir \u015fekilde yorumlanmal\u0131; acentelik, dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k gibi ili\u015fkiler de bu kapsamda de\u011ferlendirilmelidir[17]. Ancak hat\u0131r i\u00e7in verilen yard\u0131mlar ya da dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k, bir i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olarak nitelendirilmeyebilir[18].<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7i, rakip bir i\u015fletmeyle menfaat ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7indeyken, bu i\u015fletmede do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 olarak etkili bir rol \u00fcstlenmelidir. \u0130\u015fletmeye sermaye sa\u011flama, giri\u015fimlerini destekleme, k\u00e2r ve zarara ortak olma, \u00f6nceki i\u015finde edindi\u011fi bilgilerle i\u015fletmenin y\u00f6netimine katk\u0131da bulunma, teknik bilgi veya dan\u0131\u015fmanl\u0131k sunma gibi faaliyetler bu kapsamda ele al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r[19].<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 444. maddesindeki \u201c\u2026herhangi bir bi\u00e7imde onunla rekabet etmekten, \u00f6zellikle kendi hesab\u0131na rakip bir i\u015fletme a\u00e7maktan, ba\u015fka bir rakip i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan veya bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, rakip i\u015fletmeyle ba\u015fka t\u00fcrden bir menfaat ili\u015fkisine giri\u015fmekten ka\u00e7\u0131nmay\u0131\u2026\u201d ifadesinden a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, i\u015f\u00e7i, kanunda belirtilenlerin \u00f6tesinde herhangi bir \u015fekilde i\u015fvereniyle rekabete girebilir ve bu durum rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturabilir.<\/p>\n
B. Ge\u00e7erlilik \u015eartlar\u0131<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, as\u0131l i\u015f ili\u015fkisine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir yan s\u00f6zle\u015fme niteli\u011findedir[20]. Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle, i\u015f\u00e7i ile i\u015fveren aras\u0131nda i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin eki olarak veya ayr\u0131 bir \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlenen rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, yaln\u0131zca i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu s\u00fcrece h\u00fck\u00fcm ve sonu\u00e7 do\u011furur. Bu durum, TBK\u2019da rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hizmet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r[21].<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin t\u00fcr\u00fc (belirli veya belirsiz, tam zamanl\u0131 veya k\u0131smi) rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan herhangi bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturmaz[22]. Deneme s\u00fcreli i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde, deneme s\u00fcresi i\u00e7inde i\u015f ili\u015fkisinin sona ermesi durumunda, genel g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin deneme s\u00fcresinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda imzalanmas\u0131yla rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da bu tarihten itibaren edinilen bilgiler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir; ancak, i\u015f\u00e7inin deneme s\u00fcresi boyunca i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131na ve m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresine ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde eri\u015fti\u011fi, her bir somut olay \u00f6zelinde de\u011ferlendirilmelidir[23].<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin hangi anda yap\u0131labilece\u011fi konusunda kesin bir netlik yoktur. \u0130\u015f ili\u015fkisinin sona ermesinden sonra d\u00fczenlenen rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131, i\u015fverenin korunmaya de\u011fer hakl\u0131 bir menfaati bulunmamas\u0131 nedeniyle TBK\u2019n\u0131n 444. maddesi h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine tabi olmayacakt\u0131r[24].<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f ili\u015fkisinin ihbar s\u00fcresine uyularak feshedilmesi halinde, ihbar s\u00fcresi boyunca i\u015f ili\u015fkisi devam etti\u011fi i\u00e7in rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u015f s\u00fcresince oldu\u011fu gibi ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrece\u011fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r[25]. Sonu\u00e7 olarak, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n durumu i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine ba\u011fl\u0131 olsa da, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7ersiz olmas\u0131, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini etkilemeyecektir[26].<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 444. maddesinde rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin genel kurallar d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f olup, maddeye g\u00f6re: \u201cFiil ehliyetine sahip olan i\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin bitiminden sonra herhangi bir \u015fekilde onunla rekabetten, \u00f6zellikle kendi ad\u0131na rakip bir i\u015fletme kurmaktan, ba\u015fka bir rakip i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktan veya rakip i\u015fletmeyle ba\u015fka t\u00fcr bir \u00e7\u0131kar ili\u015fkisi kurmaktan yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak ka\u00e7\u0131nmay\u0131 taahh\u00fct edebilir.\u201d<\/p>\n
Bunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, eski 818 say\u0131l\u0131 Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu\u2019nun 348. maddesi uyar\u0131nca rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erli olabilmesi i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7inin re\u015fit olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 aranmaktayd\u0131; ancak kanun de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fiyle bu \u015fart kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz hukuk sistemine g\u00f6re, i\u015f\u00e7inin rekabet etmeme taahh\u00fcd\u00fcnde bulunabilmesi i\u00e7in re\u015fit olmas\u0131, ay\u0131rt etme g\u00fcc\u00fcne sahip olmas\u0131 ve k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olmamas\u0131 yeterlidir. Bu ba\u011flamda, ki\u015finin r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcn\u00fc evlenme yoluyla veya mahkeme karar\u0131yla elde etmesi gibi durumlar bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k olu\u015fturmaz[27]. Ayr\u0131ca, fiil ehliyeti bulunmayan bir i\u015f\u00e7i ad\u0131na, yasal temsilcisi taraf\u0131ndan veya yasal temsilcinin onay\u0131yla dahi rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi akdedilemez[28]. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin fiil ehliyetine sahip olmamas\u0131 durumunda, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ge\u00e7ersizdir ve i\u015f\u00e7i sonradan fiil ehliyeti kazansa bile bu ge\u00e7ersiz s\u00f6zle\u015fme ge\u00e7erli hale gelmez[29].<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak yap\u0131lmamas\u0131, kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck sonucunu do\u011furur[30]. TBK\u2019n\u0131n 444. maddesindeki yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekil \u015fart\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7inin s\u00f6zl\u00fc anla\u015fmalara k\u0131yasla daha dikkatli davranmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla i\u015f\u00e7iyi korumak i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr[31]. Bu ba\u011flamda, adi yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekil yeterli kabul edilir[32].<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde yaln\u0131zca i\u015f\u00e7i y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck alt\u0131na giriyorsa i\u015f\u00e7inin imzas\u0131 yeterlidir; ancak i\u015fverenin de y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck \u00fcstlenmesi durumunda her iki taraf\u0131n imzas\u0131 gereklidir[33]. Olas\u0131 bir uyu\u015fmazl\u0131kta, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispat etme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u015fverene aittir[34].<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 13. maddesine g\u00f6re, belirli bir \u015fekil \u015fart\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak kurulan i\u015flemlerin \u015fartlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilmek istendi\u011finde ayn\u0131 \u015fekil \u015fartlar\u0131na uyulmal\u0131d\u0131r; ancak rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin i\u015f\u00e7inin menfaatlerini koruma amac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 nedeniyle, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin sona erdirilmesi i\u00e7in yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekil \u015fart\u0131 aranmaz[35].<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, i\u015f\u00e7inin \u015fahs\u0131yla s\u0131k\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131ya ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 bir s\u00f6zle\u015fmedir. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131na eri\u015febilece\u011fi bir i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 \u015fartt\u0131r. Bu nedenle, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde standart bir \u015fekilde d\u00fczenlenemez ya da i\u015fyeri i\u00e7 y\u00f6netmelikleriyle h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131namaz[36].<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 444\/2. maddesi, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini, hizmet ili\u015fkisinin i\u015f\u00e7iye m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi, \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131 veya i\u015fverenin faaliyetleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinme olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 ve bu bilgilerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 durumunda i\u015fverenin \u00f6nemli bir zarara u\u011framas\u0131 ko\u015fuluna ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r[37]. Hakl\u0131 menfaatin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispat etme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u015fverene aittir.<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay ve B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi uygulamalar\u0131na bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda mahkemelerin, i\u015f ili\u015fkisi, ehliyet ve \u015fekil incelemelerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, hizmet ili\u015fkisinin i\u015f\u00e7iye m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi, \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131 veya i\u015fverenin faaliyetleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinme imk\u00e2n\u0131 sa\u011flay\u0131p sa\u011flamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bu bilgilerin kullan\u0131m\u0131yla i\u015fverenin \u00f6nemli bir zarara u\u011fray\u0131p u\u011framayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir[38]. Ayr\u0131ca, mahkemeler bu incelemeler neticesinde tazminat veya cezai \u015fart \u00f6denip \u00f6denmeyece\u011fine karar vermektedir.<\/p>\n
Kanunun a\u00e7\u0131k ifadesinde, i\u015f\u00e7inin m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi, \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131 veya i\u015fverenin faaliyetleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinme imk\u00e2n\u0131na sahip olmas\u0131 ve bu bilgilerin kullan\u0131m\u0131yla i\u015fverenin \u00f6nemli bir zarara u\u011framas\u0131 durumunda rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin ge\u00e7erli olaca\u011f\u0131 belirtildi\u011finden, Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n bir karar\u0131nda[39] da benzer ifadeler kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada i\u015f ili\u015fkisi, ehliyet, \u015fekil, m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi, i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131na eri\u015fim ve i\u015fverenin zarara u\u011frama unsurlar\u0131, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erlilik ko\u015fullar\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda birlikte ele al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
M\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi ve i\u015f\u00e7inin m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin ge\u00e7erlilik ko\u015fullar\u0131ndan biridir. T\u00fcrk Dil Kurumu\u2019na g\u00f6re m\u00fc\u015fteri, hizmet veya mal sat\u0131n alan ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fccret \u00f6deyen ki\u015fidir. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda ise m\u00fc\u015fteri, bir sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 ile belirli bir s\u00fcre boyunca az ya da \u00e7ok ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde bulunan ki\u015fidir. Tek seferlik al\u0131m sat\u0131m ili\u015fkisi kuranlar veya potansiyel al\u0131c\u0131lar m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmez[40].<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7inin yaln\u0131zca m\u00fc\u015fterilerin isimlerini bilmesi yeterli olmay\u0131p; m\u00fc\u015fterilerin ad-soyad, meslek, telefon numaras\u0131, i\u015fverenle ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri i\u015flemlerin kapsam\u0131, ald\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin t\u00fcr\u00fc ve miktar\u0131 ile al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bilgileri bilmesi ve bu bilgileri kendi ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullanabilecek durumda olmas\u0131 gerekir[41]. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin bu bilgilere eri\u015fiminin de\u011ferlendirilmesinde i\u015f\u00e7inin pozisyonu \u00f6nemli bir rol oynar. Vas\u0131fl\u0131 ya da y\u00f6netici pozisyonundaki i\u015f\u00e7ilerin, i\u015fin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in gerekli oldu\u011fundan, bu t\u00fcr bilgilere eri\u015fimi daha kolay ve kapsaml\u0131d\u0131r[42].<\/p>\n
Uygulamada, baz\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7ilerin bu bilgilere eri\u015fimi ola\u011fan olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, onlar ad\u0131na yap\u0131lan rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri hukuki sonu\u00e7 do\u011furmaz[43]. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7inin bu bilgilere fiilen eri\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131 aranmaz; bu bilgilere eri\u015fme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 yeterlidir[44]. Ayr\u0131ca, i\u015f\u00e7inin ki\u015fisel nitelikleri veya sosyal \u00e7evresi yoluyla olu\u015fturdu\u011fu m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresinin bu kapsama girip girmeyece\u011fi de dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu durumda, \u00f6rne\u011fin bir avukat, doktor ya da kuaf\u00f6r gibi i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015ften ayr\u0131lmas\u0131yla i\u015fverenin zarar g\u00f6rmesi kuvvetle muhtemel olsa bile, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131l\u0131r[45].<\/p>\n
Bir di\u011fer \u015fart, \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131 ve i\u015fverenin i\u015fleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r. TBK\u2019da bu d\u00fczenleme, \u201ci\u015fverenin i\u015fleri hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibi olmak\u201d \u015feklinde ifade edilmi\u015ftir. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 d\u00fczenlemelerinin genel yap\u0131s\u0131 gere\u011fi, bu ifade dar bir \u015fekilde yorumlanmal\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00dcretim s\u0131rr\u0131, i\u015fverenin i\u015fletmesine ili\u015fkin bilimsel, teknik ve ticari bilgiler olup, yaln\u0131zca s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir ki\u015fi ya da grup taraf\u0131ndan bilinen ve ba\u015fkalar\u0131nca kolayca \u00f6\u011frenilemeyen bilgilerdir. K\u0131sacas\u0131, i\u015fletmenin mahremiyetiyle ilgili ve i\u015fverenin gizli kalmas\u0131nda menfaati bulunan bilgiler bu kapsamdad\u0131r[46]. \u00d6rne\u011fin; i\u015fverenin kredi anla\u015fmalar\u0131, yaz\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i bulu\u015flar\u0131, i\u015fletme organizasyonu, kullan\u0131lan yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar, envanter ve muhasebe kay\u0131tlar\u0131, yat\u0131r\u0131m planlar\u0131, fiyat listeleri, \u00f6zellikle kimya ve makine sekt\u00f6rlerinde kullan\u0131lan \u00f6zel \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemleri ve tedarik bilgileri bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede de\u011ferlendirilebilir[47].<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, ancak i\u015f\u00e7inin sahip oldu\u011fu bilgileri kullanmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fverene \u00f6nemli bir zarar verme potansiyeli ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 durumunda ge\u00e7erli olur[48]. \u00d6nemli zarar kavram\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik gelece\u011fini hafif bir zarar ihtimali nedeniyle k\u0131s\u0131tlamamakt\u0131r. Bu zarar ile i\u015f\u00e7inin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgiler aras\u0131nda, objektif ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda bir nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131 bulunmal\u0131d\u0131r[49]. Zarar\u0131n somut olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi \u015fart olmay\u0131p, zarar tehlikesinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeterlidir[50].<\/p>\n
\u00d6nemli zarara \u00f6rnek olarak, i\u015fverene ait bilgilerin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n kazan\u00e7larda veya sipari\u015flerde ciddi bir azalmaya yol a\u00e7mas\u0131, piyasadaki rekabet g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn belirgin \u015fekilde azalmas\u0131, i\u015f yapma imkanlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131 ya da zarar\u0131n kolayca telafi edilememesi gibi durumlar g\u00f6sterilebilir[51].<\/p>\n
II. Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n
S\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde, uygun ko\u015fullar olu\u015ftu\u011funda rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yap\u0131labilir. Bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmede, i\u015f\u00e7i ve i\u015fveren a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan iki temel kavram \u00e7at\u0131\u015f\u0131r: i\u015fverenin korunmas\u0131 gereken hakl\u0131 menfaati ile i\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik gelece\u011fi ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc. \u0130\u015fverenin, s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kullanarak keyfi bir rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 getirip i\u015f\u00e7inin ge\u00e7imini riske atmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in, TBK rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine \u00f6zel s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
TBK m. 445\u2019e g\u00f6re: \u201cRekabet yasa\u011f\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik gelece\u011fini hakkaniyete ayk\u0131r\u0131 olarak tehlikeye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrecek bi\u00e7imde yer, zaman ve i\u015flerin t\u00fcr\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uygun olmayan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar i\u00e7eremez ve s\u00fcresi, \u00f6zel durum ve ko\u015fullar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda iki y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015famaz. Hakim, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 nitelikteki rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131, b\u00fct\u00fcn durum ve ko\u015fullar\u0131 serbest\u00e7e de\u011ferlendirmek ve i\u015fverenin \u00fcstlenmi\u015f olabilece\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131 edimi de hakkaniyete uygun bi\u00e7imde g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutmak suretiyle, kapsam\u0131 ve s\u00fcresi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlayabilir\u201d<\/p>\n
Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm uyar\u0131nca, i\u015fverenin korunmaya de\u011fer hakl\u0131 menfaatine kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve ge\u00e7imi korunmaktad\u0131r. H\u00fckm\u00fcn ikinci f\u0131kras\u0131na g\u00f6re, h\u00e2kimin rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcre veya kapsam a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daraltabilmesi, her olay\u0131n \u00f6zel ve somut ko\u015fullar\u0131yla ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmesi \u015feklinde anla\u015f\u0131labilir. TBK m. 445\/2 gere\u011fi h\u00e2kim, somut olay\u0131 t\u00fcm ko\u015fullar\u0131yla inceleyerek, s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 adil bir \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rabilir.<\/p>\n
A. Taraflarca S\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n
1. Yer Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan S\u0131n\u0131rlama<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 445\/1. maddesi uyar\u0131nca, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yer a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131labilir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlama, co\u011frafi bir k\u0131s\u0131tlamad\u0131r ve i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 hangi b\u00f6lgelerde rekabet olu\u015fturacak davran\u0131\u015flardan ka\u00e7\u0131naca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesini ifade eder[52]. \u00d6nemli olan, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 nerede rekabet te\u015fkil eden bir eyleme giri\u015fmedi\u011fidir. Bu nedenle, co\u011frafi s\u0131n\u0131rlama, i\u015fverenin faaliyet g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi pazar alan\u0131yla uyumlu olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
M\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi, \u00fcretim ve i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu alan, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n uygulanaca\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgeyi olu\u015fturmal\u0131 ve bu alanla s\u0131n\u0131rlanmal\u0131d\u0131r[53]. Ancak, i\u015fverenin korunmaya de\u011fer hakl\u0131 menfaatinin nas\u0131l veya ne \u015fekilde ihlal edilebilece\u011fi belirlenmeli ve yer s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 buna g\u00f6re yap\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r[54]. E\u011fer rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n temelinde m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi bilgisi varsa, yasak, m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresinin etkili oldu\u011fu alanla k\u0131s\u0131tlanmal\u0131d\u0131r[55]. \u00dcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131yla ilgili bir rekabet olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusuysa, s\u00f6zle\u015fme, i\u015fverenin \u00fcretim faaliyetinin bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde dikkat edilmesi gereken, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fverene rakip i\u015fletmeyle ili\u015fkisinin etkisinin hangi co\u011frafi alanda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r[56]. \u0130\u015fverene rakip i\u015fletmenin konumu de\u011fil, i\u015f\u00e7inin yeni i\u015fvereniyle ili\u015fkisinin etkiledi\u011fi co\u011frafi alan \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n
Bu bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, i\u015fverenin m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi veya \u00fcretim alan\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6tesindeki b\u00f6lgelerde rakip faaliyetlerde bulunulmas\u0131, i\u015fverenin hakl\u0131 menfaatini do\u011furmaz. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin amac\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7iyi \u00e7al\u0131\u015famaz hale getirmek de\u011fil, i\u015f\u00e7inin yasakl\u0131 oldu\u011fu alan\u0131 net bir \u015fekilde bilmesini sa\u011flamakt\u0131r[57]. Bu nedenle, s\u00f6zle\u015fmedeki ifadeler a\u00e7\u0131k, somut ve taraflarca anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r olmal\u0131d\u0131r; belirsiz ve soyut ifadeler yanl\u0131\u015f anla\u015f\u0131lmalara yol a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik gelece\u011fini korumak i\u00e7in rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131nda yer s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131, co\u011frafi b\u00f6lge, \u015fehir veya hatta il\u00e7e baz\u0131nda belirtilebilir[58]. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin ge\u00e7imini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ve gelir elde etmeye devam etmesi gerekti\u011finden, bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar i\u015f\u00e7iyi ekonomik olarak zorlamamal\u0131d\u0131r. Baz\u0131 durumlarda s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00fclke geneli bir yasak i\u00e7erebilir; bu durumda TBK m. 445\/2, h\u00e2kime s\u0131n\u0131rlama yetkisi tan\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Co\u011frafi s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n geni\u015fli\u011fi artt\u0131k\u00e7a, i\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik durumu daha fazla zorlanabilir. Ancak, i\u015fverenin hakl\u0131 menfaati de g\u00f6zetilmeli ve somut olaylar her iki taraf\u0131n perspektifinden de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Geni\u015f bir co\u011frafi alanda uygulanan rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde, i\u015f\u00e7inin pozisyonu ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fin niteli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, yasak konusu daralt\u0131l\u0131p s\u00fcresi k\u0131salt\u0131larak i\u015f\u00e7i ve i\u015fveren aras\u0131nda denge sa\u011flanabilir[59]. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Marmara B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde ge\u00e7erli bir rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131, b\u00f6lgedeki yo\u011fun sanayi ve i\u015f imkanlar\u0131 nedeniyle i\u015f\u00e7inin ge\u00e7imini zorla\u015ft\u0131rabilece\u011finden, s\u00fcre ve i\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan daralt\u0131larak adil bir denge kurulabilir.<\/p>\n
2. Zaman Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan S\u0131n\u0131rlama<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 445\/1. maddesi, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin s\u00fcresinin, \u00f6zel durumlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda iki y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek zaman s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn k\u0131lar. Bu k\u0131s\u0131tlama, i\u015f\u00e7inin ge\u00e7imini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilmesi ve ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirebilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. Aksi halde, s\u00fcresiz bir yasa\u011f\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ciddi bi\u00e7imde k\u0131s\u0131tlar[60]. Ancak, kanundaki d\u00fczenlemeye ra\u011fmen, \u00f6zel durumlarda s\u00fcre s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7in istisnalar \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr[61]. Bu \u00f6zel durumlar, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fyerindeki pozisyonuna ve uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, i\u015fverenin \u00fcretim veya teknik s\u0131rlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda sahip oldu\u011fu bilgi d\u00fczeyinin niteli\u011fiyle ilgilidir[62].<\/p>\n
Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde zaman s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemine vurgu yapar. Her olay kendi ko\u015fullar\u0131nda incelendi\u011fi i\u00e7in s\u00fcre k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterebilir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir kararda alt\u0131 ayl\u0131k s\u00fcre uygun bulunurken[63], ba\u015fka bir kararda iki y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre olay\u0131n niteli\u011fine uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu kararlarda, i\u015fverenin hakl\u0131 menfaati ile i\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 bir arada de\u011ferlendirilir. TBK m. 445\/1\u2019de \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen iki y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, Yarg\u0131tay taraf\u0131ndan genellikle ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131l\u0131r[64]. Kanunda \u00f6zel durumlar i\u00e7in net bir tan\u0131m bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, her olay ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele al\u0131narak s\u00fcre k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131 belirlenir ve b\u00f6ylece taraflar\u0131n hakl\u0131 menfaatleri aras\u0131nda denge sa\u011flan\u0131r[65].<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 ba\u011flam\u0131nda, patent veya know-how gibi i\u015fletmenin maddi olmayan varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yasaklar, m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi bilgisine y\u00f6nelik yasaklardan daha uzun s\u00fcreli d\u00fczenlenebilir[66]. Bunun nedeni, m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi bilgisinin \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131na k\u0131yasla daha de\u011fi\u015fken olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zg\u00fcn bir \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemi geli\u015ftirmek, uzun y\u0131llar s\u00fcren birikim gerektirir. \u0130\u015fletmeler, reklam ve promosyonlarla m\u00fc\u015fteri kitlesini k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede geni\u015fletebilir ve \u00fcr\u00fcn kalitesiyle bu m\u00fc\u015fterileri kal\u0131c\u0131 yapabilir. Ancak, \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemlerinin i\u015fletmeye katk\u0131 sa\u011flamas\u0131 daha uzun zaman al\u0131r. Bu y\u00fczden m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi, \u00fcretim ve i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha dinamik bir alan olup, bu bilgilerin korunmas\u0131 daha kolayd\u0131r[67]. Ekonomik sistemlerin geli\u015fmesi ve m\u00fc\u015fteri taleplerindeki h\u0131zl\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fim, m\u00fc\u015fteri portf\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fc etkiler. Ancak bu genellemeler her i\u015fletme i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir, bu nedenle her olay somut olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. TBK m. 445\/1\u2019deki \u201c\u00f6zel durum ve ko\u015fullar\u201d ifadesi, i\u015f\u00e7inin eski i\u015fyerindeki pozisyonuna g\u00f6re anlam kazan\u0131r[68]. \u00d6rne\u011fin, sat\u0131\u015f temsilcisi olan bir i\u015f\u00e7i ile sat\u0131\u015f m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc olan bir i\u015f\u00e7inin bildi\u011fi m\u00fc\u015fteri, i\u015f ve \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131 farkl\u0131d\u0131r; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcreleri de farkl\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
TBK m. 445\/1\u2019de belirtilen iki y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcre, en \u00fcst s\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131r ve nispi emredici niteliktedir; yani, aksi yaln\u0131zca i\u015f\u00e7inin lehine kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131labilir. Bu nedenle, toplu i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleriyle bu s\u00fcre k\u0131salt\u0131labilir[69]. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcresi, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erdikten sonra ba\u015flar ve bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te a\u00e7\u0131lan di\u011fer davalar, \u00f6rne\u011fin i\u015f\u00e7ilik alacaklar\u0131 veya k\u0131dem tazminat\u0131 davalar\u0131, yasa\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcresinin i\u015flemesini engellemez[70].<\/p>\n
3. \u0130\u015fin T\u00fcr\u00fc Bak\u0131m\u0131ndan S\u0131n\u0131rlama.<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 445\/1. maddesine g\u00f6re, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi i\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan uygunsuz s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar i\u00e7eremez. \u0130\u015f t\u00fcr\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131, konu s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131yla ayn\u0131 anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r ve TBK\u2019da \u201ct\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan\u201d ifadesiyle yer al\u0131r[71]. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlama, i\u015f\u00e7inin rekabetten ka\u00e7\u0131naca\u011f\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n i\u015fverenin faaliyet alan\u0131yla k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder[72]. \u0130\u015fverenin faaliyet alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki konularda getirilen k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesini ge\u00e7ersiz k\u0131lar. Bu nedenle, s\u00f6zle\u015fmede t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131n\u0131n taraflarca net anla\u015f\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in genel ifadelerden ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmal\u0131 ve hangi alanlarda k\u0131s\u0131tlama oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmelidir. Genel ifadeler, \u015firketin yaln\u0131zca faaliyet alan\u0131 olarak alg\u0131lanabilir ve bu, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131ndan ziyade meslek yasa\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir[73].<\/p>\n
T\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlama i\u00e7in, \u00f6ncelikle i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erdi\u011finde o anki i\u015fverenin faaliyet alan\u0131 belirlenmeli ve rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcr k\u0131s\u0131tlamas\u0131 bu \u00e7er\u00e7eveye uygun olmal\u0131d\u0131r[74]. \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erdikten sonra i\u015fverenin faaliyet alan\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik olursa, bu, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131 etkilemez. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi devam ederken i\u015fverenin faaliyetten \u00e7ekildi\u011fi alanlar da rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 kapsam\u0131na al\u0131nmamal\u0131d\u0131r[75].<\/p>\n
T\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlamada, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fletmedeki g\u00f6revi ve bildi\u011fi bilgilerle getirilen k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar orant\u0131l\u0131 olmal\u0131d\u0131r[76]. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin g\u00f6rev alan\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar kapsam d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir fabrikan\u0131n lojistik biriminde ambalajlama yapan i\u015f\u00e7iye t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 getirilmesi anlams\u0131zd\u0131r, ancak tedarik zincirinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir i\u015f\u00e7iye t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 daha uygundur. Yine de, i\u015f\u00e7inin g\u00f6rev alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olsa bile do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 olarak i\u015fverenin m\u00fc\u015fteri, i\u015f veya \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmesi durumunda, i\u015fverenin hakl\u0131 menfaati do\u011far ve t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 yeniden d\u00fczenlenmelidir[77]. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, g\u00f6revi gere\u011fi s\u0131rlara do\u011frudan eri\u015fmese bile bir \u015fekilde bu s\u0131rlar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015fse, t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131n\u0131n kapsam\u0131 geni\u015fletilebilir.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015fletmeler, ticari ili\u015fkilerini geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in di\u011fer i\u015fletmelerle i\u015f birli\u011fi yapabilir. \u0130\u015f birli\u011fi yap\u0131lan i\u015fletmenin faaliyet alan\u0131, do\u011frudan i\u015fverenin faaliyet alan\u0131na dahil olmasa da dolayl\u0131 olarak ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Somut olay\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re, i\u015fverenin hakl\u0131 menfaati varsa, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, i\u015f\u00e7inin yaln\u0131zca i\u015fverenin de\u011fil, i\u015f birli\u011fi yap\u0131lan i\u015fletmenin faaliyet alan\u0131nda da rekabetten ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 kapsayabilir[78]. Ancak, somut olay ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fverenin i\u015f birli\u011fi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fletmelerin faaliyet alanlar\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmayabilir[79]. \u0130\u015fverenin hakl\u0131 menfaatinin olu\u015fup olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilerek karar verilmelidir. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin kapsam\u0131 geni\u015fletilerek, somut olayda i\u015fletmenin i\u015ftirakleri i\u00e7in de t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 getirilebilir[80]. \u00d6rne\u011fin, bir \u015firketler toplulu\u011funda orta-\u00fcst d\u00fczey y\u00f6netici olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir i\u015f\u00e7iye yap\u0131lan rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, topluluktaki di\u011fer \u015firketlerin m\u00fc\u015fteri, \u00fcretim ve i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131na eri\u015fim ihtimaline kar\u015f\u0131, t\u00fcm topluluk \u015firketlerinin faaliyet alanlar\u0131n\u0131 kapsayacak \u015fekilde t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlamas\u0131 i\u00e7erebilir[81].<\/p>\n
B. H\u00e2kimin M\u00fcdahalesi<\/p>\n
TBK\u2019n\u0131n 444. maddesi, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenlerken, 445\/1. maddesi bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n\u0131 belirler. TBK m. 445\/2 ise, 445\/1\u2019de belirtilen s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131n, somut olay ve hakkaniyet \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirildi\u011finde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 geni\u015f olmas\u0131 durumunda, h\u00e2kimin bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131 daraltabilece\u011fini ifade eder. TBK m. 445\/1\u2019de \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen yer, zaman ve t\u00fcr s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131ndan biri s\u00f6zle\u015fmede yer alm\u0131yorsa, s\u00f6zle\u015fme do\u011frudan ge\u00e7ersiz say\u0131lmaz; ancak TBK m. 445\/2, h\u00e2kime, taraflar\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 adil bir \u015fekilde g\u00f6zeterek a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 nitelikteki rekabet yasaklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlama yetkisi tan\u0131r[82]. Bu m\u00fcdahale, h\u00e2kimin takdir yetkisinden \u00f6te bir g\u00f6revidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc h\u00e2kim, her olayda taraflar\u0131n durumlar\u0131n\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 inceleyerek s\u0131n\u0131rlama karar\u0131 verebilir.<\/p>\n
Bu ba\u011flamda, TBK m. 444\u2019te yer alan ko\u015fullar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan bir rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde, yer, zaman ve t\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar bulunuyorsa, s\u00f6zle\u015fme otomatik olarak ge\u00e7ersiz olmaz. H\u00e2kim, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin TBK\u2019ya uygun hale getirilmesi i\u00e7in taraflar\u0131n durumlar\u0131n\u0131 de\u011ferlendirerek yer, zaman ve t\u00fcr a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rlama yapabilir[83]. H\u00e2kim, bu de\u011ferlendirme sonucunda taraflar\u0131n menfaatlerine g\u00f6re, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi t\u00fcr ve yer bak\u0131m\u0131ndan daraltabilir, s\u00fcresini k\u0131saltabilir ya da yasa\u011f\u0131 tamamen kald\u0131rabilir[84].<\/p>\n
S\u00f6zle\u015fmede a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yasa\u011f\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda, h\u00e2kim, TBK m. 445\/2 gere\u011fince resen de\u011ferlendirme yapabilir. A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlaman\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131k ya da \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc olarak ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hallerde de h\u00e2kim, ayn\u0131 madde uyar\u0131nca rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine m\u00fcdahale edebilir[85].<\/p>\n
SONU\u00c7<\/p>\n
Rekabet piyasas\u0131nda i\u015fveren, i\u015fletmesinin s\u00fcreklili\u011fini sa\u011flamak ve k\u00e2r\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmak ister. Rakip i\u015fletmelerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015fverenin \u00f6zg\u00fcn olmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r, ancak bu imk\u00e2ns\u0131z de\u011fildir. Teknolojik ilerlemeler, ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fimler, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi, kentle\u015fmenin h\u0131zlanmas\u0131 ve m\u00fc\u015fteri taleplerindeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler, i\u015fletmeleri farkl\u0131la\u015fmaya ve rakiplerine g\u00f6re \u00f6zg\u00fcnle\u015fmeye iter. \u00d6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc korumak i\u00e7in, i\u015fletmenin \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemleri, organizasyon yap\u0131s\u0131, \u00fcretim ve i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131 ile m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi bilgilerinin, \u00f6zellikle rakipler gibi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filerce bilinmemesi \u015fartt\u0131r. Bu bilgiler, i\u015fveren i\u00e7in ciddi bir risk ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu riskin en \u00f6nemli unsuru, i\u015fverene ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7idir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7i, bu bilgileri kendi ad\u0131na bir i\u015fletme kurarak, rakip bir i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak veya rakip bir i\u015fletmeyle menfaat ili\u015fkisi kurarak kullanabilir. Her \u00fc\u00e7 durumda da i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 rekabete giri\u015fmi\u015f olur.<\/p>\n
\u0130\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine dayal\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ger\u00e7ek ki\u015fidir; i\u015fveren ise bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme uyar\u0131nca \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran ger\u00e7ek veya t\u00fczel ki\u015fi ya da t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi olmayan bir kurulu\u015ftur. \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, taraflar aras\u0131nda bir i\u015f ili\u015fkisi olu\u015fturur ve bu ili\u015fki, \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler getirir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinden biri, i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 rekabet etmeme borcudur. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, yetkinliklerine ve i\u015fletmedeki pozisyonuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, i\u015fverene ve i\u015fletmeye ait bilgilere eri\u015febilir. Bu bilgiler, \u00fcretim ve i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131 ile m\u00fc\u015fteri portf\u00f6y\u00fc bilgileri olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131labilir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin bu bilgilere ne kadar h\u00e2kim oldu\u011fu, ileride i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 rekabet etme riskini belirler. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin rekabet etmeme borcu, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi s\u00fcresince sadakat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme sona erdikten sonra da, taraflar\u0131n rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi d\u00fczenlemesiyle devam edebilir.<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erdikten sonra i\u015f\u00e7inin i\u015fverene kar\u015f\u0131 rekabet te\u015fkil edecek eylemlerini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenir ve TBK 444-447. maddelerinde yer al\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin, i\u015fverenin \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131, i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131 veya m\u00fc\u015fteri portf\u00f6y\u00fc bilgilerini kullanarak kendi ad\u0131na rakip bir i\u015fletme a\u00e7mas\u0131, rakip bir i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 veya rakip bir i\u015fletmeyle ba\u015fka bir menfaat ili\u015fkisi kurmas\u0131, bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin konusunu olu\u015fturur. Bu eylemler sonucunda i\u015fveren maddi kayba u\u011frarsa, korunmaya de\u011fer hakl\u0131 menfaati do\u011far. Ancak i\u015f\u00e7i de ge\u00e7imini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek zorundad\u0131r ve Anayasa ile g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahiptir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik gelece\u011finin riske girmesi, onun hakl\u0131 menfaatini olu\u015fturur. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, bu iki taraf\u0131n menfaatleri aras\u0131nda adil bir denge kurmay\u0131 ama\u00e7lar.<\/p>\n
Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin ge\u00e7erlilik ko\u015fullar\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131, bu dengenin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemlidir. TBK m. 444\u2019te, i\u015f\u00e7inin fiil ehliyetine sahip olmas\u0131 ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yaz\u0131l\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi belirtilir. Bu, i\u015fverenin keyfi s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nler ve i\u015f\u00e7inin s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7eri\u011fini bilmesini sa\u011flar. Ayr\u0131ca, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ge\u00e7erli olabilmesi i\u00e7in i\u015f\u00e7inin, i\u015fverenin m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi, \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131 veya i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibi olmas\u0131 ve bu bilgilerin i\u015fvereni ciddi bir zarara u\u011fratabilecek nitelikte olmas\u0131 gerekir. Aksi takdirde s\u00f6zle\u015fme ge\u00e7ersizdir. B\u00f6ylece i\u015fveren, yaln\u0131zca bu bilgilere eri\u015fimi olan i\u015f\u00e7ilerle s\u00f6zle\u015fme yapabilir. Ancak, bu ko\u015fullar bile i\u015f\u00e7inin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve ekonomik gelece\u011fini etkileyebilir. Bu nedenle, TBK m. 445\u2019te, yasa\u011f\u0131n yer, zaman ve t\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar i\u00e7ermemesi ve \u00f6zel durumlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda iki y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fmamas\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015fulur. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar, i\u015f\u00e7inin ekonomik gelece\u011fi ile i\u015fverenin maddi kayb\u0131n\u0131 dengeleyerek taraflar\u0131n hakl\u0131 menfaatlerini korur.<\/p>\n
TBK m. 445\/2\u2019ye g\u00f6re, h\u00e2kim, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 nitelikteki rekabet yasaklar\u0131n\u0131, t\u00fcm ko\u015fullar\u0131 adil bir \u015fekilde de\u011ferlendirerek ve taraflar\u0131n durumlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zeterek, s\u00fcre veya kapsam a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan daraltabilir. Somut olayda, s\u00fcrenin uzun olmas\u0131 durumunda h\u00e2kim s\u00fcreyi k\u0131saltabilir, yer veya t\u00fcr bak\u0131m\u0131ndan geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlamalar\u0131 daraltabilir ya da yasa\u011f\u0131 tamamen kald\u0131rabilir. Bu m\u00fcdahale, i\u015f\u00e7i ve i\u015fveren menfaatlerini hakkaniyetle dengelemek i\u00e7in h\u00e2kimin temel g\u00f6revidir.<\/p>\n
KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/p>\n
Akdo\u011fan \u0130brahim, \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131, Anemon Mu\u015f Alparslan \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C.8 S.3, s. 763-770, 2020.<\/p>\n
Aslan Ert\u00fcrk, Arzu, T\u00fcrk \u0130\u015f Hukukunda \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Sadakat Borcu, 1. B., O \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 2010.<\/p>\n
Atlan Kazan, H\u00fclya, \u0130\u015f \u0130li\u015fkisinde Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Legal \u0130\u015f Hukuku ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukuku Dergisi, C. 9, S. 36, s. 153- 189, 2012.<\/p>\n
B\u00fcy\u00fckdillan Neslihan, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Rekabet Etmeme Borcu (KTO Karatay \u00dcniversitesi, SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), Konya, 2019.<\/p>\n
\u00c7elik Nuri\/ Caniklio\u011flu Nur\u015fen\/ Canbolat Talat, \u0130\u015f Hukuku Dersleri, 31. B., Beta Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 2018.<\/p>\n
Demircio\u011flu Murat, Yarg\u0131tay Kararlar\u0131 I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Sorularla 4857 Say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Yasas\u0131, \u0130stanbul Ticaret Odas\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2.B., \u0130stanbul, 2009.<\/p>\n
Demirta\u015f Nevzer Sebla, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Rekabet Etmeme Borcu, Adalet Yay\u0131nevi, Ankara, 2012.<\/p>\n
Din\u00e7 Canan G\u00f6k\u00e7e, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 (Marmara \u00dcniversitesi SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), \u0130stanbul, 2011.<\/p>\n
Do\u011fan, Sevil, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 \u0130\u015f S\u0131rr\u0131n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131, 1. Bas\u0131m, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara, 2017.<\/p>\n
D\u00f6nmez, Kaz\u0131m Y\u00fccel, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Bor\u00e7lar\u0131, Ankara, 2000.<\/p>\n
Dursun, Yonca, \u0130\u015f Kanunu ve T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu Kapsam\u0131nda \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin \u0130\u015f G\u00f6rme ve Rekabet Etmeme Borcu, Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, Prof. Dr. \u015eeref Erta\u015f\u2019a Arma\u011fan, C. 19, \u00d6zel S., s. 2409-2449, 2017.<\/p>\n
Erdemo\u011flu Deniz, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, Legal \u0130\u015f Hukuku ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukuku Dergisi, S.21, 2009.<\/p>\n
Erta\u015f Kudret, T\u00fcrk Hukukunda \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Sadakat Borcu, Ankara, 1982.<\/p>\n
Esra Baskan, 6098 Say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu H\u00fck\u00fcmleri \u00c7er\u00e7evesinde Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Hacettepe \u00dcni. Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, 2012.<\/p>\n
Fevzi \u015eahlanan, Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Kurulmas\u0131, Ge\u00e7erlilik \u015eartlar\u0131, H\u00fck\u00fcmleri ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, \u0130\u015f Hukuku ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukukuna \u0130li\u015fkin Sorunlar ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00d6nerileri, \u0130stanbul Barosu-Galatasaray \u00dcniversitesi, 2008.<\/p>\n
\u0130zveren Adil\/Ak\u0131 Erol, \u0130\u015f Hukuku C. 1, Bireysel \u0130\u015f Hukuku, 1. B., \u0130zmir, 1999.<\/p>\n
Karag\u00f6z Veli, \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde Cezai \u015eart, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara, 2011.<\/p>\n
Kay\u0131rgan Hasan, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Sadakat Borcunun Genel Bir De\u011ferlendirmesi, Marmara \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Hukuk Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi, C.20 S. 1, s. 459-478, Haziran 2014.<\/p>\n
K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 \u00c7i\u011fdem, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 (Marmara \u00dcniversitesi, SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), \u0130stanbul, 2019.<\/p>\n
Kovanc\u0131, Nuray, T\u00fcrk \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, TAAD, S. 31, s. 769-800.<\/p>\n
Koyuncu Ahmet, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Sadakat Borcu ve \u0130\u015fverenle Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131, Sicil \u0130\u015f Hukuku Dergisi, 2009.<\/p>\n
Manav Eda, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Ge\u00e7erlilik Ko\u015fullar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye Barolar Birli\u011fi Dergisi, S. 87, s. 322-364.<\/p>\n
Mollamahmuto\u011flu Hamdi\/Astarl\u0131, Muhittin\/ Baysal, Ula\u015f, \u0130\u015f Hukuku Ders Kitab\u0131 C.1: Bireysel \u0130\u015f Hukuku, 2. B., Lykeion Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2018.<\/p>\n
O\u011fuzman Kemal\/Barlas Nami, Medeni Hukuk Giri\u015f Kaynaklar Temel Kavramlar, 27. B., On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k A.\u015e., \u0130stanbul, 2021.<\/p>\n
Soyer Polat, Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Ankara, 1994.<\/p>\n
Sulu Muhammed, Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, Marmara \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Hukuk Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi, C. 22, S. 1, s. 575 \u2013 600, 2016.<\/p>\n
S\u00fcmer Haluk Hadi, \u0130\u015f Hukuku, 26. B., Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara, 2022.<\/p>\n
S\u00fczek Sarper, \u0130\u015f Hukuku, 21. B., Beta Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 2021.<\/p>\n
Ta\u015fkent, Sava\u015f ve Mahmut Kabak\u00e7\u0131. \u201cRekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u201d. Sicil \u0130\u015f Hukuku Dergisi. Say\u0131:15, 2009, ss.21-47.<\/p>\n
Topalo\u011flu Pelin Akku\u015f, \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 Kayd\u0131 (\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi, SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), \u0130stanbul, 2018.<\/p>\n
Tun\u00e7oma\u011f Kenan\/ Centel Tankut, \u0130\u015f Hukukunun Esaslar\u0131, 2. B., \u0130stanbul 1999.<\/p>\n
Umut \u00d6zyurt, Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi ve Yasa\u011f\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, (Y\u0131ld\u0131z Teknik \u00dcniversitesi, SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), 2022.<\/p>\n
U\u015fan M. Fatih, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda \u0130\u015f S\u0131rr\u0131n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131, Ankara, 2003.<\/p>\n
Uysal Tuna B\u00fc\u015fra, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, Ankara, 2019.<\/p>\n
Y\u0131lmaz Ejder, Hukuk S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, 4. B., Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2011.<\/p>\n
————-<\/p>\n
[1] Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bak\u0131n\u0131z: K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 \u00c7i\u011fdem, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 (Marmara \u00dcniversitesi, SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), \u0130stanbul, 2019, s. 15-16; B\u00fcy\u00fckdillan Neslihan, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Rekabet Etmeme Borcu (KTO Karatay \u00dcniversitesi, SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), Konya, 2019, s.3-4; Kovanc\u0131, Nuray, T\u00fcrk \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, TAAD, S. 31, s. 769-800; Din\u00e7 Canan G\u00f6k\u00e7e, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 (Marmara \u00dcniversitesi SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), \u0130stanbul, 2011, s. 6.<\/p>\n
[2]Demircio\u011flu Murat, Yarg\u0131tay Kararlar\u0131 I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Sorularla 4857 Say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Yasas\u0131, \u0130stanbul Ticaret Odas\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2.B., \u0130stanbul, 2009, s. 88; Y\u0131lmaz Ejder, Hukuk S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, 4. B., Yetkin Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2011, s. 625; Aslan Ert\u00fcrk, Arzu, T\u00fcrk \u0130\u015f Hukukunda \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Sadakat Borcu, 1. B., O \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 2010, s. 322.<\/p>\n
[3] S\u00fcmer Haluk Hadi, \u0130\u015f Hukuku, 26. B., Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara, 2022, s. 75; Uysal Tuna B\u00fc\u015fra, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, Ankara, 2019, s. 18.<\/p>\n
[4] Uysal Tuna, s. 21.<\/p>\n
[5] \u0130zveren Adil\/Ak\u0131 Erol, \u0130\u015f Hukuku C. 1, Bireysel \u0130\u015f Hukuku, 1. B., \u0130zmir, 1999, s. 194.<\/p>\n
[6] Erta\u015f Kudret, T\u00fcrk Hukukunda \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Sadakat Borcu, Ankara, 1982, s. 63; Demirta\u015f Nevzer Sebla, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Rekabet Etmeme Borcu, Adalet Yay\u0131nevi, Ankara, 2012, s. 53.<\/p>\n
[7] U\u015fan M. Fatih, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda \u0130\u015f S\u0131rr\u0131n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131, Ankara, 2003, s. 47.<\/p>\n
[8] U\u015fan, s. 47; \u00c7elik Nuri\/ Caniklio\u011flu Nur\u015fen\/ Canbolat Talat, \u0130\u015f Hukuku Dersleri, 31. B., Beta Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 2018, s. 300; S\u00fczek Sarper, \u0130\u015f Hukuku, 21. B., Beta Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 2021, s. 362; Mollamahmuto\u011flu Hamdi\/Astarl\u0131, Muhittin\/ Baysal, Ula\u015f, \u0130\u015f Hukuku Ders Kitab\u0131 C.1: Bireysel \u0130\u015f Hukuku, 2. B., Lykeion Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 2018, s. 153; Manav Eda, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Ge\u00e7erlilik Ko\u015fullar\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye Barolar Birli\u011fi Dergisi, S. 87, s. 322-364.<\/p>\n
[9] Mollamahmuto\u011flu vd. s. 149.<\/p>\n
[10] Demirta\u015f, s. 59.<\/p>\n
[11] O\u011fuzman Kemal\/Barlas Nami, Medeni Hukuk Giri\u015f Kaynaklar Temel Kavramlar, 27. B., On \u0130ki Levha Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k A.\u015e., \u0130stanbul, 2021, s. 173.<\/p>\n
[12] Demirta\u015f, s. 53.<\/p>\n
[13] Karag\u00f6z Veli, \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde Cezai \u015eart, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara, 2011, s. 240; Tun\u00e7oma\u011f Kenan\/ Centel Tankut, \u0130\u015f Hukukunun Esaslar\u0131, 2. B., \u0130stanbul 1999, s. 98-100.<\/p>\n
[14] \u00c7elik vd. s. 295.<\/p>\n
[15] \u00c7elik vd. s. 299.<\/p>\n
[16] Topalo\u011flu Pelin Akku\u015f, \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 Kayd\u0131 (\u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi, SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), \u0130stanbul, 2018, s. 17.<\/p>\n
[17] Soyer Polat, Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Ankara, 1994, s. 32; U\u015fan, s. 255.<\/p>\n
[18] Soyer, s. 32.<\/p>\n
[19] Topalo\u011flu, s. 18<\/p>\n
[20] U\u015fan, s. 55; Do\u011fan Sevil, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 \u0130\u015f S\u0131rr\u0131n\u0131n Korunmas\u0131, 1. Bas\u0131m, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara, 2017, s. 84.<\/p>\n
[21] Do\u011fan, s. 84.<\/p>\n
[22] \u00c7elik vd. s. 300; Ta\u015fkent, Sava\u015f ve Mahmut Kabak\u00e7\u0131. \u201cRekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u201d. Sicil \u0130\u015f Hukuku Dergisi. Say\u0131:15, 2009, ss.21-47, s. 36; U\u015fan, s. 101<\/p>\n
[23] Ta\u015fkent\/ Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s. 34; Do\u011fan, s. 190; Sulu Muhammed, Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, Marmara \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Hukuk Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi, C. 22, S. 1, s. 575 \u2013 600, 2016, s. 595.<\/p>\n
[24] Ta\u015fkent\/Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s. 34.<\/p>\n
[25] Ta\u015fkent\/Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s. 34; Do\u011fan, s. 87.<\/p>\n
[26] Manav, s. 326.<\/p>\n
[27] U\u015fan, s. 57; Do\u011fan, s. 99<\/p>\n
[28] Soyer, s. 46; S\u00fczek, 2021, s. 363.<\/p>\n
[29] B\u00fcy\u00fckdillan, s. 113<\/p>\n
[30] Soyer, s. 39; S\u00fczek, 2021, s. 363; Manav, s. 326.<\/p>\n
[31] Soyer, s. 42; U\u015fan, s. 59; Kovanc\u0131, s. 777.<\/p>\n
[32] U\u015fan, s. 59; Kovanc\u0131, s. 777<\/p>\n
[33] Ta\u015fkent\/Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s. 35; Do\u011fan, s. 85.<\/p>\n
[34] Do\u011fan, s. 85; Ta\u015fkent\/Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s. 35<\/p>\n
[35] Yarg\u0131tay 9.HD, 2010\/25792 E., 2013\/10539 K., KT: 28.03.2013, https:\/\/karararama.yargitay.gov.tr\/ (Eri\u015fim Tarihi 08.04.2025); Kovanc\u0131, s. 777; Atlan Kazan, H\u00fclya, \u0130\u015f \u0130li\u015fkisinde Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Legal \u0130\u015f Hukuku ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukuku Dergisi, C. 9, S. 36, s. 153- 189, 2012, s. 162.<\/p>\n
[36] S\u00fczek, 2014, s. 458; Dursun, Yonca, \u0130\u015f Kanunu ve T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu Kapsam\u0131nda \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin \u0130\u015f G\u00f6rme ve Rekabet Etmeme Borcu, Dokuz Eyl\u00fcl \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, Prof. Dr. \u015eeref Erta\u015f\u2019a Arma\u011fan, C. 19, \u00d6zel S., s. 2409-2449, 2017, s. 2433;<\/p>\n
[37] Soyer, s. 49; Sulu, s. 582.<\/p>\n
[38] \u201c\u2026 daval\u0131n\u0131n, davac\u0131 \u015firkette \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemdeki g\u00f6revi gere\u011fi davac\u0131n\u0131n ticari s\u0131r say\u0131labilecek bilgilerine vak\u0131f olma imk\u00e2n\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, daval\u0131n\u0131n, i\u015fverenin m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi veya i\u015fverenin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fler hakk\u0131nda edindi\u011fi bilginin i\u015fverene \u00f6nemli bir zarar verecek nitelikte olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015fverene \u00f6nemli derecede zarar verildi\u011fine ili\u015fkin somut bir delilin dosyada bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle davan\u0131n reddine karar verilmesi gerekirken\u2026\u201d Yarg\u0131tay 11. HD., 2021\/610 E. 2022\/3148 K. T. 19.4.2022 https:\/\/karararama.yargitay.gov.tr\/ (Eri\u015fim Tarihi 10.04.2025).<\/p>\n
[39] \u201c\u2026 Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada i\u015f\u00e7i fiil ehliyetine sahip de\u011filse, yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekil \u015fart\u0131na uyulmam\u0131\u015fsa, i\u015f\u00e7inin, i\u015fverenin m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresi, \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131 veya i\u015fyerinde yap\u0131lan i\u015fler hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinme olana\u011f\u0131 bulunmuyorsa ya da i\u015fverene \u00f6nemli bir zarar verme ihtimali yoksa rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ge\u00e7ersizdir\u2026\u201d HGK., 2019\/447 E. 2022\/315 K., T. 15.3.2022 https:\/\/karararama.yargitay.gov.tr\/ (Eri\u015fim Tarihi 10.04.2025).<\/p>\n
[40] U\u015fan, s. 231; D\u00f6nmez, Kaz\u0131m Y\u00fccel, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Bor\u00e7lar\u0131, Ankara, 2000, s. 232.<\/p>\n
[41] D\u00f6nmez, s. 233.<\/p>\n
[42] D\u00f6nmez, s. 233.<\/p>\n
[43] \u201c\u2026Dosyadaki bilgi ve belgelerden daval\u0131 i\u015f\u00e7inin evde bak\u0131m hem\u015firesi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revi itibar\u0131yla davac\u0131 i\u015fverenin m\u00fc\u015fterilerini tan\u0131mak veya i\u015flerin esrar\u0131na n\u00fcfuz etmek gibi belirtilen bir konumda bulundu\u011fu ve i\u015fverene \u00f6nemli bir zarar verilmesi ihtimalinin oldu\u011fu kan\u0131tlanamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sebeple davan\u0131n reddi gerekir\u201d 9. HD., 2009\/1286 E. 2011\/3918 K. T. 18.02.2011 https:\/\/karararama.yargitay.gov.tr\/ (Eri\u015fim Tarihi 10.04.2025).<\/p>\n
[44] Ta\u015fkent\/ Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s. 25.<\/p>\n
[45] U\u015fan, s. 231.<\/p>\n
[46] S\u00fczek, 2014, s. 459; Kay\u0131rgan Hasan, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Sadakat Borcunun Genel Bir De\u011ferlendirmesi, Marmara \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Hukuk Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 Dergisi, C.20 S. 1, s. 459-478, Haziran 2014, s. 470; Akdo\u011fan \u0130brahim, \u0130\u015f S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131, Anemon Mu\u015f Alparslan \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C.8 S.3, s. 763-770, 2020, s. 768.<\/p>\n
[47] U\u015fan, s. 23.<\/p>\n
[48] S\u00fczek, 2014, s. 460; Demirta\u015f, s. 73; Kovanc\u0131, s. 782.<\/p>\n
[49] Ta\u015fkent\/Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s. 28.<\/p>\n
[50] Ta\u015fkent\/Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s. 27.<\/p>\n
[51] S\u00fczek, 2014, s. 460; Kay\u0131rgan, s. 470.<\/p>\n
[52] Erdemo\u011flu Deniz, \u0130\u015f Hukukunda Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, Legal \u0130\u015f Hukuku ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukuku Dergisi, S.21, 2009, s.151<\/p>\n
[53] Ahmet Koyuncu, \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin Sadakat Borcu ve \u0130\u015fverenle Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131, Sicil \u0130\u015f Hukuku Dergisi, 2009, s.91<\/p>\n
[54] Erdemo\u011flu, s.151<\/p>\n
[55] Yarg\u0131tay 11.HD., T. 04.11.2015, 2015\/4570 E., 2015\/11551 K.<\/p>\n
[56] Soyer, s.67.<\/p>\n
[57] Uysal, s.94.<\/p>\n
[58] Ayr\u0131ca bkz. \u0130stanbul B\u00f6lge Adliye Mahkemesi 13.HD., 2017\/1062 E., 2018\/592 K., T. 13.06.2018.<\/p>\n
[59] Manav, s.348.<\/p>\n
[60] Ta\u015fkent\/Kabak\u00e7\u0131, s.30<\/p>\n
[61] Esra Baskan, 6098 Say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu H\u00fck\u00fcmleri \u00c7er\u00e7evesinde Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Hacettepe \u00dcni. Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, 2012, s.121.<\/p>\n
[62] Fevzi \u015eahlanan, Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, Kurulmas\u0131, Ge\u00e7erlilik \u015eartlar\u0131, H\u00fck\u00fcmleri ve Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131, \u0130\u015f Hukuku ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Hukukuna \u0130li\u015fkin Sorunlar ve \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00d6nerileri, \u0130stanbul Barosu-Galatasaray \u00dcniversitesi, 2008, s.80.<\/p>\n
[63] Uysal, s.89.<\/p>\n
[64] Yarg\u0131tay 11.HD., 2016\/11049 E., 2018\/3315 K., T: 05.05.2018: \u201c\u2026Davac\u0131 vekili, daval\u0131 taraf\u0131n m\u00fcvekkili firmada belirsiz s\u00fcreli i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ile orta d\u00fczeyde y\u00f6netici konumunda “Silindir Haz\u0131rlama Eleman\u0131” olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, sigortal\u0131yken i\u015f ili\u015fkisinin emeklilik nedeniyle sona erdi\u011fini, daval\u0131 yan\u0131n m\u00fcvekkili \u015firkette i\u015fe ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarihte m\u00fcvekkili \u015firket ile daval\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir \u201cRekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u201d imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye g\u00f6re daval\u0131 yan\u0131n her ne sebeple olursa olsun i\u015ften ayr\u0131lmas\u0131ndan itibaren 3 y\u0131l s\u00fcre ile ambalaj sekt\u00f6r\u00fcyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmak \u00fczere m\u00fcvekkili i\u015fverenin i\u015ftigal etti\u011fi i\u015f dal\u0131nda kendi nam\u0131na i\u015f kurmamay\u0131, rakip bir firmada \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmamay\u0131, rakip firmalarda ortak olmamay\u0131 kabul ve taahh\u00fct etti\u011fini, m\u00fcvekkili \u015firketin i\u015ftigal konusunun ambalaj sekt\u00f6r\u00fc oldu\u011funu, daval\u0131 yan\u0131n m\u00fcvekkil \u015firketten ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan \u00e7ok k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra m\u00fcvekkil \u015firket gibi ambalaj sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde i\u015ftigal eden …. Ambalaj San. ve Tic. A.\u015e unvanl\u0131 i\u015f yerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ileri s\u00fcrerek karar verilmesini talep ve dava etmi\u015ftir. Daval\u0131 vekili, m\u00fcvekkilinin …\u2019de kurulu olan …Ambalaj San. ve Tic. A.\u015e unvanl\u0131 i\u015f yerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, davac\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fin \u00fclkemizdeki t\u00fcm ambalaj sekt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcn bas\u0131m b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde birbirinin ayn\u0131 olan, her i\u015f yerinde ayn\u0131 usul ve teknikle yap\u0131lan, ayr\u0131 bir tekni\u011fi ve s\u0131rr\u0131 olmayan, s\u0131radan mekanik bir i\u015f oldu\u011funu, m\u00fcvekkilinin herhangi bir s\u0131r ta\u015f\u0131mad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bildi\u011fi mesle\u011fi icra etti\u011fini savunarak davan\u0131n reddini istemi\u015ftir. Mahkemece t\u00fcm dosya kapsam\u0131na g\u00f6re; taraflar aras\u0131ndaki rekabet s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin TBK’n\u0131n 445\/1. maddesinde yer alan emredici nitelikteki 2 y\u0131ll\u0131k s\u00fcreyi a\u015far \u015fekilde 3 y\u0131l i\u00e7in d\u00fczenlenmi\u015f oldu\u011fundan ge\u00e7ersiz oldu\u011fu, daval\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6zle\u015fmede \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen …. B\u00f6lgeleri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu herkes\u00e7e bilinen … ilinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmede \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen cezai \u015fart alaca\u011f\u0131ndan sorumlu tutulmas\u0131na da hukuki olanak bulunamayaca\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle davan\u0131n reddine karar verilmi\u015ftir\u2026\u201d Yarg\u0131tay Karar Arama Bilgi Bankas\u0131, Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 16.04.2025.<\/p>\n
[65] Do\u011fan, s.109.<\/p>\n
[66] Manav, s.364.<\/p>\n
[67] Soyer, s.65.<\/p>\n
[68] U\u015fan, s.240<\/p>\n
[69] Uysal, s.92.<\/p>\n
[70] Soyer, s.65<\/p>\n
[71] Uysal, s.99<\/p>\n
[72] Ayr\u0131ca Bkz.Yarg\u0131tay 9.HD., 2009\/26954 E., 2009\/36971 K., T. 24.12.2009.<\/p>\n
[73] Soyer, s.68.<\/p>\n
[74] Koyuncu, s.93.<\/p>\n
[75] Soyer, s.67.<\/p>\n
[76] Umut \u00d6zyurt, Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin Ge\u00e7erlili\u011fi ve Yasa\u011f\u0131n S\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, (Y\u0131ld\u0131z Teknik \u00fcniversitesi, SBE, Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), 2022, s. 57.<\/p>\n
[77] U\u015fan, s.247.<\/p>\n
[78] Soyer, s.68<\/p>\n
[79] Yarg\u0131tay 11.HD., 2015\/6056 E., 2015\/13417 K., T. 14.12.2015: \u201c\u2026Daval\u0131 vekili, m\u00fcvekkilinin dava d\u0131\u015f\u0131… Metal Mak. San. Tic. Ltd. \u015eti. firmas\u0131nda sadece yedi g\u00fcn s\u00fcreyle \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda sadece firman\u0131n i\u015fleyi\u015fi ve yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fler ile ilgili e\u011fitim seminerlerine kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, firman\u0131n hi\u00e7bir m\u00fc\u015fterisine yaz\u0131l\u0131 ve s\u00f6zl\u00fc olarak bir teklif vermedi\u011fini, davac\u0131 \u015firket ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u015firketin ana faaliyet alanlar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunarak, davan\u0131n reddini istemi\u015ftir. Mahkemece iddia, savunma, toplanan deliller ve dosya kapsam\u0131na g\u00f6re, daval\u0131n\u0131n davac\u0131 \u015firkette pazarlama yetkilisi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, davac\u0131 \u015firketten ayr\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre dava d\u0131\u015f\u0131… Metal Mak. San. Tic. Ltd. \u015eti’nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, her iki \u015firketin faaliyet alanlar\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, davac\u0131n\u0131n rakip firmalara teklif g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, gizlilik h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine ayk\u0131r\u0131 davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve haks\u0131z rekabette bulundu\u011fu iddia edilmi\u015f ise de, bu iddialar\u0131 ispatlar delil ve belge sunulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, davac\u0131n\u0131n sadece on g\u00fcn…. Metal Mak. San. Ltd. \u015eti’nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n gizlilik yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ihlali ve haks\u0131z rekabet olu\u015fturmayaca\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle, davan\u0131n reddine karar verilmi\u015ftir\u2026\u201d Yarg\u0131tay Karar Arama Bilgi Bankas\u0131, Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 29.04.2025.<\/p>\n
[80] Manav, s.350.<\/p>\n
[81] U\u015fan, s.247.<\/p>\n
[82] Uysal, s.102.<\/p>\n
[83] Soyer, s.73.<\/p>\n
[84] Yarg\u0131tay 11.HD., 2015\/12450 E., 2016\/6672 K., T.16.06.2016: \u201c\u2026Mahkemece, iddia, savunma ve t\u00fcm dosya kapsam\u0131na g\u00f6re, davac\u0131 ile daval\u0131lar aras\u0131nda imzalanan ”Rekabet Yasa\u011f\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi”nin 4. maddesinde rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n co\u011frafi s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n ”T\u00fcm D\u00fcnya” olarak belirlendi\u011fi, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin …’n\u0131n 27 maddesi gere\u011fince kesin olarak h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fcz oldu\u011fu, davac\u0131 vekili dava dilek\u00e7esinde BK’n\u0131n 445\/2 maddesi gere\u011fince rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131nda yer s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n, davac\u0131 \u015firket merkezinin ve ana faaliyet yerinin … ili olmas\u0131 nedeniyle … ili ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini beyan etmi\u015f ise de an\u0131lan maddenin uygulanabilmesi, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin hakim taraf\u0131ndan hakkaniyete uygun bi\u00e7imde kapsam ve s\u00fcresinin s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131labilmesi i\u00e7in s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck haline ula\u015fmayacak \u015fekilde a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 nitelikte rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmleri i\u00e7ermesi gerekti\u011fi, somut olayda …’n\u0131n 27.maddesi gere\u011fince s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin akdedildi\u011fi andan itibaren kesin h\u00fck\u00fcms\u00fczl\u00fck hali i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu, bu nedenle ayn\u0131 Yasa’n\u0131n 445\/2. maddesinin somut olayda uygulanamayaca\u011f\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle davan\u0131n reddine karar verilmi\u015ftir\u2026\u201d Yarg\u0131tay Karar Arama Bilgi Bankas\u0131, Eri\u015fim Tarihi: 21.11.2021.<\/p>\n
[85] Uysal, s.105.\u00a0Hukuki Haber<\/p>\n
Haberin Al\u0131nt\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kaynak: www.hukukihaber.net<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi kapsam\u0131nda i\u015f\u00e7i, pozisyonu gere\u011fi i\u015fyerindeki \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131na, i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131na veya m\u00fc\u015fteri \u00e7evresine eri\u015febilir. Bu bilgiler, i\u015fveren i\u00e7in korunmas\u0131 gereken de\u011ferli varl\u0131klard\u0131r. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015f ili\u015fkisi s\u00fcresince sadakat borcu nedeniyle bu bilgileri kendi lehine kullanamaz. \u0130\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi sona erdi\u011finde sadakat borcu biter ve i\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015fverenin s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak rakip bir i\u015fletme kurabilir, rakip i\u015fletmede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilir veya ba\u015fka bir menfaat ili\u015fkisi i\u00e7ine girebilir. Bu durumda i\u015fverenin korunmaya de\u011fer hakl\u0131 menfaati do\u011far ve i\u015fveren, rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesiyle kendini koruyabilir. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, Anayasa ile g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve s\u00f6zle\u015fme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne sahiptir; bu \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn k\u0131s\u0131tlanmas\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7inin korunmaya de\u011fer hakl\u0131 menfaatini olu\u015fturur. \u0130\u015fverenin ise s\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n rakip i\u015fletmelerce kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemede menfaati vard\u0131r. Rekabet yasa\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi, bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fan menfaatleri dengelemeyi ama\u00e7lar. \u0130\u015fverenin rekabeti engellemesini sa\u011flarken, i\u015f\u00e7inin ge\u00e7imini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilece\u011fi alan\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in yasa\u011f\u0131n yer, zaman ve konu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 \u015fart ko\u015far. K\u00fcreselle\u015fme ve teknolojinin h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fimi, i\u015fletmelerin rekabet ortam\u0131nda ayakta kalabilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6zg\u00fcn \u00fcretim y\u00f6ntemleri ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir m\u00fc\u015fteri portf\u00f6y\u00fc olu\u015fturmas\u0131n\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131yor. \u0130\u015fletmelerin \u00fcretim s\u0131rlar\u0131, i\u015f s\u0131rlar\u0131 ve m\u00fc\u015fteri bilgileri, rakiplerden korunmas\u0131 gereken de\u011ferli varl\u0131klard\u0131r. T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu\u2019nun (TTK) haks\u0131z rekabet h\u00fck\u00fcmleri, bu s\u0131rlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131nda tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve sunar. Ancak, i\u015fverene ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7iler, pozisyonlar\u0131na g\u00f6re bu bilgilere eri\u015febilir ve bu, i\u015fveren i\u00e7in risk olu\u015fturur. \u0130\u015f\u00e7i, i\u015f …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-100955","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hukukihaber"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\n